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Yu Y, Wu L, Zou X, Dai X, Liu K, Su H. Time-Resolved and Mechanistic Study of the Photochemical Uncaging Reaction of the o-Hydroxycinnamic Caged Compound. J Phys Chem A 2013; 117:7767-75. [DOI: 10.1021/jp403323h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Youqing Yu
- Beijing National
Laboratory for Molecular Sciences
(BNLMS), State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Institute
of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Lidan Wu
- Beijing National
Laboratory for Molecular Sciences
(BNLMS), State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Institute
of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Xiaoran Zou
- Beijing National
Laboratory for Molecular Sciences
(BNLMS), State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Institute
of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Xiaojuan Dai
- Beijing National
Laboratory for Molecular Sciences
(BNLMS), State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Institute
of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Kunhui Liu
- Beijing National
Laboratory for Molecular Sciences
(BNLMS), State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Institute
of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Hongmei Su
- Beijing National
Laboratory for Molecular Sciences
(BNLMS), State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Institute
of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
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Terai T, Maki E, Sugiyama S, Takahashi Y, Matsumura H, Mori Y, Nagano T. Rational Development of Caged-Biotin Protein-Labeling Agents and Some Applications in Live Cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 18:1261-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2011.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2011] [Revised: 08/01/2011] [Accepted: 09/10/2011] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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Schaper K, Madani Mobarekeh SA, Doro P, Maydt D. The α,5-dicarboxy-2-nitrobenzyl caging group, a tool for biophysical applications with improved hydrophilicity: synthesis, photochemical properties and biological characterization. Photochem Photobiol 2010; 86:1247-54. [PMID: 20880228 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.2010.00803.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Earlier we reported on the synthesis of α,4-dicarboxy-2-nitrobenyzl caged compounds (Schaper, K. et al. [2002] Eur. J. Org. Chem., 1037-1046). These compounds have the advantage of an increased hydrophilicity compared with the well-established α-carboxy-2-nitrobenzyl caged compounds; however, the release of the active compound becomes slower due to the introduction of the additional carboxy group. Based upon theoretical calculations we predicted that the release would become faster when the additional carboxy group is moved to the 5-position. Here we describe the synthesis and the photochemical and biological characterization of an α,5-dicarboxy-2-nitrobenyzl caged compound. The high hydrophilicity of the new caging group is maintained due to the fact that the additional carboxy moiety is preserved, while the release of the active species from the new derivative is even faster than for the reference, an α-CNB caged compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaus Schaper
- Group for Organic Photochemistry, Institute for Organic Chemistry and Macromolecular Chemistry, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany.
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4
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Ramakrishnan L, Hess GP. Mechanism of Potentiation of a Dysfunctional Epilepsy-Linked Mutated GABAA Receptor by a Neurosteroid (3α, 21-Dihydroxy-5α-pregnan-20-one): Transient Kinetic Investigations. Biochemistry 2010; 49:7892-901. [DOI: 10.1021/bi901241g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Latha Ramakrishnan
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, 216 Biotechnology Building, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853-2703
| | - George P. Hess
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, 216 Biotechnology Building, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853-2703
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Kantevari S, Narasimhaji CV, Mereyala HB. Bis(4,5-dimethoxy-2-nitrophenyl)ethylene glycol: a new and efficient photolabile protecting group for aldehydes and ketones. Tetrahedron 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2005.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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6
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Hess GP. Rapid chemical reaction techniques developed for use in investigations of membrane-bound proteins (neurotransmitter receptors). Biophys Chem 2003; 100:493-506. [PMID: 12646386 DOI: 10.1016/s0301-4622(02)00301-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
New techniques for investigating chemical reactions on cell surfaces in the microsecond-to-millisecond time region are described. Reactions mediated by membrane-bound neurotransmitter receptors that control signal transmission between approximately 10(12) cells of the nervous system are taken as an example. Cells with receptors on their plasma membrane are equilibrated with photolabile, biologically inactive precursors of the neurotransmitters. Photolysis of these compounds releases free neurotransmitter that interacts with the receptors, leading to the transient opening of transmembrane receptor-formed channels that are permeant to small inorganic ions. The current thus induced can be measured. The technique can be used to measure the elementary steps of the receptor-mediated reactions. To illustrate the approach it was shown that an understanding of the mechanism of inhibition of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor by the drug cocaine was obtained and led to the first proof that compounds exist that alleviate the inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- George P Hess
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, 216 Biotechnology Building, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853-2703, USA.
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Petersson EJ, Brandt GS, Zacharias NM, Dougherty DA, Lester HA. Caging proteins through unnatural amino acid mutagenesis. Methods Enzymol 2003; 360:258-73. [PMID: 12622154 DOI: 10.1016/s0076-6879(03)60114-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The caging of specific residues of proteins is a powerful tool. This discussion attempts to alert the reader to the considerations that must be made in preparing and analyzing a caged protein through nonsense suppression. Although the suppression methodology is conceptually straightforward, it not possible to provide a failsafe "cook book" method for using caged unnaturals. We have emphasized the preparation of caged receptors expressed in Xenopus oocytes, but these approaches can clearly be adapted to many other systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- E James Petersson
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena 91125, USA
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8
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Wieboldt R, Ramesh D, Jabri E, Karplus PA, Carpenter BK, Hess GP. Synthesis and characterization of photolabile o-nitrobenzyl derivatives of urea. J Org Chem 2002; 67:8827-31. [PMID: 12467395 DOI: 10.1021/jo0201373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We present here the synthesis and characterization of four photolabile derivatives of urea in which alpha-substituted 2-nitrobenzyl groups are covalently attached to the urea nitrogen. These derivatives photolyze readily in aqueous solution to release free urea. The alpha-substituents of the 2-nitrobenzyl group strongly influence the rate of the photolysis reaction measured with transient absorption spectroscopy. Rates of photolysis at pH 7.5 and room temperature (approximately 22 degrees C) for N-(2-nitrobenzyl)urea, N-(alpha-methyl-2-nitrobenzyl)urea, N-(alpha-carboxymethyl-2-nitrobenzyl)urea, and N-(alpha-carboxy-2-nitrobenzyl)urea are, respectively, 1.7 x 10(4), 8.5 x 10(4), 4.0 x 10(4), and 1.1 x 10(5) s(-)(1). The quantum yields determined by measurement of free urea following irradiation by a single laser pulse at 308 nm were 0.81 for N-(2-nitrobenzyl)urea, 0.64 for N-(alpha-methyl-2-nitrobenzyl)urea, and 0.56 for N-(alpha-carboxy-2-nitrobenzyl)urea. The caged N-(alpha-carboxy-2-nitrobenzyl)urea is not a substrate of the enzyme urease, while the photolytically released urea is. Also, neither this caged urea nor its photolytic side products inhibit hydrolysis of free urea by urease. Thus, the alpha-carboxy-2-nitrobenzyl derivative of urea is suitable for mechanistic investigations of the enzyme urease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raymond Wieboldt
- Molecular Biology and Genetics, 217 Biotechnology Building, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853-2703, USA
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Pelliccioli AP, Wirz J. Photoremovable protecting groups: reaction mechanisms and applications. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2002; 1:441-58. [PMID: 12659154 DOI: 10.1039/b200777k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 538] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Photolabile protecting groups enable biochemists to control the release of bioactive compounds in living tissue. 'Caged compounds' (photoactivatable bioagents) have become an important tool to study the events that follow chemical signalling in, e.g., cell biology and the neurosciences. The possibilities are by no means exhausted. Progress will depend on the development of photoremovable protecting groups that satisfy the diverse requirements of new applications--a challenging task for photochemists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Paola Pelliccioli
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Universität Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 80, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
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Hess GP, Ulrich H, Breitinger HG, Niu L, Gameiro AM, Grewer C, Srivastava S, Ippolito JE, Lee SM, Jayaraman V, Coombs SE. Mechanism-based discovery of ligands that counteract inhibition of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor by cocaine and MK-801. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2000; 97:13895-900. [PMID: 11095713 PMCID: PMC17672 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.240459497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (AChR) belong to a family of proteins that form ligand-gated transmembrane ion channels. They are involved in the fast transmission of signals between cells and the control of intercellular communication in the nervous system. A variety of therapeutic agents and abused drugs, including cocaine, inhibit the AChR and monoamine transporters and interfere with nervous system function. Here we describe a mechanism-based approach to prevent this inhibition. We had previously developed presteady-state kinetic (transient kinetic) techniques, with microsecond-to-millisecond time resolutions, for investigations of reactions on cell surfaces that allow one to determine the effects of inhibitors not only on the channel-opening probability but also on the opening and closing rates of the AChR channel. The transient kinetic measurements led to two predictions. (i) Ligands that bind to a regulatory site on the closed-channel conformation of the AChR with higher affinity than to the site on the open-channel form shift the equilibrium toward the closed-channel form, thereby inhibiting the receptor. (ii) Ligands that bind to a regulatory site with an affinity for the open conformation equal to or higher than their affinity for the closed conformations are expected not to inhibit the receptor and to displace inhibitors. The identification of such ligands in a combinatorial library of RNA ligands is reported. The implication of this approach to other protein-mediated reactions in which an inhibitor changes the equilibrium between active and inactive conformations is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- G P Hess
- Molecular Biology and Genetics, 216 Biotechnology Building, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853-2703, USA.
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Molnár P, Nadler JV. gamma-Aminobutyrate, alpha-carboxy-2-nitrobenzyl ester selectively blocks inhibitory synaptic transmission in rat dentate gyrus. Eur J Pharmacol 2000; 391:255-62. [PMID: 10729366 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-2999(00)00106-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
gamma-Aminobutyrate, alpha-carboxy-2-nitrobenzyl ester (cGABA) is a stable photoactivatable probe used to study gamma-aminobutyrate (GABA) receptors. GABA is released from this compound when it is exposed to ultraviolet light, but little is known about the electrophysiological effects of the compound itself. Whole cell patch clamp recordings on rat hippocampal slices demonstrated that cGABA blocked polysynaptic inhibitory postsynaptic currents (IPSCs) evoked in dentate granule cells by antidromic stimulation of the mossy fibers. It also reduced monosynaptically evoked IPSCs with an IC(50) of 28 microM. In contrast, cGABA had no effect on excitatory postsynaptic currents (EPSCs) evoked by perforant path stimulation. The effect of cGABA was not mediated by depression of GABA release through activation of presynaptic GABA(B) receptors. cGABA inhibited muscimol-evoked currents by only 15% at a concentration of 40 microM. At this same concentration, it reduced the mean frequency of miniature inhibitory postsynaptic potentials by 71%, their mean peak amplitude by 44%, their mean decay time constant by 26% and the mean charge transfer per event by 52%. These effects may be explained by a phenothiazine-like modification of GABA(A) receptor kinetics and/or a selective block of somatic GABA synapses.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Molnár
- Department of Pharmacology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
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