1
|
Cartanyà-Hueso À, de Celis Alonso B, Hidalgo Tobón SS, Miranda Lora AL, Klünder Klünder M, López Martínez B, Dies Suárez P, Barragán Pérez E, So PW, Delgado-Saborit JM. Cross-sectional evaluation of the association between greenness and cognitive performance in Mexican pre-pubertal boys. Environ Res 2023; 237:116968. [PMID: 37625541 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.116968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Revised: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Evidence shows that greenspace exposure benefits children's health and cognitive development. However, evidence assessing this association in young children in low- and middle-income economies is scarce. OBJECTIVE To assess the association between exposure to greenness and cognitive performance in pre-pubertal boys living in Mexico City. METHODS Cross-sectional study using data from 144 boys aged 6-11 years living in Mexico City in 2017 and enrolled in the "MetCog" study. Cognitive performance was evaluated through selected Wechsler Scale for Intelligence in Children Fourth Edition (WISC-IV) and Neuropsychological Assessment of Children (Evaluación Neuropsicológica Infantil, ENI) tests. Exposure to greenness was assessed through Normalised Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) at 300, 500, 1500, 2000, and 3000 m buffer zones from children's residences. Multiple linear regression analysis was undertaken to assess associations between cognitive performance and greenness (aβ) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) and adjusted for potential confounding variables. Significance was set at q < 0.05 after False Discovery Rate (FDR) correction. RESULTS A positive association was found between the NDVI Interquartile Range (IQR) at 2000 m and the WISC-IV block design test score (aβ 2000 = 1.18, 95% CI = 0.31, 2.06; q < 0.05), which assesses perceptual reasoning. Positive associations were found with NDVI IQR at 1500 m and WISC-IV block design (aβ1500 = 1.00, 95% CI = 0.14, 1.86) and matrix reasoning (aβ1500 = 0.83, 95% CI = 0.06, 1.61) scores, but neither survived FDR correction. No significant associations were found between NDVI IQR at any buffer size with other WISC-IV and ENI task scores. CONCLUSIONS Greater exposure to greenness was associated with higher perceptual reasoning skills in 144 pre-pubertal boys living in Mexico City. Thus, urban planning should consider increasing vegetation in megacities, especially in neighbourhoods with high percentages of young children.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Àurea Cartanyà-Hueso
- Group of Perinatal Epidemiology, Environmental Health, and Clinical Research, Department of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, Universitat Jaume I, Av. Vicent Sos Baynat, s/n 12071 Castelló de La Plana, Spain
| | - Benito de Celis Alonso
- Faculty of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla, Mexico
| | - Silvia Sandra Hidalgo Tobón
- Departamento de Imagenología, Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez, Mexico City Mexico; Departamento de Física de La Universidad Autónoma de México Iztapalapa, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - América Liliana Miranda Lora
- Unidad de Investigación Epidemiológica en Endocrinología y Nutrición, Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez, CDMX, Mexico
| | - Miguel Klünder Klünder
- Subdirección de Investigación, Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Briceida López Martínez
- Subdirección de Servicios Auxiliares de Diagnóstico, Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez, CDMX, Mexico
| | - Pilar Dies Suárez
- Departamento de Imagenología, Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez, Mexico City Mexico
| | - Eduardo Barragán Pérez
- Departamento de Neurología, Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Po-Wah So
- Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, United Kingdom.
| | - Juana Maria Delgado-Saborit
- Group of Perinatal Epidemiology, Environmental Health, and Clinical Research, Department of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, Universitat Jaume I, Av. Vicent Sos Baynat, s/n 12071 Castelló de La Plana, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Yamazaki M, Kawase T, Hino-Fukuyo N, Morimoto T, Metoki H, Takahashi H, Fukuchi N, Takanashi Y, Ohta N. Functional hearing loss and developmental imbalances. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 2023; 173:111700. [PMID: 37633125 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijporl.2023.111700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 07/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/28/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Functional hearing loss (FHL) is a disorder in which there are abnormal values on a hearing test, despite the absence of organic abnormalities in the peripheral and central auditory pathways. Here, we examined the developmental characteristics of FHL and the importance of intervention by analyzing the clinical characteristics of children with this disorder. METHODS We retrospectively examined 16 patients assessed under a diagnosis of FHL. After interventions such as psychological counseling by our pediatrics and psychiatry departments, we compared the clinical profiles of patients in which hearing was "improved/normalized" and "unimproved". RESULTS Fourteen patients visited a pediatrician and two chose not to do so. A discrepancy between the maximum and minimum values of the four index scores was observed in all patients in which WISC-IV (the fourth version of the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children) was performed (n = 12). The discrepancy between the verbal comprehension index (VCI) and perceptual reasoning index (PRI) was significantly greater in "unimproved" patients than in "improved/normalized" patients. Hearing improved, or was normalized, after intervention in six of 16 patients. CONCLUSIONS Developmental imbalances were suspected in all 12 children who visited a pediatrician and completed the WISC-IV. Cooperation with pediatricians, psychiatrists, and other health professionals is desirable in supporting patients diagnosed with FHL.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Muneharu Yamazaki
- Division of Otolaryngology, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Japan.
| | - Tetsuaki Kawase
- Division of Otolaryngology, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Japan
| | - Naomi Hino-Fukuyo
- Division of Pediatrics, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Japan
| | - Tetsuji Morimoto
- Division of Pediatrics, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Japan
| | - Hirohito Metoki
- Division of Public Health, Hygiene and Epidemiology, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Japan
| | - Hidetoshi Takahashi
- Division of Ophthalmology, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Japan
| | - Naru Fukuchi
- Division of Psychiatry, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Takanashi
- Division of Otolaryngology, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Japan
| | - Nobuo Ohta
- Division of Otolaryngology, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Morelli F, Catalano G, Scognamillo I, Balzarotti N, Luparia A, Olivier L, Bertone C, Gori M, Signorini S. Visual Function and Neuropsychological Profiling of Idiopathic Infantile Nystagmus. Brain Sci 2023; 13:1348. [PMID: 37759948 PMCID: PMC10526276 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci13091348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Revised: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Though considered a benign condition, idiopathic infantile nystagmus (IIN) may be associated with decreased visual acuity and oculo-motor abnormalities, resulting in developmental delays and poor academic performance. Nevertheless, the specific visual function profile of IIN and its possible impact on neuropsychological development have been poorly investigated. To fill this gap, we retrospectively collected the clinical data of 60 children presenting with IIN over a 10-year period (43 male; mean age of 7 years, range of 2 months-17 years, 9 months). The majority of the subjects in our cohort presented with reduced visual acuity for far distances and normal visual acuity for near distances, associated with oculo-motor abnormalities. The overall scores of cognitive and visual-cognitive tests were in the normal range, but revealed peculiar cognitive and visual-cognitive profiles, defined by specific frailties in processing speed and visual-motor integration. The same neuropsychological profiles characterize many neurodevelopmental disorders and may express a transnosographic vulnerability of the dorsal stream. As the first study to explore the neuropsychologic competencies in children with IIN, our study unveils the presence of subclinical frailties that need to be addressed to sustain academic and social inclusion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Federica Morelli
- Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Via Agostino Bassi 21, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (F.M.); (I.S.)
- Developmental Neuro-Ophthalmology Unit, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Via Mondino 2, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (A.L.); (L.O.); (S.S.)
| | - Guido Catalano
- Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Via Agostino Bassi 21, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (F.M.); (I.S.)
| | - Ilaria Scognamillo
- Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Via Agostino Bassi 21, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (F.M.); (I.S.)
| | - Nicolò Balzarotti
- Unit for Visually Impaired People, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Enrico Melen 82, 16100 Genova, Italy; (N.B.); (M.G.)
| | - Antonella Luparia
- Developmental Neuro-Ophthalmology Unit, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Via Mondino 2, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (A.L.); (L.O.); (S.S.)
| | - Lucrezia Olivier
- Developmental Neuro-Ophthalmology Unit, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Via Mondino 2, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (A.L.); (L.O.); (S.S.)
| | - Chiara Bertone
- Department of Surgical and Clinical, Diagnostic and Pediatric Sciences, Section of Ophthalmology, IRCCS Fondazione Policlinico San Matteo, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy;
| | - Monica Gori
- Unit for Visually Impaired People, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Enrico Melen 82, 16100 Genova, Italy; (N.B.); (M.G.)
| | - Sabrina Signorini
- Developmental Neuro-Ophthalmology Unit, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Via Mondino 2, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (A.L.); (L.O.); (S.S.)
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Jang MS, Chung SK, Yang JC, Park JI, Kwon JH, Park TW. Association of the Comprehensive Attention Test and the Korean Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Fourth Edition in Children and Adolescents With Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder. Soa Chongsonyon Chongsin Uihak 2023; 34:181-187. [PMID: 37426831 PMCID: PMC10326354 DOI: 10.5765/jkacap.230025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2023] [Revised: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives This study aimed to investigate the correlation between the Comprehensive Attention Test, Korean-Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Fourth Edition, and Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) Rating Scale-IV scores in children and adolescents with ADHD. Methods Fifty-five children and adolescents diagnosed with ADHD and not taking psychiatric medications were included in this retrospective study. A correlation analysis was performed. Results Although simple visual and auditory selective attention have diagnostic value in traditional continuous performance tests, this study revealed that inhibition-sustained attention and interference-selective attention are also effective in evaluating ADHD. Furthermore, the correlation between the attention and intelligence test scores varied depending on the use of visual or auditory stimuli. Conclusion The findings of this study contribute to clarifying our understanding of the cognitive characteristics of children and adolescents with ADHD and can be used in future research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Min-Su Jang
- Department of Psychiatry, Jeonbuk National University Hospital, Jeonju, Korea
| | - Sang-Keun Chung
- Department of Psychiatry, Jeonbuk National University Hospital, Jeonju, Korea
- Department of Psychiatry, Jeonbuk National University College of Medicine, Jeonju, Korea
| | - Jong-Chul Yang
- Department of Psychiatry, Jeonbuk National University Hospital, Jeonju, Korea
- Department of Psychiatry, Jeonbuk National University College of Medicine, Jeonju, Korea
| | - Jong-Il Park
- Department of Psychiatry, Jeonbuk National University Hospital, Jeonju, Korea
- Department of Psychiatry, Jeonbuk National University College of Medicine, Jeonju, Korea
| | - Joo-Han Kwon
- Department of Psychiatry, Jeonbuk National University Hospital, Jeonju, Korea
| | - Tae-Won Park
- Department of Psychiatry, Jeonbuk National University Hospital, Jeonju, Korea
- Department of Psychiatry, Jeonbuk National University College of Medicine, Jeonju, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Marinopoulou M, Unenge Hallerbäck M, Bornehag CG, Billstedt E. Is WISC-IV Working Memory Index associated with ADHD symptoms in 7-8-year-olds? Appl Neuropsychol Child 2023:1-10. [PMID: 36780371 DOI: 10.1080/21622965.2023.2176232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
Abstract
The Working Memory Index (WMI) in the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC) has been suggested to be associated with ADHD symptoms. The relationship between WMI and ADHD symptoms in the general population is not clear. The study aimed to examine the association between working memory (WM) and behavioral regulation (BR), and hyperactivity/inattention (HI) in a general population sample of 7-8-year-olds, and whether general intellectual functioning is associated with BR and HI. The study also examined if those with low WMI also fulfill elevated ADHD criteria. The study group (N = 865) was assessed with the WISC (Fourth edition), the Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function, the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire, and the Five to Fifteen Questionnaire, and divided into three groups based on WM function, and in relation to BR and/or HI problems. The associations between WM and BR, and WM and HI, including intellectual functioning as covariate, were examined. WM deficits were found in 22%, but the majority of those had no BR or HI problems. Four percent in the study group had WM deficits combined with BR and/or HI problems, and in about one third of those inattentive ADHD criteria were fulfilled. WM and prosocial behavior were associated with BR and HI. WM deficits measured with WISC WMI in 7-8-year-olds do not always signal BR and/or HI problems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Marinopoulou
- Gillberg Neuropsychiatry Centre, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Child and Adolescent Habilitation, Region Värmland, Karlstad, Sweden
| | - Maria Unenge Hallerbäck
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
- Department of Health Sciences, Karlstad University, Karlstad, Sweden
| | - Carl-Gustaf Bornehag
- Department of Health Sciences, Karlstad University, Karlstad, Sweden
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Eva Billstedt
- Gillberg Neuropsychiatry Centre, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Child Neuropsychiatric Clinic, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Marinoni M, Giordani E, Mosconi C, Rosolen V, Concina F, Fiori F, Carletti C, Knowles A, Pani P, Bin M, Ronfani L, Ferraroni M, Barbone F, Parpinel M, Edefonti V. Are Dietary Patterns Related to Cognitive Performance in 7-Year-Old Children? Evidence from a Birth Cohort in Friuli Venezia Giulia, Italy. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14194168. [PMID: 36235820 PMCID: PMC9571625 DOI: 10.3390/nu14194168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Revised: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Research from different sources supports a link between nutrition and neurodevelopment, but evidence is still sparse regarding the relationship between a posteriori dietary patterns (DPs) and cognitive performance in school-aged children. Within the Northern Adriatic Cohort II, Friuli Venezia Giulia, Italy, 379 7-year-old children were cross-sectionally evaluated. Dietary patterns were identified through a principal component factor analysis based on 37 nutrients from children’s 3-day dietary records. The Wechsler Intelligence Scale of Children (WISC-IV) test provided measures of cognitive performance, including the full-scale intelligence quotient (FSIQ) and single index scores. Each DP was related to FSIQ or single index scores through multiple robust linear regression models. We identified five DPs named “Dairy Products”, “Plant-based Foods”, “Fats”, “Meat and Potatoes”, and “Seafood” (63% of variance explained). After adjustment, no significant relationship was observed with the FSIQ score; positive associations were found between the “Seafood” DP and Verbal Comprehension Index or Perceptual Reasoning Index. The “Meat and Potatoes” and “Dairy Products” DPs were inversely associated with the Verbal Comprehension Index and Processing Speed Index scores, respectively. In the absence of a relation with the overall FSIQ score, single DPs might influence specific cognitive functions, including verbal and reasoning abilities, as targeted by single indexes, in the expected direction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michela Marinoni
- Department of Medicine—DAME, University of Udine, Via Colugna 50, 33100 Udine, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0432-559601
| | - Elisa Giordani
- Department of Medicine—DAME, University of Udine, Via Colugna 50, 33100 Udine, Italy
| | - Cedric Mosconi
- Branch of Medical Statistics, Biometry, and Epidemiology “G.A. Maccacaro”, Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 22, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Valentina Rosolen
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health, IRCCS “Burlo Garofolo”, Via dell’Istria 65/1, 34137 Trieste, Italy
| | - Federica Concina
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health, IRCCS “Burlo Garofolo”, Via dell’Istria 65/1, 34137 Trieste, Italy
| | - Federica Fiori
- Department of Medicine—DAME, University of Udine, Via Colugna 50, 33100 Udine, Italy
| | - Claudia Carletti
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health, IRCCS “Burlo Garofolo”, Via dell’Istria 65/1, 34137 Trieste, Italy
| | - Alessandra Knowles
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health, IRCCS “Burlo Garofolo”, Via dell’Istria 65/1, 34137 Trieste, Italy
| | - Paola Pani
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health, IRCCS “Burlo Garofolo”, Via dell’Istria 65/1, 34137 Trieste, Italy
| | - Maura Bin
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health, IRCCS “Burlo Garofolo”, Via dell’Istria 65/1, 34137 Trieste, Italy
| | - Luca Ronfani
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health, IRCCS “Burlo Garofolo”, Via dell’Istria 65/1, 34137 Trieste, Italy
| | - Monica Ferraroni
- Branch of Medical Statistics, Biometry, and Epidemiology “G.A. Maccacaro”, Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 22, 20133 Milan, Italy
- Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Via Francesco Sforza 35, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Fabio Barbone
- Department of Medicine—DAME, University of Udine, Via Colugna 50, 33100 Udine, Italy
- Institute of Hygiene and Clinical Epidemiology, Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Friuli Centrale, Via Colugna 50, 33100 Udine, Italy
| | - Maria Parpinel
- Department of Medicine—DAME, University of Udine, Via Colugna 50, 33100 Udine, Italy
| | - Valeria Edefonti
- Branch of Medical Statistics, Biometry, and Epidemiology “G.A. Maccacaro”, Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 22, 20133 Milan, Italy
- Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Via Francesco Sforza 35, 20122 Milan, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Direk MÇ, Makharoblidze K, Sevimli E, Çelik Y, Taşdelen B, Kömür M, Okuyaz Ç. Long-term cognitive outcomes of prematurely born infants: A longitudinal follow-up of Denver II, Bayley III and WISC-IV Tests. Pediatr Int 2021; 63:1504-1509. [PMID: 33724609 DOI: 10.1111/ped.14697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prematurity constitutes a risk factor for developmental delay in infancy and childhood. This study aims to: (i) determine long-term cognitive outcomes in prematurely delivered children and compare them with term-delivered children using the WISC-IV and Stroop tests; (ii) examine the relation between Denver II, Bayley III and WISC-IV, Stroop tests. METHODS The study group consisted of children born prematurely who had been tested with Denver II and Bayley III in their first 2 years, and had been evaluated with WISC-IV and Stroop tests under follow up, 6-10 years later. RESULTS The study group (n = 60, 25 F, 35 M) was 8.0 ± 2.4 (6-10.7) years old when given WISC-IV and Stroop tests. Gestational age in the study group was 34-37 weeks in 25%, 30-33 weeks in 48.3%, and <29 weeks in 26.7%. On WISC-IV, the verbal comprehension index, perceptual reasoning index, working memory index, and full-scale IQ scores were lower in the study group than the control group (P < 0.05). The study group took longer to complete the Stroop test (P < 0.05). Lower socioeconomic status (P = 0.005) and parental education level (P = 0.000) were associated with lower verbal comprehension index scores. Denver II and Bayley III test results were related to WISC-IV results (P < 0.05) but not to the Stroop test results (P > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Our results showed prematurity negatively influences the results of WISC-IV and Stroop tests at school age. Denver II and Bayley III tests applied at age 2 years likely predict WISC-IV results.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Khatuna Makharoblidze
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Mersin University Faculty of Medicine, Mersin, Turkey
| | - Eyşan Sevimli
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Mersin University Faculty of Medicine, Mersin, Turkey
| | - Yalçın Çelik
- Department of Neonatology Care Unit, Mersin University Faculty of Medicine, Mersin, Turkey
| | - Bahar Taşdelen
- Department of Biostatistics, Mersin University Faculty of Medicine, Mersin, Turkey
| | - Mustafa Kömür
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Mersin University Faculty of Medicine, Mersin, Turkey
| | - Çetin Okuyaz
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Mersin University Faculty of Medicine, Mersin, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Linnenbank M, Feldmann R, Schulte-Körne G, Beimdiek S, Strittmatter E. Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder of All Ages, Levels of Symptom Severity and General Cognitive Ability Display Low Processing Speed Index Scores Warranting Special Educational Assistance. J Autism Dev Disord 2021. [PMID: 34453226 DOI: 10.1007/s10803-021-05249-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The processing speed index (PSI) of the Wechsler intelligence scale for children (WISC-IV) has been found to predict a child's level of academic functioning. The consistently reported PSI weakness in children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) therefore warrants special assistance and attempts at compensation for the disadvantages associated with these children's low PSI. We investigated the association of PSI scores with age, general cognitive ability [as measured by full-scale IQ (FSIQ)], symptom severity and discrepancy between the WISC-IV indices verbal comprehension (VCI) and perceptual reasoning (PRI) in 101 school children with ASD. The PSI weakness in children with ASD was not related to age, FSIQ, VCI-PRI discrepancy or any of the symptom measures. These findings suggest that school children with ASD independent of their age, level of cognitive ability, VCI-PRI profile and most notably independent of their symptom severity should be entitled to special assistance and compensation in educational settings.
Collapse
|
9
|
F. Kaul Y, Johansson M, Månsson J, Stjernqvist K, Farooqi A, Serenius F, B. Thorell L. Cognitive profiles of extremely preterm children: Full-Scale IQ hides strengths and weaknesses. Acta Paediatr 2021; 110:1817-1826. [PMID: 33486812 DOI: 10.1111/apa.15776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Revised: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
AIM To study whether a specific cognitive profile can be identified for children born extremely preterm (EPT) by investigating: 1) strengths and weaknesses not revealed by Full-Scale IQ, 2) overlap between different cognitive deficits and 3) proportion of EPT children with multiple deficits. METHODS We analysed data from the 4th version of Wechsler Intelligence Scales for Children in EPT children (n = 359) and matched controls (n = 367), collected within the 6.5-year follow-up of a population-based prospective cohort study. RESULTS Extremely preterm children performed worse than controls on all measures. Group differences were the largest in Perceptual Reasoning (PRI) and Working Memory (WMI), but differences between indices were small. However, when conducting categorical analyses, deficits in PRI and/or WMI were not more common than other combinations. Many EPT children had no or mild cognitive deficits, although often in multiple domains. CONCLUSION Extremely preterm children had greater weaknesses in working memory and perceptual abilities. However, detailed analyses of cognitive subscales showed large heterogeneity and provided no support for a specific cognitive profile. In conclusion, Full-Scale IQ scores hide strengths and weaknesses and individual profiles for EPT children need to be considered in order to provide appropriate support.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ylva F. Kaul
- Department of Women's and Children's Health Uppsala University Uppsala Sweden
| | - Martin Johansson
- Department of Women's and Children's Health Uppsala University Uppsala Sweden
| | - Johanna Månsson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Pediatric Section Lund University Lund Sweden
- Department of Neonatal care and Pediatric Surgery Skåne University Hospital Lund Sweden
| | - Karin Stjernqvist
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Pediatric Section Lund University Lund Sweden
- Department of Neonatal care and Pediatric Surgery Skåne University Hospital Lund Sweden
| | - Aijaz Farooqi
- Department of Pediatrics Umeå University Umeå Sweden
| | - Fredrik Serenius
- Department of Women's and Children's Health Uppsala University Uppsala Sweden
- Department of Pediatrics Umeå University Umeå Sweden
| | - Lisa B. Thorell
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience Karolinska Institutet Stockholm Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Ünal D, Mustafaoğlu Çiçek N, Çak T, Sakarya G, Artik A, Karaboncuk Y, Özusta Ş, Çengel Kültür E. Comparative analysis of the WISC-IV in a clinical setting: ADHD vs. non-ADHD. Arch Pediatr 2020; 28:16-22. [PMID: 33309122 DOI: 10.1016/j.arcped.2020.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Revised: 09/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children, 4th edition (WISC-IV) is a useful tool for revealing differences in cognitive ability. Using the WISC-IV, the study investigated the intelligence profile of Turkish children diagnosed with ADHD and compared their profile with that of a non-ADHD clinical sample. METHOD On the basis of the records of 257 drug-naïve patients (6-12years of age), ADHD (n=154) and non-ADHD (n=103) clinical groups were compared with respect to sociodemographic variables and WISC-IV scores. RESULTS The non-ADHD clinical group had higher full scale, index, and subtest scores, except for their scores in the Comprehension subtest. The scores on Working Memory, Processing Speed Indices, Similarities, and Matrix Reasoning subtests were especially lower in the ADHD group than in the non-ADHD group. The Similarities, Matrix Reasoning, and Digit Span subtests classified 83% of the children as having ADHD and identified 43.7% of the non-ADHD clinical controls. CONCLUSION In our study, we found differences in the WISC-IV profiles of the Turkish patients with ADHD. Moreover, the WISC-IV profile of the non-ADHD clinical group was different than that of the ADHD group. More prospective studies with larger groups of ADHD patients and further evaluations of executive function deficits can help clinicians better understand the differences in WISC-IV profiles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D Ünal
- Hacettepe University Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | | | - T Çak
- Hacettepe University Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - G Sakarya
- Kocaeli Medical Park Hospital, Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - A Artik
- Kayseri City Hospital, Kocasinan/Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Y Karaboncuk
- Yamaç Karaboncuk, Ferhunde Öktem Mental Health Center, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ş Özusta
- Hacettepe University Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - E Çengel Kültür
- Hacettepe University Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Navarro-Soria I, Juárez-Ruiz de Mier R, García-Fernández JM, González-Gómez C, Real-Fernández M, Sánchez-Múñoz de León M, Lavigne-Cervan R. Detection of Executive Performance Profiles Using the ENFEN Battery in Children Diagnosed With Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. Front Psychol 2020; 11:552322. [PMID: 33364993 PMCID: PMC7750326 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.552322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is one of the most common neurodevelopmental disorders in children and adolescents. People who have this disorder are characterized by presenting difficulties in the processes of sustained attention, being very active, and having poor control of their impulses. Despite the high prevalence of this disorder and the existence of various tests used for its diagnosis, few data are available regarding the usefulness and diagnostic validity of these tools. Given the difficulties that these subjects present in executive functions, the aim of this study was to evaluate whether the Neuropsychological Assessment of Executive Functions battery for Children (ENFEN, for its acronym in Spanish, Portellano et al., 2009) allows to establish specific profiles of executive performance for people with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). The sample was made up of 197 participants of both sexes, aged between 6 and 12 years age (134 with a clinical diagnosis and 63 without pathology). A nonexperimental design was followed, using a comparative descriptive study method. The results indicated that the scales of phonological fluency, color path, rings, and interference are the most associated with the diagnosis of ADHD, providing data on inhibition, mental flexibility, sustained and selective attention, planning, verbal fluency, and working memory, among others. The practical implication of these results is in line with providing support in the clinical diagnosis that is carried out in children's mental health units. In addition, the ENFEN tool can be valued as a suitable psychometric instrument in the psychoeducational field, helping professionals in a school environment to be more aware of the areas of cognitive development in which a student diagnosed with ADHD will have more difficulties and, in doing so, providing more adjusted and effective psychopedagogical measures when it comes to supporting students in their adaptation to the school environment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ignasi Navarro-Soria
- Department of Developmental Psychology and Didactics, University of Alicante, Alicante, Spain
| | | | | | - Carlota González-Gómez
- Department of Developmental Psychology and Didactics, University of Alicante, Alicante, Spain
| | - Marta Real-Fernández
- Department of Health Psychology, Miguel Hernandez University of Elche, Elche, Spain
| | | | - Rocío Lavigne-Cervan
- Department of Developmental Psychology and Education, University of Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Molavi P, Nadermohammadi M, Salvat Ghojehbeiglou H, Vicario CM, Nitsche MA, Salehinejad MA. ADHD subtype-specific cognitive correlates and association with self-esteem: a quantitative difference. BMC Psychiatry 2020; 20:502. [PMID: 33046041 PMCID: PMC7549239 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-020-02887-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a major neurodevelopmental disorder with heterogeneous symptoms, subtypes, and cognitive deficits. Cognitive deficits are central to ADHD pathophysiology and one potential source of heterogeneity in ADHD. Subtype-specific cognitive correlates are not, however, well-studied. We explored cognitive correlates of ADHD subtypes based on the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC-IV) scores. We also assessed subtype-specific self-esteem rating in ADHD subtypes and explored its association with cognitive correlates. METHODS One hundred thirty-nine children with ADHD (80.6% boy, 19.4% girl) were categorized into the predominantly "hyperactive (ADHD-H)", "inattentive (ADHD-I)" and "combined (ADHD-C)" subtype based on their symptoms and scores on the Kiddie Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia (K-SADS-PL) and Conners Parent-Rating Scale (CPRS-RS). They were then individually administrated the WISC-IV and completed a self-esteem inventory. Group differences in the WISC-IV indices and their predictability in discriminating ADHD subtypes were analyzed. RESULTS We found a quantitative differentiation of cognitive abilities among ADHD subtypes with "working memory" as the most compromised cognitive domain. ADHD-I had the poorest cognitive profile while ADHD-H scored highest in all cognitive domains. Importantly, cognitive abilities were negatively correlated with inattention and positively correlated with hyperactive symptoms. Moreover, self-esteem ratings were positively correlated with the cognitive domains and were rated differently based on the subtypes. ADHD-H, with the highest cognitive strength, reported the highest level of self-esteem among all subtypes. CONCLUSIONS ADHD subtype-specific symptoms, cognitive deficits, and self-esteem problems should be considered for precise diagnosis and effective and personalized treatment in ADHD in light of further supporting evidence and assessments. Cognitive interventions might be more compatible with and effective in inattentive and combined subtypes of ADHD. Working memory improving-based interventions can benefit all ADHD subtypes. A supportive educational system in school and providing adjunct supportive interventions should be considered for children with ADHD as well.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Parviz Molavi
- grid.411426.40000 0004 0611 7226Department of Psychiatry, Fatemi Hospital, School of Medicine, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran
| | - Mehriar Nadermohammadi
- Department of Psychiatry, Fatemi Hospital, School of Medicine, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran.
| | - Habibeh Salvat Ghojehbeiglou
- grid.411426.40000 0004 0611 7226Department of Psychiatry, Fatemi Hospital, School of Medicine, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran
| | - Carmelo M. Vicario
- grid.10438.3e0000 0001 2178 8421Department of Scienze Cognitive della Formazione e degli Studi Culturali, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Michael A. Nitsche
- grid.419241.b0000 0001 2285 956XDepartment of Psychology and Neurosciences, Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Mohammad Ali Salehinejad
- Department of Psychology and Neurosciences, Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors, Dortmund, Germany. .,International Graduate School of Neuroscience, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany. .,Institute for Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Abstract
Objective: Neurodevelopmental disorders, including Reading Disorder, Disorder of Written Expression, and Developmental Coordination Disorder, often co-occur with ADHD. Although research has identified increased functional impairment in the presence of these comorbid diagnoses, few direct comparisons of intellectual profiles have been conducted. Thus, the present study examined Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Fourth Edition (WISC-IV) profiles of children with ADHD alone and with comorbid neurodevelopmental disorders. Method: Participants included 296 children with ADHD, ADHD with Developmental Coordination Disorder, and ADHD with Reading Disorder and/or Disorder of Written Expression. Results: Comparisons of these groups suggests children with ADHD and language-based Learning Disorders have poorer working memory than children with only ADHD. Furthermore, children with ADHD and Developmental Coordination Disorder perform relatively better on verbal compared with perceptual reasoning indexes. Conclusion: These intellectual profiles may have utility in identifying cognitive weaknesses inherent to these disorders and may be used to guide treatment intervention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Nicholas S Thaler
- UCLA Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Kim H, Song DH. Comparison of the K- WISC-IV profiles of boys with autism spectrum disorder and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Res Dev Disabil 2020; 97:103539. [PMID: 31805468 DOI: 10.1016/j.ridd.2019.103539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Revised: 09/15/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
AIMS This study aimed to compare the intelligence profiles of children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) using the Korean Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Fourth Edition (K-WISC-IV) scores to differentiate between their cognitive characteristics. METHODS Subjects were boys with ASD (n = 49) and ADHD (n = 44). The index and subtest scores of the ASD and ADHD groups were compared using MANOVA. Repeated-measures ANOVA was performed to investigate the cognitive strengths and weaknesses within the ASD and ADHD groups. RESULTS Verbal comprehension was significantly lower in the ASD group compared to the ADHD group. The ASD group also scored lower than the ADHD group on Vocabulary, Comprehension, Picture Concepts, Picture Completion, and Symbol Search. The ADHD group scored lower than the ASD group on Digit Span. The ASD group displayed slower processing speed and social judgment, while the ADHD group exhibited poor working memory and graphomotor processing. CONCLUSION The WISC-IV profiles might help distinguishing between the cognitive characteristics of ASD and ADHD boys.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hyunmi Kim
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - Dong-Ho Song
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Domellöf E, Johansson AM, Farooqi A, Domellöf M, Rönnqvist L. Risk for Behavioral Problems Independent of Cognitive Functioning in Children Born at Low Gestational Ages. Front Pediatr 2020; 8:311. [PMID: 32676487 PMCID: PMC7333186 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2020.00311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate cognitive and behavioral outcomes in relation to gestational age (GA) in school-aged children born preterm (PT). Results from the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children, 4th edition (WISC-IV), and the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) were analyzed in 51 children (mean age: 7.8 years [range: 7.0-8.7]) born PT (mean GA: 31 weeks [range: 23-35]; birth weight, mean: 1,637 g [range: 404-2,962]) with the majority (96%) having no diagnosed cognitive, sensory, or motor impairments. The control group included 57 age-matched typically developing children (mean age: 7.9 years [range: 6.2-8.7]) born full-term (FT). Children born PT, extremely PT (GA < 28) in particular, showed significantly lower cognitive performance and higher behavioral problem scores compared with children born FT. GA was found to predict aspects of both cognitive functioning and behavioral problems within the PT group, with lower GA being related to both poorer cognitive outcomes and elevated affective and attention-deficit/hyperactivity problems. Global cognitive functioning did not independently predict aspects of behavioral outcomes. Findings demonstrate that, even in children born PT without severe perinatal and/or postnatal complications and receiving active perinatal care, a short gestation is an evident risk factor for long-term negative effects on mental health independent of cognitive functioning. Additional findings suggest that both reduced growth and lower parental educational level may contribute to increased risk for poorer cognitive and behavioral functioning in children born PT.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Erik Domellöf
- Department of Psychology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | | | - Aijaz Farooqi
- Division of Pediatrics, Department of Clinical Sciences, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Magnus Domellöf
- Division of Pediatrics, Department of Clinical Sciences, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Jary S, Lee‐Kelland R, Tonks J, Cowan FM, Thoresen M, Chakkarapani E. Motor performance and cognitive correlates in children cooled for neonatal encephalopathy without cerebral palsy at school age. Acta Paediatr 2019; 108:1773-1780. [PMID: 30883895 DOI: 10.1111/apa.14780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Revised: 03/06/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
AIM To investigate whether motor performance in school-age children without cerebral palsy (CP), cooled for neonatal encephalopathy, is associated with perinatal factors and 18-month developmental scores and to explore relationships between school-age motor and cognitive performance. METHODS Motor and cognitive performance was assessed in 29 previously cooled children at six to eight years using the Movement Assessment Battery for Children-2 (MABC-2) and the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC-IV). Associations between MABC-2 scores less than/equal (≤) 15th centile and perinatal factors, social/family background, 18-month Bayley-III scores and WISC-IV scores were explored. RESULTS Eleven of the 29 (38%) children had MABC-2 scores ≤15th centile including 7 (24%) ≤5th centile. No significant perinatal or socio-economic risk factors were identified. Motor scores <85 at 18 months failed to identify children with MABC-2 scores ≤15th centile. MABC-2 scores ≤15th centile were associated with lower Full Scale IQ (p = 0.045), Working Memory (p = 0.03) and Perceptual Reasoning (p = 0.005) scores at six to eight years and receiving greater support in school (p = 0.01). CONCLUSION A third of cooled children without CP had MABC-2 scores indicating motor impairment at school age that was not identified at 18 months by Bayley-III. Most children with low MABC scores needed support at school. Sub-optimal MABC-2 scores indicate need for detailed school-age cognitive evaluation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Jary
- Translational Health Sciences Bristol Medical School University of Bristol Bristol UK
| | - R Lee‐Kelland
- Translational Health Sciences Bristol Medical School University of Bristol Bristol UK
| | - J Tonks
- University of Exeter Medical School Exeter UK
| | - F M Cowan
- Translational Health Sciences Bristol Medical School University of Bristol Bristol UK
| | - M Thoresen
- Translational Health Sciences Bristol Medical School University of Bristol Bristol UK
- University of Oslo Oslo Norway
| | - E Chakkarapani
- Translational Health Sciences Bristol Medical School University of Bristol Bristol UK
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Giofrè D, Toffalini E, Provazza S, Calcagnì A, Altoè G, Roberts DJ. Are children with developmental dyslexia all the same? A cluster analysis with more than 300 cases. Dyslexia 2019; 25:284-295. [PMID: 31332875 PMCID: PMC6771784 DOI: 10.1002/dys.1629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2019] [Revised: 05/09/2019] [Accepted: 06/20/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Reading is vital to every aspect of modern life, exacerbated by reliance of the internet, email, and social media on the written medium. Developmental dyslexia (DD) characterizes a disorder in which the core deficit involves reading. Traditionally, DD is thought to be associated with a phonological impairment. However, recent evidence has begun to suggest that the reading impairment in some individuals is provoked by a visual processing deficit. In this paper, we present WISC-IV data from more than 300 Italian children with a diagnosis of DD to investigate the manifestation of phonological and visual subtypes. Our results indicate the existence of two clusters of children with DD. In one cluster, the deficit was more pronounced in the phonological component, while both clusters were impaired in visual processing. These data indicate that DD may be an umbrella term that encompasses different profiles. From a theoretical perspective, our results demonstrate that dyslexia cannot be explained in terms of an isolated phonological deficit alone; visual impairment plays a crucial role. Moreover, general rather than specific accounts of DD are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David Giofrè
- Department of Educational SciencesUniversity of GenoaGenoaItaly
| | | | - Serena Provazza
- Natural Sciences and PsychologyLiverpool John Moores UniversityLiverpoolUK
| | - Antonio Calcagnì
- Department of Developmental and Social PsychologyUniversity of PadovaPadovaItaly
| | - Gianmarco Altoè
- Department of Developmental and Social PsychologyUniversity of PadovaPadovaItaly
| | - Daniel J. Roberts
- Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience, Division of Psychology, College of Health and Life SciencesBrunel University LondonUxbridgeUK
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Giofrè D, Provazza S, Angione D, Cini A, Menazza C, Oppi F, Cornoldi C. The intellectual profile of children with autism spectrum disorders may be underestimated: A comparison between two different batteries in an Italian sample. Res Dev Disabil 2019; 90:72-79. [PMID: 31082681 DOI: 10.1016/j.ridd.2019.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Revised: 02/05/2019] [Accepted: 04/12/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Intelligence measures are typically used in the assessment of children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD), but there is a paucity of research on the implications of such testing. In the present study, we examined children with ASD using two of the most largely adopted instruments, i.e., the WISC-IV, arguably the most utilized scale in the world; and the Leiter-3, a nonverbal scale that also excludes, from the IQ calculation, working memory and processing speed, which are points of weakness in ASD. Results showed that IQ and indices of these two batteries are strongly correlated. However, the WISC-IV IQ might underestimates the potential of children with ASD, particularly in children with a low functioning profile. These hold true for both the full scale IQ and three out of four indices of the WISC-IV, with remarkable implications for both assessment and treatment of these children. Practitioners working with children with ASD should be aware that the battery that they are using might severely affect the estimation of these children's potential.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D Giofrè
- Natural Sciences and Psychology, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK.
| | - S Provazza
- Natural Sciences and Psychology, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - D Angione
- Department of General Psychology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - A Cini
- Diagnosis and Research Center in Autism (CDCRA), ULSS 9, Scaligera, Italy
| | - C Menazza
- Center for Developmental Age and Autism, Polo Blu, Padova, Italy
| | - F Oppi
- Diagnosis and Research Center in Autism (CDCRA), ULSS 9, Scaligera, Italy
| | - C Cornoldi
- Department of General Psychology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Toffalini E, Buono S, Zagaria T, Calcagnì A, Cornoldi C. Using Z and age-equivalent scores to address WISC-IV floor effects for children with intellectual disability. J Intellect Disabil Res 2019; 63:528-538. [PMID: 30637858 DOI: 10.1111/jir.12589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Revised: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children - Fourth Edition often produces floor effects in individuals with intellectual disability. Calculating respondents' Z or age-equivalent scores has been claimed to remedy this problem. METHOD The present study applied these methods to the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children - Fourth Edition scores of 198 individuals diagnosed with intellectual disability. Confirmatory factor analysis and profile analysis were conducted using a Bayesian approach. RESULTS The intelligence structure in intellectual disability resembled the one previously reported for typical development, suggesting configural but not metric invariance. When Z or age-equivalent scores (but not traditional scaled scores) were used, the average profile resembled the one previously reported for other neurodevelopmental disorders. CONCLUSIONS Both methods avoided any floor effects, generating similar but not identical profiles. Despite some practical and conceptual limitations, age-equivalent scores may be easier to interpret. This was true even for a subgroup of individuals with more severe disabilities (mean IQ < 43).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E Toffalini
- Department of General Psychology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - S Buono
- Psychology Unit, Oasi Research Institute-IRCCS, Troina, Italy
| | - T Zagaria
- Psychology Unit, Oasi Research Institute-IRCCS, Troina, Italy
| | - A Calcagnì
- Department of Developmental Psychology and Socialization, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - C Cornoldi
- Department of General Psychology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Yıldız-Çoksan S, Aslan A, Çoksan S, Okuyaz Ç. Cognitive profile and academic achievement of children with absence epilepsy. Epilepsy Behav 2019; 95:95-99. [PMID: 31030079 DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2019.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2019] [Revised: 03/19/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The main aim of this study was to examine the cognitive profile and academic achievement of children with absence epilepsy. It is investigated whether all scale intelligence score, intelligence subscale scores, and academic achievement of the children with absence epilepsy differed from healthy peers and Turkish norm values. Nineteen children with absence epilepsy and 19 healthy children participate in the study. The Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-IV (WISC-IV) is used to measure their intelligence scores. A teacher assessment form (Teacher's Report Form (TRF)) is obtained from the participants' teachers for the measurement of academic achievement, and the students' report cards are collected as an additional measure of it. Participants with absence epilepsy have significantly lower scores of total intelligence score (Mean (M) = 76.68, Standard Deviation (SD) = 25.18), verbal comprehension score (M = 81.68, SD = 25.29), perceptual reasoning score (M = 85.47, SD = 20.61), processing speed score (M = 77.95, SD = 18.61), and working memory (M = 83.74, SD = 19.04), which are measured by WISC-IV, than healthy peers (respectively M = 105.84, SD = 16.20; M = 105.47, SD = 18.12; M = 103.63, SD = 12.88; M = 104.05, SD = 12.98; M = 104.74, SD = 18.97) and norm values (M = 100, SD = 10). No difference is observed between the subscale scores of WISC-IV for within group with absence epilepsy. Moreover, they have lower Turkish language (M = 73.65, SD = 19.19) and mathematics (M = 76.26, SD = 22.29) grade report scores than healthy peers (respectively M = 90.76, SD = 12.01; M = 88.64, SD = 15.93). There is no difference between the two groups in terms of the academic achievement obtained from the TRF. It is necessary to support children with absence epilepsy academically. We analyzed whether the current pattern has changed by comparing the intelligent scores and academic achievement of children with absence epilepsy who have recovered after treatment with their healthy peers. In fact, there is no difference between the children with absence epilepsy who have recovered after treatment and their healthy peers in terms of total intelligence score and its subscale scores. Similarly, there is no difference between them in terms of mathematics score on their report. Only the difference in the score of Turkish language continues in the same direction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Serpil Yıldız-Çoksan
- Ankara University, Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Child Development, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Aslı Aslan
- Mersin University, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Department of Psychology, Mersin, Turkey
| | - Sami Çoksan
- Middle East Technical University, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Department of Psychology, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Çetin Okuyaz
- Mersin University, School of Medicine, Department of Pediatric Neurology, Mersin, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Cornoldi C, Di Caprio R, De Francesco G, Toffalini E. The discrepancy between verbal and visuoperceptual IQ in children with a specific learning disorder: An analysis of 1624 cases. Res Dev Disabil 2019; 87:64-72. [PMID: 30776739 DOI: 10.1016/j.ridd.2019.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2018] [Revised: 11/04/2018] [Accepted: 02/01/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Children with a specific learning disorder (SLD) are often characterized by marked intellectual strengths and weaknesses. In the last few years, research has focused on a common discrepancy between low working memory and processing speed on the one hand, and high verbal and visuoperceptual intelligence on the other. SLD profiles featuring a specific discrepancy between verbal and visuoperceptual abilities have been only marginally considered, however, and their systematic comparison vis-à-vis typically-developing (TD) populations has yet to be conducted. The present study examined a dataset of 1624 WISC-IV profiles of children with a diagnosis of SLD. It emerged that the proportion of children with a Verbal Comprehension Index (VCI) at least 1.5 SD (22 standardized points) lower than their scores on the Perceptual Reasoning Index (PRI) was larger than the proportion of SLD children with the opposite discrepant profile; it was also larger than the same proportion found among TD children. Comparing the two discrepant profiles revealed that the children also differed by type of learning difficulty, gender, and performance in the WISC-IV Symbol search task. Further examination suggested that children who were discrepant and also distinctly poor in visuoperceptual intelligence were particularly slow in general processing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cesare Cornoldi
- Department of General Psychology, University of Padova, Italy.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Rabiee A, Samadi SA, Vasaghi-Gharamaleki B, Hosseini S, Seyedin S, Keyhani M, Mahmoodizadeh A, Ranjbar Kermani F. The Cognitive Profile of People with High-Functioning Autism Spectrum Disorders. Behav Sci (Basel) 2019; 9:bs9020020. [PMID: 30791545 PMCID: PMC6406692 DOI: 10.3390/bs9020020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Revised: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 02/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Several studies have examined the cognitive profile of people with high-functioning autism spectrum disorders (ASD) (IQ > 70), and its relationship with the symptoms of ASD and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), using the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-IV (WISC-IV). However, no data exist on the similarities or differences in this profile in less affluent countries. The present study examined the cognitive profile and its relationship with the symptoms of ASD and ADHD in 30 subjects aged 6–16 years with high-functioning ASD and compared the results with those of 30 typically developing (TD) subjects. In line with previous research findings, the WISC-IV cognitive profile analysis of subjects with high-functioning ASD showed a good competence in Matrix Reasoning and weaknesses in Comprehension, but the main distinguishing point was the competence in processing speed in both groups. In the present study, the Verbal Comprehension Index correlated negatively with the communication symptoms, and the Working Memory Index correlated positively with the social symptoms in the ASD group. Given the similarities that exist between the results of the present research and previous studies, it may be concluded that there are similarities in the cognitive profile of individuals with ASD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Atusa Rabiee
- Department of Speech and Language Pathology, School of Rehabilitation Sciences, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 15459-13487, Iran.
| | - Sayyed Ali Samadi
- Institute of Nursing and Health Research, University of Ulster, Northern Ireland BT37 0QB, UK.
| | - Behnoosh Vasaghi-Gharamaleki
- Department of Basic Sciences, School of Rehabilitation Sciences, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 15459-13487, Iran.
| | - Soode Hosseini
- Department of Psychology, School of Education and Psychology, Alzahra University, Tehran 1993893973, Iran.
| | - Saba Seyedin
- Department of Speech and Language Pathology, School of Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 11489-65111, Iran.
| | - Mohammadreza Keyhani
- Department of Basic Sciences, School of Rehabilitation Sciences, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 15459-13487, Iran.
| | - Ameneh Mahmoodizadeh
- Division of Diagnosis and Prevention, Iranian Special Education Organization, Tehran 1416935684, Iran.
| | - Fatemeh Ranjbar Kermani
- Autism Rehabilitation Center, Roozbeh Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1514945311, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Pezzuti L, Nacinovich R, Oggiano S, Bomba M, Ferri R, La Stella A, Rossetti S, Orsini A. Beyond the floor effect on the WISC-IV in individuals with Down syndrome: are there cognitive strengths and weaknesses? J Intellect Disabil Res 2018; 62:593-603. [PMID: 29682828 DOI: 10.1111/jir.12499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2017] [Revised: 12/04/2017] [Accepted: 04/01/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Individuals with Down syndrome generally show a floor effect on Wechsler Scales that is manifested by flat profiles and with many or all of the weighted scores on the subtests equal to 1. METHOD The main aim of the present paper is to use the statistical Hessl method and the extended statistical method of Orsini, Pezzuti and Hulbert with a sample of individuals with Down syndrome (n = 128; 72 boys and 56 girls), to underline the variability of performance on Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Fourth Edition subtests and indices, highlighting any strengths and weaknesses of this population that otherwise appear to be flattened. RESULTS Based on results using traditional transformation of raw scores into weighted scores, a very high percentage of subtests with weighted score of 1 occurred in the Down syndrome sample, with a floor effect and without any statistically significant difference between four core Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Fourth Edition indices. The results, using traditional transformation, confirm a deep cognitive impairment of those with Down syndrome. Conversely, using the new statistical method, it is immediately apparent that the variability of the scores, both on subtests and indices, is wider with respect to the traditional method. CONCLUSION Children with Down syndrome show a greater ability in the Verbal Comprehension Index than in the Working Memory Index.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L Pezzuti
- Department of Dynamic and Clinical Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome (Italy), Rome, Italy
| | - R Nacinovich
- School of Medicine and Surgery, Universita degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Lombardia, Italy
| | - S Oggiano
- Child and Adolescent Mental Health Department, Universita degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Lombardia, Italy
| | - M Bomba
- Child and Adolescent Mental Health Department, San Gerardo Hospital, Monza, Italy
| | - R Ferri
- Department of Dynamic and Clinical Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome (Italy), Rome, Italy
| | - A La Stella
- Service and Counseling of the People Down Italian Association, Rome, Italy
| | - S Rossetti
- Department of Dynamic and Clinical Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome (Italy), Rome, Italy
| | - A Orsini
- Department of Dynamic and Clinical Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome (Italy), Rome, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Chiappedi M, Mensi M, Antonaci E, Zavani E, Tronconi L, Termine C, Balottin U. Intellectual Profile of Adolescents with Headache: A Case-Control Study Using the WISC-IV. Front Neurol 2018; 9:128. [PMID: 29559952 PMCID: PMC5845748 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2018.00128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2017] [Accepted: 02/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
There are few literature evidences about the intellectual profile of adolescents with headache and no study has used the fourth edition of the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC-IV) in patients with a diagnosis of headache according to the ICHD-III-beta. We recruited 30 patients (age 11–14 years; male:female = 1:2) seen for headache in a tertiary center in Northern Italy and 30 healthy controls matched for age and sex, recruited in a public school from the same geographic area. The diagnosis of headache was done according to the ICHD-III criteria (beta version): the case group was composed of 16 patients with migraine and 14 with tension-type headache. Cognitive functioning was assessed using the WISC-IV. Recruited patients with idiopathic headache diagnosis had on average a cognitive function within the normal range. We found no statistically significant differences in the total Intellective Quotient comparing patients with headache and controls; the Working Memory Index was, however, lower in patients with headache (p = 0.012), and in particular, we found a lower Digit Span (p < 0.001). We also found a borderline statistical difference (p = 0.051) between case and controls Verbal Comprehension Index (CVI), which was due to a lower score in the Similarities subtest (p < 0.001). Our results suggest that, although within normal limits, cognitive functioning of adolescents with headache differs from that of healthy peers regarding memory and verbal skills. The Working Memory Index is related to the subject’s ability to store new information and keep them in short-term memory, to maintain focused attention and to manipulate them to find solutions. The difference in Similarities is also important because it provides a measure of the level of verbal reasoning and concept formation; it is also a measure of verbal abstract thinking skills relevant for language development, lexical knowledge, auditory comprehension, memory, and ability to discriminate between essential and non-essential characteristics. Our data, in keep with previous findings, suggest the need for further researches to better understand the pathogenesis of these difficulties and obtain ideas for an adequate rehabilitative treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Eliana Antonaci
- Department of Brain and Behavioural Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Elena Zavani
- Department of Brain and Behavioural Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Livio Tronconi
- IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy.,Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Cristiano Termine
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy.,Ospedale di Circolo e Fondazione Macchi, Varese, Italy
| | - Umberto Balottin
- IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy.,Department of Brain and Behavioural Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Schneider MA, Spritzer PM, Soll BMB, Fontanari AMV, Carneiro M, Tovar-Moll F, Costa AB, da Silva DC, Schwarz K, Anes M, Tramontina S, Lobato MIR. Brain Maturation, Cognition and Voice Pattern in a Gender Dysphoria Case under Pubertal Suppression. Front Hum Neurosci 2017; 11:528. [PMID: 29184488 PMCID: PMC5694455 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2017.00528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2017] [Accepted: 10/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Gender dysphoria (GD) (DMS-5) is a condition marked by increasing psychological suffering that accompanies the incongruence between one's experienced or expressed gender and one's assigned gender. Manifestation of GD can be seen early on during childhood and adolescence. During this period, the development of undesirable sexual characteristics marks an acute suffering of being opposite to the sex of birth. Pubertal suppression with gonadotropin releasing hormone analogs (GnRHa) has been proposed for these individuals as a reversible treatment for postponing the pubertal development and attenuating psychological suffering. Recently, increased interest has been observed on the impact of this treatment on brain maturation, cognition and psychological performance. Objectives: The aim of this clinical report is to review the effects of puberty suppression on the brain white matter (WM) during adolescence. WM Fractional anisotropy, voice and cognitive functions were assessed before and during the treatment. MRI scans were acquired before, and after 22 and 28 months of hormonal suppression. Methods: We performed a longitudinal evaluation of a pubertal transgender girl undergoing hormonal treatment with GnRH analog. Three longitudinal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans were performed for diffusion tensor imaging (DTI), regarding Fractional Anisotropy (FA) for regions of interest analysis. In parallel, voice samples for acoustic analysis as well as executive functioning with the Wechsler Intelligence Scale (WISC-IV) were performed. Results: During the follow-up, white matter fractional anisotropy did not increase, compared to normal male puberty effects on the brain. After 22 months of pubertal suppression, operational memory dropped 9 points and remained stable after 28 months of follow-up. The fundamental frequency of voice varied during the first year; however, it remained in the female range. Conclusion: Brain white matter fractional anisotropy remained unchanged in the GD girl during pubertal suppression with GnRHa for 28 months, which may be related to the reduced serum testosterone levels and/or to the patient's baseline low average cognitive performance.Global performance on the Weschler scale was slightly lower during pubertal suppression compared to baseline, predominantly due to a reduction in operational memory. Either a baseline of low average cognition or the hormonal status could play a role in cognitive performance during pubertal suppression. The voice pattern during the follow-up seemed to reflect testosterone levels under suppression by GnRHa treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maiko A Schneider
- Gender Identity Program, Hospital de Clinicas de Porto Alegre, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Poli M Spritzer
- Gender Identity Program, Hospital de Clinicas de Porto Alegre, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Department of Physiology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Service of Endocrinology, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Bianca Machado Borba Soll
- Gender Identity Program, Hospital de Clinicas de Porto Alegre, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Anna M V Fontanari
- Gender Identity Program, Hospital de Clinicas de Porto Alegre, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Marina Carneiro
- Instituto D'Or de Pesquisa e Ensino, Rio de Janeiro, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Tovar-Moll
- Instituto D'Or de Pesquisa e Ensino, Rio de Janeiro, Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Angelo B Costa
- Gender Identity Program, Hospital de Clinicas de Porto Alegre, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Graduate Program in Psychology, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Dhiordan C da Silva
- Gender Identity Program, Hospital de Clinicas de Porto Alegre, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Karine Schwarz
- Gender Identity Program, Hospital de Clinicas de Porto Alegre, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Maurício Anes
- Division of Medicine Physics, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Silza Tramontina
- Gender Identity Program, Hospital de Clinicas de Porto Alegre, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Service, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Maria I R Lobato
- Gender Identity Program, Hospital de Clinicas de Porto Alegre, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Psychiatry and Forensic Medicine Service, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the structural validity of the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Fourth Edition (WISC-IV). METHOD Confirmatory factor analyses were applied to a sample of 233 students diagnosed with ADHD by school multidisciplinary evaluation teams to evaluate the relative fit of the following competing models: (a) one factor, (b) two oblique verbal and nonverbal factors, (c) three oblique verbal, perceptual, and combined working memory/processing speed factors, (d) four oblique verbal, perceptual, working memory, and processing speed factors, (e) a higher-order model with four first-order factors, and (f) a bifactor model with four domain-specific factors. RESULTS A higher-order four-factor model fit the data best, which was composed of a general intelligence factor and four domain-specific factors that matched the four factors specified in the WISC-IV technical and interpretive manual. Moreover, the general intelligence factor explained more than two times the total variance contributed by all four domain-specific factors combined. CONCLUSIONS Results substantiate previous research on the WISC-IV, indicating that the general intelligence factor contributes the most reliable information. Consequently, it is recommended that interpretation of the WISC-IV remain at the Full-Scale IQ score level.
Collapse
|
27
|
Gygi JT, Hagmann-von Arx P, Schweizer F, Grob A. The Predictive Validity of Four Intelligence Tests for School Grades: A Small Sample Longitudinal Study. Front Psychol 2017; 8:375. [PMID: 28348543 PMCID: PMC5346574 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2016] [Accepted: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Intelligence is considered the strongest single predictor of scholastic achievement. However, little is known regarding the predictive validity of well-established intelligence tests for school grades. We analyzed the predictive validity of four widely used intelligence tests in German-speaking countries: The Intelligence and Development Scales (IDS), the Reynolds Intellectual Assessment Scales (RIAS), the Snijders-Oomen Nonverbal Intelligence Test (SON-R 6-40), and the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC-IV), which were individually administered to 103 children (Mage = 9.17 years) enrolled in regular school. School grades were collected longitudinally after 3 years (averaged school grades, mathematics, and language) and were available for 54 children (Mage = 11.77 years). All four tests significantly predicted averaged school grades. Furthermore, the IDS and the RIAS predicted both mathematics and language, while the SON-R 6-40 predicted mathematics. The WISC-IV showed no significant association with longitudinal scholastic achievement when mathematics and language were analyzed separately. The results revealed the predictive validity of currently used intelligence tests for longitudinal scholastic achievement in German-speaking countries and support their use in psychological practice, in particular for predicting averaged school grades. However, this conclusion has to be considered as preliminary due to the small sample of children observed.
Collapse
|
28
|
Lagunju IOA, Adeniyi YC, Olukolade G. Cognitive function in Nigerian children with newly diagnosed epilepsy: a preliminary report. Pan Afr Med J 2016; 24:113. [PMID: 27703598 PMCID: PMC5031373 DOI: 10.11604/pamj.2016.24.113.8995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Accepted: 03/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Epilepsy has long been associated with cognitive dysfunction and educational underachievement. The purpose of the study was to describe the baseline findings from a larger prospective study. Methods New cases of epilepsy aged 6-16 years seen at a paediatric neurology clinic in Ibadan, Nigeria were evaluated for any evidence of cognitive impairment. Intelligence quotient (IQ) of the participants was measured using the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Fourth Edition (WISC-IV). Scores on cognitive subtests and Full Scale IQ (FSIQ) were computed and association between the subsets scores and seizure variables were calculated. Results 40 children, 24 males and 16 females were studied and their ages ranged from 6 to 16 years with a mean of 10.8 (SD=3.0) years. Global intellectual functioning as measured by the WISC-IV was in the normal range (FSIQ scores <85) for 52.5% (n = 21) of the participants and the remaining participants (47.5%) scored between the borderline and severe category for intellectual disability. The strongest correlation was between ‘caregiver's assessment of school performance’ and FSIQ, (r = 0.70; p< 0.001). Age at onset of epilepsy and seizure type had no significant association with scores on the WISC-IV composite scores. Conclusion There is a high prevalence of significant cognitive dysfunction in Nigerian children with epilepsy, even in the absence of any known brain insult. All children with epilepsy should have routine IQ assessment following diagnosis, in order to allow for early intervention when indicated, and thus, improved outcomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ike Oluwa Abiola Lagunju
- Department of Paediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria & Department of Paediatrics, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Yetunde Celia Adeniyi
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Gbemi Olukolade
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Gomez R, Vance A, Watson SD. Structure of the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children - Fourth Edition in a Group of Children with ADHD. Front Psychol 2016; 7:737. [PMID: 27303319 PMCID: PMC4884732 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2015] [Accepted: 05/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: This study used confirmatory factor analysis to examine the factor structure for the 10 core WISC–IV subtests in a group of children (N = 812) with ADHD. Method: The study examined oblique four- and five-factor models, higher order models with one general secondary factor and four and five primary factors, and a bifactor model with a general factor and four specific factors. Results: The findings supported all models tested, with the bifactor model being the optimum model. For this model, only the general factor had high explained common variance and omega hierarchical value, and it predicted reading and arithmetic abilities. Conclusion: The findings favor the use of the FSIQ scores of the WISC-IV, but not the subscale index scores.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rapson Gomez
- School of Health Sciences and Psychology, Federation University Australia, Ballarat VIC, Australia
| | - Alasdair Vance
- Academic Child Psychiatry Unit, Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne VIC, Australia
| | - Shaun D Watson
- School of Health Sciences and Psychology, Federation University Australia, Ballarat VIC, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Poletti M. WISC-IV Intellectual Profiles in Italian Children With Specific Learning Disorder and Related Impairments in Reading, Written Expression, and Mathematics. J Learn Disabil 2016; 49:320-335. [PMID: 25349093 DOI: 10.1177/0022219414555416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The fifth edition of theDiagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disordersgrouped specific learning disabilities in the single diagnostic category of specific learning disorder (SLD), with specifiers for impairments in reading, written expression, and mathematics. This study aimed at investigating the intellectual profile, assessed with the fourth edition of theWechsler Intelligence Scale for Children(WISC-IV), of 172 children with a diagnosis of SLD, compared to 74 clinical referral controls. WISC-IV intellectual functioning in children with SLD was characterized by a significant discrepancy between general ability and cognitive proficiency (General Ability Index [GAI] > Cognitive Proficiency Index [CPI]), and worse performances on the Similarities, Digit Span, Letter-Number Sequencing, and Coding subtests, supporting models of multiple cognitive deficits at the basis of neurodevelopmental disorders as SLD. GAI was the best and more conservative measure provided by the WISC-IV to identify intellectual functioning in children with SLD, and the intellectual discrepancy between GAI and CPI could be considered a "cognitive sign" for the presence of SLD in a single diagnostic category. Cognitive deficits differed in subtypes of impairment (reading, written expression, and mathematics), supporting their distinction for empirical, educational, and rehabilitative purposes. These findings need further replication in larger samples and in comparison to typically developing children.
Collapse
|
31
|
Walg M, Bowi U, El-Wahsch D. [ WISC-IV performances of young male subjects with AD(H)D, the benefits of applying cognitive profile analysis to diagnostics]. Z Kinder Jugendpsychiatr Psychother 2016; 44:127-37. [PMID: 27008902 DOI: 10.1024/1422-4917/a000407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Objective Studies suggest that children and adolescents suffering from AD(H)D show a specific WISC-IV profile in comparison to subjects of the same age group without any mental disorder. The present study compares the cognitive profiles of male subjects with AD(H)D to those of a clinical control group. The benefits of applying an ADHD specific cognitive profile analysis to differential diagnostics are analyzed. Method The WISC-IV profiles of 50 male subjects with AD(H)D (8 to 15 years) were compared with the profiles of 54 male children and adolescents(7 to 16 years) with other mental disorders. In addition, subgroup differences within the AD(H)D group were investigated. Results Subjects with AD(H)D showed a significant lower processing speed than the control group. Within the AD(H)D group, patients with ADD showed the lowest speed index. There were no group differences in total IQ and other WISC-IV indexes. Conclusions A WISC-IV profile analysis is not a suitable instrument to certainly confirm or exclude an AD(H)D diagnosis. Nevertheless, the results of the present study speak for considering the WISC-IV profile in the diagnosis of AD(H)D as it increases the sensitivity of the clinical diagnostic process and provides useful indicators for differential diagnosis.
Collapse
|
32
|
Thaler NS, Barchard KA, Parke E, Jones WP, Etcoff LM, Allen DN. Factor Structure of the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children: Fourth Edition in Children with ADHD. J Atten Disord 2015; 19:1013-21. [PMID: 23074302 DOI: 10.1177/1087054712459952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Recent evidence suggests that the factor structure of the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Fourth Edition (WISC-IV) is better explained by a five-factor model rather than the four-factor model in the standardization sample. The current study examined the WISC-IV's factor structure in a sample of children with ADHD. METHOD Participants included 314 children and adolescents who were diagnosed with ADHD. Confirmatory factor analysis was conducted on the 10 core subtests of the WISC-IV, and three models were examined including two based on Cattell-Horn-Carroll (CHC) theory. RESULTS A five-factor model consisting of Gc, Gf, Gv, Gsm, and Gs factors provided the best fit for the data. The Perceptual Reasoning factor identified in the original four-factor model split into the two CHC factors, Gf and Gv, and cross-loaded the Symbol Search subtest onto the Gv factor. CONCLUSION A five-factor model based on CHC theory provided superior fit for the WISC-IV in children with ADHD, as has been found with the standardization sample.
Collapse
|
33
|
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Visual perceptual abilities are increasingly being neglected in research concerning reading disabilities. This study measures the visual perceptual abilities of children with disabilities in reading. METHOD The visual perceptual abilities of 35 children with specific reading disorder and 30 controls were compared using the German version of the Developmental Test of Visual Perception – Adolescent and Adult (DTVP-A). RESULTS 11 % of the children with specific reading disorder show clinically relevant performance on the DTVP-A. The perceptual abilities of both groups differ significantly. No significant group differences exist after controlling for general IQ or Perceptional Reasoning Index, but they do remain after controlling for Verbal Comprehension, Working Memory, and Processing Speed Index. CONCLUSIONS The number of children with reading difficulties suffering from visual perceptual disorders has been underestimated. For this reason, visual perceptual abilities should always be tested when making a reading disorder diagnosis. Profiles of IQ-test results of children suffering from reading and visual perceptual disorders should be interpreted carefully.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lina Werpup-Stüwe
- 1 Zentrum für Klinische Psychologie und Rehabilitation der Universität Bremen
| | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Molinero C, Mata S, Calero MD, García-Martín MB, Araque-Cuenca A. Usefulness of WISC-IV in Determining Intellectual Giftedness. Span J Psychol 2015; 18:E60. [PMID: 26255908 DOI: 10.1017/sjp.2015.63] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Several studies question the usefulness of the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC-IV) in determining giftedness due to the importance of speed in some of its subtests, which may penalize children of high intellectual level. This study analyzes the factor structure of the WISC-IV of gifted children based on confirmatory factor analysis. Participants were eighty-seven gifted children from Spain (6-13 years old). Score discrepancies were also examined for the main indexes: Verbal Comprehension, Processing Speed, Working Memory and Perceptual Organization. Results pointed out four models with a good fit from the five models analyzed: a two-factor model according to GAI subscales (RMSEA = .001, p = .84), a four-factor first-order model including main indexes (RMSEA = .05, p = .19), a four-factor model with g as a direct factor (RMSEA = .001, p = .84) and a four-factor model with g as an indirect higher-order factor (RMSEA = .05, p = .13). Discrepancies were found between Verbal Comprehension and Processing Speed, and between Perceptual Organization and Processing Speed. Verbal Comprehension yielded the highest score, whereas the lowest scores were obtained in Processing Speed and Working Memory. These results support the use of this scale in the assessment and diagnosis of Spanish children with a high intellectual level.
Collapse
|
35
|
Orsini A, Pezzuti L, Hulbert S. Beyond the floor effect on the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children--4th Ed. ( WISC-IV): calculating IQ and Indexes of subjects presenting a floored pattern of results. J Intellect Disabil Res 2015; 59:468-473. [PMID: 24981373 DOI: 10.1111/jir.12150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/05/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND It is now widely known that children with severe intellectual disability show a 'floor effect' on the Wechsler scales. This effect emerges because the practice of transforming raw scores into scaled scores eliminates any variability present in participants with low intellectual ability and because intelligence quotient (IQ) scores are limited insofar as they do not measure scores lower than 40. METHOD Following Hessl et al.'s results, the present authors propose a method for the computation of the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children--4th Ed. (WISC-IV)'s IQ and Indexes in intellectually disabled participants affected by a floored pattern of results. The Italian standardization sample (n = 2200) for the WISC-IV was used. The method presented in this study highlights the limits of the 'floor effect' of the WISC-IV in children with serious intellectual disability who present a profile with weighted scores of 1 in all the subtests despite some variability in the raw scores. RESULTS Such method eliminates the floor effect of the scale and therefore makes it possible to analyse the strengths and weaknesses of the WISC-IV's Indexes in these participants. CONCLUSIONS The Authors reflect on clinical utility of this method and on the meaning of raw score of 0 on subtest.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Orsini
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Matsuura N, Ishitobi M, Arai S, Kawamura K, Asano M, Inohara K, Narimoto T, Wada Y, Hiratani M, Kosaka H. Distinguishing between autism spectrum disorder and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder by using behavioral checklists, cognitive assessments, and neuropsychological test battery. Asian J Psychiatr 2014; 12:50-7. [PMID: 25440561 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajp.2014.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2014] [Revised: 05/29/2014] [Accepted: 06/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and autism spectrum disorder (ASD) share many common symptoms, including attention deficit, behavioral problems, and difficulties with social skills. The aim of this study was to distinguish between ASD and ADHD by identifying the characteristic features of both the disorders, by using multidimensional assessments, including screening behavioral checklists, cognitive assessments, and comprehensive neurological battery. After screening for comorbid disorders, we carefully selected age-, sex-, IQ-, and socio-economic status-matched children with typical development (TD). In the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for children, a lower score was observed for the ASD group than for the TD group in Picture concept, which is a subscale of perceptual reasoning. A lower score was shown by the ADHD group than by the TD group in the spatial working memory test in the Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery (CANTAB(®)). Although ASD and ADHD have many similar symptoms, they can be differentiated by focusing on the behavioral and cognitive characteristics of executive function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Naomi Matsuura
- Tokyo University of Social Welfare, 2-13-32, Marunouchi Naka-ku, Nagoya-City 460-0002, Japan.
| | - Makoto Ishitobi
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Fukui, 23-3 MatsuokaShimoaizuki, Eiheiji-cho, Fukui 910-1193, Japan; Department of Child and Adolescent Mental Health, National Institute of Mental Health, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, 4-1-1 Ogawa-Higashi, Kodaira, Tokyo, 187-8553, Japan
| | - Sumiyoshi Arai
- Research Center for Child Mental Development, University of Fukui, 23-3 MatsuokaShimoaizuki, Eiheiji-cho, Fukui 910-1193 Japan; Developmental Emotional Intelligence, Division of Developmental Higher Brain Functions, Department of Child Development United Graduate School of Child Development,23-3 MatsuokaShimoaizuki, Eiheiji-cho, Fukui 910-1193, Japan
| | - Kaori Kawamura
- Hiratani Pediatric Clinic, 1409-2 Kitayotsui, Fukui-shi, Fukui 918-8205, Japan
| | - Mizuki Asano
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Fukui, 23-3 MatsuokaShimoaizuki, Eiheiji-cho, Fukui 910-1193, Japan; Research Center for Child Mental Development, University of Fukui, 23-3 MatsuokaShimoaizuki, Eiheiji-cho, Fukui 910-1193 Japan
| | - Keisuke Inohara
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Fukui, 23-3 MatsuokaShimoaizuki, Eiheiji-cho, Fukui 910-1193, Japan
| | - Tadamasa Narimoto
- Tokyo University of Social Welfare, 2-13-32, Marunouchi Naka-ku, Nagoya-City 460-0002, Japan
| | - Yuji Wada
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Fukui, 23-3 MatsuokaShimoaizuki, Eiheiji-cho, Fukui 910-1193, Japan; Research Center for Child Mental Development, University of Fukui, 23-3 MatsuokaShimoaizuki, Eiheiji-cho, Fukui 910-1193 Japan
| | - Michio Hiratani
- Research Center for Child Mental Development, University of Fukui, 23-3 MatsuokaShimoaizuki, Eiheiji-cho, Fukui 910-1193 Japan; Hiratani Pediatric Clinic, 1409-2 Kitayotsui, Fukui-shi, Fukui 918-8205, Japan
| | - Hirotaka Kosaka
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Fukui, 23-3 MatsuokaShimoaizuki, Eiheiji-cho, Fukui 910-1193, Japan; Research Center for Child Mental Development, University of Fukui, 23-3 MatsuokaShimoaizuki, Eiheiji-cho, Fukui 910-1193 Japan
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Cornoldi C, Giofrè D, Orsini A, Pezzuti L. Differences in the intellectual profile of children with intellectual vs. learning disability. Res Dev Disabil 2014; 35:2224-2230. [PMID: 24927516 DOI: 10.1016/j.ridd.2014.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2014] [Revised: 05/12/2014] [Accepted: 05/16/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The WISC-IV was used to compare the intellectual profile of two groups of children, one with specific learning disorders (SLDs), the other with intellectual disabilities (ID), with a view to identifying which of the four main factor indexes and two additional indexes can distinguish between the groups. We collected information on WISC-IV scores for 267 children (Mage=10.61 [SD=2.51], range 6-16 years, females=99) with a diagnosis of either SLD or ID. Children with SLD performed better than those with ID in all measures. Only the SLD children, not the ID children, revealed significant differences in the four main factor indexes, and their scores for the additional General Ability Index (GAI) were higher than for the Cognitive Proficiency Index (CPI). Children with a diagnosis of SLD whose Full-Scale Intelligence Quotient (FSIQ) was <85 showed a similar pattern. Our findings confirm the hypothesis that children with SLD generally obtain high GAI scores, but have specific deficiencies relating to working memory and processing speed, whereas children with ID have a general intellectual impairment. These findings have important diagnostic and clinical implications and should be considered when making diagnostic decisions in borderline cognitive cases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cesare Cornoldi
- Department of General Psychology, University of Padua, Italy; President of the Italian Association for Learning Disabilities (AIRIPA), Italy
| | - David Giofrè
- Department of General Psychology, University of Padua, Italy.
| | - Arturo Orsini
- Department of Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy
| | - Lina Pezzuti
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Arble E, Kuentzel J, Barnett D. Convergent validity of the Integrated Visual and Auditory Continuous Performance Test (IVA+Plus): associations with working memory, processing speed, and behavioral ratings. Arch Clin Neuropsychol 2014; 29:300-12. [PMID: 24687587 DOI: 10.1093/arclin/acu006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Though the Integrated Visual and Auditory Continuous Performance Test (IVA + Plus) is commonly used by researchers and clinicians, few investigations have assessed its convergent and discriminant validity, especially with regard to its use with children. The present study details correlates of the IVA + Plus using measures of cognitive ability and ratings of child behavior (parent and teacher), drawing upon a sample of 90 psychoeducational evaluations. Scores from the IVA + Plus correlated significantly with the Working Memory and Processing Speed Indexes from the Fourth Edition of the Wechsler Intelligence Scales for Children (WISC-IV), though fewer and weaker significant correlations were seen with behavior ratings scales, and significant associations also occurred with WISC-IV Verbal Comprehension and Perceptual Reasoning. The overall pattern of relations is supportive of the validity of the IVA + Plus; however, general cognitive ability was associated with better performance on most of the primary scores of the IVA + Plus, suggesting that interpretation should take intelligence into account.
Collapse
|
39
|
Levin AR, Zeanah CH, Fox NA, Nelson CA. Motor outcomes in children exposed to early psychosocial deprivation. J Pediatr 2014; 164:123-129.e1. [PMID: 24161221 PMCID: PMC4059764 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2013.09.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2013] [Revised: 06/26/2013] [Accepted: 09/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To determine the effect of psychosocial deprivation early in life on motor development, assess the impact of a foster care intervention on improving motor development, and assess the association between motor and cognitive outcomes in children with a history of institutional care. STUDY DESIGN In a randomized controlled trial, children living in Romanian institutions were randomly assigned to care as usual in the institution or placed in family-centered foster care as part of the Bucharest Early Intervention Project. The average age at placement into foster care was 23 months. At age 8 years, the Bruininks-Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency, Second Edition, Short Form (BOT2-SF) was applied to assess the motor proficiency of children in both groups, as well as a never-institutionalized group from the Romanian community. RESULTS Children in the never-institutionalized group did significantly better on the BOT2-SF than children who had ever been institutionalized (P < .001). There was no significant difference in performance between children in the care as usual group and the foster care group. This finding also held true for all individual items on the BOT2-SF except sit-ups. Regression analyses revealed that the between-group and within-group differences in BOT2-SF scores were largely mediated by IQ. CONCLUSION Early deprivation had a negative effect on motor development that was not resolved by placement in foster care. This effect was predominantly mediated by IQ. This study highlights the importance of monitoring for and addressing motor delays in children with a history of institutionalization, particularly those children with low IQ.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- April R Levin
- Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Laboratories of Cognitive Neuroscience, Boston Children's Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA.
| | - Charles H Zeanah
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA
| | - Nathan A Fox
- Department of Human Development and Quantitative Methodology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD
| | - Charles A Nelson
- Laboratories of Cognitive Neuroscience, Boston Children's Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Center on the Developing Child at Harvard University, Cambridge, MA
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Khor AS, Gray KM, Reid SC, Melvin GA. Feasibility and validity of ecological momentary assessment in adolescents with high-functioning autism and Asperger's disorder. J Adolesc 2013; 37:37-46. [PMID: 24331303 DOI: 10.1016/j.adolescence.2013.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2013] [Revised: 09/07/2013] [Accepted: 10/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Ecological Momentary Assessment (EMA) may increase accuracy of data compared with retrospective questionnaires by assessing behaviours as they occur, hence decreasing recall biases and increasing ecological validity. This study examined the feasibility and concurrent validity of an EMA tool for adolescents with High-Functioning Autism Spectrum Disorders (HFASD). Thirty-one adolescents with HFASD completed a mobile phone EMA application that assessed stressors and coping for two weeks. Parents and adolescents also completed retrospective measures of the adolescent's coping/stressors. Moderate compliance with the EMA tool was achieved and some concurrent validity was established with the retrospective measure of coping. Concordance was found between the types of stressors reported by parents and adolescents but not the quantity. The results suggest adolescents with HFASD are capable of reporting on their stressors and coping via EMA. EMA has the potential to be a valuable research tool in this population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Angela S Khor
- Centre for Developmental Psychiatry and Psychology, School of Psychology & Psychiatry, Monash University, Australia.
| | - Kylie M Gray
- Centre for Developmental Psychiatry and Psychology, School of Psychology & Psychiatry, Monash University, Australia.
| | - Sophie C Reid
- Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Flemington Road, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia.
| | - Glenn A Melvin
- Centre for Developmental Psychiatry and Psychology, School of Psychology & Psychiatry, Monash University, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Whitaker AM, Bell TS, Houskamp BM, O'Callaghan ET. A neurodevelopmental approach to understanding memory processes among intellectually gifted youth with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Appl Neuropsychol Child 2013; 4:31-40. [PMID: 24191777 DOI: 10.1080/21622965.2013.790821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Intellectual giftedness is associated with strong strategic verbal memory while attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is associated with strategic verbal memory deficits; however, no previous research has explored how this contradiction manifests in gifted populations with diagnoses of ADHD. The purpose of this study was to explore strategic verbal memory processes among intellectually gifted youth with and without ADHD to provide clarification regarding this specific aspect of neuropsychological functioning within this population. One hundred twenty-five youth completed neuropsychological evaluations including the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Fourth Edition and California Verbal Learning Test-Children's Version (CVLT-C). Results revealed significant differences between groups, with intellectually gifted youth with ADHD achieving lower T scores on CVLT-C Trials 1 through 5 compared with intellectually gifted youth without ADHD, and intellectually gifted youth with ADHD achieving higher T scores than youth of average intellectual abilities with ADHD. Additionally, repeated-measures analysis of variance revealed a main effect improvement among gifted youth with ADHD in short-delay recall when provided with organizational cues. Findings revealed new evidence about the role of twice exceptionality (specifically intellectual giftedness and ADHD) in strategic verbal memory and have important implications for parents, educators, psychologists and neuropsychologists, and other mental health professionals working with this population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ashley M Whitaker
- a California School of Professional Psychology , Alliant International University , Los Angeles , California
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Kaller T, Langguth N, Petermann F, Ganschow R, Nashan B, Schulz KH. Cognitive performance in pediatric liver transplant recipients. Am J Transplant 2013; 13:2956-65. [PMID: 24102763 DOI: 10.1111/ajt.12408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2013] [Revised: 05/16/2013] [Accepted: 05/20/2013] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
To date, the course of cognitive development in children after liver transplantation (Ltx) is poorly understood. Cognitive performance, however, is crucial in all developmental stages and for educational achievement. This cross-sectional single-center study examined the prevalence of long-term cognitive impairment in a cohort of 64 pediatric patients after Ltx. Median age at Ltx was 12 months. The revised Wechsler Intelligence Scale IV was administered to assess cognitive performance. Patients were compared with an age- and gender-matched group of children without a chronic health condition. Liver transplanted children performed significantly worse in three of four cognitive domains as well as in the Total Intelligence Quotient (Total IQ) (p = 0.017 to p = 0.005). Liver transplant recipients showed substantially more "serious delays" (IQ < 70) compared to the reference group (9.4% vs. 4.7%). Children with a genetic-metabolic disease performed worse than the other groups in three of the four WISC Indices and in the Total IQ (p = 0.05 to p = 0.01). The strongest association was revealed between height at Ltx and Verbal Comprehension (R(2) = 0.21), Perceptual Reasoning (R(2) = 0.30), Working Memory (R(2) = 0.23) and Total IQ (R(2) = 0.25). Our results indicate a high impact of primary diagnosis and height percentile at Ltx even on children's long-term cognitive performance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T Kaller
- Department of Medical Psychology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Center of Clinical Psychology and Rehabilitation, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Fowler Å, Forsman L, Eriksson M, Wickström R. Tick-borne encephalitis carries a high risk of incomplete recovery in children. J Pediatr 2013; 163:555-60. [PMID: 23452585 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2013.01.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2012] [Revised: 12/07/2012] [Accepted: 01/17/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine long-term outcome after tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) in children. STUDY DESIGN In this population-based cohort, 55 children with TBE with central nervous system involvement infected during 2004-2008 were evaluated 2-7 years later using the Rivermead post-concussion symptoms questionnaire (n = 42) and the Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Functioning for parents and teachers (n = 32, n = 22, respectively). General cognitive ability was investigated in a subgroup (n = 20) using the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children, 4th edition. RESULTS At long-term follow-up, two-thirds of the children experienced residual problems, the main complaints being cognitive problems, headache, fatigue, and irritability. More than one-third of the children were reported by parents or teachers to have problems with executive functioning on the Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Functioning, mainly in areas involving initiating and organizing activities and working memory. Children who underwent Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children, 4th edition testing had a significantly lower working memory index compared with reference norms. CONCLUSION A large proportion of children experience an incomplete recovery after TBE with central nervous system involvement. Cognitive problems in areas of executive function and working memory are the most prevalent. Even if mortality and severe sequelae are low in children after TBE, all children should be followed after TBE to detect cognitive deficits.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Åsa Fowler
- Neuropediatric Unit, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Camfferman D, Kennedy JD, Gold M, Simpson C, Lushington K. Sleep and neurocognitive functioning in children with eczema. Int J Psychophysiol 2013; 89:265-72. [PMID: 23353660 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2013.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2012] [Revised: 01/09/2013] [Accepted: 01/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Sleep disruption in childhood is associated with clearly defined deficits in neurocognition and behaviour. Childhood eczema is also a potent cause of sleep disruption though it is unknown whether it too results in neurocognitive deficits. To test this hypothesis, neurocognitive (WISC-IV), parental-reported sleep quality (Sleep Disturbance Scale of Children (SDSC)) and overnight polysomnographic (PSG) data were collected in 21 children with eczema and 20 healthy controls (age range 6-16 years). Children with eczema had worse sleep quality on both PSG (notably increased nocturnal wakefulness, a higher number of stage shifts and a longer latency to REM onset) and parental report. In addition, they demonstrated significant neurocognitive deficits (especially verbal comprehension, perceptual reasoning and to a lesser extent working memory) with a composite Full Scale IQ 16 points lower than controls. Parental reported sleep problems but not PSG parameters were correlated with reduced neurocognitive performance. However, hierarchical regression analyses revealed that eczema status was predictive while sleep fragmentation (parental or PSG) was not predictive of neurocognitive performance. As this is the first study to systematically examine neurocognitive functioning in children with eczema and given the finding of significant deficits it merits replication especially given the prevalence of the condition. The unanswered question is whether these cognitive deficits normalise with effective eczema treatment and if this is mediated by improvements in sleep architecture.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Danny Camfferman
- Discipline of Paediatrics, School of Reproductive Health and Paediatrics, University of Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|