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Lee MW, Yang NJ, Mok HK, Yang RC, Chiu YH, Lin LC. Music and movement therapy improves quality of life and attention and associated electroencephalogram changes in patients with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Pediatr Neonatol 2024:S1875-9572(24)00048-2. [PMID: 38641441 DOI: 10.1016/j.pedneo.2023.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Revised: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 04/21/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is the most common neurobehavioral disorder. Treatments for ADHD include pharmacological and nonpharmacological therapy. However, pharmacological treatments have side effects such as poor appetite, sleep disturbance, and headache. Moreover, nonpharmacological treatments are not effective in ameliorating core symptoms and are time-consuming. Hence, developing an alternative and effective treatment without (or with fewer) side effects is crucial. Music therapy has long been used to treat numerous neurological diseases. Although listening to music is beneficial for mood and cognitive functions in patients with ADHD, research on the effects of music and movement therapy in children with ADHD is lacking. METHODS The present study investigated the effects of an 8-week music and movement intervention in 13 children with ADHD. The Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory (PedsQL) was used to evaluate changes in participants' quality of life. Conners' Kiddie Continuous Performance Test (K-CPT 2) and the Swanson, Nolan, and Pelham rating scale (SNAP-IV) were used to assess core symptoms. Electroencephalogram (EEG) recordings were analyzed to determine neurophysiological changes. RESULTS The results revealed that the participants' quality of life increased significantly after the 8-week intervention. Furthermore, the participants' hit reaction times in the block 1 and block 2 tests of K-CPT 2 decreased significantly after the intervention. EEG analysis demonstrated an increase in alpha power and Higuchi's fractal dimension and a decrease in delta power in certain EEG channels. CONCLUSION Our music and movement intervention is a potential alternative and effective tool for ADHD treatment and it can significantly improve patients' quality of life and attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei-Wen Lee
- Department of Music, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
| | - Ni-Jung Yang
- Center for Humanities and Arts Education, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
| | - Hin-Kiu Mok
- Department of Oceanography, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
| | - Rei-Cheng Yang
- Department of Pediatrics, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan; Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Hung Chiu
- Department of Information Engineering, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
| | - Lung-Chang Lin
- Department of Pediatrics, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan; Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan.
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Varela JL, Magnante AT, Miskey HM, Ord AS, Eldridge A, Shura RD. A systematic review of the utility of continuous performance tests among adults with ADHD. Clin Neuropsychol 2024:1-62. [PMID: 38424025 DOI: 10.1080/13854046.2024.2315740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The clinical utility of continuous performance tests (CPTs) among adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) has increasingly been brought under question. Therefore, the objective of this study was to systematically review the literature to investigate the clinical utility of various commercially available CPTs, including the Conner's Continuous Performance Test (CCPT), Test of Variables of Attention (TOVA), Gordon Diagnostic System (GDS), and Integrated Visual and Auditory Continuous Performance Test (IVA) in the adult ADHD population. METHODS This systematic review followed the a priori PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) guidelines. Articles were gathered from PsycINFO, PsycARTICLES, Academic Search Complete, and Google Scholar on 11 April 2022. Sixty-nine articles were included in the final review. Risk of bias was assessed using the National Institute of Health Quality Assessment Took for Observational Cohort and Cross-Sectional Studies. RESULTS Most articles demonstrated high risk of bias, and there was substantial heterogeneity across studies. Overall, the reviewed CPTs appeared to have limited diagnostic utility and classification accuracy. Although many studies showed differing scores between adults with ADHD and comparison groups, findings were not consistent. Characteristics of CPT performances among adults with ADHD were mixed, with little consistency and no evidence of a clear profile of performances; however, CCPT commission errors appeared to have the most utility when used a treatment or experimental outcome measure, compared to other CCPT scores. CONCLUSION Overall, CPTs should not be used in isolation as a diagnostic test but may be beneficial when used as a component of a comprehensive assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob L Varela
- College of Health and Behavioral Sciences, Regent University, Virginia Beach, VA, USA
| | - Anna T Magnante
- W. G. (Bill) Hefner VA Healthcare System, Salisbury, NC, USA
- Education, and Clinical Center, VA Mid-Atlantic Mental Illness Research, Durham, NC, USA
- Department of Neurology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Holly M Miskey
- W. G. (Bill) Hefner VA Healthcare System, Salisbury, NC, USA
- Education, and Clinical Center, VA Mid-Atlantic Mental Illness Research, Durham, NC, USA
- Department of Neurology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Anna S Ord
- College of Health and Behavioral Sciences, Regent University, Virginia Beach, VA, USA
| | - Adrienne Eldridge
- College of Health and Behavioral Sciences, Regent University, Virginia Beach, VA, USA
| | - Robert D Shura
- W. G. (Bill) Hefner VA Healthcare System, Salisbury, NC, USA
- Education, and Clinical Center, VA Mid-Atlantic Mental Illness Research, Durham, NC, USA
- Department of Neurology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
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Johnsen KH, Kvitland LR, Sollie H, Reiestad M, Jonsbu E, Hagen K, Weidle B. Is the Conners' continuous performance test helpful for assessing attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in a clinical setting? Nord J Psychiatry 2024; 78:120-127. [PMID: 37971369 DOI: 10.1080/08039488.2023.2279640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite lacking validation for Norwegian populations, the Conners Continuous Performance Test II (CCPT-II) is applied to almost one-third of children receiving an ADHD diagnosis. However, evidence of the CCPT-II's ability to differentiate between children with and without ADHD is contradictory. Thus, this study examines how CCPT-II results correlate with ADHD symptoms reported by mothers and teachers in a sample representing ordinary child and adolescent mental health services and explores the extent to which the CCPT-II influences the diagnostic result. METHODS Correlations between CCPT-II results and ADHD Rating Scale scores and a clinical diagnosis of ADHD were analysed in children aged 6-15 years (N = 69) referred to a child and adolescent psychiatric outpatient clinic. RESULTS Total ADHD symptom scores rated by mothers correlated with hit reaction time (HRT) block change (.260), HRT inter-stimulus interval (ISI) change (.264) and CCPT-II overall index (.263), while hyperactivity subscale scores correlated with omissions (.285), HRT (.414) and variability (.400). In teachers' ratings, total ADHD and both subscale scores correlated with commissions (.280-.382), while hyperactivity scores correlated with variability (.265). A higher number of commissions was the only significant difference in CCPT-II performance between children diagnosed with and children without ADHD. CONCLUSIONS Correlations between CCPT-II results and ADHD symptoms were all small to moderate. As such, CCPT-II results should be interpreted with caution, because they correspond to a limited degree with other sources of information.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Levi Rostad Kvitland
- Regional Centre for Child and Youth Mental Health, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, St. Olav's University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Henrik Sollie
- Department of Mental Health, Kristiansund Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Magnus Reiestad
- Møre and Romsdal Hospital Trust, Department of Neurology, Molde Hospital, Norway
| | - Egil Jonsbu
- Department Medicine and Health Science, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
- Department of Mental Health, Møre og Romsdal Hospital Trust, Molde Hospital, Norway
| | - Kristen Hagen
- Department Medicine and Health Science, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
- Department of Mental Health, Møre og Romsdal Hospital Trust, Molde Hospital, Norway
- Bergen Centre for Brain Plasticity, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Bernhard Weidle
- Regional Centre for Child and Youth Mental Health, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, St. Olav's University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
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Terranova Ap C, Pozzebon F, Cinquetti A, Perilli M, Palumbi S, Favretto Ap D, Viel Ap G, Aprile Ap A. Driving impairment due to psychoactive substances and attention deficit disorder: A pilot study. Heliyon 2024; 10:e24083. [PMID: 38293447 PMCID: PMC10825441 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e24083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 02/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Objective Attention disorder and substance use disorder are linked to driving impairment and increased road crash involvement. This study explores attention deficits in a population of drivers found driving under the influence (DUI) of psychoactive substances. Methods A case-control study was conducted comparing subjects with a previous DUI episode (cases) to subjects who were negative for DUI offenses (controls). Personal, socio-demographic, and DUI data were collected for both groups. All subjects were administered the Continuous Performance Test-third edition (CPT-3), which measures dimensions of attention, including inattentiveness, impulsivity, sustained attention, and vigilance. Possible associations with a previous DUI episode, the use of illicit substances or excessive alcohol use, and road crash involvement were analyzed statistically. Results Overall, the study included 147 subjects (100 cases, 47 controls). The parameter distributions of detectability, probability of ADHD, and inattentiveness indicated statistical differences between the two groups. No attention deficits predicted substance use disorder or excessive alcohol consumption. Inattentiveness was an independent risk factor for previous road collision involvement. Conclusions The results suggest that alterations exist in some attention dimensions in a population of DUI subjects who were users of alcohol or other psychoactive substances and involved in road traffic crashes. The CPT-3 had successfully distinguished between the two study groups, and after validation, it could be useful in the process of reinstating a driver's license. Future research should expand the study sample to better understand the relevance of the proposed methodological approach in terms of prevention, rehabilitation, and the monitoring of subjects evaluated for driving eligibility requirements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Terranova Ap
- Legal Medicine and Toxicology, Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Vascular Sciences and Public Health, University of Padova, Via G. Falloppio n.50, Padova, 35121, Italy
| | - Francesco Pozzebon
- Legal Medicine and Toxicology, Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Vascular Sciences and Public Health, University of Padova, Via G. Falloppio n.50, Padova, 35121, Italy
| | - Alessandro Cinquetti
- Legal Medicine and Toxicology, Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Vascular Sciences and Public Health, University of Padova, Via G. Falloppio n.50, Padova, 35121, Italy
| | - Matteo Perilli
- Legal Medicine and Toxicology, Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Vascular Sciences and Public Health, University of Padova, Via G. Falloppio n.50, Padova, 35121, Italy
| | - Stefano Palumbi
- Legal Medicine and Toxicology, Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Vascular Sciences and Public Health, University of Padova, Via G. Falloppio n.50, Padova, 35121, Italy
| | - Donata Favretto Ap
- Legal Medicine and Toxicology, Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Vascular Sciences and Public Health, University of Padova, Via G. Falloppio n.50, Padova, 35121, Italy
| | - Guido Viel Ap
- Legal Medicine and Toxicology, Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Vascular Sciences and Public Health, University of Padova, Via G. Falloppio n.50, Padova, 35121, Italy
| | - Anna Aprile Ap
- Legal Medicine and Toxicology, Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Vascular Sciences and Public Health, University of Padova, Via G. Falloppio n.50, Padova, 35121, Italy
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Spark DL, Ma S, Nowell CJ, Langmead CJ, Stewart GD, Nithianantharajah J. Sex-Dependent Attentional Impairments in a Subchronic Ketamine Mouse Model for Schizophrenia. Biol Psychiatry Glob Open Sci 2024; 4:229-239. [PMID: 38298794 PMCID: PMC10829638 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpsgos.2023.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Revised: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Background The development of more effective treatments for schizophrenia targeting cognitive and negative symptoms has been limited, partly due to a disconnect between rodent models and human illness. Ketamine administration is widely used to model symptoms of schizophrenia in both humans and rodents. In mice, subchronic ketamine treatment reproduces key dopamine and glutamate dysfunction; however, it is unclear how this translates into behavioral changes reflecting positive, negative, and cognitive symptoms. Methods In male and female mice treated with either subchronic ketamine or saline, we assessed spontaneous and amphetamine-induced locomotor activity to measure behaviors relevant to positive symptoms, and used a touchscreen-based progressive ratio task of motivation and the rodent continuous performance test of attention to capture specific negative and cognitive symptoms, respectively. To explore neuronal changes underlying the behavioral effects of subchronic ketamine treatment, we quantified expression of the immediate early gene product, c-Fos, in key corticostriatal regions using immunofluorescence. Results We showed that spontaneous locomotor activity was unchanged in male and female subchronic ketamine-treated animals, and amphetamine-induced locomotor response was reduced. Subchronic ketamine treatment did not alter motivation in either male or female mice. In contrast, we identified a sex-specific effect of subchronic ketamine on attentional processing wherein female mice performed worse than control mice due to increased nonselective responding. Finally, we showed that subchronic ketamine treatment increased c-Fos expression in prefrontal cortical and striatal regions, consistent with a mechanism of widespread disinhibition of neuronal activity. Conclusions Our results highlight that the subchronic ketamine mouse model reproduces a subset of behavioral symptoms that are relevant for schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisy L. Spark
- Drug Discovery Biology Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Neuroscience & Mental Health Therapeutic Program Area, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Neuromedicines Discovery Centre, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sherie Ma
- Drug Discovery Biology Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Cameron J. Nowell
- Drug Discovery Biology Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Christopher J. Langmead
- Drug Discovery Biology Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Neuroscience & Mental Health Therapeutic Program Area, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Neuromedicines Discovery Centre, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Gregory D. Stewart
- Drug Discovery Biology Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Neuroscience & Mental Health Therapeutic Program Area, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Neuromedicines Discovery Centre, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jess Nithianantharajah
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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Rahbarnia A, Li Z, Fletcher PJ. Effects of psilocybin, the 5-HT 2A receptor agonist TCB-2, and the 5-HT 2A receptor antagonist M100907 on visual attention in male mice in the continuous performance test. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2023:10.1007/s00213-023-06474-9. [PMID: 37855864 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-023-06474-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Neuropsychiatric disorders such as depression are characterized in part by attention deficits. Attention is modulated by the serotonin (5-HT) neurotransmitter system. The 5-HT2A agonist and hallucinogen psilocybin (PSI) is a promising treatment for disorders characterized by attention changes. However, few studies have investigated PSI's direct effect on attention. OBJECTIVE Using the rodent continuous performance task (CPT), we assessed PSI's effect on attention. We also evaluated the impact of 5-HT2A receptor agonist TCB-2 and antagonist M100907 for comparative purposes. METHODS In the CPT, mice learned to distinguish visual targets from non-targets for milkshake reward. Performance was then tested following injections of PSI (0.3, 1, and 3 mg/kg), TCB-2 (0.3, 1, and 3 mg/kg), or M100907 (0.1, 0.3, and 1 mg/kg). Subsequently, drug effects were then evaluated using a more difficult CPT with variable stimulus durations. Mice were then tested on the CPT following repeated PSI injections. Drug effects on locomotor activity were also measured. RESULTS In the CPT, all three drugs reduced hit and false alarm rate and induced conservative responding. PSI also reduced target discrimination. These effects were seen primarily at doses that also significantly reduced locomotor activity. No drug effects were seen on the more difficult CPT or following repeated PSI injections. CONCLUSIONS Psilocybin, TCB-2, and M100907 impaired performance of the CPT. However, this may be in part due to drug-induced locomotor changes. The results provide little support for the idea that psilocybin alters visual attention, or that 5-HT2A receptors modulate this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arya Rahbarnia
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada.
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
| | - Zhaoxia Li
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Paul J Fletcher
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Jang MS, Chung SK, Yang JC, Park JI, Kwon JH, Park TW. Association of the Comprehensive Attention Test and the Korean Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Fourth Edition in Children and Adolescents With Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder. Soa Chongsonyon Chongsin Uihak 2023; 34:181-187. [PMID: 37426831 PMCID: PMC10326354 DOI: 10.5765/jkacap.230025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2023] [Revised: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives This study aimed to investigate the correlation between the Comprehensive Attention Test, Korean-Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Fourth Edition, and Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) Rating Scale-IV scores in children and adolescents with ADHD. Methods Fifty-five children and adolescents diagnosed with ADHD and not taking psychiatric medications were included in this retrospective study. A correlation analysis was performed. Results Although simple visual and auditory selective attention have diagnostic value in traditional continuous performance tests, this study revealed that inhibition-sustained attention and interference-selective attention are also effective in evaluating ADHD. Furthermore, the correlation between the attention and intelligence test scores varied depending on the use of visual or auditory stimuli. Conclusion The findings of this study contribute to clarifying our understanding of the cognitive characteristics of children and adolescents with ADHD and can be used in future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Su Jang
- Department of Psychiatry, Jeonbuk National University Hospital, Jeonju, Korea
| | - Sang-Keun Chung
- Department of Psychiatry, Jeonbuk National University Hospital, Jeonju, Korea
- Department of Psychiatry, Jeonbuk National University College of Medicine, Jeonju, Korea
| | - Jong-Chul Yang
- Department of Psychiatry, Jeonbuk National University Hospital, Jeonju, Korea
- Department of Psychiatry, Jeonbuk National University College of Medicine, Jeonju, Korea
| | - Jong-Il Park
- Department of Psychiatry, Jeonbuk National University Hospital, Jeonju, Korea
- Department of Psychiatry, Jeonbuk National University College of Medicine, Jeonju, Korea
| | - Joo-Han Kwon
- Department of Psychiatry, Jeonbuk National University Hospital, Jeonju, Korea
| | - Tae-Won Park
- Department of Psychiatry, Jeonbuk National University Hospital, Jeonju, Korea
- Department of Psychiatry, Jeonbuk National University College of Medicine, Jeonju, Korea
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Kutash LA, Moschonas EH, O'Neil DA, Craine TJ, Iouchmanov AL, Sunleaf CR, Nicholas MA, Grobengieser KO, Patel AK, Toader M, Ranellone TS, Rennerfeldt PL, Cheng JP, Race NS, Kline AE, Bondi CO. Sustained attention performance deficits in the three-choice serial reaction time task in male and female rats after experimental brain trauma. Brain Res 2023; 1808:148336. [PMID: 36948353 PMCID: PMC11037439 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2023.148336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Revised: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/24/2023]
Abstract
Impaired attention is central to the cognitive deficits associated with long-term sequelae for many traumatic brain injury (TBI) survivors. Assessing complex sustained attention post-TBI is clinically-relevant and may provide reliable avenues towards developing therapeutic and rehabilitation targets in both males and females. We hypothesized that rats subjected to a moderate TBI will exhibit attentional deficits seen as reduced accuracy and increased distractibility in an operant 3-choice serial reaction time task (3-CSRT), designed as an analogue of the clinical continuous performance test. Upon reaching baseline of 70% accuracy at the 300 ms cue, adult male and female Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to a controlled cortical impact (2.8 mm deformation at 4 m/s) or sham injury over the right parietal cortex. After two weeks of recovery, they were retested on the 3-CSRT for ten days. Dependent measures include percent accuracy (overall and for each of the three cue ports), percent omissions, as well as latency to instrumental poke and retrieve reward. Results demonstrate that both males and females displayed reduced percent accuracy and increased omissions when re-tested post-TBI on 3-CSRT compared to Sham rats and to their own pre-insult baseline (p's < 0.05). Performance accuracy was impaired consistently throughout the ten days of post-surgery re-testing, suggesting pronounced and long-lasting dysfunction in sustained attention processes. Deficits were specifically more pronounced when the cue was pseudorandomly presented in the left-side cue port (p < 0.05), mirroring clinical hemispatial neglect. These data demonstrate significant and persistent complex attention impairments in both sexes after TBI, rendering identifying efficient therapies for cognitive recovery as pivotal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay A Kutash
- Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Eleni H Moschonas
- Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Center for Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Darik A O'Neil
- Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Timothy J Craine
- Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, UK
| | - Anna L Iouchmanov
- Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Carlson R Sunleaf
- Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Melissa A Nicholas
- Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Katherine O Grobengieser
- Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Aarti K Patel
- Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Mihaela Toader
- Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Tyler S Ranellone
- Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Piper L Rennerfeldt
- Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Jeffrey P Cheng
- Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Nicholas S Race
- Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Association of Academic Physiatrists Rehabilitation Medicine Scientist Training Program, Owings Mills, MD, USA
| | - Anthony E Kline
- Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Center for Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Corina O Bondi
- Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Center for Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Neurobiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
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Devrim-Üçok M, Keskin-Ergen HY, Üçok A. Visual P3 abnormalities in patients with first-episode schizophrenia, unaffected siblings of schizophrenia patients and individuals at ultra-high risk for psychosis. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2023; 122:110678. [PMID: 36427549 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2022.110678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Revised: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Cued version of the continuous performance test (AX-CPT) assesses sustained attention, working memory and cognitive control processes, which have been reported as impaired in schizophrenia. This study investigated visual P3 event-related potential elicited during cued CPT in patients with schizophrenia and in individuals who were at clinical or genetic high risk for psychosis to determine whether any abnormality may provide a marker of vulnerability for psychosis. Visual P3 elicited during cued CPT have not been reported in individuals at high risk for psychosis. Visual Go and NoGo P3 potentials were assessed in 34 antipsychotic-naive patients with first-episode schizophrenia (FES), 25 clinically unaffected siblings of these patients (familial high-risk for psychosis, FHR), 49 antipsychotic-naive individuals at ultra-high risk for psychosis (UHR) and 37 healthy control (HC) participants. FES patients had overall smaller P3 amplitudes than all other groups. P3 amplitude of the UHR participants was in-between the HC participants and FES patients. The anteroposterior P3 topography differed between the groups, with FES patients and FHR participants showing a more frontally distributed P3 compared with the HC participants. These findings suggest that the reduction in visual P3 amplitude may provide a vulnerability marker for psychosis in individuals who are at clinical high risk for psychosis and that a more frontally distributed visual P3 may be a marker of genetic liability for psychosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Müge Devrim-Üçok
- Department of Physiology, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - H Yasemin Keskin-Ergen
- Department of Physiology, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Alp Üçok
- Department of Psychiatry, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
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Kurokami T, Kobayashi H, Nakajima M, Mikami M, Koeda T. Establishment of an objective index for the diagnosis of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder by the continuous performance test "MOGRAZ". Brain Dev 2022; 44:664-671. [PMID: 35879141 DOI: 10.1016/j.braindev.2022.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Revised: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The diagnosis of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (AD/HD) in Japan is mainly based on information obtained from caregivers. There is therefore a need to establish an objectivity index that can be easily used in clinical practice. The purpose of the study was to create a predictive model for the diagnosis of AD/HD using the MOGRAZ, a visual continuous performance test developed in Japan. METHODS We collected data from an AD/HD group and a non-AD/HD group. The AD/HD group included 75 children with predominantly inattentive type AD/HD and 48 with combined type AD/HD who were aged 6 to 12 years and diagnosed at our department. The non-AD/HD group included 153 Japanese children aged 6 to 11 years enrolled in regular classes at a public elementary school. In both groups, multiple logistic regression analysis was performed using the results of MOGRAZ, age, and sex as parameters, and algorithms for a predictive diagnostic model of AD/HD were created. RESULTS The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC-AUC) between the predominantly inattentive type AD/HD subgroup and non-AD/HD group was 0.884 (95% confidence interval: 0.837-0.932), and the ROC-AUC between the combined type AD/HD subgroup and non-AD/HD group was 0.914 (95% CI: 0.869-0.959). CONCLUSION The prediction model using the MOGRAZ score allowed us to create an objectivity index to determine the diagnosis of AD/HD that can be easily used in clinical practice. We plan additional verification of this prediction model with additional participants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsunehiko Kurokami
- Department of Psychosocial Medicine, National Center for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Pediatrics and Developmental Biology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan.
| | | | - Moe Nakajima
- Department of Psychosocial Medicine, National Center for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masashi Mikami
- Biostatistics Unit, National Center for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Koeda
- Department of Psychosocial Medicine, National Center for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
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Lee S, Jung D. How does malingered PTSD affects continuous performance task performance? Appl Neuropsychol Adult 2022:1-9. [PMID: 36027606 DOI: 10.1080/23279095.2022.2115370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to determine how malingered PTSD behavior affects the performance of a continuous performance task (CPT). An analog trauma group, two malingering groups (with or without educational intervention), and a control group were organized according to simulation design. During the CPT, the numbers of errors and response time indicators along with post-error slowing (PES) and recovery (PER) process were measured. Results are as follows: First, the analog trauma group showed deficits of response inhibition and a higher level of PES compared to the control group. Second, malingered PTSD caused a significant number of errors, inconsistent performance, and no PES. Third, there was a significantly more impaired and inconsistent performance in the low level of knowledge of disability. Finally, a discriminant accuracy of more than 90% appeared in the discriminant analysis of all group comparison conditions. Taken together, the results of this study show that post-error behavior indicators are affected by malingered PTSD, and differences according to the degree of knowledge of PTSD can also be confirmed. These results are expected to be used as basic data for the development of tasks for the detection of malingerers in clinical scenes in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangil Lee
- Graduate School of Artificial Intelligence, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology,Ulsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Dooyoung Jung
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan, Republic of Korea
- Healthcare Center, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan, Republic of Korea
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Cedergren K, Östlund S, Åsberg Johnels J, Billstedt E, Johnson M. Monitoring medication response in ADHD: what can continuous performance tests tell us? Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2022; 272:291-299. [PMID: 34420075 PMCID: PMC8866368 DOI: 10.1007/s00406-021-01319-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Documenting effectiveness of ADHD medication is essential throughout the course of treatment. A rating scale and a continuous performance test (CPT) with motion tracking were used to study the effect of ADHD medication including compliance during one year. Children (N = 78, age 6-18 years) with ADHD were tested with the QbTest at baseline, visit 1 (1 month after baseline) and visit 5 (12 months after baseline). The ADHD-Rating scale was rated by investigator interview at the same visits. QbTest results and ADHD-RS ratings showed reductions in symptoms on all cardinal parameters of the QbTest and on all ADHD-RS subscales between baseline and 1 month and between baseline and 12 months. There was a weak but significant correlation between the total change scores on the two measures from baseline to 1 month. Eighteen participants dropped out of the study before visit 5; at baseline, these children showed significantly lower results on the inattention parameter of the QbTest, with faster reaction time and lower variation in reaction time, suggesting they suffered less problems with inattention. Both the QbTest and the ADHD-RS showed robust ADHD symptom improvements indicative of medication effect, and the QbTest results might also predict non-compliance of medication. Further research is warranted to increase knowledge about reliable monitoring of long-term medication and compliance.
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Affiliation(s)
- K. Cedergren
- Gillberg Neuropsychiatry Centre, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Kungsgatan 12A, 411 19 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - S. Östlund
- Gillberg Neuropsychiatry Centre, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Kungsgatan 12A, 411 19 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - J. Åsberg Johnels
- Gillberg Neuropsychiatry Centre, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Kungsgatan 12A, 411 19 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - E. Billstedt
- Gillberg Neuropsychiatry Centre, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Kungsgatan 12A, 411 19 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - M. Johnson
- Gillberg Neuropsychiatry Centre, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Kungsgatan 12A, 411 19 Gothenburg, Sweden
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ZAHED G, ROOZBAKHSH M, DAVARI ASHTIANI R, RAZJOUYAN K. The Effect of Long-Acting Methylphenidate and Modafinil on Attention and Impulsivity of Children with ADHD using a Continuous Performance Test: A Comparative Study. Iran J Child Neurol 2022; 16:67-77. [PMID: 36204437 PMCID: PMC9531208 DOI: 10.22037/ijcn.v16i2.32541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 01/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Given the importance of having a continuous performance for the academic and social life of children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), in this study, a Continuous Performance Test (CPT) was used to compare the effect of long-acting methylphenidate and modafinil on attention and impulsivity of these children. MATERIALS & METHODS A randomized clinical trial was conducted on 50 children with ADHD aged 6 to 12 years in the child and adolescent psychiatric departments of Imam Hossein and Mofid hospitals, Tehran, Iran. The children were selected by availability sampling and randomly assigned into two equal groups (n=25 in each). While the first group was treated with long-acting methylphenidate, the second was treated with modafinil for 14 days. The CPT was carried out before and after the treatment. The obtained data were analyzed by F and t tests. RESULTS Long-acting methylphenidate and modafinil were both effective in improving attention and impulsivity in children with ADHD. There was no significant difference between the two drugs in terms of effectiveness on attention and impulsivity. CONCLUSION The findings of this study showed that long-acting methylphenidate and modafinil are equally effective in improving attention and impulsivity in children with ADHD aged 6 to 12 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghazal ZAHED
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maliheh ROOZBAKHSH
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Fellow, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Rozita DAVARI ASHTIANI
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Katayoun RAZJOUYAN
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Fellow, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Park KJ, Kim MJ, Yum MS, Ko TS, Kim HW. Clinical and neuropsychological characteristics of children with epilepsy and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Seizure 2021; 91:325-331. [PMID: 34274892 DOI: 10.1016/j.seizure.2021.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Revised: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study aimed to explore the clinical and neuropsychological characteristics-cognition, behavior, parenting-related stress, and sleep-of children with epilepsy, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), or both. METHODS We retrospectively reviewed the electronic medical records of 33 children with epilepsy and ADHD, 113 with epilepsy alone, and 294 with ADHD alone. The children were required to complete the Advanced Test of Attention (ATA), and their parents completed the ADHD Rating Scale (ARS), Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL), Children's Sleep Habits Questionnaire (CSHQ), Disruptive Behavior Disorder (DBD) Scale (DBD), Social Responsiveness Scale (SRS), and Parenting Stress Index-Short Form (PSI-SF). RESULTS Auditory Commission Errors made during the ATA were higher in children with epilepsy and ADHD than in those with epilepsy alone. On the SRS, all the subscales except Social Awareness were significantly higher in children with epilepsy and ADHD or ADHD alone than in those with epilepsy alone. The Oppositional Defiant and Conduct Disorder subscales on DBD, Attention Problems, and Aggressive Behaviors on CBCL were significantly higher in children with both epilepsy and ADHD than in those with epilepsy alone. The Parent-Child Dysfunctional Interaction subscales on the PSI-SF were significantly greater in children with both epilepsy and ADHD than in those with epilepsy alone. The subscales on the CSHQ did not significantly differ between children with both epilepsy and ADHD and those with epilepsy alone. CONCLUSIONS In children with epilepsy, comorbid ADHD was associated with negative effects on response inhibition, aggressive behavior, and parenting-related stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kee Jeong Park
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Jee Kim
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi-Sun Yum
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Sung Ko
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyo-Won Kim
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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Pocuca N, Young JW, MacQueen DA, Letendre S, Heaton RK, Geyer MA, Perry W, Grant I, Minassian A. Sustained attention and vigilance deficits associated with HIV and a history of methamphetamine dependence. Drug Alcohol Depend 2020; 215:108245. [PMID: 32871507 PMCID: PMC7811354 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2020.108245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2020] [Revised: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 08/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-associated neurocognitive disorders persist in the era of antiretroviral therapy. One factor that is elevated among persons with HIV (PWH) and independently associated with neurocognitive impairment is methamphetamine dependence (METH). Such dependence may further increase cognitive impairment among PWH, by delaying HIV diagnosis (and thus, antiretroviral therapy initiation), which has been posited to account for persistent cognitive impairment among PWH, despite subsequent treatment-related viral load suppression (VLS; <50 copies of the virus per milliliter in plasma or cerebrospinal fluid). This study examined the main and interactive (additive versus synergistic) effects of HIV and history of METH on the sustained attention and vigilance cognitive domain, while controlling for VLS. METHODS Participants included 205 (median age = 44 years; 77% males; HIV-/METH- n = 67; HIV+/METH - n = 49; HIV-/METH+ n = 36; HIV+/METH+ n = 53) individuals enrolled in the Translational Methamphetamine AIDS Research Center, who completed Conners' and the 5-Choice continuous performance tests (CPTs). RESULTS METH participants exhibited deficits in sustained attention and vigilance; however, these effects were not significant after excluding participants who had a positive urine toxicology screen for methamphetamine. Controlling for VLS, PWH did not have worse sustained attention and vigilance, but consistently displayed slower reaction times across blocks, relative to HIV- participants. There was no HIV x METH interaction on sustained attention and vigilance. CONCLUSIONS Recent methamphetamine use among METH people and detectable viral loads are detrimental to sustained attention and vigilance. These findings highlight the need for prompt diagnosis of HIV and initiation of antiretroviral therapy, and METH use interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Pocuca
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive MC 0804, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0804, United States.
| | - Jared W Young
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive MC 0804, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0804, United States; Desert-Pacific Mental Illness Research Education and Clinical Center, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - David A MacQueen
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive MC 0804, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0804, United States; Desert-Pacific Mental Illness Research Education and Clinical Center, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Scott Letendre
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive MC 0804, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0804, United States
| | - Robert K Heaton
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive MC 0804, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0804, United States
| | - Mark A Geyer
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive MC 0804, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0804, United States; Desert-Pacific Mental Illness Research Education and Clinical Center, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - William Perry
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive MC 0804, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0804, United States
| | - Igor Grant
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive MC 0804, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0804, United States
| | - Arpi Minassian
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive MC 0804, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0804, United States; VA Center of Excellence for Stress and Mental Health, Veterans Administration San Diego HealthCare System, 3350 La Jolla Village Drive, San Diego, CA, 92161, United States
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Kim Y, Koh MK, Park KJ, Lee HJ, Yu GE, Kim HW. WISC-IV Intellectual Profiles in Korean Children and Adolescents with Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder. Psychiatry Investig 2020; 17:444-451. [PMID: 32321204 PMCID: PMC7265020 DOI: 10.30773/pi.2019.0312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to compare the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children, Fourth Edition (WISC-IV) profiles of children with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and typically-developing children (TC) in Korea. METHODS The Korean version of the WISC-IV and the Advanced Test of Attention (ATA) were administered to 377 children and adolescents: 224 with ADHD (age 8.2±2.1 years, 182 boys) and 153 TC (age 8.7±2.4 years, 68 boys). Partial correlation and an analysis of covariance were used to investigate the relationship between the scores of the WISC-IV and the ATA. RESULTS The mean score of the full-scale intelligence quotient was lower in ADHD children than in TC (p<0.001). In analyses controlling for gender and with the full-scale intelligence quotient as a covariate, the working memory index (WMI) (p<0.001) and values of the Digit span subtest (p=0.001) of the WISC-IV were lower in the ADHD group than in TC. The WMI (r=-0.26, p<0.001) and its subtest Arithmetic scores (r=-0.25, p<0.001) were negatively correlated with Commission errors on the auditory ATA. CONCLUSION Children with ADHD have significantly lower WMI scores, which were clinically correlated with Commission errors on the auditory task of the ATA. Thus, the WMI is an indicator of attention deficit in children with ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangsik Kim
- Department of Psychiatry, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Kyung Koh
- Department of Psychiatry, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kee Jeong Park
- Department of Psychiatry, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Jeong Lee
- Department of Psychiatry, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Go Eun Yu
- Department of Psychiatry, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyo-Won Kim
- Department of Psychiatry, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Slobodin O, Blankers M, Kapitány-Fövény M, Kaye S, Berger I, Johnson B, Demetrovics Z, van den Brink W, van de Glind G. Differential Diagnosis in Patients with Substance Use Disorder and/or Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Using Continuous Performance Test. Eur Addict Res 2020; 26:151-162. [PMID: 32074617 DOI: 10.1159/000506334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although substance use disorders (SUD) and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) show significant symptomatic overlap, ADHD is often overlooked in SUD patients. OBJECTIVE The aim of the present study was to characterize aspects of attention and inhibition (as assessed by a continuous performance test [CPT]) in SUD patients with and without a comorbid diagnosis of ADHD and in healthy controls, expecting the most severe deficits in patients with a combined diagnosis. METHODS The MOXO-CPT version, which incorporates visual and auditory environmental distractors, was administered to 486 adults, including healthy controls (n = 172), ADHD (n = 56), SUD (n = 150), and combined SUD and ADHD (n = 108). RESULTS CPT performance of healthy controls was better than that of individuals in each of the 3 clinical groups. The only exception was that the healthy control group did not differ from the ADHD group on the Timing index. The 3 clinical groups differed from each other in 2 indices: (a) patients with ADHD (with or without SUD) showed increased hyperactivity compared to patients with SUD only and (b) patients with ADHD showed more responses on correct timing as compared with the SUD groups (with or without ADHD). CONCLUSION The CPT is sensitive to ADHD-related deficits, such as disinhibition, poor timing, and inattention, and is able to consistently differentiate healthy controls from patients with ADHD, SUD, or both. Our results are in line with previous research associating both ADHD and SUD with multiple disruptions across a broad set of cognitive domains such as planning, working memory, decision-making, inhibition control, and attention. The lack of consistent differences in cognitive performance between the 3 diagnostic groups might be attributed to various methodological aspects (e.g., heterogeneity in severity, type, and duration of substances use). Our results support the view that motor activity should be considered a significant marker of ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ortal Slobodin
- Department of Education, Ben-Gurion University, Be'er Sheva, Israel,
| | - Matthijs Blankers
- Trimbos Institute, Netherlands Institute of Mental Health and Addiction, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Arkin Mental Health Care, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Amsterdam University Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Máté Kapitány-Fövény
- Nyírő Gyula National Institute of Psychiatry and Addictions, Faculty of Health Sciences, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Sharlene Kaye
- National Drug and Alcohol Research Center, University of New South Wales, Kensington, Victoria, Australia
| | - Itai Berger
- Pediatric Neurology Service, Assuta-Ashdod University Medical Center, Ashdod, Israel.,Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University, Be'er Sheva, Israel
| | - Brian Johnson
- Department of Psychiatry, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York, USA
| | - Zsolt Demetrovics
- Institute of Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | | | - Geurt van de Glind
- Amsterdam University Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Slobodin O. The Utility of the CPT in the Diagnosis of ADHD in Individuals with Substance Abuse: A Systematic Review. Eur Addict Res 2020; 26:283-294. [PMID: 32535592 DOI: 10.1159/000508041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Early identification of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in individuals with substance use disorders (SUD) is important because ADHD has an adverse effect on the development and course of SUD. Given the limited validity of self-report measures of ADHD in individuals with SUD, it is important to investigate the utility of the continuous performance test (CPT) in classifying ADHD in adults with SUD. OBJECTIVE This review aims to examine the quantitative similarities and differences in CPT performance of adults with ADHD, SUD, and their comorbidity to determine if a distinct neurocognitive profile exists for each. METHOD A systematic review of CPT studies that included patients with the comorbidity of ADHD and SUD and a comparison group of one of the disorders alone was conducted. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines were used. RESULTS Eight studies were identified with sample sizes ranging from n = 17 to n = 386. The comorbidity of ADHD and SUD was, mostly, not associated with higher rates of commission and omission errors than either disorder alone. However, the comorbidity of ADHD and SUD was more likely to be associated with increased deficits in response time variability compared with individuals with ADHD alone. CONCLUSIONS This review highlights the shortage of large-scale CPT research involving patients with ADHD and SUD. The CPT might be sensitive to attentional deficits, but it lacks specificity for the classification of adult ADHD, SUD, or their comorbidity, and the CPT is thus not useful in discriminating comorbid ADHD and SUD from either disorder alone. Future CPT research should explore whether specific attentional deficits account for the development and persistence of SUD. Such research should also reach beyond traditional CPT measures and include other cognitive and behavioral deficits that were associated with ADHD, such as distractibility and hyperactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ortal Slobodin
- Department of Education, Ben-Gurion University, Beer-Sheva, Israel,
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Guleken Z, Eskikurt G, Karamürsel S. Investigation of the effects of transcranial direct current stimulation and neurofeedback by continuous performance test. Neurosci Lett 2020; 716:134648. [PMID: 31765731 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2019.134648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Revised: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a noninvasive neuromodulation technique based on weak direct current stimulation through the scalp. Neurofeedback (NFB) is a learning strategy that may help alter to brain wave parameters, by monitoring electroencephalography (EEG) feedback via special programs. We aimed to investigate the supportive effects of tDCS in addition to NFB training. 16 healthy volunteers were divided equally into two groups. One of the groups was trained by NFB with the sensorimotor rhythm (SMR) protocol; 2 days per week, 10 sessions of 30 min, the other group received 10 min of tDCS before each NFB sessions. Continuous Performance Test (CPT) was used to measure, response time and suppression and to determine selective attention condition. Also, Beck Depression and Anxiety Inventories were used to exclude people with depression and anxiety. Depression scores of NFB + tDCS group were decreased significantly. CPT scores were better at last sessions for both groups compared to the first sessions. Sessions were analyzed by comparing 1st, 2nd, 5th and 10th sessions. While the NFB + tDCS group had statistically significant changes at theta/beta ratios with SMR and alpha band amplitudes, NFB group statistics had changed at theta/SMR ratios. NFB training shows its effects at the end of 10 sessions. Despite an increase in the latencies of correct and commission responses on the task of CPT, additional use of tDCS improves cognitive performance. Also, tDCS has a supportive effect on the healthy participants who have mild anxiety and depression; also inhibition deficits of subjects were clear.
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Parsons TD, Duffield T, Asbee J. A Comparison of Virtual Reality Classroom Continuous Performance Tests to Traditional Continuous Performance Tests in Delineating ADHD: a Meta-Analysis. Neuropsychol Rev 2019; 29:338-56. [PMID: 31161465 DOI: 10.1007/s11065-019-09407-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2018] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Computerized continuous performance tests (CPTs) are commonly used to characterize attention in attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Virtual classroom CPTs, designed to enhance ecological validity, are increasingly being utilized. Lacking is a quantitative meta-analysis of clinical comparisons of attention performance in children with ADHD using virtual classroom CPTs. The objective of the present systematic PRISMA review was to address this empirical void and compare three-dimensional (3D) virtual classroom CPTs to traditional two-dimensional (2D) CPTs. The peer-reviewed literature on comparisons of virtual classroom performance between children with ADHD and typically developing children was explored in six databases (e.g., Medline). Published studies using a virtual classroom to compare attentional performance between children with ADHD and typically developing children were included. Given the high heterogeneity with modality comparisons (i.e., computerized CPTs vs. virtual classroom CPTs for ADHD), both main comparisons included only population comparisons (i.e., control vs. ADHD) using each CPT modality. Meta-analytic findings were generally consistent with previous meta-analyses of computerized CPTs regarding the commonly used omission, commission, and hit reaction time variables. Results suggest that the virtual classroom CPTs reliably differentiate attention performance in persons with ADHD. Ecological validity implications are discussed pertaining to subtle meta-analytic outcome differences compared to computerized 2D CPTs. Further, due to an inability to conduct moderator analyses, it remains unclear if modality differences are due to other factors. Suggestions for future research using the virtual classroom CPTs are provided.
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Du Rietz E, Barker AR, Michelini G, Rommel AS, Vainieri I, Asherson P, Kuntsi J. Beneficial effects of acute high-intensity exercise on electrophysiological indices of attention processes in young adult men. Behav Brain Res 2018; 359:474-484. [PMID: 30465815 PMCID: PMC6320386 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2018.11.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2018] [Revised: 10/27/2018] [Accepted: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
High-intensity exercise improved brain measures of attention processes. Fitness and physical activity level were not related to degree of improvement. We found no effects of exercise on subsequent Flanker and Reaction-time tasks.
Background Emerging research suggests that a single bout of aerobic exercise can improve cognition, brain function and psychological health. Our aim was to examine the effects of high-intensity exercise on cognitive-performance and brain measures of attention, inhibition and performance-monitoring across a test-battery of three cognitive tasks. Method Using a randomised cross-over design, 29 young men completed three successive cognitive tasks (Cued Continuous Performance Task [CPT-OX]; Eriksen Flanker Task; four-choice reaction-time task [Fast Task]) with simultaneous electroencephalogram (EEG) recording before and after a 20-min high-intensity cycling exercise and resting control session. Cognitive-performance measures, EEG power and event-related potential measures, were obtained during the tasks. Random-intercept linear models were used to investigate the effects of exercise, compared to rest, on outcomes. Results A single bout of exercise significantly (p < 0.05) increased the amplitude of the event-related potential Go P3, but had no effect on the contingent negative variation (CNV), Cue P3 or NoGo P3, during the CPT-OX. Delta power, recorded during the CPT-OX, also significantly increased after exercise, whereas there was no effect on cognitive-performance in this task. Exercise did not influence any cognitive-performance or brain measures in the subsequent Flanker or Fast Tasks. Conclusion Acute high-intensity exercise improves brain-indices reflecting executive and sustained attention during task performance (Go P3 and delta activity), in the CPT-OX, but not anticipatory attention (Cue P3 and CNV) or response inhibition (NoGo P3) in young-adult men. Exercise had no effect on cognitive-performance or brain measures in the subsequent Flanker and Fast tasks, which may potentially be explained by the time delay after exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ebba Du Rietz
- King's College London, Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, De Crespigny Park, SE5 8AF, London, UK.
| | - Alan R Barker
- Children's Health and Exercise Research Centre, University of Exeter, St. Luke's Campus, Heavitree Road, EX1 2LU, Exeter, UK.
| | - Giorgia Michelini
- King's College London, Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, De Crespigny Park, SE5 8AF, London, UK.
| | - Anna-Sophie Rommel
- King's College London, Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, De Crespigny Park, SE5 8AF, London, UK; Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai Department of Psychiatry New York NY USA.
| | - Isabella Vainieri
- King's College London, Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, De Crespigny Park, SE5 8AF, London, UK.
| | - Philip Asherson
- King's College London, Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, De Crespigny Park, SE5 8AF, London, UK.
| | - Jonna Kuntsi
- King's College London, Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, De Crespigny Park, SE5 8AF, London, UK.
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Azizi E, Stainer MJ, Abel LA. Is experience in multi-genre video game playing accompanied by impulsivity? Acta Psychol (Amst) 2018; 190:78-84. [PMID: 30031355 DOI: 10.1016/j.actpsy.2018.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2016] [Revised: 06/14/2018] [Accepted: 07/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Developing impulsivity has been one of the main concerns thought to arise from the increasing popularity of video gaming. Most of the relevant literature has treated gamers as pure-genre players (i.e. those who play only a specific genre of game). However, it is not clear how impulsivity is associated with different genres of games in multi-genre gamers, given that there is increasing diversity in the games played by individuals. In this study, we compared 33 gamers to 23 non-gamers in a go/no-go task: the Continuous Performance Test (CPT). To evaluate whether or not impulsivity occurs as a trade-off between speed and accuracy, we emphasised fast performance to all participants. Then, to examine the ability to predict impulsivity from game genre-hours, we fitted separate multiple regression models to several dependent variables. As an additional measure, we also compared groups in an antisaccade task. In the CPT, gamers showed a trend towards significantly faster reaction time (RT), accompanied by higher false alarm rate (FAR) and more risk-taking response bias (β), suggesting impulsive responses. Interestingly, there was a significant negative correlation between RT and FAR across all participants, suggesting an overall speed-accuracy trade-off strategy, perhaps driven by the emphasis on speed during task instruction. Moreover, time spent on role playing games (RPG) and real-time strategy (RTS) games better predicted FAR and β than did time spent on action and puzzle games. In the antisaccade task; however, gamers showed a shorter antisaccade latency but a comparable error rate in comparison with non-gamers. There was no specific game genre which could predict performance in the antisaccade task. Altogether, there was no evidence of oculomotor impulsivity in gamers; however, the CPT results suggested the presence of impulsive responses in gamers, which might be the result of a speed-accuracy trade-off. Furthermore, there was a difference in game genres, with time spent on RPG and RTS games being accompanied by greater probability of impulsive responses. Training studies are required to investigate the causality of different video game genres on the development of impulsivity.
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Ding Z, Brown JW, Rueter LE, Mohler EG. Profiling attention and cognition enhancing drugs in a rat touchscreen-based continuous performance test. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2018; 235:1093-1105. [PMID: 29332255 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-017-4827-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Accepted: 12/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE A novel rodent continuous performance test (CPT) was developed as one of the goals of the NEWMEDS (Novel Methods leading to New Medications in Depression and Schizophrenia) consortium to improve its translatability to the CPT test used in human subjects. OBJECTIVES The objective of the study is to investigate the effects of attention and cognition enhancing drugs in rodent CPT. METHODS A single cohort of rats were trained to asymptotic performance in the test. Pharmacological test sessions were then performed twice per week in a full crossover design with the following drugs tested: methylphenidate (0.3, 1, and 3 mg/kg), the α4β2 nicotinic agonist ABT-594 (0.0023, 0.007 and 0.023 mg/kg), modafinil (8, 16, and 32 mg/kg), atomoxetine (0.3, 1, and 3 mg/kg), donepezil (0.1, 0.3, and 1 mg/kg), and memantine (1.25, 2.5, and 5 mg/kg). RESULTS The stimulant-like drugs methylphenidate, ABT-594, and modafinil were found to increase measures of impulsivity and overall responding with generally no positive effects on d', a putative measure of attention, with the exception of ABT-594 which improved d' at the highest dose tested. Atomoxetine and the memory-enhancing drugs donepezil and memantine, on the other hand, were found to reduce measures of impulsivity and responding and had either negligible or worsening effects on d'. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest rodent CPT can detect changes in impulsivity resulting from drugs known to improve attention in rodents and humans. However, additional work is needed to assess the sensitivity and validity of this assay for assessing effects on attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyong Ding
- Neuroscience Drug Discovery, AbbVie, 1 N. Waukegan Rd, North Chicago, IL, 60046, USA
| | - Jordan W Brown
- Neuroscience Drug Discovery, AbbVie, 1 N. Waukegan Rd, North Chicago, IL, 60046, USA
| | - Lynne E Rueter
- Neuroscience Drug Discovery, AbbVie, 1 N. Waukegan Rd, North Chicago, IL, 60046, USA
| | - Eric G Mohler
- Neuroscience Drug Discovery, AbbVie, 1 N. Waukegan Rd, North Chicago, IL, 60046, USA.
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Brennan AM, Williams LM, Harris AWF. Intrinsic, task-evoked and absolute gamma synchrony during cognitive processing in first onset schizophrenia. J Psychiatr Res 2018; 99:10-21. [PMID: 29407283 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2017.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2017] [Revised: 10/27/2017] [Accepted: 12/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Cognitive deficits present from the first onset of schizophrenia are thought to arise from a core problem in neural synchrony. This is the first study to characterize the profile of gamma (30-100 Hz) synchrony (rather than power) and behavioral performance during higher-order cognitive processing in schizophrenia. Gamma synchrony was acquired from the EEG, and elicited by a Continuous Performance Test (CPT). We quantitated synchrony for regions associated with the fronto-parietal attention and visual networks for 59 young people with First Onset Schizophrenia (FOS) and 59 matched controls, facilitated by the BRAINnet.net data sharing initiative. We compared groups on gamma synchrony for intrinsic (pre-stimulus), task-evoked change (relative to baseline) and absolute (not relative to baseline) measures. Relationships between synchrony and CPT accuracy, symptoms and functioning were also assessed. FOS showed a reduced ability to modulate task-evoked changes in gamma synchrony, in the context of generally higher intrinsic and absolute synchrony, particularly in frontal regions. These gamma synchrony abnormalities in FOS were associated with performance on the CPT, but not with symptoms or functioning. Task-relevant changes in synchrony may be constrained by an overall excess of intrinsic background synchrony that is unrelated to specific task demands and this relates to cognitive performance. Results are in line with theoretical accounts of gamma synchrony as a core abnormality in schizophrenia, affecting functional connectivity in central executive circuits and causing cognitive symptoms. This study is the first to demonstrate that these gamma synchrony abnormalities are not limited to perceptual or lower-order cognitive processing.
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La Marca JP, Cruz D, Fandino J, Cacciaguerra FR, Fresco JJ, Guerra AT. Evaluation of artifact-corrected electroencephalographic (EEG) training: a pilot study. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2018; 125:1087-1097. [PMID: 29582150 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-018-1877-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Accepted: 03/23/2018] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
This double-blind study examined the effect of electromyographical (EMG) artifacts, which contaminate electroencephalographical (EEG) signals, by comparing artifact-corrected (AC) and non-artifact-corrected (NAC) neurofeedback (NF) training procedures. 14 unmedicated college students were randomly assigned to two groups: AC (n = 7) or NAC (n = 7). Both groups received 12 sessions of NF and were trained using identical NF treatment protocols to reduce their theta/beta power ratios (TBPR). Outcomes on a continuous performance test revealed that the AC group had statistically significant increases across measures of auditory and visual attention. The NAC group showed smaller gains that only reached statistical significance on measures of visual attention. Only the AC group reduced their TBPR, the NAC group did not. AC NF appears to play an important role during training that leads to improvements in both auditory and visual attention. Additional research is required to confirm the results of this study.
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Kim E, Song DH, Kim NW, Sohn IJ, Cheon KA. The Relationship between the SNAP-25 Polymorphism and Omission Errors in Korean Children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. Clin Psychopharmacol Neurosci 2017; 15:222-228. [PMID: 28783930 PMCID: PMC5565073 DOI: 10.9758/cpn.2017.15.3.222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2016] [Revised: 11/07/2016] [Accepted: 11/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Objective This study aimed to investigate the association between the synaptosomal-associated protein 25 kDa (SNAP-25) genotype and performance on the continuous performance test (CPT) in Korean children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Methods Eighty-seven children with ADHD (mean age, 9.23±1.99 years) participated in this study. Omission errors, commission errors, reaction time, and reaction time variability on the CPT were analyzed. The single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) rs3746544 (1065 T>G) of SNAP-25 was genotyped to examine the association with CPT performance. Results We found significantly more omission errors on the CPT among children with the TT genotype of SNAP-25 (t=2.56, p=0.012) after correcting for multiple testing. Conclusion Our results suggest the possible involvement of the SNAP-25 1065 T>G polymorphism in the inattention phenotype in children with ADHD. Further studies with more refined neuropsychological measures and much larger sample sizes are needed to confirm our findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunjoo Kim
- Department of Psychiatry and Institute of Behavioral Science in Medicine, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Dong-Ho Song
- Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry and Institute of Behavioral Science in Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Nam-Wook Kim
- Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry and Institute of Behavioral Science in Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - In-Jung Sohn
- Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry and Institute of Behavioral Science in Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Keun-Ah Cheon
- Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry and Institute of Behavioral Science in Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Ertekin E, Üçok A, Keskin-Ergen Y, Devrim-Üçok M. Deficits in Go and NoGo P3 potentials in patients with schizophrenia. Psychiatry Res 2017; 254:126-132. [PMID: 28460282 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2017.04.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2016] [Accepted: 04/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Cognitive control processes elicited during a cued continuous performance test were evaluated using event-related potentials in 46 patients who were within the first 5 years of diagnosis of schizophrenia, and 29 healthy controls. Patients had longer reaction times, lower hit rates, and higher false alarm rates compared with controls. Patients had an overall P3 amplitude reduction that was more prominent on NoGo compared with Go trials. This greater P3 reduction on NoGo trials was present in central and parietal regions, but was absent in the frontal region, where the P3 reduction was comparable on NoGo and Go trials. Our findings suggest that the neural activity contributing to Go and NoGo P3s are both deteriorated in schizophrenia, but those contributing to central and parietal NoGo P3s are the most severely affected ones. We conclude that the cognitive control processes engaged during execution, and particularly during inhibition of a prepared motor response were disturbed in the early course of schizophrenia. Our findings might be related to our sample being in relatively early stages of schizophrenia and/or related to the use of atypical antipsychotics by most of our patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erhan Ertekin
- Department of Psychiatry, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Alp Üçok
- Department of Psychiatry, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Yasemin Keskin-Ergen
- Department of Physiology, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Müge Devrim-Üçok
- Department of Physiology, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey.
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Chien YL, Chou MC, Chiu YN, Chou WJ, Wu YY, Tsai WC, Gau SSF. ADHD-related symptoms and attention profiles in the unaffected siblings of probands with autism spectrum disorder: focus on the subtypes of autism and Asperger's disorder. Mol Autism 2017; 8:37. [PMID: 28770037 PMCID: PMC5526322 DOI: 10.1186/s13229-017-0153-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2017] [Accepted: 06/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The presence of attention-deficit/hyperactive disorder (ADHD) symptoms and impaired attention performance are commonly noted in individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). However, little is known about attention performance in their unaffected siblings. This study aimed to investigate the ADHD-related traits and attention performance in unaffected siblings of probands with autism and Asperger syndrome (AS), as well as the clinical correlates of ADHD-related traits. METHODS We assessed the intention, hyperactivity-impulsivity, and oppositional symptoms, and attention profiles of 199 probands with a diagnosis of ASD (122 autism, 77 AS), their unaffected siblings, and 196 typically developing controls (TD) by their parents' reports on the ADHD-related symptoms and the Connors' Continuous Performance Test (CCPT), respectively. RESULTS Compared to TD, unaffected siblings of ASD probands were more hyperactive/impulsive and oppositional, particularly unaffected siblings of AS probands. In CCPT, unaffected siblings of AS have intermediate levels of performance between probands with AS and TD on focused attention and sustained attention but were not statistically different from AS probands or TD in these attention profiles. In contrast, unaffected siblings of autism probands have significantly better CCPT performance when compared to autism probands but not to TD. In addition, stereotyped behaviors predicted ADHD-related traits in both sibling groups, but distinctive patterns of other correlates for ADHD-related traits were found between the two sibling groups. CONCLUSIONS This work suggested that unaffected siblings of AS, but not autism, have more hyperactive/impulsive traits and a trend of pervasive attention deficits assessed by CCPT which might serve as potential endophenotypes for genetic studies in AS. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT01582256.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Ling Chien
- Department of Psychiatry, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, No.7, Chung-Shan South Road, Taipei, 10002 Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Miao-Chun Chou
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical Center, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Nan Chiu
- Department of Psychiatry, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, No.7, Chung-Shan South Road, Taipei, 10002 Taiwan
| | - Wen-Jiun Chou
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical Center, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Yu Wu
- Department of Psychiatry, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital- Linkou Medical Center, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Che Tsai
- Department of Psychiatry, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, No.7, Chung-Shan South Road, Taipei, 10002 Taiwan
| | - Susan Shur-Fen Gau
- Department of Psychiatry, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, No.7, Chung-Shan South Road, Taipei, 10002 Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Kim JI, Hong YC, Shin CH, Lee YA, Lim YH, Kim BN. The effects of maternal and children phthalate exposure on the neurocognitive function of 6-year-old children. Environ Res 2017; 156:519-525. [PMID: 28431379 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2017.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2016] [Revised: 03/25/2017] [Accepted: 04/03/2017] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The primary purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of phthalate exposure on the intelligence and attentional performance of 6-year old children when adjusting each other as covariates. We also investigated the differential effects of phthalate exposure on the intelligence and attention according to exposure period (maternal or children). Urine concentrations of mono-(2-ethyl-5-hydroxyhexyl) phthalate (MEHHP), mono-(2-ethyl-5-oxohexyl) phthalate (MEOHP), and mono-n-butyl phthalate (MBP) were analyzed. Multivariable linear regression models were used to investigate the relationship between exposure to various phthalates with IQ scores and continuous performance test (CPT) variables. There were robust associations between child MEHHP and MEOHP levels with full scale IQ (FSIQ) even after adjusting for demographic variables and CPT scores (MEHHP -9.27, 95% CI: -17.25, -1.29; MEOHP -9.83, 95% CI: -17.44, -2.21). Child MEHHP and MEHOP levels negatively affected omission errors (MEHHP -20.36, 95% CI: -34.17, -6.55; MEOHP -18.93, 95% CI: -32.58, -5.28) and the response time variability (MEHHP -21.07, 95% CI: -39.04, -3.10; MEOHP -20.41, 95% CI -38.14, -2.69) of the CPT after adjusting for demographic variables and IQ. Maternal phthalate exposure had no effects on IQ or CPT variables. These results suggest that children phthalate exposure, but not maternal exposure, has an adverse effect on IQ and attentional performance, and these associations were found to be independent of each other.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Inhyang Kim
- Department of Public Health Medical Services, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, 173 bun-gil 82, Goomi-ro, Bundang-gu, Seong-nam City, Gyeonggi-do 13620, Republic of Korea
| | - Yun-Chul Hong
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 101 Daehakro, Jongno-gu, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea; Institute of Environmental Medicine, Seoul National University Medical Research Center, 101 Daehakro, Jongno-gu, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea; Environmental Health Center, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 101 Daehakro, Jongno-gu, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea.
| | - Choong Ho Shin
- Department of Pediatrics, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 101 Daehakro, Jongno-gu, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Ah Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 101 Daehakro, Jongno-gu, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Youn-Hee Lim
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Seoul National University Medical Research Center, 101 Daehakro, Jongno-gu, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea; Environmental Health Center, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 101 Daehakro, Jongno-gu, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Bung-Nyun Kim
- Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 101 Daehakro, Jongno-gu, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea; Institute of Behavioral Medicine, Seoul National University Medical Research Center, 101 Daehakro, Jongno-gu, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea.
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Fasmer OB, Mjeldheim K, Førland W, Hansen AL, Syrstad VEG, Oedegaard KJ, Berle JØ. Linear and non-linear analyses of Conner's Continuous Performance Test-II discriminate adult patients with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder from patients with mood and anxiety disorders. BMC Psychiatry 2016; 16:284. [PMID: 27515830 PMCID: PMC4982130 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-016-0993-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2015] [Accepted: 08/03/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a heterogeneous disorder. Therefore it is important to look for factors that can contribute to better diagnosis and classification of these patients. The aims of the study were to characterize adult psychiatric out-patients with a mixture of mood, anxiety and attentional problems using an objective neuropsychological test of attention combined with an assessment of mood instability. METHOD Newly referred patients (n = 99; aged 18-65 years) requiring diagnostic evaluation of ADHD, mood or anxiety disorders were recruited, and were given a comprehensive diagnostic evaluation including the self-report form of the cyclothymic temperament scale and Conner's Continuous Performance Test II (CPT-II). In addition to the traditional measures from this test we have extracted raw data and analysed time series using linear and non-linear mathematical methods. RESULTS Fifty patients fulfilled criteria for ADHD, while 49 did not, and were given other psychiatric diagnoses (clinical controls). When compared to the clinical controls the ADHD patients had more omission and commission errors, and higher reaction time variability. Analyses of response times showed higher values for skewness in the ADHD patients, and lower values for sample entropy and symbolic dynamics. Among the ADHD patients 59 % fulfilled criteria for a cyclothymic temperament, and this group had higher reaction time variability and lower scores on complexity than the group without this temperament. CONCLUSION The CPT-II is a useful instrument in the assessment of ADHD in adult patients. Additional information from this test was obtained by analyzing response times using linear and non-linear methods, and this showed that ADHD patients with a cyclothymic temperament were different from those without this temperament.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ole Bernt Fasmer
- Division of Psychiatry, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway. .,Department of Clinical Medicine, Section for Psychiatry, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway. .,K.G. Jebsen Centre for Research on Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Bergen, Norway. .,Department of Clinical Medicine, Section for Psychiatry, University of Bergen, Haukeland University Hospital, N-5021, Bergen, Norway.
| | | | | | - Anita L. Hansen
- Department of Clinical Psychology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway ,Centre for Research and Education in Forensic Psychiatry, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Vigdis Elin Giæver Syrstad
- Division of Psychiatry, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway ,Department of Neuroscience, the Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Ketil J. Oedegaard
- Division of Psychiatry, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway ,Department of Clinical Medicine, Section for Psychiatry, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway ,K.G. Jebsen Centre for Research on Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Bergen, Norway
| | - Jan Øystein Berle
- Division of Psychiatry, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
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White DJ, Camfield DA, Maggini S, Pipingas A, Silberstein R, Stough C, Scholey A. The effect of a single dose of multivitamin and mineral combinations with and without guaraná on functional brain activity during a continuous performance task. Nutr Neurosci 2016; 20:8-22. [PMID: 25259737 DOI: 10.1179/1476830514y.0000000157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Relatively few studies have explored the possibility of acute cognitive effects of multivitamin ingestion. This report explores the acute brain electrophysiological changes associated with multivitamin and mineral supplementation, with and without guaraná, using the steady-state visually evoked potential (SSVEP). METHODS Based on the known SSVEP correlates of A-X continuous performance task (CPT) performance, and sensitivity to acute psychopharmacological manipulations, the A-X CPT was adopted as a task paradigm to explore treatment-related neurophysiological changes in attentional processing. Twenty healthy non-smoking adults aged 21-39 years (mean age = 28.35 years, SD = 5.52) took part in this double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized, balanced crossover design study. RESULTS The study demonstrated both transient and tonic changes in the SSVEP response during completion of the A-X CPT following multivitamin and mineral treatment both with and without guaraná. Transient changes in SSVEP response in prefrontal regions were observed after a single dose of a multivitamin and mineral preparation indicative of enhanced activity within brain regions engaged by the attentional demands of the task. This pattern of change in frontal regions was correlated with improved behavioural performance after treatment with the multivitamin and mineral combination. Where tonic shifts in SSVEP response were investigated, multivitamin and mineral treatment was associated with a pattern of increased inhibition across posterior regions, with enhanced excitatory processing in prefrontal regions. In contrast, multivitamin and mineral treatment with additional guaraná showed a tonic shift towards greater excitatory processes after a single treatment, consistent with the caffeine content of this treatment. DISCUSSION While preliminary in nature, these findings suggest a single multivitamin/mineral dose is sufficient to impact on functional brain activity in task-related brain regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J White
- a Centre for Human Psychopharmacology, Swinburne University , Melbourne , Australia
| | - David A Camfield
- a Centre for Human Psychopharmacology, Swinburne University , Melbourne , Australia.,b School of Psychology & Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong , Wollongong , Australia
| | | | - Andrew Pipingas
- a Centre for Human Psychopharmacology, Swinburne University , Melbourne , Australia
| | - Richard Silberstein
- a Centre for Human Psychopharmacology, Swinburne University , Melbourne , Australia
| | - Con Stough
- a Centre for Human Psychopharmacology, Swinburne University , Melbourne , Australia
| | - Andrew Scholey
- a Centre for Human Psychopharmacology, Swinburne University , Melbourne , Australia
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Palma SMM, Natale ACMP, Calil HM. A four-year follow-up controlled study of stress response and symptom persistence in Brazilian children and adolescents with attention deficit disorder and hyperactivity (ADHD). Psychiatry Res 2015; 230:227-32. [PMID: 26365689 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2015.08.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2014] [Revised: 07/31/2015] [Accepted: 08/30/2015] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
This study evaluated children and adolescents with Attention Deficit Disorder andHyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), reassessing them at a four-year follow-up. Their cortisol response to a stress stimulus was measured twice. ADHD symptom persistence, development of comorbidities, and psychostimulant usage were also reassessed. The initial sample consisted of 38 ADHD patients and 38 healthy controls, age ranging 6-14. At the follow-up, there were 37 ADHD patients and 22 healthy controls, age ranging 10-18. ADHD was classified as persistent if the patients fulfilled all DSM IV criteria for syndromic or subthreshold or had functional impairment. Salivary cortisol samples were collected prior to the application of a cognitive stressor (Continuous Performance Test - CPT), and at three time intervals afterwards at baseline and at the follow-up. Their reassessment showed that 75% had persistent symptoms, psychiatric comorbidities (oppositional defiant and behavioral disorders), functional and academic impairement. Only seven patients were on medication. The ADHD group's cortisol levels were lower than those measured four years earlier, but cortisol concentrations were similar for both ADHD and control groups at the four-year follow-up. The cortisol results suggest that HPA axis reactivity could be a marker differentiating ADHD from ADHD with comorbidities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Maria Motta Palma
- Department of Psychobiology, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), Brazil
| | | | - Helena Maria Calil
- Department of Psychobiology, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), Brazil.
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Kim CH, Hvoslef-Eide M, Nilsson SRO, Johnson MR, Herbert BR, Robbins TW, Saksida LM, Bussey TJ, Mar AC. The continuous performance test (rCPT) for mice: a novel operant touchscreen test of attentional function. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2015; 232:3947-66. [PMID: 26415954 PMCID: PMC4600477 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-015-4081-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2015] [Accepted: 09/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Continuous performance tests (CPTs) are widely used to assess attentional processes in a variety of disorders including Alzheimer's disease and schizophrenia. Common human CPTs require discrimination of sequentially presented, visually patterned 'target' and 'non-target' stimuli at a single location. OBJECTIVES The aims of this study were to evaluate the performance of three popular mouse strains on a novel rodent touchscreen test (rCPT) designed to be analogous to common human CPT variants and to investigate the effects of donepezil, a cholinesterase inhibitor and putative cognitive enhancer. METHODS C57BL/6J, DBA/2J and CD1 mice (n = 15-16/strain) were trained to baseline performance using four rCPT training stages. Then, probe tests assessed the effects of parameter changes on task performance: stimulus size, duration, contrast, probability, inter-trial interval or inclusion of flanker distractors. rCPT performance was also evaluated following acute administration of donepezil (0-3 mg/kg, i.p.). RESULTS C57BL/6J and DBA/2J mice showed similar acquisition rates and final baseline performance following rCPT training. On probe tests, rCPT performance of both strains was sensitive to alteration of visual and/or attentional demands (stimulus size, duration, contrast, rate, flanker distraction). Relative to C57BL/6J, DBA/2J mice exhibited (1) decreasing sensitivity (d') across the 45-min session, (2) reduced performance on probes where the appearance of stimuli or adjacent areas were changed (size, contrast, flanking distractors) and (3) larger dose- and stimulus duration-dependent changes in performance following donepezil administration. In contrast, CD1 mice failed to acquire rCPT (stage 3) and pairwise visual discrimination tasks. CONCLUSIONS rCPT is a potentially useful translational tool for assessing attention in mice and for detecting the effects of nootropic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi Hun Kim
- Department of Psychology and MRC/Wellcome Trust Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Downing St, Cambridge, CB2 3EB, UK
| | - Martha Hvoslef-Eide
- Department of Psychology and MRC/Wellcome Trust Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Downing St, Cambridge, CB2 3EB, UK
| | - Simon R O Nilsson
- Department of Psychology and MRC/Wellcome Trust Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Downing St, Cambridge, CB2 3EB, UK
| | - Mark R Johnson
- Academic Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, Imperial College London, SW10 9NH, London, UK
| | - Bronwen R Herbert
- Academic Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, Imperial College London, SW10 9NH, London, UK
| | - Trevor W Robbins
- Department of Psychology and MRC/Wellcome Trust Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Downing St, Cambridge, CB2 3EB, UK
| | - Lisa M Saksida
- Department of Psychology and MRC/Wellcome Trust Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Downing St, Cambridge, CB2 3EB, UK
| | - Timothy J Bussey
- Department of Psychology and MRC/Wellcome Trust Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Downing St, Cambridge, CB2 3EB, UK
| | - Adam C Mar
- Department of Psychology and MRC/Wellcome Trust Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Downing St, Cambridge, CB2 3EB, UK.
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology Neuroscience Institute, New York University, New York, NY, USA.
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Kahn M, Fridenson S, Lerer R, Bar-Haim Y, Sadeh A. Effects of one night of induced night-wakings versus sleep restriction on sustained attention and mood: a pilot study. Sleep Med 2014; 15:825-32. [PMID: 24891081 DOI: 10.1016/j.sleep.2014.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2014] [Revised: 03/12/2014] [Accepted: 03/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Despite their high prevalence in daily life, repeated night-wakings and their cognitive and emotional consequences have received less research attention compared to other types of sleep disturbances. Our aim was to experimentally compare the effects of one night of induced infrequent night-wakings (of ∼15 min, each requiring a purposeful response) and sleep restriction on sustained attention and mood in young adults. METHODS In a within-between subjects counterbalanced design, 61 healthy adults (40 females; aged 20-29 years) underwent home assessments of sustained attention and self-reported mood at two times: after a normal (control) sleep night, and after a night of either sleep restriction (4h in bed) or induced night-wakings (four prolonged awakenings across 8h in bed). Sleep was monitored using actigraphy and sleep diaries. Sustained attention was assessed using an online continuous performance test (OCPT), and mood was reported online using the Profile of Mood States (POMS). RESULTS Actigraphic data revealed good compliance with experimental sleep requirements. Induced night-wakings and sleep restriction both resulted in more OCPT omission and commission errors, and in increased depression, fatigue and confusion levels and reduced vigor compared to the normal sleep night. Moreover, there were no significant differences between the consequences of induced awakenings and sleep restriction. CONCLUSIONS Our pilot study indicates that, similar to sleep restriction, one night of life-like repeated night-wakings negatively affects mood and sustained attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Kahn
- School of Psychological Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Shimrit Fridenson
- School of Psychological Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Reut Lerer
- School of Psychological Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Yair Bar-Haim
- School of Psychological Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Avi Sadeh
- School of Psychological Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.
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Bron TI, Bijlenga D, Boonstra AM, Breuk M, Pardoen WFH, Beekman ATF, Kooij JJS. OROS-methylphenidate efficacy on specific executive functioning deficits in adults with ADHD: a randomized, placebo-controlled cross-over study. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2014; 24:519-28. [PMID: 24508533 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2014.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2013] [Revised: 11/05/2013] [Accepted: 01/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is linked to impaired executive functioning (EF). This is the first study to objectively investigate the effects of a long-acting methylphenidate on neurocognitive test performance of adults with ADHD. Twenty-two adults with ADHD participated in a 6-weeks study examining the effect of osmotic-release oral system methylphenidate (OROS-mph) on continuous performance tests (CPTs; objective measures), and on the self-reported ADHD rating scale (subjective measure) using a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled cross-over design. OROS-mph significantly improved reaction time variability (RTV), commission errors (CE) and d-prime (DP) as compared to baseline (Cohen's d>.50), but did not affect hit reaction time (HRT) or omission errors (OE). Compared to placebo, OROS-mph only significantly influenced RTV on one of two CPTs (p<.050). Linear regression analyses showed predictive ability of more beneficial OROS-mph effects in ADHD patients with higher EF severity (RTV: β=.670, t=2.097, p=.042; omission errors (OE): β=-.098, t=-4.759, p<.001), and with more severe ADHD symptoms (RTV: F=6.363, p=.019; HRT: F=3.914, p=.061). Side effects rates were substantially but non-significantly greater for OROS-mph compared to placebo (77% vs. 46%, p=.063). OROS-mph effects indicated RTV as the most sensitive parameter for measuring both neuropsychological and behavioral deficits in adults with ADHD. These findings suggest RTV as an endophenotypic parameter for ADHD symptomatology, and propose CPTs as an objective method for monitoring methylphenidate titration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tannetje I Bron
- PsyQ, Expertise Center Adult ADHD, The Hague, The Netherlands.
| | - Denise Bijlenga
- PsyQ, Expertise Center Adult ADHD, The Hague, The Netherlands
| | | | - Minda Breuk
- PsyQ, Expertise Center Adult ADHD, The Hague, The Netherlands
| | | | - Aartjan T F Beekman
- Department of Psychiatry and EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Yasuda Y, Hashimoto R, Ohi K, Yamamori H, Fujimoto M, Umeda-Yano S, Fujino H, Fukunaga M, Horiguchi M, Takeda M, Ichinose H. A functional polymorphism of the GTP cyclohydrolase 1 gene predicts attention performance. Neurosci Lett 2014; 566:46-9. [PMID: 24561090 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2014.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2013] [Revised: 01/24/2014] [Accepted: 02/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Guanosine triphosphate cyclohydrolase 1 (GCH1) is the rate-limiting enzyme for the biosynthesis of tetrahydrobiopterin, a cofactor for aromatic amino acid hydroxylases and nitric oxide synthases. As monoamine neurotransmitters are synthesized by the reactions catalyzed by tyrosine hydroxylase and tryptophan hydroxylase, alterations in the content of tetrahydrobiopterin affect the monoamine levels in the brain. Here, we examined the possible association of a functional single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) of the GCH1 gene, rs841 (C+243T), with attentional function as assessed by the Continuous Performance Test-Identical Pairs version (CPT-IP) in healthy individuals. We found that homozygous T/T genotype carriers of rs841 scored lower performance on the CPT-IP test. Our data suggest that alterations in GCH1 activity affect attentional function, especially sustained attention and vigilance.
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Abstract
Fifty-nine adults slept five nights with an Actigraph and answered two questionnaires related to sleeping quality and morningness/eveningness preferences. Next they performed a computerized attention task (the mathematics continuous performance test (MATH-CPT)) to assess various measures of attention. Results showed significant correlations between six attention variables and two measures of sleep assessed by the Actigraph. Linear regression with sleep variables as independent variables, and measures of the computerized test as dependent variables showed that sleep measures explained 30% of the variance of the score in the "final attention formula" of the test, and 27% of the "rate of response."
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Affiliation(s)
- Dubi Lufi
- a Behavioral Sciences, Yezreel Valley College , Yezreel Valley , Israel
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38
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Annic A, Bocquillon P, Bourriez JL, Derambure P, Dujardin K. Effects of stimulus-driven and goal-directed attention on prepulse inhibition of the cortical responses to an auditory pulse. Clin Neurophysiol 2013; 125:1576-88. [PMID: 24411526 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2013.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2013] [Revised: 11/30/2013] [Accepted: 12/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Inhibition by a prepulse (prepulse inhibition, PPI) of the response to a startling acoustic pulse is modulated by attention. We sought to determine whether goal-directed and stimulus-driven attention differentially modulate (i) PPI of the N100 and P200 components of the auditory evoked potential (AEP) and (ii) the components' generators. METHODS 128-channel electroencephalograms were recorded in 26 healthy controls performing an active acoustic PPI paradigm. Startling stimuli were presented alone or either 400 or 1000ms after a visual prepulse. Three types of prepulse were used: to-be-attended (goal-directed attention), unexpected (stimulus-driven attention) or to-be ignored (non focused attention). We calculated the percentage PPI for the N100 and P200 components of the AEP and determined cortical generators by standardized weighted low resolution tomography. RESULTS At 400ms, the PPI of the N100 was greater after an unexpected prepulse than after a to-be-attended prepulse, the PPI of the P200 was greater after a to-be-attended prepulse than after a to-be ignored prepulse. At 1000ms, to-be-attended and unexpected prepulses had similar effects. Cortical sources were modulated in areas involved in both types of attention. CONCLUSIONS Stimulus-driven attention and goal-directed attention each have specific effects on the attentional modulation of PPI. SIGNIFICANCE By using a new PPI paradigm that specifically controls attention, we demonstrated that the early stages of the gating process (as evidenced by N100) are influenced by stimulus-driven attention and that the late stages (as evidenced by P200) are influenced by goal-directed attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnès Annic
- Université Lille Nord de France, EA1046 Lille, France; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Lille University Medical Center, Lille, France.
| | - Perrine Bocquillon
- Université Lille Nord de France, EA1046 Lille, France; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Lille University Medical Center, Lille, France
| | - Jean-Louis Bourriez
- Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Lille University Medical Center, Lille, France
| | - Philippe Derambure
- Université Lille Nord de France, EA1046 Lille, France; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Lille University Medical Center, Lille, France
| | - Kathy Dujardin
- Université Lille Nord de France, EA1046 Lille, France; Department of Neurology and Movement Disorders, Lille University Medical Center, Lille, France
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Hagenhoff M, Franzen N, Koppe G, Baer N, Scheibel N, Sammer G, Gallhofer B, Lis S. Executive functions in borderline personality disorder. Psychiatry Res 2013; 210:224-31. [PMID: 23764434 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2013.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2012] [Revised: 05/10/2013] [Accepted: 05/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Different domains of executive function such as working memory and response inhibition were investigated together with elementary cognitive processes in borderline personality disorder (BPD). Patients with BPD (N=28) were compared to nonpatient controls (NP, N=28) on eight tasks (e.g. n-back, Go/NoGo, CPT-AX). In order to separate impairments in different cognitive domains and to assess the influence of more elementary cognitive processes on executive functioning, tasks were embedded in a reaction-time-decomposition approach. BPD patients solved tasks with accuracies comparable to those of nonpatients. The only exception was the n-back task, for which working memory is required: here, error rates were higher and increased more prominently in BPD patients depending on working memory load. In most tasks, movement times were shorter for BPD patients than for nonpatients, while the quality of task-solving was comparable. The faster processing in the BPD group was observable starting with the simplest task, i.e. a simple reaction-time task. These findings suggest that domains of executive functioning are differentially affected in BPD. In contrast to load-dependent deficits in working memory, response inhibition processes were unimpaired. Faster action-related processes could be observed in BPD patients in a variety of tasks; however, these did not influence executive functioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meike Hagenhoff
- Centre for Psychiatry, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
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Cho SC, Kim HW, Kim BN, Kim JW, Shin MS, Chung S, Cho DY, Jung SW, Yoo HJ, Chung IW, Chung US, Son JW. Gender-specific association of the brain-derived neurotrophic factor gene with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Psychiatry Investig 2010; 7:285-90. [PMID: 21253413 PMCID: PMC3022316 DOI: 10.4306/pi.2010.7.4.285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2010] [Revised: 08/31/2010] [Accepted: 09/15/2010] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a complex neurodevelopmental disorder with a strong genetic component. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), which participates in the differentiation and survival of dopaminergic and noradrenergic neurons, could play a role in ADHD development. We aimed to explore the relationships between ADHD and BDNF gene polymorphism. METHODS We conducted a case-control analysis of 202 ADHD subjects and 159 controls, performed a transmission disequilibrium test on 151 trios, and compared the results of a continuous performance test (CPT) according to the genotype of the three single nucleotide polymorphisms (rs11030101, rs6265, rs16917204) in the BDNF gene. RESULTS In the case-control analysis, the AA genotype of the BDNF rs11030101 polymorphism was significantly associated with ADHD only in girls (p=0.024, odds ratio=3.00). The T-G-G haplotype was significantly less frequent (p=0.005) and A-G-G was more frequent (p=0.048) in girls with ADHD than in control girls (global p=0.027). A multivariate analysis of variance for commission errors on the CPT showed a significant main effect for the rs11030101 genotype (p=0.026) and an interaction effect of the rs11030101 genotype and gender (p=0.032) in ADHD probands. CONCLUSION These results provide preliminary evidence for a gender-specific association between BDNF and ADHD in the Korean population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soo-Churl Cho
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyo-Won Kim
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Boong-Nyun Kim
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jae-Won Kim
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Min-Sup Shin
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seockhoon Chung
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Dae-Yeon Cho
- LabGenomics Clinical Research Institute, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sun-Woo Jung
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hee Jeong Yoo
- Department of Psychiatry, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea
| | - In-Won Chung
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Dongguk University College of Medicine, Goyang, Korea
| | - Un-Sun Chung
- Department of Psychiatry, Kyungpook National University College of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
| | - Jung-Woo Son
- Department of Psychiatry, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine, Cheongju, Korea
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Kim B, Koo MS, Jun JY, Park IH, Oh DY, Cheon KA. Association between Dopamine D4 Receptor Gene Polymorphism and Scores on a Continuous Performance Test in Korean Children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. Psychiatry Investig 2009; 6:216-21. [PMID: 20046398 PMCID: PMC2796070 DOI: 10.4306/pi.2009.6.3.216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2009] [Revised: 07/14/2009] [Accepted: 07/14/2009] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to evaluate the association between a variable number of tandem repeats polymorphism at the dopamine D4 receptor gene (DRD4) and the performance of children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in a continuous performance test (CPT). METHODS This study included 72 ADHD children (mean age=9.39+/-2.05 years) who were recruited from one child psychiatric clinic. The omission errors, commission errors, reaction time and reaction standardization in the CPT were computed. The number of 48-base pairs tandem repeats in the exon III of DRD4 was analyzed in a blind manner. RESULTS The homozygosity of the 4-repeat allele at DRD4 was significantly associated with fewer commission errors (t=2.364, df=28.685, p=0.025) and standard deviation of reaction time (t=2.351, df=24.648, p=0.027) even after adjusting for age. The results of analyses of CPT measured values among three groups showed that the group with higher frequency of the 4-repeat allele showed a lower mean score of commission errors (F=4.268, df=2, p=0.018). CONCLUSION These results suggest a protective role of 4-repeat allele of the DRD4 polymorphisms on commission errors in the CPT in children with ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bora Kim
- Department of Psychiatry, Kwandong University College of Medicine, Goyang, Korea
| | - Min-Seong Koo
- Department of Psychiatry, Kwandong University College of Medicine, Goyang, Korea
| | - Jin-Yong Jun
- Settlement Support Center for Dislocated North Koreans, Ministry of Unification, Anseong, Korea
| | - Il Ho Park
- Department of Psychiatry, Kwandong University College of Medicine, Goyang, Korea
| | - Dong-Yul Oh
- Department of Psychiatry, Kwandong University College of Medicine, Goyang, Korea
| | - Keun-Ah Cheon
- Department of Psychiatry, Kwandong University College of Medicine, Goyang, Korea
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