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Dulęba J, Siódmiak T, Marszałł MP. The influence of substrate systems on the enantioselective and lipolytic activity of immobilized Amano PS from Burkholderia cepacia lipase (APS-BCL). Process Biochem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2022.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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2
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Santin A, Russo MT, Ferrante MI, Balzano S, Orefice I, Sardo A. Highly Valuable Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids from Microalgae: Strategies to Improve Their Yields and Their Potential Exploitation in Aquaculture. Molecules 2021; 26:7697. [PMID: 34946780 PMCID: PMC8707597 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26247697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Microalgae have a great potential for the production of healthy food and feed supplements. Their ability to convert carbon into high-value compounds and to be cultured in large scale without interfering with crop cultivation makes these photosynthetic microorganisms promising for the sustainable production of lipids. In particular, microalgae represent an alternative source of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), whose consumption is related to various health benefits for humans and animals. In recent years, several strategies to improve PUFAs' production in microalgae have been investigated. Such strategies include selecting the best performing species and strains and the optimization of culturing conditions, with special emphasis on the different cultivation systems and the effect of different abiotic factors on PUFAs' accumulation in microalgae. Moreover, developments and results obtained through the most modern genetic and metabolic engineering techniques are described, focusing on the strategies that lead to an increased lipid production or an altered PUFAs' profile. Additionally, we provide an overview of biotechnological applications of PUFAs derived from microalgae as safe and sustainable organisms, such as aquafeed and food ingredients, and of the main techniques (and their related issues) for PUFAs' extraction and purification from microalgal biomass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Santin
- Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, 80121 Naples, Italy; (A.S.); (M.T.R.); (S.B.); (I.O.)
| | - Monia Teresa Russo
- Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, 80121 Naples, Italy; (A.S.); (M.T.R.); (S.B.); (I.O.)
| | - Maria Immacolata Ferrante
- Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, 80121 Naples, Italy; (A.S.); (M.T.R.); (S.B.); (I.O.)
| | - Sergio Balzano
- Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, 80121 Naples, Italy; (A.S.); (M.T.R.); (S.B.); (I.O.)
- Department of Marine Microbiology and Biogeochemistry, Netherland Institute for Sea Research, Landsdiep 4, 1793 AB Texel, The Netherlands
| | - Ida Orefice
- Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, 80121 Naples, Italy; (A.S.); (M.T.R.); (S.B.); (I.O.)
| | - Angela Sardo
- Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, 80121 Naples, Italy; (A.S.); (M.T.R.); (S.B.); (I.O.)
- Istituto di Scienze Applicate e Sistemi Intelligenti “Eduardo Caianiello”, Via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078 Pozzuoli, Italy
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3
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Tailoring a stable and recyclable nanobiocatalyst by immobilization of surfactant treated Burkholderia cepacia lipase on polyaniline nanofibers for biocatalytic application. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 161:573-586. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Revised: 05/31/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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4
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Kinetic Analysis of the Lipase-Catalyzed Hydrolysis of Erythritol and Pentaerythritol Fatty Acid Esters: A Biotechnological Application for Making Low-Calorie Healthy Food Alternatives. Catalysts 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/catal10090965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Contemporary consumers demand healthier and more nourishing food, and thus, alternative foods that are low-calorie in fats and/or sugars are preferred. These desired properties may be attained by substituting the fatty acid esters of erythritol and pentaerythritol due to their antioxidant action and low toxicity for humans. In this work, the catalyzed hydrolysis of five fatty acid tetraesters of erythritol and/or pentaerythritol by both porcine pancreas type VI-s lipase (PPL) and Candida antarctica lipase-B (CALB) were studied kinetically. In all cases, except the hydrolysis of pentaerythritol tetrastearate by CALB, Michaelis–Menten kinetics were observed. In addition, the pKa values of the fatty acids released due to the catalyzed hydrolysis of the studied tetraesters by CALB were estimated. In the course of the aforementioned procedures, it was found that the CALB-catalyzed hydrolysis was incomplete to various degrees among four of the five studied tetraesters (excluding erythritol tetraoleate), and one or more estimated apparent pKa values were obtained. These results are novel, and by means of applied methodology, they reveal that erythritol and/or pentaerythritol tetraesters of medium- and long-chain fatty acids are suitable candidates for use as beneficial alternatives to butter and/or sweeteners.
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Widhyahrini K, Handayani N, Wahyuningrum D, Radiman CL. The synthesis of sulfonated polyethersulfone (SPES) and the preparation of its membranes as matrix in the immobilization of Candida antarctica lipase B (Cal-B). Polym Bull (Berl) 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s00289-019-02932-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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6
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Barbosa MS, Freire CCC, Souza RL, Cabrera‐Padilla RY, Pereira MM, Freire MG, Lima ÁS, Soares CMF. Effects of phosphonium‐based ionic liquids on the lipase activity evaluated by experimental results and molecular docking. Biotechnol Prog 2019; 35:e2816. [DOI: 10.1002/btpr.2816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Revised: 03/19/2019] [Accepted: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ranyere L. Souza
- Universidade Tiradentes Aracaju Sergipe Brazil
- Instituto de Tecnologia e Pesquisa Aracaju Sergipe Brazil
| | - Rebeca Y. Cabrera‐Padilla
- Universidade Tiradentes Aracaju Sergipe Brazil
- Instituto de Tecnologia e Pesquisa Aracaju Sergipe Brazil
| | - Matheus M. Pereira
- Universidade Tiradentes Aracaju Sergipe Brazil
- Instituto de Tecnologia e Pesquisa Aracaju Sergipe Brazil
| | - Mara G. Freire
- Departamento de QuímicaUniversidade de Aveiro, CICECO – Instituto de Materiais de Aveiro Aveiro Portugal
| | - Álvaro S. Lima
- Universidade Tiradentes Aracaju Sergipe Brazil
- Instituto de Tecnologia e Pesquisa Aracaju Sergipe Brazil
| | - Cleide M. F. Soares
- Universidade Tiradentes Aracaju Sergipe Brazil
- Instituto de Tecnologia e Pesquisa Aracaju Sergipe Brazil
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7
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Pfluck AC, de Barros DP, Fonseca LP, Melo EP. Stability of lipases in miniemulsion systems: Correlation between secondary structure and activity. Enzyme Microb Technol 2018; 114:7-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2018.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2017] [Revised: 03/11/2018] [Accepted: 03/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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8
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Keyhani NO. Lipid biology in fungal stress and virulence: Entomopathogenic fungi. Fungal Biol 2018; 122:420-429. [DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2017.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2017] [Revised: 07/11/2017] [Accepted: 07/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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9
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Tomer SO, Soni HP. Enzymatic monoesterification of symmetric diols: restriction of molecular conformations influences selectivity. Org Biomol Chem 2017; 15:8990-8997. [PMID: 29044278 DOI: 10.1039/c7ob01951c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We have experimentally demonstrated that by 'locking' the molecular conformation through the introduction of a double or triple bond in the center of a symmetric diol, enzymatic monoesterification can be achieved selectively. The enzyme Candida antarctica lipase B, generally used for the transesterification of diols, can be effectively used for the monoesterification of symmetrical diols in an unbuffered system also. By varying the chain length of a carboxylic acid moiety, we have established that optimum selectivity and efficiency can be achieved in the range of 4.8 to 5.0 pKa values. Selectivity can be improved up to 98.75% for a monoester in an overall 73% yield (mixture of a monoester and a diester) when but-2-yne-1,4-diol reacted with hexanoic acid. Water, a by-product, provides an interfacial environment for the enzyme to work in the organic reaction medium. The uniqueness of the reported monoesterification protocol is that it involves only the mechanical stirring of the reaction mixture at room temperature in the presence of the enzyme for 24 h. High percentage yield with selectivity for a monoester, easier product isolation and overall, environmental sustainability are added advantages. The synthesized monoesters are characterized by using HNMR and high resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjiv O Tomer
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara-390 002, Gujarat, India.
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10
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Skjold-Jørgensen J, Vind J, Svendsen A, Bjerrum MJ. Understanding the activation mechanism ofThermomyces lanuginosuslipase using rational design and tryptophan-induced fluorescence quenching. EUR J LIPID SCI TECH 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ejlt.201600059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Morten J. Bjerrum
- Department of Chemistry; University of Copenhagen; Copenhagen Denmark
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11
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Kavitha
- School of Biosciences and Technology, VIT University, Vellore, India
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12
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Jiang Y, Loos K. Enzymatic Synthesis of Biobased Polyesters and Polyamides. Polymers (Basel) 2016; 8:E243. [PMID: 30974520 PMCID: PMC6432488 DOI: 10.3390/polym8070243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2016] [Revised: 06/01/2016] [Accepted: 06/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Nowadays, "green" is a hot topic almost everywhere, from retailers to universities to industries; and achieving a green status has become a universal aim. However, polymers are commonly considered not to be "green", being associated with massive energy consumption and severe pollution problems (for example, the "Plastic Soup") as a public stereotype. To achieve green polymers, three elements should be entailed: (1) green raw materials, catalysts and solvents; (2) eco-friendly synthesis processes; and (3) sustainable polymers with a low carbon footprint, for example, (bio)degradable polymers or polymers which can be recycled or disposed with a gentle environmental impact. By utilizing biobased monomers in enzymatic polymerizations, many advantageous green aspects can be fulfilled. For example, biobased monomers and enzyme catalysts are renewable materials that are derived from biomass feedstocks; enzymatic polymerizations are clean and energy saving processes; and no toxic residuals contaminate the final products. Therefore, synthesis of renewable polymers via enzymatic polymerizations of biobased monomers provides an opportunity for achieving green polymers and a future sustainable polymer industry, which will eventually play an essential role for realizing and maintaining a biobased and sustainable society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Jiang
- Department of Polymer Chemistry, Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands.
- Dutch Polymer Institute (DPI), P.O. Box 902, 5600 AX Eindhoven, The Netherlands.
| | - Katja Loos
- Department of Polymer Chemistry, Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands.
- Dutch Polymer Institute (DPI), P.O. Box 902, 5600 AX Eindhoven, The Netherlands.
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13
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Wang H, Klein MG, Snell G, Lane W, Zou H, Levin I, Li K, Sang BC. Structure of Human GIVD Cytosolic Phospholipase A2 Reveals Insights into Substrate Recognition. J Mol Biol 2016; 428:2769-79. [PMID: 27220631 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2016.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2016] [Revised: 05/09/2016] [Accepted: 05/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Cytosolic phospholipases A2 (cPLA2s) consist of a family of calcium-sensitive enzymes that function to generate lipid second messengers through hydrolysis of membrane-associated glycerophospholipids. The GIVD cPLA2 (cPLA2δ) is a potential drug target for developing a selective therapeutic agent for the treatment of psoriasis. Here, we present two X-ray structures of human cPLA2δ, capturing an apo state, and in complex with a substrate-like inhibitor. Comparison of the apo and inhibitor-bound structures reveals conformational changes in a flexible cap that allows the substrate to access the relatively buried active site, providing new insight into the mechanism for substrate recognition. The cPLA2δ structure reveals an unexpected second C2 domain that was previously unrecognized from sequence alignments, placing cPLA2δ into the class of membrane-associated proteins that contain a tandem pair of C2 domains. Furthermore, our structures elucidate novel inter-domain interactions and define three potential calcium-binding sites that are likely important for regulation and activation of enzymatic activity. These findings provide novel insights into the molecular mechanisms governing cPLA2's function in signal transduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Wang
- Department of Structural Biology, Takeda California, San Diego, CA 92121, USA.
| | - Michael G Klein
- Department of Structural Biology, Takeda California, San Diego, CA 92121, USA.
| | - Gyorgy Snell
- Department of Structural Biology, Takeda California, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Weston Lane
- Department of Structural Biology, Takeda California, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Hua Zou
- Department of Structural Biology, Takeda California, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Irena Levin
- Department of Structural Biology, Takeda California, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Ke Li
- Department of Structural Biology, Takeda California, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Bi-Ching Sang
- Department of Structural Biology, Takeda California, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
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14
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Shah E, Mahapatra P, Bedekar AV, Soni HP. Immobilization of Thermomyces lanuginosus lipase on ZnO nanoparticles: mimicking the interfacial environment. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra02249e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we propose that enzyme activity on immobilization can be controlled and enhanced by providing the environment mimicking the lipid/water interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekta Shah
- Department of Chemistry
- Faculty of Science
- The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda
- Vadodara-390 002
- India
| | - Paramita Mahapatra
- Department of Chemistry
- Faculty of Science
- The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda
- Vadodara-390 002
- India
| | - Ashutosh V. Bedekar
- Department of Chemistry
- Faculty of Science
- The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda
- Vadodara-390 002
- India
| | - Hemant P. Soni
- Department of Chemistry
- Faculty of Science
- The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda
- Vadodara-390 002
- India
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15
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The conserved lid tryptophan, W211, potentiates thermostability and thermoactivity in bacterial thermoalkalophilic lipases. PLoS One 2013; 8:e85186. [PMID: 24391996 PMCID: PMC3877348 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0085186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2013] [Accepted: 12/02/2013] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
We hypothesize that aggregation of thermoalkalophilic lipases could be a thermostability mechanism. The conserved tryptophans (W211, W234) in the lid are of particular interest owing to their previous involvements in aggregation and thermostability mechanisms in many other proteins. The thermoalkalophilic lipase from Bacillus thermocatenulatus (BTL2) and its mutants (W211A, W234A) were expressed and purified to homogeneity. We found that, when aggregated, BTL2 is more thermostable than its non-aggregating form, showing that aggregation potentiates thermostability in the thermoalkalophilic lipase. Among the two lid mutants, the W211A lowered aggregation tendency drastically and resulted in a much less thermostable variant of BTL2, which indicated that W211 stabilizes the intermolecular interactions in BTL2 aggregates. Further thermoactivity and CD spectroscopy analyses showed that W211A also led to a strong decrease in the optimal and the melting temperature of BTL2, implying stabilization by W211 also to the intramolecular interactions. The other lid mutant W234A had no effects on these properties. Finally, we analyzed the molecular basis of these experimental findings in-silico using the dimer (PDB ID: 1KU0) and the monomer (PDB ID: 2W22) lipase structures. The computational analyses confirmed that W211 stabilized the intermolecular interactions in the dimer lipase and it is critical to the stability of the monomer lipase. Explicitly W211 confers stability to the dimer and the monomer lipase through distinct aromatic interactions with Y273-Y282 and H87-P232 respectively. The insights revealed by this work shed light not only on the mechanism of thermostability and its relation to aggregation but also on the particular role of the conserved lid tryptophan in the thermoalkalophilic lipases.
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16
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Lipase production by Serratia marcescens strain SN5gR isolated from the scat of lion-tailed macaque (Macaca silenus) in Silent Valley National Park, a biodiversity hotspot in India. ANN MICROBIOL 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s13213-012-0515-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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17
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Vertebrate patatin-like phospholipase domain-containing protein 4 (PNPLA4) genes and proteins: a gene with a role in retinol metabolism. 3 Biotech 2012. [PMCID: PMC3482448 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-012-0063-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
At least eight families of mammalian patatin-like phospholipase domain-containing proteins (PNPLA) (E.C. 3.1.1.3) catalyse the hydrolysis of triglycerides, including PNPLA4 (alternatively PLPL4 or GS2), which also acts as a retinol transacylase and participates in retinol-ester metabolism in the body. Bioinformatic methods were used to predict the amino acid sequences, secondary and tertiary structures and gene locations for PNPLA4 genes and encoded proteins using data from several vertebrate genome projects. PNPLA4 genes were located on the X-chromosome for the eutherian mammalian genomes examined. Opossum (marsupial), chicken, anole lizard, clawed toad, zebrafish and lancelet PNPLA4 genes were also identified. Most vertebrate PNPLA4 genes typically contained six coding exons whereas the lancelet PNPLA4 gene contained five coding exons. PNPLA4 subunits were the smallest among the PNPLA-like proteins examined containing 252–255 residues, shared >64 % sequence identities and key amino acid residues and predicted motifs, including ‘patatin’ (residues 6–176); putative catalytic dyad active site residues, Ser43 and Asp163; oxy-anion ‘hole’ residues (10–15); and conserved serine residues, which may perform structural roles for this enzyme. Predicted tertiary structures for PNPLA4 ‘patatin’ were similar to those reported for potato ‘patatin’, suggesting that it is strongly conserved during evolution. Human PNPLA4 contained a CpG49 island within the gene promoter, a miRNA-186 binding site within the mRNA 3′-noncoding region for the PNPLA4b isoform and exhibited wide tissue expression at a higher than average level. These and previous studies of vertebrate PNPLA-like gene families have suggested that PNPLA4 is an ancient gene in evolution which has resulted from a duplication of an ancestral invertebrate ATGL-like gene (encoding adipose triglyceride lipase).
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18
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Álvarez Y, Esteban-Torres M, Acebrón I, de las Rivas B, Muñoz R, Martínez-Ripoll M, Mancheño JM. Preliminary X-ray analysis of twinned crystals of the Q88Y25_Lacpl esterase from Lactobacillus plantarum WCFS1. Acta Crystallogr Sect F Struct Biol Cryst Commun 2011; 67:1436-9. [PMID: 22102251 PMCID: PMC3212470 DOI: 10.1107/s1744309111036682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2011] [Accepted: 09/09/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Q88Y25_Lacpl is an esterase produced by the lactic acid bacterium Lactobacillus plantarum WCFS1 that shows amino-acid sequence similarity to carboxylesterases from the hormone-sensitive lipase family, in particular the AFEST esterase from the archaeon Archaeoglobus fulgidus and the hyperthermophilic esterase EstEI isolated from a metagenomic library. N-terminally His(6)-tagged Q88Y25_Lacpl has been overexpressed in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) cells, purified and crystallized at 291 K using the hanging-drop vapour-diffusion method. Mass spectrometry was used to determine the purity and homogeneity of the enzyme. Crystals of His(6)-tagged Q88Y25_Lacpl were prepared in a solution containing 2.8 M sodium acetate trihydrate pH 7.0. X-ray diffraction data were collected to 2.24 Å resolution on beamline ID29 at the ESRF. The apparent crystal point group was 422; however, initial global analysis of the intensity statistics (data processed with high symmetry in space group I422) and subsequent tests on data processed with low symmetry (space group I4) showed that the crystals were almost perfectly merohedrally twinned. Most probably, the true space group is I4, with unit-cell parameters a = 169.05, b = 169.05, c = 183.62 Å.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanaisis Álvarez
- Grupo de Cristalografía y Biología Estructural, Instituto Rocasolano, CSIC, Serrano 119, 28006 Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Estudios Avanzados de Cuba, CITMA, Carretera de S. Antonio km 2, 17100 Habana, Cuba
| | - María Esteban-Torres
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología Bacteriana, Instituto Ciencia y Tecnología de Alimentos y Nutrición (ICTAN), CSIC, Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Iván Acebrón
- Grupo de Cristalografía y Biología Estructural, Instituto Rocasolano, CSIC, Serrano 119, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Blanca de las Rivas
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología Bacteriana, Instituto Ciencia y Tecnología de Alimentos y Nutrición (ICTAN), CSIC, Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Rosario Muñoz
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología Bacteriana, Instituto Ciencia y Tecnología de Alimentos y Nutrición (ICTAN), CSIC, Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Martín Martínez-Ripoll
- Grupo de Cristalografía y Biología Estructural, Instituto Rocasolano, CSIC, Serrano 119, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - José M. Mancheño
- Grupo de Cristalografía y Biología Estructural, Instituto Rocasolano, CSIC, Serrano 119, 28006 Madrid, Spain
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Hung KS, Chen SY, Liu HF, Tsai BR, Chen HW, Huang CY, Liao JL, Sun KH, Tang SJ. C-terminal region of Candida rugosa lipases affects enzyme activity and interfacial activation. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2011; 59:5396-5401. [PMID: 21504227 DOI: 10.1021/jf104721a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Candida rugosa contains several lipase (CRLs) genes, and CRLs show diverse enzyme activity despite being highly homologous across their entire protein family. Previous studies found that LIP4 has a high esterase activity and a low lipolytic activity and lacks interfacial activation. To investigate whether the C-terminal region of the CRLs mediates enzymatic activity, chimeras were generated in which the C-terminus of LIP4 from either residue 374, 396, 417, or 444 to residue 534 was swapped with the corresponding peptide from the isoform LIP1. A chimeric lipase containing the C-terminus from 396 to 534 of LIP1 on a LIP4 scaffold showed activity similar to that of commercial CRL on triolein, and lipolytic activity increased 2-6-fold over that of LIP4. Moreover, interfacial activation was also observed in the chimeric lipase. To improve its enzymatic properties, a novel glycosylation site was added at residue 314. The new glycosylated lipase showed improved thermostability and enhancement in enzymatic activity, indicating its potential for use in further application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuo-Sheng Hung
- Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, Taiwan
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20
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Thermophilic lipase from Thermomyces lanuginosus: Gene cloning, expression and characterization. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcatb.2011.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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21
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Lindhoud S, Norde W, Cohen Stuart MA. Effects of polyelectrolyte complex micelles and their components on the enzymatic activity of lipase. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2010; 26:9802-9808. [PMID: 20387819 DOI: 10.1021/la1000705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The enzymatic activity of Hl-lipase embedded in complexes of poly-2-methylvinylpyridinium-co-poly(ethylene oxide) (P2MVP(41)-PEO(205)) and poly(acrylic acid)(PAA(139)) is studied as a function of the PAA(139) + P2MVP(41)-PEO(205) complex composition. The measurements revealed that there are several factors that influence the enzymatic activity. When incorporated in micelles, the activity of lipase is increased, which suggests that the micelles favor the active state. The activity may further increase because the substrate tends to accumulate to the micelles. It is found that the presence of PAA(139) alone also increases the enzymatic activity somewhat. Increasing of the ionic strength decreases the enzymatic activity in all systems. However, at ionic strengths where the micelles are disintegrated (>0.5 M), the activity of lipase in the presence of both polyelectrolytes is still higher than the activity of free lipase. At 0.7 M NaCl it was found that lipase in the presence of (just) P2MVP(41)-PEO(205) is more active than lipase without this additive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saskia Lindhoud
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry and Colloid Science, Wageningen University, Dreijenplein 6, 6703 HB Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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Influence of glycosylation on the adsorption of Thermomyces lanuginosus lipase to hydrophobic and hydrophilic surfaces. Eur J Pharm Sci 2010; 40:273-81. [PMID: 20380877 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2010.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2009] [Revised: 03/25/2010] [Accepted: 03/30/2010] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
In the pharmaceutical industry, protein drugs are modified by, for instance, glycosylation in order to obtain protein drugs with improved delivery profiles and/or increased stability. The effect of glycosylation on protein adsorption behaviour is one of the stability aspects that must be evaluated during development of glycosylated protein drug products. We have studied the effect of glycosylation on the adsorption behaviour of Thermomyces lanuginosus lipase to hydrophobic and hydrophilic surfaces using total internal reflection fluorescence, surface plasmon resonance, far-UV circular dichroism and fluorescence. Three glyco-variants were used, namely the mono-glycosylated wildtype T. lanuginosus lipase, a non-glycosylated variant and a penta-glycosylated variant, the latter two containing one and nine amino acid substitutions, respectively. All the glycosylations were N-linked and contained no charged sugar residues. Glycosylation did not affect the adsorption of wildtype T. lanuginosus lipase to the hydrophobic surfaces. The number of molecules adsorbing per unit surface area, the structural changes occurring upon adsorption, and the orientation upon adsorption were found to be unaffected by the varying glycosylation. However, the interaction with a hydrophilic surface was different between the three glyco-variants. The penta-glycosylated T. lanuginosus lipase adsorbed, in contrast to the two other glyco-variants. In conclusion, adsorption of T. lanuginosus lipase to hydrophobic surfaces was not affected by N-linked glycosylation. Only penta-glycosylated T. lanuginosus lipase adsorbed to the hydrophilic surface, apparently due to its increased net charge of +3 caused by amino acid substitutions in the primary sequence.
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Insights into lid movements ofBurkholderia cepacialipase inferred from molecular dynamics simulations. Proteins 2009; 77:509-23. [DOI: 10.1002/prot.22462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Trodler P, Schmid RD, Pleiss J. Modeling of solvent-dependent conformational transitions in Burkholderia cepacia lipase. BMC STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY 2009; 9:38. [PMID: 19476626 PMCID: PMC2695465 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6807-9-38] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2008] [Accepted: 05/28/2009] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The characteristic of most lipases is the interfacial activation at a lipid interface or in non-polar solvents. Interfacial activation is linked to a large conformational change of a lid, from a closed to an open conformation which makes the active site accessible for substrates. While for many lipases crystal structures of the closed and open conformation have been determined, the pathway of the conformational transition and possible bottlenecks are unknown. Therefore, molecular dynamics simulations of a closed homology model and an open crystal structure of Burkholderia cepacia lipase in water and toluene were performed to investigate the influence of solvents on structure, dynamics, and the conformational transition of the lid. RESULTS The conformational transition of B. cepacia lipase was dependent on the solvent. In simulations of closed B. cepacia lipase in water no conformational transition was observed, while in three independent simulations of the closed lipase in toluene the lid gradually opened during the first 10-15 ns. The pathway of conformational transition was accessible and a barrier was identified, where a helix prevented the lid from opening to the completely open conformation. The open structure in toluene was stabilized by the formation of hydrogen bonds.In simulations of open lipase in water, the lid closed slowly during 30 ns nearly reaching its position in the closed crystal structure, while a further lid opening compared to the crystal structure was observed in toluene. While the helical structure of the lid was intact during opening in toluene, it partially unfolded upon closing in water. The closing of the lid in water was also observed, when with eight intermediate structures between the closed and the open conformation as derived from the simulations in toluene were taken as starting structures. A hydrophobic beta-hairpin was moving away from the lid in all simulations in water, which was not observed in simulations in toluene. The conformational transition of the lid was not correlated to the motions of the beta-hairpin structure. CONCLUSION Conformational transitions between the experimentally observed closed and open conformation of the lid were observed by multiple molecular dynamics simulations of B. cepacia lipase. Transitions in both directions occurred without applying restraints or external forces. The opening and closing were driven by the solvent and independent of a bound substrate molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Trodler
- Institute of Technical Biochemistry, University of Stuttgart, Allmandring 31, D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany.
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25
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Tweens and ionic detergents in the hydrolytic activity of Pseudomonas mendocina 3121-1 lipase. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.2478/v10054-008-0050-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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26
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Shu Z, Duan M, Yang J, Xu L, Yan Y. Aspergillus nigerlipase: Heterologous expression inPichia pastoris, molecular modeling prediction and the importance of the hinge domains at both sides of the lid domain to interfacial activation. Biotechnol Prog 2009; 25:409-16. [DOI: 10.1002/btpr.147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Carrasco-López C, Godoy C, de Las Rivas B, Fernández-Lorente G, Palomo JM, Guisán JM, Fernández-Lafuente R, Martínez-Ripoll M, Hermoso JA. Activation of bacterial thermoalkalophilic lipases is spurred by dramatic structural rearrangements. J Biol Chem 2008; 284:4365-72. [PMID: 19056729 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m808268200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The bacterial thermoalkalophilic lipases that hydrolyze saturated fatty acids at 60-75 degrees C and pH 8-10 are grouped as the lipase family I.5. We report here the crystal structure of the lipase from Geobacillus thermocatenulatus, the first structure of a member of the lipase family I.5 showing an open configuration. Unexpectedly, enzyme activation involves large structural rearrangements of around 70 amino acids and the concerted movement of two lids, the alpha6- and alpha7-helices, unmasking the active site. Central in the restructuring process of the lids are both the transfer of bulky hydrophobic residues out of the N-terminal end of the alpha6-helix and the incorporation of short side chain residues to the alpha6 C-terminal end. All these structural changes are stabilized by the Zn(2+)-binding domain, which is characteristic of this family of lipases. Two detergent molecules are placed in the active site, mimicking chains of the triglyceride substrate, demonstrating the position of the oxyanion hole and the three pockets that accommodate the sn-1, sn-2, and sn-3 fatty acids chains. The combination of structural and biochemical studies indicate that the lid opening is not mediated by temperature but triggered by interaction with lipid substrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- César Carrasco-López
- Grupo de Cristalografía Macromolecular y Biología Estructural, Instituto de Química-Física Rocasolano, CSIC, Serrano 119, 28006-Madrid, Spain
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Meier R, Drepper T, Svensson V, Jaeger KE, Baumann U. A Calcium-gated Lid and a Large β-Roll Sandwich Are Revealed by the Crystal Structure of Extracellular Lipase from Serratia marcescens. J Biol Chem 2007; 282:31477-83. [PMID: 17728256 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m704942200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipase LipA from Serratia marcescens is a 613-amino acid enzyme belonging to family I.3 of lipolytic enzymes that has an important biotechnological application in the production of a chiral precursor for the coronary vasodilator diltiazem. Like other family I.3 lipases, LipA is secreted by Gram-negative bacteria via a type I secretion system and possesses 13 copies of a calcium binding tandem repeat motif, GGXGXDXUX (U, hydrophobic amino acids), in the C-terminal part of the polypeptide chain. The 1.8-A crystal structure of LipA reveals a close relation to eukaryotic lipases, whereas family I.1 and I.2 enzymes appear to be more distantly related. Interestingly, the structure shows for the N-terminal lipase domain a variation on the canonical alpha/beta hydrolase fold in an open conformation, where the putative lid helix is anchored by a Ca(2+) ion essential for activity. Another novel feature observed in this lipase structure is the presence of a helical hairpin additional to the putative lid helix that exposes a hydrophobic surface to the aqueous medium and might function as an additional lid. The tandem repeats form two separated parallel beta-roll domains that pack tightly against each other. Variations of the consensus sequence of the tandem repeats within the second beta-roll result in an asymmetric Ca(2+) binding on only one side of the roll. The analysis of the properties of the beta-roll domains suggests an intramolecular chaperone function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reto Meier
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University Bern Freiestrasse 3, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland
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Ahn M, Kim S, Kang M, Ryu Y, Kim TD. Chaperone-like activities of alpha-synuclein: alpha-synuclein assists enzyme activities of esterases. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2006; 346:1142-9. [PMID: 16796993 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2006.05.213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2006] [Accepted: 05/29/2006] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Alpha-synuclein, a major constituent of Lewy bodies (LBs), has been implicated to play a critical role in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease (PD), although the physiological function of alpha-synuclein has not yet been known. Here we have shown that alpha-synuclein, which has no well-defined secondary or tertiary structure, can protect the enzyme activity of microbial esterases against stress conditions such as heat, pH, and organic solvents. In particular, the flexibility of alpha-synuclein and its C-terminal region seems to be important for complex formation, but the structural integrity of the C-terminal region may not be required for stabilization of enzyme activity. In addition, atomic force microscopy (AFM) and in vivo enzyme assays showed highly specific interactions of esterases with alpha-synuclein. Our results indicate that alpha-synuclein not only protects the enzyme activity of microbial esterases in vitro, but also can stabilize the active conformation of microbial esterases in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Misun Ahn
- Division of Biotechnology and Molecular Engineering, College of Engineering, Ajou University, Suwon 443-749, Republic of Korea
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Ruiz C, Falcocchio S, Xoxi E, Villo L, Nicolosi G, Pastor FJ, Diaz P, Saso L. Inhibition of Candida rugosa lipase by saponins, flavonoids and alkaloids. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcatb.2006.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Ramchuran SO, Vargas VA, Hatti-Kaul R, Karlsson EN. Production of a lipolytic enzyme originating from Bacillus halodurans LBB2 in the methylotrophic yeast Pichia pastoris. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2005; 71:463-72. [PMID: 16220263 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-005-0160-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2005] [Revised: 08/26/2005] [Accepted: 08/31/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
A gene encoding a lipolytic enzyme amplified from the alkaliphilic bacterium Bacillus halodurans LBB2 was cloned into the pPICZalphaB vector and integrated into the genome of the protease deficient yeast strain Pichia pastoris SMD1168H. This previously undescribed enzyme was produced in active form, and cloning in frame with the Saccharomyces cerevisiae secretion signal (alpha-factor) enabled extracellular accumulation of correctly processed enzyme, with an apparent molecular mass of 30 kDa. In shake-flask cultivations, very low production levels were obtained, but these were significantly improved by use of a "batch-induced" cultivation technique which allowed a maximum enzyme activity of 14,000 U/l using p-nitrophenyl butyrate (C-4) as a substrate and a final extracellular lipolytic enzyme concentration of approximately 0.2 g/l. Partial characterization of the produced enzyme (at pH 9) revealed a preference for the short-chain ester (C-4) and significant but lower activity towards medium (C5-C6) and long (C16 and C18) fatty acid chain-length esters. In addition, the enzyme exhibited true lipase activity (7,300 U/l) using olive oil as substrate and significant levels of phospholipase activity (6,400 U/l) by use of a phosphatidylcholine substrate, but no lysophospholipase activity was detected using a lysophosphatidylcholine substrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santosh O Ramchuran
- Department of Biotechnology, Center for Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lund University, P.O. Box 124, 22100, Lund, Sweden
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Shiraga S, Ishiguro M, Fukami H, Nakao M, Ueda M. Creation of Rhizopus oryzae lipase having a unique oxyanion hole by combinatorial mutagenesis in the lid domain. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2005; 68:779-85. [PMID: 15729555 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-005-1935-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2004] [Revised: 01/28/2005] [Accepted: 02/03/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Combinatorial libraries of the lid domain of Rhizopus oryzae lipase (ROL; Phe88Xaa, Ala91Xaa, Ile92Xaa) were displayed on the yeast cell surface using yeast cell-surface engineering. Among the 40,000 transformants in which ROL mutants were displayed on the yeast cell surface, ten clones showed clear halos on soybean oil-containing plates. Among these, some clones exhibited high activities toward fatty acid esters of fluorescein and contained non-polar amino acid residues in the mutated positions. Computer modeling of the mutants revealed that hydrophobic interactions between the substrates and amino acid residues in the open form of the lid might be critical for ROL activity. Based on these results, Thr93 and Asp94 were further combinatorially mutated. Among 6,000 transformants, the Thr93Thr, Asp94Ser and Thr93Ser, Asp94Ser transformants exhibited a significant shift in substrate specificity toward a short-chain substrate. Computer modeling of these mutants suggested that a unique oxyanion hole, which is composed of Thr85 Ogamma and Ser94 Ogamma, was formed and thus the substrate specificity was changed. Therefore, coupling combinatorial mutagenesis with the cell surface display of ROL could lead to the production of a unique ROL mutant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seizaburo Shiraga
- Division of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, kitashirakawa-oiwake-cho, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
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Kamil JP, Tischer BK, Trapp S, Nair VK, Osterrieder N, Kung HJ. vLIP, a viral lipase homologue, is a virulence factor of Marek's disease virus. J Virol 2005; 79:6984-96. [PMID: 15890938 PMCID: PMC1112136 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.79.11.6984-6996.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The genome of Marek's disease virus (MDV) has been predicted to encode a secreted glycoprotein, vLIP, which bears significant homology to the alpha/beta hydrolase fold of pancreatic lipases. Here it is demonstrated that MDV vLIP mRNA is produced via splicing and that vLIP is a late gene, due to its sensitivity to inhibition of DNA replication. While vLIP was found to conserve several residues essential to hydrolase activity, an unfavorable asparagine substitution is present at the lipase catalytic triad acid position. Consistent with structural predictions, purified recombinant vLIP did not show detectable activity on traditional phospholipid or triacylglyceride substrates. Two different vLIP mutant viruses, one bearing a 173-amino-acid deletion in the lipase homologous domain, the other having an alanine point mutant at the serine nucleophile position, caused a significantly lower incidence of Marek's disease in chickens and resulted in enhanced survival relative to two independently produced vLIP revertants or parental virus. These data provide the first evidence that vLIP enhances the replication and pathogenic potential of MDV. Furthermore, while vLIP may not serve as a traditional lipase enzyme, the data indicate that the serine nucleophile position is nonetheless essential in vivo for the viral functions of vLIP. Therefore, it is suggested that this particular example of lipase homology may represent the repurposing of an alpha/beta hydrolase fold toward a nonenzymatic role, possibly in lipid bonding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy P Kamil
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
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A study of the secondary structure of Candida antarctica lipase B using synchrotron radiation circular dichroism measurements. Enzyme Microb Technol 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2004.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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35
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McCabe R, Taylor A. An investigation of the acyl-binding site of Candida antarctica lipase B. Enzyme Microb Technol 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2004.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Huang FD, Matthies HJG, Speese SD, Smith MA, Broadie K. Rolling blackout, a newly identified PIP2-DAG pathway lipase required for Drosophila phototransduction. Nat Neurosci 2004; 7:1070-8. [PMID: 15361878 DOI: 10.1038/nn1313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2004] [Accepted: 07/19/2004] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The rolling blackout (rbo) gene encodes an integral plasma membrane lipase required for Drosophila phototransduction. Photoreceptors are enriched for the RBO protein, and temperature-sensitive rbo mutants show reversible elimination of phototransduction within minutes, demonstrating an acute requirement for the protein. The block is activity dependent, indicating that the action of RBO is use dependent. Conditional rbo mutants show activity-dependent depletion of diacylglycerol and concomitant accumulation of phosphatidylinositol phosphate and phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate within minutes of induction, suggesting rapid downregulation of phospholipase C (PLC) activity. The RBO requirement identifies an essential regulatory step in G-protein-coupled, PLC-dependent inositol lipid signaling mediating activation of TRP and TRPL channels during phototransduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fu-De Huang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt Kennedy Center, Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235-1634, USA
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Choi YJ, Miguez CB, Lee BH. Characterization and heterologous gene expression of a novel esterase from Lactobacillus casei CL96. Appl Environ Microbiol 2004; 70:3213-21. [PMID: 15184114 PMCID: PMC427766 DOI: 10.1128/aem.70.6.3213-3221.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2003] [Accepted: 02/19/2004] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel esterase gene (estI) of Lactobacillus casei CL96 was localized on a 3.3-kb BamHI DNA fragment containing an open reading frame (ORF) of 1,800 bp. The ORF of estI was isolated by PCR and expressed in Escherichia coli, the methylotrophic bacterium Methylobacterium extorquens, and the methylotrophic yeast Pichia pastoris under the control of T7, methanol dehydrogenase (P(mxaF)), and alcohol oxidase (AOX1) promoters, respectively. The amino acid sequence of EstI indicated that the esterase is a novel member of the GHSMG family of lipolytic enzymes and that the enzyme contains a lipase-like catalytic triad, consisting of Ser325, Asp516, and His558. E. coli BL21(DE3)/pLysS containing estI expressed a novel 67.5-kDa protein corresponding to EstI in an N-terminal fusion with the S. tag peptide. The recombinant L. casei CL96 EstI protein was purified to electrophoretic homogeneity in a one-step affinity chromatography procedure on S-protein agarose. The optimum pH and temperature of the purified enzyme were 7.0 and 37 degrees C, respectively. Among the pNP (p-nitrophenyl) esters tested, the most selective substrate was pNP-caprylate (C(8)), with K(m) and k(cat) values of 14 +/- 1.08 microM and 1,245 +/- 42.3 S(-1), respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young J Choi
- Department of Food Science and Agricultural Chemistry, McGill University, Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, Quebec, H9X 3V9, Canada
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Heidari R, Devonshire AL, Campbell BE, Bell KL, Dorrian SJ, Oakeshott JG, Russell RJ. Hydrolysis of organophosphorus insecticides by in vitro modified carboxylesterase E3 from Lucilia cuprina. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2004; 34:353-363. [PMID: 15041019 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2004.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2003] [Revised: 01/16/2004] [Accepted: 01/19/2004] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Resistance of the blowfly, Lucilia cuprina, to organophosphorus (OP) insecticides is due to mutations in LcalphaE7, the gene encoding carboxylesterase E3, that enhance the enzyme's ability to hydrolyse insecticides. Two mutations occur naturally, G137D in the oxyanion hole of the esterase, and W251L in the acyl binding pocket. Previous in vitro mutagenesis and expression of these modifications to the cloned gene have confirmed their functional significance. G137D enhances hydrolysis of diethyl and dimethyl phosphates by 55- and 33-fold, respectively. W251L increases dimethyl phosphate hydrolysis similarly, but only 10-fold for the diethyl homolog; unlike G137D however, it also retains ability to hydrolyse carboxylesters in the leaving group of malathion (malathion carboxylesterase, MCE), conferring strong resistance to this compound. In the present work, we substituted these and nearby amino acids by others expected to affect the efficiency of the enzyme. Changing G137 to glutamate or histidine was less effective than aspartate in improving OP hydrolase activity and like G137D, it diminished MCE activity, primarily through increases in Km. Various substitutions of W251 to other smaller residues had a broadly similar effect to W251L on OP hydrolase and MCE activities, but at least two were quantitatively better in kinetic parameters relating to malathion resistance. One, W251G, which occurs naturally in a malathion resistant hymenopterous parasitoid, improved MCE activity more than 20-fold. Mutations at other sites near the bottom of the catalytic cleft generally diminished OP hydrolase and MCE activities but one, F309L, also yielded some improvements in OP hydrolase activities. The results are discussed in relation to likely steric effects on enzyme-substrate interactions and future evolution of this gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Heidari
- CSIRO Entomology, GPO Box 1700, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
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Rehm BHA. Polyester synthases: natural catalysts for plastics. Biochem J 2003; 376:15-33. [PMID: 12954080 PMCID: PMC1223765 DOI: 10.1042/bj20031254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 462] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2003] [Accepted: 09/04/2003] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) are biopolyesters composed of hydroxy fatty acids, which represent a complex class of storage polyesters. They are synthesized by a wide range of different Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, as well as by some Archaea, and are deposited as insoluble cytoplasmic inclusions. Polyester synthases are the key enzymes of polyester biosynthesis and catalyse the conversion of (R)-hydroxyacyl-CoA thioesters to polyesters with the concomitant release of CoA. These soluble enzymes turn into amphipathic enzymes upon covalent catalysis of polyester-chain formation. A self-assembly process is initiated resulting in the formation of insoluble cytoplasmic inclusions with a phospholipid monolayer and covalently attached polyester synthases at the surface. Surface-attached polyester synthases show a marked increase in enzyme activity. These polyester synthases have only recently been biochemically characterized. An overview of these recent findings is provided. At present, 59 polyester synthase structural genes from 45 different bacteria have been cloned and the nucleotide sequences have been obtained. The multiple alignment of the primary structures of these polyester synthases show an overall identity of 8-96% with only eight strictly conserved amino acid residues. Polyester synthases can been assigned to four classes based on their substrate specificity and subunit composition. The current knowledge on the organization of the polyester synthase genes, and other genes encoding proteins related to PHA metabolism, is compiled. In addition, the primary structures of the 59 PHA synthases are aligned and analysed with respect to highly conserved amino acids, and biochemical features of polyester synthases are described. The proposed catalytic mechanism based on similarities to alpha/beta-hydrolases and mutational analysis is discussed. Different threading algorithms suggest that polyester synthases belong to the alpha/beta-hydrolase superfamily, with a conserved cysteine residue as catalytic nucleophile. This review provides a survey of the known biochemical features of these unique enzymes and their proposed catalytic mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernd H A Rehm
- Institut für Molekulare Mikrobiologie und Biotechnologie der Westfälischen Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstrasse 3, 48149 Münster, Germany.
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Oskolkova OV, Saf R, Zenzmaier E, Hermetter A. Fluorescent organophosphonates as inhibitors of microbial lipases. Chem Phys Lipids 2003; 125:103-14. [PMID: 14499469 DOI: 10.1016/s0009-3084(03)00085-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Short- and long-chain 1-O-alkyl-2-acylaminodeoxyglycero- and alkoxy-alkylphosphonic acid p-nitrophenyl esters were synthesized as inhibitors for analytical and mechanistic studies on lipolytic enzymes. The respective compounds contain perylene or nitrobenzoxadiazole as reporter fluorophores covalently bound to the omega-ends of the respective 2-acylamino- and alkoxy- residues. Their inhibitory effects on the activities of three selected lipases showing different substrate preferences were determined, including the lipases from Rhizopus oryzae, Pseudomonas species, and Pseudomonas cepacia. R. oryzae lipase reacted much better with the single-chain inhibitors than the two-chain deoxyglycerolipids. In contrast, P. cepacia lipase was inactivated by perylene-containing two-chain phosphonate (XXII) to a larger extent as compared to the other inhibitors whereas Pseudomonas species lipase interacted efficiently and without any preferences with all inhibitors used in this study. In summary, the different lipases show a very characteristic reactivity pattern not only with respect to triacylglycerol substrates but also to their structurally related inhibitors. Thus, the novel phosphonates might be useful tools not only for analysis and discrimination of known lipolytic enzymes but also for discovery of yet unknown lipases/esterases in biological samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga V Oskolkova
- Department of Biochemistry, Graz University of Technology, Petersgasse 12/II, A-8010, Graz, Austria
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Effects of a fungal lipase on membrane organization evaluated by fluorescence polarization. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s1381-1177(03)00046-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Bañó MC, González-Navarro H, Abad C. Long-chain fatty acyl-CoA esters induce lipase activation in the absence of a water-lipid interface. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2003; 1632:55-61. [PMID: 12782151 DOI: 10.1016/s1388-1981(03)00061-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
In most lipases a mobile element or lid domain covers the catalytic site of the enzyme and the lid opening event, which usually proceed at a lipid-water interface, is required to form the catalytically competent lipase. We report here a noticeable increase in activity of two fungal lipases assayed in aqueous solution in absence of any interface when adding submicellar concentrations of amphipathic physiological molecules like long-chain acyl-CoAs. The catalytic activity was dramatically dependent on the acyl chain length of the amphiphile and could be related with a lid-opening process. Our data support that lipase activation can be triggered in the absence of a well-defined interface, and stresses the notion that other non-aggregated amphipathic constituents of the local microenvironment can act as putative regulators of lipase activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Carmen Bañó
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de València, E-46100 Burjassot, València, Spain
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Videira PA, Fialho AM, Marques AR, Coutinho PM, Sá-Correia I. Cloning and sequence analysis of the ces10 gene encoding a Sphingomonas paucimobilis esterase. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2003; 61:517-22. [PMID: 12764567 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-003-1226-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2002] [Revised: 12/23/2002] [Accepted: 12/27/2002] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The ces10 gene of the gellan gum-producing strain Sphingomonas paucimobilis ATCC 31461 was cloned and sequenced. Multi-sequence alignment of the deduced protein indicated that Ces10 belongs to the serine hydrolase family with a potential catalytic triad comprising Ser(153) (within the G-X-S-X-G consensus sequence), His(75) and Asp(125). The mixed block results obtained following pattern search and the low identities detected in a BLAST analysis indicate that Ces10 is significantly different from other characterised bacterial esterases/lipases. Nevertheless, the Ces10 amino acid sequence showed 45% similarity with Rhodococcus sp. heroin esterase and 48% with Bacillus subtilis p-nitrobenzyl esterase. Ces10, with a predicted molecular mass of 30,641 Da, was overproduced in Escherichia coli and purified to homogeneity in a histidine-tagged form. Enzyme assays using p-nitrophenyl-esters (p-NP-esters) with different acyl chain-lengths as the substrate confirmed the anticipated esterase activity. Ces10 exhibited a marked preference for short-chain fatty acids, yielding the highest activity with p-NP-propionate (optimal pH 7.4, optimal temperature 37 degrees C).
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Affiliation(s)
- P A Videira
- Centro de Engenharia Biológica e Química, Instituto Superior Técnico, Avenida Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
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Vickaryous NK, Teh EM, Stewart B, Dolphin PJ, Too CKL, McLeod RS. Deletion of N-terminal amino acids from human lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase differentially affects enzyme activity toward alpha- and beta-substrate lipoproteins. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2003; 1646:164-72. [PMID: 12637024 DOI: 10.1016/s1570-9639(03)00005-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT) is the enzyme responsible for generation of the majority of the cholesteryl esters (CE) in human plasma. Although most plasma cholesterol esterification occurs on high-density lipoprotein (HDL), via alpha-LCAT activity, esterification also occurs on low-density lipoprotein (LDL) via the beta-activity of the enzyme. Computer threading techniques have provided a three-dimensional model for use in the structure-function analysis of the core and catalytic site of the LCAT protein, but the model does not extend to the N-terminal region of the enzyme, which may mediate LCAT interaction with lipoprotein substrates. In the present study, we have examined the functional consequences of deletion of the highly conserved hydrophobic N-terminal amino acids (residues 1-5) of human LCAT. Western blot analysis showed that the mutant proteins (Delta 1-Delta 5) were synthesized and secreted from transfected COS-7 cells at levels approximately equivalent to those of wild-type hLCAT. The secreted proteins had apparent molecular weights of 67 kDa, indicating that they were correctly processed and glycosylated during cellular transit. However, deletion of the first residue of the mature LCAT protein (Delta 1 mutant) resulted in a dramatic loss of alpha-LCAT activity (5% of wild type using reconstituted HDL substrate, rHDL), although this mutant retained full beta-LCAT activity (108% of wild-type using human LDL substrate). Removal of residues 1 and 2 (Delta 2 mutant) abolished alpha-LCAT activity and reduced beta-LCAT activity to 12% of wild type. Nevertheless, LCAT Delta 1 and Delta 2 mutants retained their ability to bind to rHDL and LDL lipoprotein substrates. The dramatic loss of enzyme activity suggests that the N-terminal residues of LCAT may be involved in maintaining the conformation of the lid domain and influence activation by the alpha-LCAT cofactor apoA-I (in Delta 1) and/or loss of enzyme activity (in Delta 1-Delta 5). Since the Delta 1 and Delta 2 mutants retain their ability to bind substrate, other factor(s), such as decreased access to the substrate binding pocket, may be responsible for the loss of enzyme activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola K Vickaryous
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, Room 9F, Sir Charles Tupper Medical Building, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada B3H 1X5
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Acharya P, Rao NM. Stability studies on a lipase from Bacillus subtilis in guanidinium chloride. JOURNAL OF PROTEIN CHEMISTRY 2003; 22:51-60. [PMID: 12739898 DOI: 10.1023/a:1023067827678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Lipase from Bacillus subtilis is a "lidless" lipase that does not show interfacial activation. Due to exposure of the active site to solvent, the lipase tends to aggregate. We have investigated the solution properties and unfolding of the lipase in guanidinium chloride (GdmCl) to understand its aggregation behavior and stability. Dynamic light scattering (DLS), near- and far-UV circular dichroism, activity and intrinsic fluorescence of lipase suggest that the protein undergoes unfolding between 1 M and 2 M GdmCl. The polarity sensitive dye, 1,1',-bis-(4anilino)naphthalene-5,5"-disulfonic acid (bis-ANS), a probe for hydrophobic pockets, binds cooperatively to the native lipase. An intermediate populated in 1.75 M GdmCl that strongly binds bis-ANS was identified. Tendency of the native protein to aggregate in solution and specific binding to bis-ANS confirms that the lipase has exposed hydrophobic pockets and this surface hydrophobicity strongly influences the unfolding pathway of the lipase in GdmCl.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyamvada Acharya
- Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Uppal Road, Hyderabad 500 007, India
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Hui DY, Howles PN. Carboxyl ester lipase: structure-function relationship and physiological role in lipoprotein metabolism and atherosclerosis. J Lipid Res 2002; 43:2017-30. [PMID: 12454261 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.r200013-jlr200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Carboxyl ester lipase (CEL), previously named cholesterol esterase or bile salt-stimulated (or dependent) lipase, is a lipolytic enzyme capable of hydrolyzing cholesteryl esters, tri-, di-, and mono-acylglycerols, phospholipids, lysophospholipids, and ceramide. The active site catalytic triad of serine-histidine-aspartate is centrally located within the enzyme structure and is partially covered by a surface loop. The carboxyl terminus of the protein regulates enzymatic activity by forming hydrogen bonds with the surface loop to partially shield the active site. Bile salt binding to the loop domain frees the active site for accessibility by water-insoluble substrates. CEL is synthesized primarily in the pancreas and lactating mammary gland, but the enzyme is also expressed in liver, macrophages, and in the vessel wall. In the gastrointestinal tract, CEL serves as a compensatory protein to other lipolytic enzymes for complete digestion and absorption of lipid nutrients. Importantly, CEL also participates in chylomicron assembly and secretion, in a mechanism mediated through its ceramide hydrolytic activity. Cell culture studies suggest a role for CEL in lipoprotein metabolism and oxidized LDL-induced atherosclerosis. Thus, this enzyme, which has a wide substrate reactivity and diffuse anatomic distribution, may have multiple functions in lipid and lipoprotein metabolism, and atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Y Hui
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
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Das S, Cho W. Roles of catalytic domain residues in interfacial binding and activation of group IV cytosolic phospholipase A2. J Biol Chem 2002; 277:23838-46. [PMID: 11956215 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m202322200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Group IV cytosolic phospholipase A(2) (cPLA(2)) has been shown to play a critical role in eicosanoid biosynthesis. cPLA(2) is composed of the C2 domain that mediates the Ca(2+)-dependent interfacial binding of protein and the catalytic domain. To elucidate the mechanism of interfacial activation of cPLA(2), we measured the effects of mutations of selected ionic and hydrophobic residues in the catalytic domain on the enzyme activity and the membrane binding of cPLA(2). Mutations of anionic residues located on (Glu(419) and Glu(420)) or near (Asp(436), Asp(438), Asp(439), and Asp(440)) the active site lid enhanced the affinity for cPLA(2) for anionic membranes, implying that the electrostatic repulsion between these residues and the anionic membrane surface might trigger the opening of the active site. This notion is further supported by a biphasic dependence of cPLA(2) activity on the anionic lipid composition of the vesicles. Mutations of a cluster of cationic residues (Lys(541), Lys(543), Lys(544), and Arg(488)), while significantly enhancing the activity of enzyme, abrogated the specific activation effect by phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PtdIns(4,5)P(2)). These data, in conjunction with cell activity of cPLA(2) and mutants transfected into HEK293 cells, suggest that the cationic residues form a specific binding site for PtdIns(4,5)P(2) and that the specific PtdIns(4,5)P(2) binding is involved in cellular activation of cPLA(2). Also, three hydrophobic residues at the rim of the active site (Ile(399), Leu(400), and Leu(552)) were shown to partially penetrate the membrane, thereby promoting membrane binding and activation of cPLA(2). Based on these results, we propose an interfacial activation mechanism for cPLA(2) which involves the removal of the active site lid by nonspecific electrostatic repulsion, the interdomain hinge movement induced by specific PtdIns(4,5)P(2) binding, and the partial membrane penetration by catalytic domain hydrophobic residues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudipto Das
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois, Chicago, Illinois 60607-7061, USA
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Oskolkova OV, Hermetter A. Fluorescent inhibitors reveal solvent-dependent micropolarity in the lipid binding sites of lipases. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2002; 1597:60-6. [PMID: 12009403 DOI: 10.1016/s0167-4838(02)00277-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Triacylglycerol analogue p-nitrophenyl phosphonates specifically react with the active-site serine of lipolytic enzymes to give covalent lipase-inhibitor complexes, mimicking the first transition state which is involved in lipase-mediated ester hydrolysis. Here we report on a new type of phosphonate inhibitors containing a polarity-sensitive fluorophore to monitor micropolarity around the active site of the enzyme in different solvents. The respective compounds are hexyl and methyl dimethylamino-naphthalenecarbonylethylmercaptoethoxy-phosphonates. The hexyl phosphonate derivative was reacted with lipases from Rhizopus oryzae (ROL), Chromobacterium viscosum (CVL), and Pseudomonas cepacia (PCL). The resulting lipid-protein complexes were characterized in solution with respect to water penetration into the lipid binding site and the associated conformational changes of the proteins as a consequence of solvent polarity changes. We found that the accessibility of the lipid-binding site in all lipases studied was lowest in water. It was much higher when the protein was dissolved in aqueous ethanol. These biophysical effects may contribute to the previously observed dramatic changes of enzyme functions such as activity and stereoselectivity depending on the respective solvents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga V Oskolkova
- Department of Biochemistry, Technische Universität Graz, Petersgasse 12/II, A-8010 Graz, Austria
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