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Young MJ, Fecchio M, Bodien YG, Edlow BL. Covert cortical processing: a diagnosis in search of a definition. Neurosci Conscious 2024; 2024:niad026. [PMID: 38327828 PMCID: PMC10849751 DOI: 10.1093/nc/niad026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Revised: 10/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Historically, clinical evaluation of unresponsive patients following brain injury has relied principally on serial behavioral examination to search for emerging signs of consciousness and track recovery. Advances in neuroimaging and electrophysiologic techniques now enable clinicians to peer into residual brain functions even in the absence of overt behavioral signs. These advances have expanded clinicians' ability to sub-stratify behaviorally unresponsive and seemingly unaware patients following brain injury by querying and classifying covert brain activity made evident through active or passive neuroimaging or electrophysiologic techniques, including functional MRI, electroencephalography (EEG), transcranial magnetic stimulation-EEG, and positron emission tomography. Clinical research has thus reciprocally influenced clinical practice, giving rise to new diagnostic categories including cognitive-motor dissociation (i.e. 'covert consciousness') and covert cortical processing (CCP). While covert consciousness has received extensive attention and study, CCP is relatively less understood. We describe that CCP is an emerging and clinically relevant state of consciousness marked by the presence of intact association cortex responses to environmental stimuli in the absence of behavioral evidence of stimulus processing. CCP is not a monotonic state but rather encapsulates a spectrum of possible association cortex responses from rudimentary to complex and to a range of possible stimuli. In constructing a roadmap for this evolving field, we emphasize that efforts to inform clinicians, philosophers, and researchers of this condition are crucial. Along with strategies to sensitize diagnostic criteria and disorders of consciousness nosology to these vital discoveries, democratizing access to the resources necessary for clinical identification of CCP is an emerging clinical and ethical imperative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Young
- Center for Neurotechnology and Neurorecovery, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 101 Merrimac Street, Suite 310, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Matteo Fecchio
- Center for Neurotechnology and Neurorecovery, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 101 Merrimac Street, Suite 310, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Yelena G Bodien
- Center for Neurotechnology and Neurorecovery, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 101 Merrimac Street, Suite 310, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 300 1st Ave, Charlestown, Boston, MA 02129, USA
| | - Brian L Edlow
- Center for Neurotechnology and Neurorecovery, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 101 Merrimac Street, Suite 310, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 149 13th St, Charlestown, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
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Peterson A, Aas S, Wasserman D. What Justifies the Allocation of Health Care Resources to Patients with Disorders of Consciousness? AJOB Neurosci 2021; 12:127-139. [PMID: 33787458 DOI: 10.1080/21507740.2021.1896594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
This paper critically engages ethical issues in the allocation of novel, and potentially costly, health care resources to patients with disorders of consciousness. First, we review potential benefits of novel health care resources for patients and their families and outline preliminary considerations to address concerns about cost. We then address two problems regarding the allocation of health care resources to patients with disorders of consciousness: (1) the problem of uncertain moral status; and (2) the problem of accurately measuring the welfare burdens these resources would relieve. We conclude by suggesting that opportunity-based frameworks might complement standard approaches for justifying resources allocation to patients with disorders of consciousness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Peterson
- Institute for Philosophy and Public Policy, George Mason University
| | - Sean Aas
- Kennedy Institute of Ethics, Georgetown University
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3
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Boltzmann M, Schmidt SB, Gutenbrunner C, Krauss JK, Stangel M, Höglinger GU, Wallesch CW, Münte TF, Rollnik JD. Auditory Stimulation Modulates Resting-State Functional Connectivity in Unresponsive Wakefulness Syndrome Patients. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:554194. [PMID: 33664643 PMCID: PMC7921457 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.554194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Passive listening to music is associated with several psychological and physical benefits in both, healthy and diseased populations. In this fMRI study, we examined whether preferred music has effects on the functional connectivity within resting-state networks related to consciousness. Thirteen patients in unresponsive wakefulness syndrome (UWS) and 18 healthy controls (HC) were enrolled. Both groups were exposed to different auditory stimulation (scanner noise, preferred music, and aversive auditory stimulation). Functional connectivity was analyzed using a seed-based approach. In HC, no differences were found between the three conditions, indicating that their networks are already working at high level. UWS patients showed impaired functional connectivity within all resting-state networks. In addition, functional connectivity of the auditory network was modulated by preferred music and aversive auditory stimulation. Hence, both conditions have the potential to modulate brain activity of UWS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Joachim K Krauss
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Martin Stangel
- Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | | | | | - Thomas F Münte
- Department of Neurology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Jens D Rollnik
- BDH-Klinik Hessisch Oldendorf, Hessisch Oldendorf, Germany
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4
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Modulation of the spontaneous hemodynamic response function across levels of consciousness. Neuroimage 2019; 200:450-459. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2019.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Revised: 07/03/2019] [Accepted: 07/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
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5
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Basic discriminative and semantic processing in patients in the vegetative and minimally conscious state. Int J Psychophysiol 2017; 113:8-16. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2016.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2016] [Revised: 12/03/2016] [Accepted: 12/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Dykstra AR, Cariani PA, Gutschalk A. A roadmap for the study of conscious audition and its neural basis. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2017; 372:20160103. [PMID: 28044014 PMCID: PMC5206271 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2016.0103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
How and which aspects of neural activity give rise to subjective perceptual experience-i.e. conscious perception-is a fundamental question of neuroscience. To date, the vast majority of work concerning this question has come from vision, raising the issue of generalizability of prominent resulting theories. However, recent work has begun to shed light on the neural processes subserving conscious perception in other modalities, particularly audition. Here, we outline a roadmap for the future study of conscious auditory perception and its neural basis, paying particular attention to how conscious perception emerges (and of which elements or groups of elements) in complex auditory scenes. We begin by discussing the functional role of the auditory system, particularly as it pertains to conscious perception. Next, we ask: what are the phenomena that need to be explained by a theory of conscious auditory perception? After surveying the available literature for candidate neural correlates, we end by considering the implications that such results have for a general theory of conscious perception as well as prominent outstanding questions and what approaches/techniques can best be used to address them.This article is part of the themed issue 'Auditory and visual scene analysis'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew R Dykstra
- Department of Neurology, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Alexander Gutschalk
- Department of Neurology, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
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Magee WL, Tillmann B, Perrin F, Schnakers C. Editorial: Music and Disorders of Consciousness: Emerging Research, Practice and Theory. Front Psychol 2016; 7:1273. [PMID: 27630591 PMCID: PMC5005341 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2016] [Accepted: 08/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Wendy L. Magee
- Boyer College of Music and Dance, Temple UniversityPhiladelphia, PA, USA
| | | | - Fabien Perrin
- Centre de Recherche en Neurosciences de LyonLyon, France
| | - Caroline Schnakers
- Brain Injury Research Center, Department of Neurosurgery, University of California, Los AngelesLos Angeles, CA, USA
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Henriques J, Pazart L, Grigoryeva L, Muzard E, Beaussant Y, Haffen E, Moulin T, Aubry R, Ortega JP, Gabriel D. Bedside Evaluation of the Functional Organization of the Auditory Cortex in Patients with Disorders of Consciousness. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0146788. [PMID: 26789734 PMCID: PMC4720275 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0146788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2015] [Accepted: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
To measure the level of residual cognitive function in patients with disorders of consciousness, the use of electrophysiological and neuroimaging protocols of increasing complexity is recommended. This work presents an EEG-based method capable of assessing at an individual level the integrity of the auditory cortex at the bedside of patients and can be seen as the first cortical stage of this hierarchical approach. The method is based on two features: first, the possibility of automatically detecting the presence of a N100 wave and second, in showing evidence of frequency processing in the auditory cortex with a machine learning based classification of the EEG signals associated with different frequencies and auditory stimulation modalities. In the control group of twelve healthy volunteers, cortical frequency processing was clearly demonstrated. EEG recordings from two patients with disorders of consciousness showed evidence of partially preserved cortical processing in the first patient and none in the second patient. From these results, it appears that the classification method presented here reliably detects signal differences in the encoding of frequencies and is a useful tool in the evaluation of the integrity of the auditory cortex. Even though the classification method presented in this work was designed for patients with disorders of consciousness, it can also be applied to other pathological populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Henriques
- Laboratoire de Mathématiques de Besançon, Besançon, France
- Cegos Deployment, Besançon, France
| | - Lionel Pazart
- INSERM CIC 1431 Centre d’Investigation Clinique en Innovation Technologique, CHU de Besançon, Besançon, France
- EA 481 Laboratoire de Neurosciences de Besançon, Besançon, France
| | | | - Emelyne Muzard
- Service de neurologie, CHU de Besançon, Besançon, France
| | - Yvan Beaussant
- Département douleur soins palliatifs, CHU de Besançon, Besançon, France
| | - Emmanuel Haffen
- INSERM CIC 1431 Centre d’Investigation Clinique en Innovation Technologique, CHU de Besançon, Besançon, France
- EA 481 Laboratoire de Neurosciences de Besançon, Besançon, France
- Service de Psychiatrie de l’adulte, CHU de Besançon, Besançon, France
| | - Thierry Moulin
- INSERM CIC 1431 Centre d’Investigation Clinique en Innovation Technologique, CHU de Besançon, Besançon, France
- EA 481 Laboratoire de Neurosciences de Besançon, Besançon, France
- Service de neurologie, CHU de Besançon, Besançon, France
| | - Régis Aubry
- INSERM CIC 1431 Centre d’Investigation Clinique en Innovation Technologique, CHU de Besançon, Besançon, France
- EA 481 Laboratoire de Neurosciences de Besançon, Besançon, France
- Département douleur soins palliatifs, CHU de Besançon, Besançon, France
| | - Juan-Pablo Ortega
- Laboratoire de Mathématiques de Besançon, Besançon, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Paris, France
| | - Damien Gabriel
- INSERM CIC 1431 Centre d’Investigation Clinique en Innovation Technologique, CHU de Besançon, Besançon, France
- EA 481 Laboratoire de Neurosciences de Besançon, Besançon, France
- * E-mail:
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Soddu A, Gómez F, Heine L, Di Perri C, Bahri MA, Voss HU, Bruno MA, Vanhaudenhuyse A, Phillips C, Demertzi A, Chatelle C, Schrouff J, Thibaut A, Charland-Verville V, Noirhomme Q, Salmon E, Tshibanda JFL, Schiff ND, Laureys S. Correlation between resting state fMRI total neuronal activity and PET metabolism in healthy controls and patients with disorders of consciousness. Brain Behav 2016; 6:e00424. [PMID: 27110443 PMCID: PMC4834945 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2015] [Revised: 11/23/2015] [Accepted: 11/26/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The mildly invasive 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (FDG-PET) is a well-established imaging technique to measure 'resting state' cerebral metabolism. This technique made it possible to assess changes in metabolic activity in clinical applications, such as the study of severe brain injury and disorders of consciousness. OBJECTIVE We assessed the possibility of creating functional MRI activity maps, which could estimate the relative levels of activity in FDG-PET cerebral metabolic maps. If no metabolic absolute measures can be extracted, our approach may still be of clinical use in centers without access to FDG-PET. It also overcomes the problem of recognizing individual networks of independent component selection in functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) resting state analysis. METHODS We extracted resting state fMRI functional connectivity maps using independent component analysis and combined only components of neuronal origin. To assess neuronality of components a classification based on support vector machine (SVM) was used. We compared the generated maps with the FDG-PET maps in 16 healthy controls, 11 vegetative state/unresponsive wakefulness syndrome patients and four locked-in patients. RESULTS The results show a significant similarity with ρ = 0.75 ± 0.05 for healthy controls and ρ = 0.58 ± 0.09 for vegetative state/unresponsive wakefulness syndrome patients between the FDG-PET and the fMRI based maps. FDG-PET, fMRI neuronal maps, and the conjunction analysis show decreases in frontoparietal and medial regions in vegetative patients with respect to controls. Subsequent analysis in locked-in syndrome patients produced also consistent maps with healthy controls. CONCLUSIONS The constructed resting state fMRI functional connectivity map points toward the possibility for fMRI resting state to estimate relative levels of activity in a metabolic map.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Soddu
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, Brain and Mind Institute Western University London Ontario Canada
| | - Francisco Gómez
- Department of Computer Science Universidad Central de Colombia Bogotá Colombia
| | - Lizette Heine
- GIGA-Research & Cyclotron Research Centre University of Liège Liège Belgium
| | - Carol Di Perri
- GIGA-Research & Cyclotron Research Centre University of Liège Liège Belgium
| | - Mohamed Ali Bahri
- GIGA-Research & Cyclotron Research Centre University of Liège Liège Belgium
| | - Henning U Voss
- Department of Radiology Weill Cornell Medical College New York New York
| | | | - Audrey Vanhaudenhuyse
- Department of Algology and Palliative Care University Hospital of Liège Liège Belgium
| | | | - Athena Demertzi
- GIGA-Research & Cyclotron Research Centre University of Liège Liège Belgium; Brain and Spine InstituteInstitut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière (ICM) Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière Paris France
| | - Camille Chatelle
- GIGA-Research & Cyclotron Research Centre University of Liège Liège Belgium
| | - Jessica Schrouff
- GIGA-Research & Cyclotron Research Centre University of Liège Liège Belgium
| | - Aurore Thibaut
- GIGA-Research & Cyclotron Research Centre University of Liège Liège Belgium
| | | | - Quentin Noirhomme
- GIGA-Research & Cyclotron Research Centre University of Liège Liège Belgium; Brain Innovation B.V. Maastricht the Netherlands
| | - Eric Salmon
- GIGA-Research & Cyclotron Research Centre University of Liège Liège Belgium
| | | | - Nicholas D Schiff
- Department of Radiology Weill Cornell Medical College New York New York
| | - Steven Laureys
- GIGA-Research & Cyclotron Research Centre University of Liège Liège Belgium; Department of Neurology University Hospital of Liège Liège Belgium
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Abstract
In this essay I examine the formal structure of the concept of futility, enabling identification of the appropriate roles played by patient, professional, and society. I argue that the concept of futility does not justify unilateral decisions to forego life-sustaining medical treatment over patient or legitimate surrogate objection, even when futility is determined by a process or subject to ethics committee review. Furthermore, I argue for a limited positive ethical obligation on the part of health care professionals to assist patients in achieving certain restricted goals, including the preservation of life, even in circumstances in which most would agree that that life is of no benefit to the patient. Finally, I address the objection that professional integrity overrides this limited obligation and find the objection unconvincing. In short, my aim in this essay is to see the concept of futility finally buried, once and for all.
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Magee WL, O'Kelly J. Music therapy with disorders of consciousness: current evidence and emergent evidence-based practice. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2015; 1337:256-62. [PMID: 25773642 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.12633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Patients with prolonged disorders of consciousness (PDOC) stemming from acquired brain injury present one of the most challenging clinical populations in neurological rehabilitation. Because of the complex clinical presentation of PDOC patients, treatment teams are confronted with many medicolegal, ethical, philosophical, moral, and religious issues in day-to-day care. Accurate diagnosis is of central concern, relying on creative approaches from skilled clinical professionals using combined behavioral and neurophysiological measures. This paper presents the latest evidence for using music as a diagnostic tool with PDOC, including recent developments in music therapy interventions and measurement. We outline standardized clinical protocols and behavioral measures to produce diagnostic outcomes and examine recent research illustrating a range of benefits of music-based methods at behavioral, cardiorespiratory, and cortical levels using video, electrocardiography, and electroencephalography methods. These latest developments are discussed in the context of evidence-based practice in rehabilitation with clinical populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendy L Magee
- Boyer College of Music and Dance, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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12
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Magee WL, Ghetti CM, Moyer A. Feasibility of the music therapy assessment tool for awareness in disorders of consciousness (MATADOC) for use with pediatric populations. Front Psychol 2015; 6:698. [PMID: 26074850 PMCID: PMC4443649 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2015] [Accepted: 05/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Measuring responsiveness to gain accurate diagnosis in populations with disorders of consciousness (DOC) is of central concern because these patients have such complex clinical presentations. Due to the uncertainty of accuracy for both behavioral and neurophysiological measures in DOC, combined assessment approaches are recommended. A number of standardized behavioral measures can be used with adults with DOC with minor to moderate reservations relating to the measures' psychometric properties and clinical applicability. However, no measures have been standardized for use with pediatric DOC populations. When adapting adult measures for children, confounding factors include developmental considerations for language-based items included in all DOC measures. Given the lack of pediatric DOC measures, there is a pressing need for measures that are sensitive to the complex clinical presentations typical of DOC and that can accommodate the developmental levels of pediatric populations. The music therapy assessment tool for awareness in disorders of consciousness (MATADOC) is a music-based measure that has been standardized for adults with DOC. Given its emphasis on non-language based sensory stimuli, it is well-suited to pediatric populations spanning developmental stages. In a pre-pilot exploratory study, we examined the clinical utility of this measure and explored trends for test-retest and inter-rater agreement as well as its performance against external reference standards. In several cases, MATADOC items in the visual and auditory domains produced outcomes suggestive of higher level functioning when compared to outcomes provided by other DOC measures. Preliminary findings suggest that the MATADOC provides a useful protocol and measure for behavioral assessment and clinical treatment planning with pediatric DOC. Further research with a larger sample is warranted to test a version of the MATADOC that is refined to meet developmental needs of pediatric DOC populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendy L. Magee
- Music Therapy Program, Boyer College of Music and Dance, Temple UniversityPhiladelphia, PA, USA
| | - Claire M. Ghetti
- The Grieg Academy Music Therapy Research Centre, The Grieg Academy, University of BergenBergen, Norway
| | - Alvin Moyer
- Elizabeth Seton Pediatric CenterYonkers, NY, USA
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Erlbeck H, Kübler A, Kotchoubey B, Veser S. Task instructions modulate the attentional mode affecting the auditory MMN and the semantic N400. Front Hum Neurosci 2014; 8:654. [PMID: 25221494 PMCID: PMC4145469 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2014.00654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2014] [Accepted: 08/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Event-related potentials (ERPs) have been proven to be a useful tool to complement clinical assessment and to detect residual cognitive functions in patients with disorders of consciousness. These ERPs are often recorded using passive or unspecific instructions. Patient data obtained this way are then compared to data from healthy participants, which are usually recorded using active instructions. The present study investigates the effect of attentive modulations and particularly the effect of active vs. passive instruction on the ERP components mismatch negativity (MMN) and N400. A sample of 18 healthy participants listened to three auditory paradigms: an oddball, a word priming, and a sentence paradigm. Each paradigm was presented three times with different instructions: ignoring auditory stimuli, passive listening, and focused attention on the auditory stimuli. After each task, the participants indicated their subjective effort. The N400 decreased from the focused task to the passive task, and was extinct in the ignore task. The MMN exhibited higher amplitudes in the focused and passive task compared to the ignore task. The data indicate an effect of attention on the supratemporal component of the MMN. Subjective effort was equally high in the passive and focused tasks but reduced in the ignore task. We conclude that passive listening during EEG recording is stressful and attenuates ERPs, which renders the interpretation of the results obtained in such conditions difficult.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena Erlbeck
- Department of Psychology I, University of Würzburg Würzburg, Germany
| | - Andrea Kübler
- Department of Psychology I, University of Würzburg Würzburg, Germany
| | - Boris Kotchoubey
- Institute of Medical Psychology and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Tübingen Tübingen, Germany
| | - Sandra Veser
- Institute of Medical Psychology and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Tübingen Tübingen, Germany
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14
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Magee WL, Siegert RJ, Daveson BA, Lenton-Smith G, Taylor SM. Music Therapy Assessment Tool for Awareness in Disorders of Consciousness (MATADOC): Standardisation of the principal subscale to assess awareness in patients with disorders of consciousness. Neuropsychol Rehabil 2013; 24:101-24. [DOI: 10.1080/09602011.2013.844174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Assessing residual reasoning ability in overtly non-communicative patients using fMRI. NEUROIMAGE-CLINICAL 2012; 2:174-83. [PMID: 24179769 PMCID: PMC3777757 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2012.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2012] [Revised: 11/16/2012] [Accepted: 11/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
It is now well established that some patients who are diagnosed as being in a vegetative state or a minimally conscious state show reliable signs of volition that may only be detected by measuring neural responses. A pertinent question is whether these patients are also capable of logical thought. Here, we validate an fMRI paradigm that can detect the neural fingerprint of reasoning processes and moreover, can confirm whether a participant derives logical answers. We demonstrate the efficacy of this approach in a physically non-communicative patient who had been shown to engage in mental imagery in response to simple auditory instructions. Our results demonstrate that this individual retains a remarkable capacity for higher cognition, engaging in the reasoning task and deducing logical answers. We suggest that this approach is suitable for detecting residual reasoning ability using neural responses and could readily be adapted to assess other aspects of cognition.
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Naci L, Monti MM, Cruse D, Kübler A, Sorger B, Goebel R, Kotchoubey B, Owen AM. Brain-computer interfaces for communication with nonresponsive patients. Ann Neurol 2012; 72:312-23. [DOI: 10.1002/ana.23656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Abstract
Awake but not aware: This puzzling dissociation of the two central elements of consciousness defines the vegetative state. Traditionally, this condition has been believed to imply a brain with preserved hypothalamic and brainstem autonomic functions but with no capacity for cortical cognitive processes. As is discussed in this review, over a 20-year span neuroimaging techniques have clearly demonstrated that this characterization of patients in a vegetative state is incorrect. Contrary to the initial belief, the "vegetative" brain can retain several high-level aspects of cognitive functions, across sensory modalities, including language processing and learning dynamics. Nonetheless, the residual cognitive functions observed in vegetative patients might reflect intact but functionally disconnected cortical modules that do not give rise to the subjective feeling of phenomenological awareness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin M Monti
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA.
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18
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Bick AS, Mayer A, Levin N. From research to clinical practice: implementation of functional magnetic imaging and white matter tractography in the clinical environment. J Neurol Sci 2011; 312:158-65. [PMID: 21864850 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2011.07.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2011] [Revised: 06/16/2011] [Accepted: 07/22/2011] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
In the last two decades functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) has dominated research in neuroscience. However, only recently has it taken the first steps in translation to the clinical field. In this paper we describe the advantages of fMRI and DTI and the possible benefits of implementing these methods in clinical practice. We review the current clinical usages of fMRI and DTI and discuss the challenges and difficulties of translating these methods to clinical use. The most common application today is in neurosurgery. fMRI and DTI are done preoperatively for brain tumor patients who are having tumors removed and for epilepsy patients who are candidates for temporal resection. Imaging results supply the neurosurgeon with essential information regarding possible functional damage and thereby aid both in planning and performing surgery. Scientific research suggests more promising potential implementations of fMRI and DTI in improving diagnosis and rehabilitation. These advanced imaging methods can be used for pre-symptomatic diagnosis, as a differentiating biomarker in the absence of anatomical measurements, and for identification of mental response in the absence of motor-sensory abilities. These methods can aid and direct rehabilitation by predicting the success of possible interventions and rehabilitation options and by supplying a measure for biofeedback. This review opens a window to the state of the art neuroimaging methods being implemented these days into the clinical practice and provides a glance to the future clinical possibilities of fMRI and DTI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atira S Bick
- fMRI Lab, Neurology Department, Hadassah Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel.
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The Global Neuronal Workspace Model of Conscious Access: From Neuronal Architectures to Clinical Applications. RESEARCH AND PERSPECTIVES IN NEUROSCIENCES 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-18015-6_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
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Gutiérrez J, Machado C, Estévez M, Olivares A, Hernández H, Perez J, Beltrán C, Leisman G. Heart rate variability changes induced by auditory stimulation in persistent vegetative state. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1515/ijdhd.2010.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Abstract
Recent evidence has suggested that functional neuroimaging may play a crucial role in assessing residual cognition and awareness in brain injury survivors. In particular, brain insults that compromise the patient’s ability to produce motor output may render standard clinical testing ineffective. Indeed, if patients were aware but unable to signal so via motor behavior, they would be impossible to distinguish, at the bedside, from vegetative patients. Considering the alarming rate with which minimally conscious patients are misdiagnosed as vegetative, and the severe medical, legal, and ethical implications of such decisions, novel tools are urgently required to complement current clinical-assessment protocols. Functional neuroimaging may be particularly suited to this aim by providing a window on brain function without requiring patients to produce any motor output. Specifically, the possibility of detecting signs of willful behavior by directly observing brain activity (i.e., “brain behavior”), rather than motoric output, allows this approach to reach beyond what is observable at the bedside with standard clinical assessments. In addition, several neuroimaging studies have already highlighted neuroimaging protocols that can distinguish automatic brain responses from willful brain activity, making it possible to employ willful brain activations as an index of awareness. Certainly, neuroimaging in patient populations faces some theoretical and experimental difficulties, but willful, task-dependent, brain activation may be the only way to discriminate the conscious, but immobile, patient from the unconscious one.
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Fisher CE, Appelbaum PS. Diagnosing consciousness: neuroimaging, law, and the vegetative state. THE JOURNAL OF LAW, MEDICINE & ETHICS : A JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY OF LAW, MEDICINE & ETHICS 2010; 38:374-385. [PMID: 20579234 DOI: 10.1111/j.1748-720x.2010.00496.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, we review recent neuroimaging investigations of disorders of consciousness and different disciplines' understanding of consciousness itself. We consider potential tests of consciousness, their legal significance, and how they map onto broader themes in U.S. statutory law pertaining to advance directives and surrogate decision-making. In the process, we outline a taxonomy of themes to illustrate and clarify the variance in state-law definitions of consciousness. Finally, we discuss broader scientific, ethical, and legal issues associated with the advent of neuroimaging for disorders of consciousness and conclude with policy recommendations that could help to mitigate confusion in this realm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carl E Fisher
- Columbia University and the New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA
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Stins JF. Establishing consciousness in non-communicative patients: A modern-day version of the Turing test. Conscious Cogn 2009; 18:187-92. [PMID: 18262437 DOI: 10.1016/j.concog.2007.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2007] [Revised: 11/22/2007] [Accepted: 12/27/2007] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Theoretical approaches to the diagnosis of altered states of consciousness. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2009; 177:383-98. [DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6123(09)17727-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Machado C, Rodríguez R, Caiballo M, Korein J, Sanchez-Catasus C, Pérez J, Leisman G. Brain Anatomy, Cerebral Blood Flow, and Connectivity in the Transition from PVS to MCS. Rev Neurosci 2009; 20:177-80. [DOI: 10.1515/revneuro.2009.20.3-4.177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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A perturbational approach for evaluating the brain's capacity for consciousness. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2009; 177:201-14. [PMID: 19818903 DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6123(09)17714-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
How do we evaluate a brain's capacity to sustain conscious experience if the subject does not manifest purposeful behaviour and does not respond to questions and commands? What should we measure in this case? An emerging idea in theoretical neuroscience is that what really matters for consciousness in the brain is not activity levels, access to sensory inputs or neural synchronization per se, but rather the ability of different areas of the thalamocortical system to interact causally with each other to form an integrated whole. In particular, the information integration theory of consciousness (IITC) argues that consciousness is integrated information and that the brain should be able to generate consciousness to the extent that it has a large repertoire of available states (information), yet it cannot be decomposed into a collection of causally independent subsystems (integration). To evaluate the ability to integrate information among distributed cortical regions, it may not be sufficient to observe the brain in action. Instead, it is useful to employ a perturbational approach and examine to what extent different regions of the thalamocortical system can interact causally (integration) and produce specific responses (information). Thanks to a recently developed technique, transcranial magnetic stimulation and high-density electroencephalography (TMS/hd-EEG), one can record the immediate reaction of the entire thalamocortical system to controlled perturbations of different cortical areas. In this chapter, using sleep as a model of unconsciousness, we show that TMS/hd-EEG can detect clear-cut changes in the ability of the thalamocortical system to integrate information when the level of consciousness fluctuates across the sleep-wake cycle. Based on these results, we discuss the potential applications of this novel technique to evaluate objectively the brain's capacity for consciousness at the bedside of brain-injured patients.
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Giacino JT, Smart CM. Recent advances in behavioral assessment of individuals with disorders of consciousness. Curr Opin Neurol 2008; 20:614-9. [PMID: 17992078 DOI: 10.1097/wco.0b013e3282f189ef] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The burden of proof for establishing diagnosis and prognosis in patients with disorders of consciousness lies with behavioral assessment methods. The current review discusses recent advances in understanding the strengths and weaknesses of this methodology. RECENT FINDINGS Behavioral assessment methods remain the 'gold standard' for establishing diagnosis and prognosis in patients with disorders of consciousness, although their psychometric integrity and clinical utility remain largely unproven. While the Glasgow Coma Scale maintains its standing in the trauma setting, there are ongoing concerns regarding testing confounds and interrater reliability. The Full Outline of UnResponsiveness, an emerging alternative, is more sensitive to detection of locked-in syndrome but may fail to identify patients in the minimally conscious state. Recent studies investigating the relationship between behavioral and neurophysiologic measures of conscious awareness have revealed important dissociations between behavioral response profiles and corresponding neural activity. SUMMARY Further research is needed on the psychometric properties of existing behavioral assessment methods for disorders of consciousness. Although dissociations between behavioral and neurophysiologic findings caution against overreliance on behavioral metrics for detection of conscious awareness, we expect there will be increased effort toward combining these methodologies to increase diagnostic accuracy and prognostic specificity in patients with disorders of consciousness.
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Boly M, Owen AM, Laureys S. To be or not to be ... Vegetative. Intensive Care Med 2007. [DOI: 10.1007/978-0-387-49518-7_83] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Ammermann H, Kassubek J, Lotze M, Gut E, Kaps M, Schmidt J, Rodden FA, Grodd W. MRI brain lesion patterns in patients in anoxia-induced vegetative state. J Neurol Sci 2007; 260:65-70. [PMID: 17490686 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2007.03.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2006] [Revised: 02/18/2007] [Accepted: 03/28/2007] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The object of this study was to analyze magnetic resonance imaging data from patients with disorders of consciousness who were suffering from non-traumatically induced brain lesions with respect to the pattern of vulnerability and to examine the associations between the sizes of these lesions and the clinical outcome of the patients. To this end, T1- and T2-weighted brain images were examined in twelve patients in the post-anoxic vegetative state after a median of 21 days after the causative event. Predominant in the characteristic lesion patterns were regions of pathological white matter signals within the frontal and occipital lobes and in the periventricular regions. The total volumes of the lesions were found to be associated with the severity of the patients' clinical outcomes as measured by the Ranchos Los Amigos Cognitive Scale after a median of 25 months. These lesion patterns demonstrated damage to cerebral networks critical to higher cognitive processes ("consciousness") in both white and gray matter. The relevance of these findings for patients in anoxia-induced decreased levels of consciousness is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidi Ammermann
- Section for Experimental Magnetic Resonance of the CNS, Department of Neuroradiology, University of Tübingen, Hoppe-Seyler-Str. 3, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany
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Boly M, Coleman MR, Davis MH, Hampshire A, Bor D, Moonen G, Maquet PA, Pickard JD, Laureys S, Owen AM. When thoughts become action: an fMRI paradigm to study volitional brain activity in non-communicative brain injured patients. Neuroimage 2007; 36:979-92. [PMID: 17509898 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2007.02.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2006] [Revised: 02/14/2007] [Accepted: 02/15/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The assessment of voluntary behavior in non-communicative brain injured patients is often challenging due to the existence of profound motor impairment. In the absence of a full understanding of the neural correlates of consciousness, even a normal activation in response to passive sensory stimulation cannot be considered as proof of the presence of awareness in these patients. In contrast, predicted activation in response to the instruction to perform a mental imagery task would provide evidence of voluntary task-dependent brain activity, and hence of consciousness, in non-communicative patients. However, no data yet exist to indicate which imagery instructions would yield reliable single subject activation. The aim of the present study was to establish such a paradigm in healthy volunteers. Two exploratory experiments evaluated the reproducibility of individual brain activation elicited by four distinct mental imagery tasks. The two most robust mental imagery tasks were found to be spatial navigation and motor imagery. In a third experiment, where these two tasks were directly compared, differentiation of each task from one another and from rest periods was assessed blindly using a priori criteria and was correct for every volunteer. The spatial navigation and motor imagery tasks described here permit the identification of volitional brain activation at the single subject level, without a motor response. Volunteer as well as patient data [Owen, A.M., Coleman, M.R., Boly, M., Davis, M.H., Laureys, S., Pickard J.D., 2006. Detecting awareness in the vegetative state. Science 313, 1402] strongly suggest that this paradigm may provide a method for assessing the presence of volitional brain activity, and thus of consciousness, in non-communicative brain-injured patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Boly
- Coma Science Group, Cyclotron Research Center, B30, Allée du 6 août, Sart Tilman, 4000 Liège, Belgium.
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Abstract
Advances in neuroimaging techniques hold significant promise for improving understanding of disorders of consciousness arising from severe brain injuries. We review neuroimaging studies of the vegetative state (VS) and minimally conscious state (MCS), and findings in an unusual case of late emergence from MCS. Multimodal neuroimaging studies using positron emission tomography techniques, functional magnetic resonance imaging, and quantitative electroencephalography and magnetoencephalography quantify variations of residual cerebral activity across these patient populations. The results suggest models to distinguish the pathophysiologic basis of VS and MCS. Less clear are potential brain mechanisms underlying late recovery of communication in rare MCS patients. Diffusion tensor magnetic resonance imaging studies and recent experimental findings suggest that structural remodeling of the brain following severe injury may play a role in late functional recoveries. More generally, relatively long time courses of recovery following severe brain injury emphasize the need to develop markers for identifying patients who may harbor potential for further meaningful recovery. Introduction of neuroimaging into the clinical evaluation process will require developing frameworks for longitudinal assessments of cerebral function. Although limited in number, available studies already provide important insights into underlying brain mechanisms that may help guide development of such assessment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas D Schiff
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY 10021, USA.
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Laureys S, Giacino JT, Schiff ND, Schabus M, Owen AM. How should functional imaging of patients with disorders of consciousness contribute to their clinical rehabilitation needs? Curr Opin Neurol 2006; 19:520-7. [PMID: 17102688 PMCID: PMC2858870 DOI: 10.1097/wco.0b013e3280106ba9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW We discuss the problems of evidence-based neurorehabilitation in disorders of consciousness, and recent functional neuroimaging data obtained in the vegetative state and minimally conscious state. RECENT FINDINGS Published data are insufficient to make recommendations for or against any of the neurorehabilitative treatments in vegetative state and minimally conscious state patients. Electrophysiological and functional imaging studies have been shown to be useful in measuring residual brain function in noncommunicative brain-damaged patients. Despite the fact that such studies could in principle allow an objective quantification of the putative cerebral effect of rehabilitative treatment in the vegetative state and minimally conscious state, they have so far not been used in this context. SUMMARY Without controlled studies and careful patient selection criteria it will not be possible to evaluate the potential of therapeutic interventions in disorders of consciousness. There also is a need to elucidate the neurophysiological effects of such treatments. Integration of multimodal neuroimaging techniques should eventually improve our ability to disentangle differences in outcome on the basis of underlying mechanisms and better guide our therapeutic options in the challenging patient populations encountered following severe acute brain damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven Laureys
- Cyclotron Research Center and Neurology Department, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium.
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Laureys S. The neural correlate of (un)awareness: lessons from the vegetative state. Trends Cogn Sci 2005; 9:556-9. [PMID: 16271507 DOI: 10.1016/j.tics.2005.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 419] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2005] [Revised: 08/23/2005] [Accepted: 10/20/2005] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Consciousness has two main components: wakefulness and awareness. The vegetative state is characterized by wakefulness without awareness. Recent functional neuroimaging results have shown that some parts of the cortex are still functioning in 'vegetative' patients. External stimulation, such as a painful stimulus, still activates 'primary' sensory cortices in these patients but these areas are functionally disconnected from 'higher order' associative areas needed for awareness. Such studies are disentangling the neural correlates of the vegetative state from the minimally conscious state, and have major clinical consequences in addition to empirical importance for the understanding of consciousness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven Laureys
- Cyclotron Research Center and Department of Neurology, University of Liège, Sart Tilman B30, 4000 Liège, Belgium.
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