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Wu T, Liu X, Cheng F, Wang S, Li C, Zhou D, Zhang W. Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex dysfunction caused by a go/no-go task in children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: A functional near-infrared spectroscopy study. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1145485. [PMID: 37056303 PMCID: PMC10086251 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1145485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
BackgroundChildren with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) exhibit executive function deficits, which can be attributed to a dysfunction in the prefrontal region of the brain. Our study aims to evaluate the alteration of brain activity in children with ADHD during the administration of a go/no-go task using functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) in comparison to a control group containing typically developing (TD) children.Methods32 children with ADHD and 31 of their TD peers were recruited and asked to perform a go/no-go task while undergoing measurements, with the aim of detecting changes in average oxygenated hemoglobin signaling (Δavg oxy-Hb) via fNIRS in the prefrontal lobe.ResultsfNIRS data showed significant differences between the left and right dorsolateral prefrontal cortices, with a lower Δavg oxy-Hb change in the ADHD group compared to the TD group.ConclusionOur results indicate that brain dysfunction in children with ADHD is related to functional impairments in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. The go/no-go task paired with fNIRS represents a useful measurement tool to assess prefrontal brain dysfunction in children struggling with ADHD.
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Lodha S, Gupta R. Mindfulness, Attentional Networks, and Executive Functioning: a Review of Interventions and Long-Term Meditation Practice. JOURNAL OF COGNITIVE ENHANCEMENT 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s41465-022-00254-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Tegelbeckers J, Brechmann A, Breitling-Ziegler C, Bonath B, Flechtner HH, Krauel K. Neural Mechanisms Underlying the Effects of Novel Sounds on Task Performance in Children With and Without ADHD. Front Hum Neurosci 2022; 16:878994. [PMID: 35799772 PMCID: PMC9253267 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2022.878994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Distractibility is one of the key features of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and has been associated with alterations in the neural orienting and alerting networks. Task-irrelevant stimuli are thus expected to have detrimental effects on the performance of patients with ADHD. However, task-irrelevant presentation of novel sounds seems to have the opposite effect and improve subsequent attentional performance particularly in patients with ADHD. Here, we aimed to understand the neural modulations of the attention networks underlying these improvements. Fifty boys (25 with ADHD) participated in a functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study in which unique (novel) or repeatedly presented (familiar) sounds were placed before a visual flanker task in 2/3 of the trials. We found that presenting any sound improved task performance in all participants, but the underlying neural mechanisms differed for the type of sound. Familiar sounds led to a stronger increase in activity in the left posterior insula in patients with ADHD compared to typically developing peers. Novel sounds led to activations of the fronto-temporoparietal ventral attention network, likewise in ADHD and TD. These changes in signaling by novelty in the right inferior frontal gyrus were directly related to improved response speed showing that neural orienting network activity following novel sounds facilitated subsequent attentional performance. This mechanism of behavioral enhancement by short distractions could potentially be useful for cognitive trainings or homework situations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Tegelbeckers
- Department of Children and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
- Department of Neuropsychology, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
- *Correspondence: Jana Tegelbeckers
| | - André Brechmann
- Combinatorial Neuroimaging Core Facility, Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, Magdeburg, Germany
- Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Carolin Breitling-Ziegler
- Department of Children and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Bjoern Bonath
- Department of Children and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Hans-Henning Flechtner
- Department of Children and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Kerstin Krauel
- Department of Children and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
- Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences, Magdeburg, Germany
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Jacob J, Gupta R. Neuropsychological functions in a pediatric case of partial agenesis of the corpus callosum: Clinical implications. APPLIED NEUROPSYCHOLOGY: CHILD 2022; 12:165-176. [PMID: 35412920 DOI: 10.1080/21622965.2022.2059371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The corpus callosum (CC) is involved in several cognitive processes and the interhemispheric transfer of information. The current case study investigated neurocognitive and emotional processes in a 7-year-old female with partial agenesis of the corpus callosum, with an absent splenium and posterior body, with comorbid autism and ADHD. We measured cognitive functions, such as response inhibition, error monitoring, attentional disengagement, and attention capture by irrelevant emotional stimuli. We found that response inhibition was intact in the case. When happy faces were used as stop-signals, it interfered with response inhibition compared to angry-face-stop-signals. Similarly, happy faces (relative to angry faces) interfered with error monitoring; irrelevant angry faces captured attention more than happy faces. Attentional disengagement functions were impaired in the case compared to healthy controls. The findings give an insight into the interaction between cognition and emotion in pediatric partial agenesis of the CC, and have important clinical and theoretical implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jemima Jacob
- Cognitive and Behavioural Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Humanities and Social Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, India
| | - Rashmi Gupta
- Cognitive and Behavioural Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Humanities and Social Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, India
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Assessing the three attentional networks in children from three to six years: A child-friendly version of the Attentional Network Test for Interaction. Behav Res Methods 2021; 54:1403-1415. [PMID: 34595673 PMCID: PMC9170641 DOI: 10.3758/s13428-021-01668-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Attention involves three functionally and neuroanatomically distinct neural networks: alerting, orienting, and executive control. This study aimed to analyze the development of attentional networks in children aged between 3 and 6 years using a child-friendly version of the Attentional Network Test for Interaction (ANTI), the ANTI-Birds. The sample included 88 children divided into four age groups: 3-year-old, 4-year-old, 5-year-old, 6-year-old children. The results of this study would seem to indicate that between 4 and 6 years, there are no significant changes in attentional networks. Instead, between 3 and 4 years of age, children significantly improve all their attentional skills.
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6
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Marx I, Hacker T, Yu X, Cortese S, Sonuga-Barke E. ADHD and the Choice of Small Immediate Over Larger Delayed Rewards: A Comparative Meta-Analysis of Performance on Simple Choice-Delay and Temporal Discounting Paradigms. J Atten Disord 2021; 25:171-187. [PMID: 29806533 DOI: 10.1177/1087054718772138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Objective: Impulsive choices can lead to suboptimal decision making, a tendency which is especially marked in individuals with ADHD. We compared two different paradigms assessing impulsive choice: the simple choice paradigm (SCP) and the temporal discounting paradigm (TDP). Method: Random effects meta-analyses on 37 group comparisons (22 SCP; 15 TDP) consisting of 3.763 participants (53% ADHD). Results: Small-to-medium effect sizes emerged for both paradigms, confirming that participants with ADHD choose small immediate over large delayed rewards more frequently than controls. Moderation analyses show that offering real rewards in the SCP almost doubled the odds ratio for participants with ADHD. Conclusion: We suggest that a stronger than normal aversion toward delay interacts with a demotivating effect of hypothetical rewards, both factors promoting impulsive choice in participants with ADHD. Furthermore, we suggest the SCP as the paradigm of choice due to its larger ecological validity, contextual sensitivity, and reliability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivo Marx
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Neurology, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University Medicine Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Thomas Hacker
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medicine Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Xue Yu
- School of Education, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, China
| | - Samuele Cortese
- Center for Innovation in Mental Health, Academic Unit of Psychology, Southampton, UK.,Clinical and Experimental Sciences (CNS and Psychiatry), Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, UK.,Solent NHS Trust, Southampton, UK.,New York University Child Study Center, New York, USA.,Division of Psychiatry and Applied Psychology, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Edmund Sonuga-Barke
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, King's College London, London, UK
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Navarro-Soria I, Juárez-Ruiz de Mier R, García-Fernández JM, González-Gómez C, Real-Fernández M, Sánchez-Múñoz de León M, Lavigne-Cervan R. Detection of Executive Performance Profiles Using the ENFEN Battery in Children Diagnosed With Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. Front Psychol 2020; 11:552322. [PMID: 33364993 PMCID: PMC7750326 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.552322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is one of the most common neurodevelopmental disorders in children and adolescents. People who have this disorder are characterized by presenting difficulties in the processes of sustained attention, being very active, and having poor control of their impulses. Despite the high prevalence of this disorder and the existence of various tests used for its diagnosis, few data are available regarding the usefulness and diagnostic validity of these tools. Given the difficulties that these subjects present in executive functions, the aim of this study was to evaluate whether the Neuropsychological Assessment of Executive Functions battery for Children (ENFEN, for its acronym in Spanish, Portellano et al., 2009) allows to establish specific profiles of executive performance for people with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). The sample was made up of 197 participants of both sexes, aged between 6 and 12 years age (134 with a clinical diagnosis and 63 without pathology). A nonexperimental design was followed, using a comparative descriptive study method. The results indicated that the scales of phonological fluency, color path, rings, and interference are the most associated with the diagnosis of ADHD, providing data on inhibition, mental flexibility, sustained and selective attention, planning, verbal fluency, and working memory, among others. The practical implication of these results is in line with providing support in the clinical diagnosis that is carried out in children's mental health units. In addition, the ENFEN tool can be valued as a suitable psychometric instrument in the psychoeducational field, helping professionals in a school environment to be more aware of the areas of cognitive development in which a student diagnosed with ADHD will have more difficulties and, in doing so, providing more adjusted and effective psychopedagogical measures when it comes to supporting students in their adaptation to the school environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ignasi Navarro-Soria
- Department of Developmental Psychology and Didactics, University of Alicante, Alicante, Spain
| | | | | | - Carlota González-Gómez
- Department of Developmental Psychology and Didactics, University of Alicante, Alicante, Spain
| | - Marta Real-Fernández
- Department of Health Psychology, Miguel Hernandez University of Elche, Elche, Spain
| | | | - Rocío Lavigne-Cervan
- Department of Developmental Psychology and Education, University of Málaga, Málaga, Spain
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Only irrelevant angry, but not happy, expressions facilitate the response inhibition. Atten Percept Psychophys 2020; 83:114-121. [PMID: 33146816 DOI: 10.3758/s13414-020-02186-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
It has been debated that arousal rather than valence modulates the response-inhibition process. The processing of irrelevant information of happy and angry faces interacts with attention differently. In the present study, arousal-matched irrelevant happy and angry faces were used as stop-signals in the stop-signal paradigm. Participants were required to respond to go-signals (discriminate between X or O). Occasionally, a stop-signal was presented where participants were required to withhold their motor response. Results indicate a significant effect of emotion on response inhibition, which suggests that valence of a stop-signal modulates inhibitory control. More specifically, we found that only irrelevant angry, but not happy, expressions facilitate the response inhibition process. These results have theoretical implications for understanding the nature of emotions and its interaction with cognitive control functions.
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9
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Recognizing Emotions through Facial Expressions: A Largescale Experimental Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17207420. [PMID: 33053797 PMCID: PMC7599941 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17207420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Revised: 10/04/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Experimental research examining emotional processes is typically based on the observation of images with affective content, including facial expressions. Future studies will benefit from databases with emotion-inducing stimuli in which characteristics of the stimuli potentially influencing results can be controlled. This study presents Portuguese normative data for the identification of seven facial expressions of emotions (plus a neutral face), on the Radboud Faces Database (RaFD). The effect of participants’ gender and models’ sex on emotion recognition was also examined. Participants (N = 1249) were exposed to 312 pictures of white adults displaying emotional and neutral faces with a frontal gaze. Recognition agreement between the displayed and participants’ chosen expressions ranged from 69% (for anger) to 97% (for happiness). Recognition levels were significantly higher among women than among men only for anger and contempt. The emotion recognition was higher either in female models or in male models depending on the emotion. Overall, the results show high recognition levels of the facial expressions presented, indicating that the RaFD provides adequate stimuli for studies examining the recognition of facial expressions of emotion among college students. Participants’ gender had a limited influence on emotion recognition, but the sex of the model requires additional consideration.
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10
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Attention Networks in ADHD Adults after Working Memory Training with a Dual n-Back Task. Brain Sci 2020; 10:brainsci10100715. [PMID: 33050115 PMCID: PMC7600375 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci10100715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2020] [Revised: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Patients affected by Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) are characterized by impaired executive functioning and/or attention deficits. Our study aim is to determine whether the outcomes measured by the Attention Network Task (ANT), i.e., the reaction times (RTs) to specific target and cue conditions and alerting, orienting, and conflict (or executive control) effects are affected by cognitive training with a Dual n-back task. We considered three groups of young adult participants: ADHD patients without medication (ADHD), ADHD with medication (MADHD), and age/education-matched controls. Working memory training consisted of a daily practice of 20 blocks of Dual n-back task (approximately 30 min per day) for 20 days within one month. Participants of each group were randomly assigned into two subgroups, the first one with an adaptive mode of difficulty (adaptive training), while the second was blocked at the level 1 during the whole training phase (1-back task, baseline training). Alerting and orienting effects were not modified by working memory training. The dimensional analysis showed that after baseline training, the lesser the severity of the hyperactive-impulsive symptoms, the larger the improvement of reaction times on trials with high executive control/conflict demand (i.e., what is called Conflict Effect), irrespective of the participants’ group. In the categorical analysis, we observed the improvement in such Conflict Effect after the adaptive training in adult ADHD patients irrespective of their medication, but not in controls. The ex-Gaussian analysis of RT and RT variability showed that the improvement in the Conflict Effect correlated with a decrease in the proportion of extreme slow responses. The Dual n-back task in the adaptive mode offers as a promising candidate for a cognitive remediation of adult ADHD patients without pharmaceutical medication.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Saunders
- Clinical and Research Fellow, Child and Adult Psychiatry, Yale Child Study Center
| | - Hedy Kober
- Associate Professor, Department of Psychiatry, Department of Psychology, Cognitive Science Program, Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, Yale University School of Medicine
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12
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Johnson KA, Lewis FC, Cornish KM. A child-focused version of the Attention Network Task designed to investigate interactions between the attention networks, including the endogenous orienting network. Child Neuropsychol 2019; 26:666-690. [DOI: 10.1080/09297049.2019.1702635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Katherine A. Johnson
- Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Frances C. Lewis
- Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
- Monash School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| | - Kim M. Cornish
- Monash School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
- Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
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13
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Gupta R. Positive emotions have a unique capacity to capture attention. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2019; 247:23-46. [PMID: 31196436 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pbr.2019.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Most of the previous research in the area of cognitive psychology or cognitive neuroscience focused on studying negative emotions and argued that the negative emotional stimuli capture attention involuntarily as compared to neutral stimuli. However, in the last decades, researchers started paying attention in studying positive emotions also as positive emotions have evolutionary significance and are essential for many aspects of our life. The theme of this chapter is to present an overview of research in the area of positive emotions, and make a case that positively-valenced stimulus is prioritized over others. Primarily, when attentional resources are not constrained, many studies have shown that similar to negative stimuli, positive stimuli also capture attention automatically irrespective of whether they are relevant or irrelevant to the primary task. It suggests a fundamental prioritization of these stimuli by the cognitive/motivational system. However, when attentional resources are constrained, only positive or high rewarding stimuli win the competition for attentional resources compared to negative or stimuli associated with high punishment. Positive or high rewarding stimuli also receive priority in temporal selection, when attention is constrained. Theoretical implications of these results have been discussed. Possible cognitive and neural mechanisms have been proposed underlying these effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rashmi Gupta
- Cognitive and Behavioral Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Humanities and Social Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, India.
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Collings RD, Eaton LG. Covert Attention, Temperament, and Looking: A Novel Approach to Studying Attention in the Social World. Psychol Rep 2018; 122:2220-2241. [PMID: 30217126 DOI: 10.1177/0033294118799734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The current study examines relations between individual differences in attention measured in laboratory and real-world settings. In-laboratory computer-based assessments of orienting, phasic alertness, and executive attention as well as self-report measures of temperament and attention-related problems were administered to 111 undergraduate participants. Participants later completed a walking tour of a multistory building while wearing video recording glasses. The recordings were subsequently coded for orientation and capture of overt attention. Overt attention was correlated with attention-related traits only in high-demand walking conditions (stairways). Our findings suggest that individual differences should be a more important consideration in attention research. The novel methodology piloted here may be especially practical for studying overt attention in social settings.
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Willford JA, Singhabahu D, Herat A, Richardson GA. An examination of the association between prenatal cocaine exposure and brain activation measures of arousal and attention in young adults: An fMRI study using the Attention Network Task. Neurotoxicol Teratol 2018; 69:1-10. [PMID: 29953942 DOI: 10.1016/j.ntt.2018.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2017] [Revised: 05/23/2018] [Accepted: 06/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Prenatal drug exposure, including cocaine, alcohol, marijuana, and tobacco, is associated with deficits in behavioral regulation and attention. Using fMRI, the objective of this study was to characterize the association between prenatal cocaine exposure (PCE) and the underlying neural substrates associated with behavioral outcomes of attention. Forty-seven young adults were recruited for this study from the ongoing Maternal Health Practices and Child Development (MHPCD) Project, a longitudinal study of the effects of PCE on growth, behavior, and cognitive function. Three groups were compared: 1) prenatal exposure to cocaine, alcohol, marijuana, and tobacco (CAMT, n = 15), 2) prenatal exposure to alcohol, marijuana, and tobacco (AMT, n = 17), and 3) no prenatal exposure to drugs (Controls, n = 15). Subjects were frequency matched on gender, race, handedness, and 15-year IQ. This study used the theoretical model proposed by Posner and Peterson (1990), which posits three dissociable components of attention: alerting, orienting, and executive attention. Subjects completed a functional MRI (fMRI) scan while performing the Attention Network Task, a validated neuroimaging measure of the 3-network model of attention. Behavioral and fMRI data revealed no associations between PCE and task accuracy, speed of processing, or activation in key brain regions associated with each of the attention networks. The results of this study show that any subtle differences in brain function associated with PCE are not detectable using the ANT task and fMRI. These results should be interpreted in the context of other studies that have found associations between PCE and arousal with emotionally arousing stimuli, compared to this study that found no associations using emotionally neutral stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer A Willford
- Department of Psychology, Slippery Rock University, 1 Morrow Way, Slippery Rock, PA 16057, United States of America.
| | - Dil Singhabahu
- Department of Mathematics, Slippery Rock University, 1 Morrow Way, Slippery Rock, PA 16057, United States of America.
| | - Athula Herat
- Department of Physics, Slippery Rock University, 1 Morrow Way, Slippery Rock, PA 16057, United States of America.
| | - Gale A Richardson
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 3811 O'Hara Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, United States of America.
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Yu X, Sonuga-Barke E, Liu X. Preference for Smaller Sooner Over Larger Later Rewards in ADHD: Contribution of Delay Duration and Paradigm Type. J Atten Disord 2018; 22:984-993. [PMID: 25672671 DOI: 10.1177/1087054715570390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Individuals with ADHD preferentially choose smaller sooner (SS) over larger later (LL) rewards, termed impulsive choice. This has been observed to different degrees on single-choice and more complex discounting tasks using various types of rewards and durations of delays. There has been no direct comparison of performance of ADHD children using these two paradigms. METHOD Two experimental paradigms, single-choice and temporal discounting, each including two delay conditions (13 and 25 s), were administered to 7- to 9-year-old children with ADHD ( n = 17) and matched controls ( n = 24). RESULTS Individuals with ADHD chose more SS rewards than controls on both tasks, but in the long delay condition only. CONCLUSION These findings demonstrate that delay durations rather than paradigm types determine laboratory-based measures of choice impulsivity in ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Yu
- 1 Beijing Normal University, China
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17
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Christensen KE, Lundwall RA. Errors on a computer task and subclinical symptoms of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Scand J Psychol 2018; 59:511-517. [PMID: 29971801 DOI: 10.1111/sjop.12462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2017] [Accepted: 04/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Previous reports have found increased error rate for children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) on response time (RT) computer tasks. Here we attempt the conceptual replication and extension of two studies that examined error rate in a general population of children (N = 203). Study 1 followed Johnstone and Galletta but considered associations between scores on a dimensional measure of ADHD symptoms (rather than comparing those with or without an ADHD diagnosis) and the frequency of commission and omission errors. Study 2 followed Shiels, Tamm & Epstein and examined post-error adjustment in the same group of children as for Study 1. Study 1 did not replicate previous findings of no increase in errors of commission in those with higher ADHD symptoms (Johnstone & Galletta). Instead, we found that younger children with lower ADHD symptoms were more likely to make commission errors, while omission errors did not vary with age. Study 2 replicated the previous finding of less RT slowing in children with more ADHD symptoms, extending this finding to a general population of children. Namely, as ADHD symptoms increase, RT slowing is less likely, putting children with higher ADHD symptoms at risk of additional errors. Overall, we extend previous ADHD research to typically developing children with ADHD symptoms.
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Working Memory and Executive Attention: Insights from Developmental Studies and Implications for Learning and Education. J Indian Inst Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s41745-017-0044-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Suades-González E, Forns J, García-Esteban R, López-Vicente M, Esnaola M, Álvarez-Pedrerol M, Julvez J, Cáceres A, Basagaña X, López-Sala A, Sunyer J. A Longitudinal Study on Attention Development in Primary School Children with and without Teacher-Reported Symptoms of ADHD. Front Psychol 2017; 8:655. [PMID: 28559855 PMCID: PMC5432613 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2016] [Accepted: 04/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Prospective longitudinal studies are essential in characterizing cognitive trajectories, yet few of them have been reported on the development of attention processes in children. We aimed to explore attention development in normal children and children with attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms in a repeated measures design using the attention network test (ANT). Methods: The population sample included 2,835 children (49.6% girls) aged 7-11 years from 39 schools in Barcelona (Catalonia, Spain) who performed the ANT four times from January 2012 to March 2013. According to teacher ratings, 10.5% of the children presented ADHD symptoms. We performed multilevel mixed-effects linear regression models, adjusting for school and individual, to test the effects of age-related growth on the ANT networks: alerting, orienting and executive attention, and three measurements related to attentiveness: median of hit reaction time (HRT), hit reaction time standard error (HRT-SE) and variability. Results: We observed age-related growth in all the outcomes, except orienting. The curves were steeper at the younger groups, although for alertness the improvement was further at the oldest ages. Gender and ADHD symptoms interacted with age in executive attention, HRT and variability. Girls performed better in executive attention at young ages although boys reached females at around 10 years of age. For HRT, males showed faster HRT. However, girls had a more pronounced improvement and reached the levels of boys at age 11. Children with ADHD symptoms had significant differences in executive attention, HRT and variability compared to children without ADHD symptoms. Conclusions: We detected an ongoing development of some aspects of attention in primary school children, differentiating patterns by gender and ADHD symptoms. Our findings support the ANT for assessing attention processes in children in large epidemiological studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabet Suades-González
- Center for Research in Environmental Epidemiology, Barcelona Institute for Global HealthBarcelona, Spain.,Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Pompeu Fabra UniversityBarcelona, Spain.,Learning Disabilities Unit (UTAE), Neuropediatrics Department, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, University of BarcelonaBarcelona, Spain.,CIBER Epidemiología y Salud PúblicaBarcelona, Spain
| | - Joan Forns
- Center for Research in Environmental Epidemiology, Barcelona Institute for Global HealthBarcelona, Spain.,Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Pompeu Fabra UniversityBarcelona, Spain.,CIBER Epidemiología y Salud PúblicaBarcelona, Spain
| | - Raquel García-Esteban
- Center for Research in Environmental Epidemiology, Barcelona Institute for Global HealthBarcelona, Spain.,Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Pompeu Fabra UniversityBarcelona, Spain.,CIBER Epidemiología y Salud PúblicaBarcelona, Spain
| | - Mónica López-Vicente
- Center for Research in Environmental Epidemiology, Barcelona Institute for Global HealthBarcelona, Spain.,Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Pompeu Fabra UniversityBarcelona, Spain.,CIBER Epidemiología y Salud PúblicaBarcelona, Spain.,Hospital del Mar Medical Research InstituteBarcelona, Spain
| | - Mikel Esnaola
- Center for Research in Environmental Epidemiology, Barcelona Institute for Global HealthBarcelona, Spain.,Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Pompeu Fabra UniversityBarcelona, Spain.,CIBER Epidemiología y Salud PúblicaBarcelona, Spain
| | - Mar Álvarez-Pedrerol
- Center for Research in Environmental Epidemiology, Barcelona Institute for Global HealthBarcelona, Spain.,Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Pompeu Fabra UniversityBarcelona, Spain.,CIBER Epidemiología y Salud PúblicaBarcelona, Spain
| | - Jordi Julvez
- Center for Research in Environmental Epidemiology, Barcelona Institute for Global HealthBarcelona, Spain.,Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Pompeu Fabra UniversityBarcelona, Spain.,CIBER Epidemiología y Salud PúblicaBarcelona, Spain.,Hospital del Mar Medical Research InstituteBarcelona, Spain.,Environmental Health Department, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public HealthBoston, MA, USA
| | - Alejandro Cáceres
- Center for Research in Environmental Epidemiology, Barcelona Institute for Global HealthBarcelona, Spain.,CIBER Epidemiología y Salud PúblicaBarcelona, Spain
| | - Xavier Basagaña
- Center for Research in Environmental Epidemiology, Barcelona Institute for Global HealthBarcelona, Spain.,Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Pompeu Fabra UniversityBarcelona, Spain.,CIBER Epidemiología y Salud PúblicaBarcelona, Spain
| | - Anna López-Sala
- Learning Disabilities Unit (UTAE), Neuropediatrics Department, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, University of BarcelonaBarcelona, Spain
| | - Jordi Sunyer
- Center for Research in Environmental Epidemiology, Barcelona Institute for Global HealthBarcelona, Spain.,Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Pompeu Fabra UniversityBarcelona, Spain.,CIBER Epidemiología y Salud PúblicaBarcelona, Spain.,Hospital del Mar Medical Research InstituteBarcelona, Spain
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20
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Livingstone LT, Coventry WL, Corley RP, Willcutt EG, Samuelsson S, Olson RK, Byrne B. Does the Environment Have an Enduring Effect on ADHD? A Longitudinal Study of Monozygotic Twin Differences in Children. JOURNAL OF ABNORMAL CHILD PSYCHOLOGY 2017; 44:1487-1501. [PMID: 26993487 DOI: 10.1007/s10802-016-0145-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Environmental factors play a key role in the development of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), but the long-term effects of these factors are still unclear. This study analyses data from 1024 monozygotic (identical) twins in Australia, the United States, and Scandinavia who were assessed for ADHD in Preschool, Kindergarten, Grade 1, and Grade 2. Differences within each twin pair were used as a direct measure of non-shared environmental effects. The Trait-State-Occasion (TSO) model developed by Cole et al. (Psychological Methods, 10, 3-20, 2005) was used to separate the non-shared environmental effects into stable factors, and transient factors that excluded measurement error. Stable factors explained, on average, 44 % and 39 % of the environmental variance in hyperactive-impulsive and inattentive symptoms, respectively. Transient effects explained the remaining 56 % and 60 % of variance. The proportion of stable variance was higher than expected based on previous research, suggesting promise for targeted interventions if future research identifies these stable risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luisa T Livingstone
- School of Behavioural, Cognitive, and Social Sciences, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, Australia.
| | - William L Coventry
- School of Behavioural, Cognitive, and Social Sciences, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, Australia
| | - Robin P Corley
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Erik G Willcutt
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Stefan Samuelsson
- Department of Behavioral Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
- National Centre for Reading Education and Research, Stavanger University, Stavanger, Norway
| | - Richard K Olson
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Brian Byrne
- School of Behavioural, Cognitive, and Social Sciences, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, Australia
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21
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Investigating the Impact of Cognitive Load and Motivation on Response Control in Relation to Delay Discounting in Children with ADHD. JOURNAL OF ABNORMAL CHILD PSYCHOLOGY 2016; 45:1339-1353. [PMID: 27943064 DOI: 10.1007/s10802-016-0237-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is characterized by deficits in impulse control across a range of behaviors, from simple actions to those involving complex decision-making (e.g., preference for smaller-sooner versus larger later rewards). This study investigated whether changes in motor response control with increased cognitive load and motivational contingencies are associated with decision-making in the form of delay discounting among 8-12 year old children with and without ADHD. Children with ADHD (n = 26; 8 girls) and typically developing controls (n = 40; 11 girls) completed a standard go/no-go (GNG) task, a GNG task with motivational contingencies, a GNG task with increased cognitive load, and two measures of delay discounting: a real-time task in which the delays and immediately consumable rewards are experienced in real-time, and a classic task involving choices about money at longer delays. Children with ADHD, particularly girls, exhibited greater delay discounting than controls during the real-time discounting task, whereas diagnostic groups did not significantly differ on the classic discounting task. The effect of cognitive load on response control was uniquely associated with greater discounting on the real-time task for children with ADHD, but not for control children. The effect of motivational contingencies on response control was not significantly associated with delay discounting for either diagnostic group. The findings from this study help to inform our understanding of the factors that influence deficient self-control in ADHD, suggesting that impairments in cognitive control may contribute to greater delay discounting in ADHD.
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22
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE Post-error slowing (PES) is a cognitive mechanism for adaptive responses to reduce the probability of error in subsequent trials after error. To date, no meta-analytic summary of individual studies has been conducted to assess whether ADHD patients differ from controls in PES. METHOD We identified 15 relevant publications, reporting 26 pairs of comparisons (ADHD, n = 1,053; healthy control, n = 614). Random-effect meta-analysis was used to determine the statistical effect size (ES) for PES. RESULTS PES was diminished in the ADHD group as compared with controls, with an ES in the medium range (Cohen's d = 0.42). Significant group difference was observed in relation to the inter-stimulus interval (ISI): While healthy participants slowed down after an error during long (3,500 ms) compared with short ISIs (1,500 ms), ADHD participants sustained or even increased their speed. CONCLUSION The pronounced group difference suggests that PES may be considered as a behavioral indicator for differentiating ADHD patients from healthy participants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lívia Balogh
- Semmelweis University, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Pál Czobor
- Semmelweis University, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Budapest, Hungary.,Nathan S. Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY, USA
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23
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Lewis FC, Reeve RA, Johnson KA. A longitudinal analysis of the attention networks in 6- to 11-year-old children. Child Neuropsychol 2016; 24:145-165. [DOI: 10.1080/09297049.2016.1235145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Frances C. Lewis
- School of Psychological Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Robert A. Reeve
- School of Psychological Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
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24
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Abstract
The aim of this study was to examine delay discounting in girls and boys with ADHD-Combined type (ADHD-C) relative to typically developing (TD) children on two tasks that differ in the extent to which the rewards and delays were experienced by participants. Children ages 8-12 years with ADHD-C (n=65; 19 girls) and TD controls (n=55; 15 girls) completed two delay discounting tasks involving a series of choices between smaller, immediate and larger, delayed rewards. The classic delay discounting task involved choices about money at delays of 1-90 days and only some of the outcomes were actually experienced by the participants. The novel real-time discounting task involved choices about an immediately consumable reward (playing a preferred game) at delays of 25-100 s, all of which were actually experienced by participants. Participants also provided subjective ratings of how much they liked playing the game and waiting to play. Girls with ADHD-C displayed greater delay discounting compared to boys with ADHD-C and TD girls and boys on the real-time discounting task. Diagnostic group differences were not evident on the classic discounting task. In addition, children with ADHD-C reported wanting to play the game more and liking waiting to play the game less than TD children. This novel demonstration of greater delay discounting among girls with ADHD-C on a discounting task in which the rewards are immediately consumable and the delays are experienced in real-time informs our understanding of sex differences and motivational processes in children with ADHD. (JINS, 2016, 22, 12-23).
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25
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Ishii-Takahashi A, Takizawa R, Nishimura Y, Kawakubo Y, Hamada K, Okuhata S, Kawasaki S, Kuwabara H, Shimada T, Todokoro A, Igarashi T, Watanabe KI, Yamasue H, Kato N, Kasai K, Kano Y. Neuroimaging-Aided Prediction of the Effect of Methylphenidate in Children with Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Neuropsychopharmacology 2015; 40:2676-85. [PMID: 25936640 PMCID: PMC4864654 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2015.128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2014] [Revised: 02/28/2015] [Accepted: 03/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Although methylphenidate hydrochloride (MPH) is a first-line treatment for children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), the non-response rate is 30%. Our aim was to develop a supplementary neuroimaging biomarker for predicting the clinical effect of continuous MPH administration by using near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS). After baseline assessment, we performed a double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover trial with a single dose of MPH, followed by a prospective 4-to-8-week open trial with continuous MPH administration, and an ancillary 1-year follow-up. Twenty-two drug-naïve and eight previously treated children with ADHD (NAÏVE and NON-NAÏVE) were compared with 20 healthy controls (HCs) who underwent multiple NIRS measurements without intervention. We tested whether NIRS signals at the baseline assessment or ΔNIRS (single dose of MPH minus baseline assessment) predict the Clinical Global Impressions-Severity (CGI-S) score after 4-to-8-week or 1-year MPH administration. The secondary outcomes were the effect of MPH on NIRS signals after single-dose, 4-to-8-week, and 1-year administration. ΔNIRS significantly predicted CGI-S after 4-to-8-week MPH administration. The leave-one-out classification algorithm had 81% accuracy using the NIRS signal. ΔNIRS also significantly predicted CGI-S scores after 1 year of MPH administration. For secondary analyses, NAÏVE exhibited significantly lower prefrontal activation than HCs at the baseline assessment, whereas NON-NAÏVE and HCs showed similar activation. A single dose of MPH significantly increased activation compared with the placebo in NAÏVE. After 4-to-8-week administration, and even after MPH washout following 1-year administration, NAÏVE demonstrated normalized prefrontal activation. Supplementary NIRS measurements may serve as an objective biomarker for clinical decisions and monitoring concerning continuous MPH treatment in children with ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayaka Ishii-Takahashi
- Department of Child Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan,Department of Paediatrics, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan,Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ryu Takizawa
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yukika Nishimura
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuki Kawakubo
- Department of Child Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kasumi Hamada
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan,Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Science, Graduate Course of Disability Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Shiho Okuhata
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan,Research Fellow of the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shingo Kawasaki
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan,Optical Topography Group, Application Development Office, Hitachi Medical Corporation, Chiba, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Kuwabara
- Department of Child Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan,Disability Services Office, Communication Support Room, Division for Counseling and Support, the University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takafumi Shimada
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ayako Todokoro
- Department of Child Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takashi Igarashi
- Department of Paediatrics, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan,National Centre for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kei-ichiro Watanabe
- Division for Counseling and support, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hidenori Yamasue
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nobumasa Kato
- Karasuyama Hospital Showa University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kiyoto Kasai
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan,Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan, Tel: +81 3 5800 8919, Fax: +81 3 5800 9162, E-mail:
| | - Yukiko Kano
- Department of Child Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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26
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Time windows matter in ADHD-related developing neuropsychological basic deficits: A comprehensive review and meta-regression analysis. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2015; 55:165-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2015.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2014] [Revised: 03/24/2015] [Accepted: 04/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Abstract
When we make errors, we tend to experience a negative emotional state. In addition, if our errors are witnessed by other people, we might expect those observers to respond negatively. However, little is known about how implicit social feedback like facial expressions influences error processing. We explored this using the cognitive control phenomenon of post-error slowing: the tendency to slow the response immediately following an error. Adult participants performed a difficult perceptual task: estimating which of two lines (horizontal or vertical) was longer. The background showed an irrelevant distractor face with a happy, sad, or neutral expression. Participants slowed after errors only when the subsequent distractor face was happy, but not when the subsequent distractor was sad or neutral nor when a happy face followed a correct response. This suggests that information about others' affect, even non-interactive, task-irrelevant information, has performance- and valence-dependent effects on adaptive cognitive control.
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28
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Methylphenidate ameliorates depressive comorbidity in ADHD children without any modification on differences in serum melatonin concentration between ADHD subtypes. Int J Mol Sci 2014; 15:17115-29. [PMID: 25257531 PMCID: PMC4200748 DOI: 10.3390/ijms150917115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2014] [Revised: 09/15/2014] [Accepted: 09/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The vast majority of Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) patients have other associated pathologies, with depressive symptoms as one of the most prevalent. Among the mediators that may participate in ADHD, melatonin is thought to regulate circadian rhythms, neurological function and stress response. To determine (1) the serum baseline daily variations and nocturnal excretion of melatonin in ADHD subtypes and (2) the effect of chronic administration of methylphenidate, as well as the effects on symptomatology, 136 children with ADHD (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition, Text Revision: DSM-IV-TR criteria) were divided into subgroups using the “Children’s Depression Inventory” (CDI). Blood samples were drawn at 20:00 and 09:00 h, and urine was collected between 21:00 and 09:00 h, at inclusion and after 4.61 ± 2.29 months of treatment. Melatonin and its urine metabolite were measured by radioimmunoassay RIA. Factorial analysis was performed using STATA 12.0. Melatonin was higher predominantly in hyperactive-impulsive/conduct disordered children (PHI/CD) of the ADHD subtype, without the influence of comorbid depressive symptoms. Methylphenidate ameliorated this comorbidity without induction of any changes in the serum melatonin profile, but treatment with it was associated with a decrease in 6-s-melatonin excretion in both ADHD subtypes. Conclusions: In untreated children, partial homeostatic restoration of disrupted neuroendocrine equilibrium most likely led to an increased serum melatonin in PHI/CD children. A differential cerebral melatonin metabolization after methylphenidate may underlie some of the clinical benefit.
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29
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Molina-Carballo A, Justicia-Martínez F, Moreno-Madrid F, Cubero-Millán I, Machado-Casas I, Moreno-García L, León J, Luna-Del-Castillo JDD, Uberos J, Muñoz-Hoyos A. Differential responses of two related neurosteroids to methylphenidate based on ADHD subtype and the presence of depressive symptomatology. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2014; 231:3635-45. [PMID: 24599397 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-014-3514-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2013] [Accepted: 02/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Attention deficit with hyperactivity disorder is a neurodevelopmental disorder associated with alterations in the prefrontal cortex via dopaminergic and noradrenergic neurotransmission. Neurosteroids (e.g. allopregnanolone and dehydroepiandrosterone) modulate the release of multiple neurotransmitters. OBJECTIVE This study aims to determine the baseline concentrations and daily variations in allopregnanolone and dehydroepiandrosterone in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and to determine the effect of chronic administration of methylphenidate on clinical symptoms and on the concentrations of these two neurosteroids. METHODS We included 148 children aged 5 to 14 years, subdivided into two groups: ADHD group (n = 107, with a diagnosis of ADHD (DSM-IV-TR criteria), further classified in subtypes by an "attention deficit and hyperactivity scale" and subgroups by the "Children's Depression Inventory") and a control group (n = 41). The clinical workup included blood samples that were drawn at 20:00 and 09:00 hours, at inclusion in both groups, and after 4.61 ± 2.29 months of treatment only in the ADHD group, for measurements for allopregnanolone and dehydroepiandrosterone. Factorial analysis, adjusted for age and gender, was performed by using Stata 12.0. RESULTS Methylphenidate induced the doubling of allopregnanolone levels in the predominantly inattentive ADHD patients without depressive symptoms (27.26 ± 12.90 vs. 12.67 ± 6.22 ng/ml, morning values). Although without statistical differences, baseline dehydroepiandrosterone levels were higher and slightly increased after methylphenidate in the ADHD subtype with depressive symptoms (7.74 ± 11.46 vs. 6.18 ± 5.99 ng/ml, in the morning), opposite to the lower baseline levels, and further decrease after methylphenidate in the inattentive subtype with depressive symptoms. CONCLUSIONS Different neurosteroids may have different baseline concentrations and differential responses to methylphenidate treatment as a function of ADHD subtype and subgroup. These differential responses may be a clinical marker of ADHD subtype and/or co-morbidities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Molina-Carballo
- Servicio de Neuropediatría, Neuropsicología y Atención Temprana, Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Pediatría, Hospital Clínico San Cecilio, Complejo Hospitalario Granada, Granada, Spain,
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30
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Choudhry Z, Sengupta SM, Grizenko N, Harvey WJ, Fortier MÈ, Schmitz N, Joober R. Body weight and ADHD: examining the role of self-regulation. PLoS One 2013; 8:e55351. [PMID: 23383165 PMCID: PMC3558419 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0055351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2012] [Accepted: 12/31/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a complex and heterogeneous childhood disorder that often coexists with other psychiatric and somatic disorders. Recently, a link between ADHD and body weight dysregulation has been reported and often interpreted as impaired self-regulation that is shared between the two conditions. The objective of this study is to investigate the relation between body weight/BMI and cognitive, emotional and motor characteristics in children with ADHD. METHODS 284 ADHD children were stratified by weight status/BMI according to WHO classification and compared with regard to their neurocognitive characteristics, motivational style, and motor profile as assessed by a comprehensive battery of tests. All comparisons were adjusted for demographic characteristics of relevance including, socioeconomic status (SES). RESULTS Both Obese and overweight ADHD children exhibited significantly lower SES compared to normal weight ADHD children. No significant differences were observed between the three groups with regards to their neurocognitive, emotional and motor profile. CONCLUSIONS Our findings provide evidence that differences in weight/BMI are not accounted for by cognitive, motivational and motor profiles. Socio-economic characteristics are strongly associated with overweight and obesity in ADHD children and may inform strategies aimed at promoting healthier weight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zia Choudhry
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
- Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montreal, Canada
| | - Sarojini M. Sengupta
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
- Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montreal, Canada
| | - Natalie Grizenko
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
- Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montreal, Canada
| | - William J. Harvey
- Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
- Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montreal, Canada
| | - Marie-Ève Fortier
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
- Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montreal, Canada
| | - Norbert Schmitz
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
- Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montreal, Canada
| | - Ridha Joober
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
- Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montreal, Canada
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31
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Tsai CL, Wang CH, Tseng YT. Effects of exercise intervention on event-related potential and task performance indices of attention networks in children with developmental coordination disorder. Brain Cogn 2012; 79:12-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bandc.2012.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2011] [Revised: 10/02/2011] [Accepted: 02/06/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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32
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Casagrande M, Martella D, Ruggiero MC, Maccari L, Paloscia C, Rosa C, Pasini A. Assessing Attentional Systems in Children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. Arch Clin Neuropsychol 2011; 27:30-44. [DOI: 10.1093/arclin/acr085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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33
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Kar BR, Rao SL, Chandramouli BA, Thennarasu K. Growth patterns of neuropsychological functions in Indian children. Front Psychol 2011; 2:240. [PMID: 22053158 PMCID: PMC3205475 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2011.00240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2011] [Accepted: 09/02/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated age-related differences in neuropsychological performance in 400 Indian school children (5–15 years of age). Functions of motor speed, attention, executive functions, visuospatial functions, comprehension, learning, and memory were examined. Growth curve analysis was performed. Different growth models fitted different cognitive functions. Neuropsychological task performance improved slowly between 5 and 7 years, moderately between 8 and 12 years and slowly between 13 and 15 years of age. The overall growth patterns of neuropsychological functions in Indian children have been discussed with the findings reported on American children. The present work describes non-linear, heterogeneous, and protracted age trends of neuropsychological functions in Indian children and adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhoomika R Kar
- Centre of Behavioural and Cognitive Sciences, University of Allahabad Allahabad, India
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34
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Lense MD, Key AP, Dykens EM. Attentional disengagement in adults with Williams syndrome. Brain Cogn 2011; 77:201-7. [PMID: 21885176 PMCID: PMC3196297 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandc.2011.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2011] [Revised: 08/04/2011] [Accepted: 08/05/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Williams syndrome (WS) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by a distinctive behavioral and cognitive profile, including widespread problems with attention. However, the specific nature of their attentional difficulties, such as inappropriate attentional allocation and/or poor attentional disengagement abilities, has yet to be elucidated. Furthermore, it is unknown if there is an underlying difficulty with the temporal dynamics of attention in WS or if their attentional difficulties are task-dependent, because previous studies have examined attention in established areas of deficit and atypicality (specifically, visuospatial and face processing). In this study, we examined attentional processing in 14 adults with WS (20-59 years) and 17 typically developing controls (19-39 years) using an attentional blink (AB) paradigm. The AB is the decreased ability to detect a second target when it is presented in close proximity to an initial target. Overall, adults with WS had an AB that was prolonged in duration, but no different in magnitude, compared with typically developing control participants. AB performance was not explained by IQ, working memory, or processing speed in either group. Thus, results suggest that the attention problems in WS are primarily due to general attentional disengagement difficulties rather than inappropriate attentional allocation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam D Lense
- Vanderbilt Kennedy Center for Research on Human Development, Vanderbilt University, Peabody Box #40, 230 Appleton Place, Nashville, TN 37203, United States.
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Gupta R, Kar BR, Srinivasan N. Cognitive-Motivational Deficits In ADHD: Development of a Classification System. Child Neuropsychol 2010; 17:67-81. [DOI: 10.1080/09297049.2010.524152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Abstract
The Stop Signal Task (SST) is a measure that has been used widely to assess response inhibition. We conducted a meta-analysis of studies that examined SST performance in patients with various psychiatric disorders to determine the magnitude and generality of deficient inhibition. A five-item instrument was used to assess the methodological quality of studies. We found medium deficits in stop signal reaction time (SSRT), reflecting the speed of the inhibitory process, for attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) (g = 0.62), obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) (g = 0.77) and schizophrenia (SCZ) (g = 0.69). SSRT was less impaired or normal for anxiety disorder (ANX), autism, major depressive disorder (MDD), oppositional defiant disorder/conduct disorder (ODD/CD), pathological gambling, reading disability (RD), substance dependence, and Tourette syndrome. We observed a large SSRT deficit for comorbid ADHD + RD (g = 0.82). SSRT was less than moderately impaired for ADHD + ANX and ADHD + ODD/CD. Study quality did not significantly affect SSRT across ADHD studies. This confirms an inhibition deficit in ADHD, and suggests that comorbid ADHD has different effects on inhibition in patients with ANX, ODD/CD, and RD. Further studies are needed to firmly establish an inhibition deficit in OCD and SCZ.
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