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Sturchio A, Rocha EM, Kauffman MA, Marsili L, Mahajan A, Saraf AA, Vizcarra JA, Guo Z, Espay AJ. Recalibrating the Why and Whom of Animal Models in Parkinson Disease: A Clinician's Perspective. Brain Sci 2024; 14:151. [PMID: 38391726 PMCID: PMC10887152 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci14020151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Revised: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 01/20/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Animal models have been used to gain pathophysiologic insights into Parkinson's disease (PD) and aid in the translational efforts of interventions with therapeutic potential in human clinical trials. However, no disease-modifying therapy for PD has successfully emerged from model predictions. These translational disappointments warrant a reappraisal of the types of preclinical questions asked of animal models. Besides the limitations of experimental designs, the one-size convergence and oversimplification yielded by a model cannot recapitulate the molecular diversity within and between PD patients. Here, we compare the strengths and pitfalls of different models, review the discrepancies between animal and human data on similar pathologic and molecular mechanisms, assess the potential of organoids as novel modeling tools, and evaluate the types of questions for which models can guide and misguide. We propose that animal models may be of greatest utility in the evaluation of molecular mechanisms, neural pathways, drug toxicity, and safety but can be unreliable or misleading when used to generate pathophysiologic hypotheses or predict therapeutic efficacy for compounds with potential neuroprotective effects in humans. To enhance the translational disease-modification potential, the modeling must reflect the biology not of a diseased population but of subtypes of diseased humans to distinguish What data are relevant and to Whom.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Sturchio
- James J. and Joan A. Gardner Family Center for Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders, Department of Neurology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45219, USA
| | - Emily M Rocha
- Pittsburgh Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Marcelo A Kauffman
- Consultorio y Laboratorio de Neurogenética, Centro Universitario de Neurología José María Ramos Mejía, Buenos Aires C1221ADC, Argentina
| | - Luca Marsili
- James J. and Joan A. Gardner Family Center for Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders, Department of Neurology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45219, USA
| | - Abhimanyu Mahajan
- James J. and Joan A. Gardner Family Center for Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders, Department of Neurology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45219, USA
| | - Ameya A Saraf
- James J. and Joan A. Gardner Family Center for Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders, Department of Neurology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45219, USA
| | - Joaquin A Vizcarra
- Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 15213, USA
| | - Ziyuan Guo
- Center for Stem Cell and Organoid Medicine (CuSTOM), Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Alberto J Espay
- James J. and Joan A. Gardner Family Center for Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders, Department of Neurology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45219, USA
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2
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Moreno R, Recio J, Barber S, Gil C, Martinez A. The emerging role of mixed lineage kinase 3 (MLK3) and its potential as a target for neurodegenerative diseases therapies. Eur J Med Chem 2023; 257:115511. [PMID: 37247505 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.115511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2023] [Revised: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Selective and brain-permeable protein kinase inhibitors are in preclinical development for treating neurodegenerative diseases. Among them, MLK3 inhibitors, with a potent neuroprotective biological action have emerged as valuable agents for the treatment of pathologies such as Alzheimer's, Parkinson's disease and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. In fact, one MLK3 inhibitor, CEP-1347, reached clinical trials for Parkinson's disease. Additionally, another compound called prostetin/12k, a potent and rather selective MLK3 inhibitor has started clinical development for ALS based on its motor neuron protection in both in vitro and in vivo models. In this review, we will focus on the role of MLK3 in neuron-related cell death processes, neurodegenerative diseases, and the potential advantages of targeting this kinase through pharmacological modulation for neuroprotective treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Moreno
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas "Margarita Salas"-CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Recio
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas "Margarita Salas"-CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Santiago Barber
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas "Margarita Salas"-CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carmen Gil
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas "Margarita Salas"-CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Ana Martinez
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas "Margarita Salas"-CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040, Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Av. Monforte de Lemos, 3-5, 28029, Madrid, Spain.
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3
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TrkA expression directs the anti-neoplastic activity of MLK3 inhibitors in triple-negative breast cancer. Oncogene 2023; 42:1132-1143. [PMID: 36813855 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-023-02633-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Revised: 02/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
Mixed Lineage Kinase 3 (MLK3) is a viable target for neoplastic diseases; however, it is unclear whether its activators or inhibitors can act as anti-neoplastic agents. We reported that the MLK3 kinase activity was higher in triple-negative (TNBC) than in hormone receptor-positive human breast tumors, where estrogen inhibited MLK3 kinase activity and provided a survival advantage to ER+ breast cancer cells. Herein, we show that in TNBC, the higher MLK3 kinase activity paradoxically promotes cancer cell survival. Knockdown of MLK3 or MLK3 inhibitors, CEP-1347 and URMC-099, attenuated tumorigenesis of TNBC cell line and Patient-Derived (PDX) xenografts. The MLK3 kinase inhibitors decreased both the expression and activation of MLK3, PAK1, and NF-kB protein and caused cell death in TNBC breast xenografts. RNA-seq analysis identified several genes downregulated by MLK3 inhibition, and the NGF/TrkA MAPK pathway was significantly enriched in tumors sensitive to growth inhibition by MLK3 inhibitors. The TNBC cell line unresponsive to kinase inhibitor had substantially lower TrkA, and overexpression of TrkA restored the sensitivity to MLK3 inhibition. These results suggest that the functions of MLK3 in breast cancer cells depend on downstream targets in TNBC tumors expressing TrkA, and MLK3 kinase inhibition may provide a novel targeted therapy.
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Li G, Qi W, Li X, Zhao J, Luo M, Chen J. Recent Advances in c-Jun N-Terminal Kinase (JNK) Inhibitors. Curr Med Chem 2021; 28:607-627. [PMID: 32039671 DOI: 10.2174/0929867327666200210144114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Revised: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
c-Jun N-Terminal Kinases (JNKs), members of the Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway, play a key role in the pathogenesis of many diseases including cancer, inflammation, Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, cardiovascular disease, obesity, and diabetes. Therefore, JNKs represent new and excellent target by therapeutic agents. Many JNK inhibitors based on different molecular scaffolds have been discovered in the past decade. However, only a few of them have advanced to clinical trials. The major obstacle for the development of JNK inhibitors as therapeutic agents is the JNKisoform selectivity. In this review, we describe the recent development of JNK inhibitors, including ATP competitive and ATP non-competitive (allosteric) inhibitors, bidentatebinding inhibitors and dual inhibitors, the challenges, and the future direction of JNK inhibitors as potential therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Li
- Department of Oncology, Shunde Hospital, Southern Medical University (The First People's Hospital of Shunde), Foshan 528300, China
| | - Wenqing Qi
- Department of Pathology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis TN 38105, United States
| | - Xiaoxun Li
- Chengdu Easton Biopharmaceuticals Co., Ltd., Chengdu 611731, China
| | - Jinwu Zhao
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Medical University, Songshan Lake Science and Technology Industry Park, Dongguan 523808, China
| | - Meihua Luo
- Department of Oncology, Shunde Hospital, Southern Medical University (The First People's Hospital of Shunde), Foshan 528300, China
| | - Jianjun Chen
- Department of Oncology, Shunde Hospital, Southern Medical University (The First People's Hospital of Shunde), Foshan 528300, China
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Xu WF, Zhang Q, Ding CJ, Sun HY, Che Y, Huang H, Wang Y, Wu JW, Hao HP, Cao LJ. Gasdermin E-derived caspase-3 inhibitors effectively protect mice from acute hepatic failure. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2021; 42:68-76. [PMID: 32457417 PMCID: PMC7921426 DOI: 10.1038/s41401-020-0434-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Programmed cell death (PCD), including apoptosis, apoptotic necrosis, and pyroptosis, is involved in various organ dysfunction syndromes. Recent studies have revealed that a substrate of caspase-3, gasdermin E (GSDME), functions as an effector for pyroptosis; however, few inhibitors have been reported to prevent pyroptosis mediated by GSDME. Here, we developed a class of GSDME-derived inhibitors containing the core structure of DMPD or DMLD. Ac-DMPD-CMK and Ac-DMLD-CMK could directly bind to the catalytic domains of caspase-3 and specifically inhibit caspase-3 activity, exhibiting a lower IC50 than that of Z-DEVD-FMK. Functionally, Ac-DMPD/DMLD-CMK substantially inhibited both GSDME and PARP cleavage by caspase-3, preventing apoptotic and pyroptotic events in hepatocytes and macrophages. Furthermore, in a mouse model of bile duct ligation that mimics intrahepatic cholestasis-related acute hepatic failure, Ac-DMPD/DMLD-CMK significantly alleviated liver injury. Together, this study not only identified two specific inhibitors of caspase-3 for investigating PCD but also, more importantly, shed light on novel lead compounds for treating liver failure and organ dysfunctions caused by PCD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan-Feng Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Quan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Chu-Jie Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Hui-Yong Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Yuan Che
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Hai Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Yun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Jia-Wei Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Hai-Ping Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China.
| | - Li-Juan Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China.
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6
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Gallo KA, Ellsworth E, Stoub H, Conrad SE. Therapeutic potential of targeting mixed lineage kinases in cancer and inflammation. Pharmacol Ther 2019; 207:107457. [PMID: 31863814 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2019.107457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Dysregulation of intracellular signaling pathways is a key attribute of diseases associated with chronic inflammation, including cancer. Mitogen activated protein kinases have emerged as critical conduits of intracellular signal transmission, yet due to their ubiquitous roles in cellular processes, their direct inhibition may lead to undesired effects, thus limiting their usefulness as therapeutic targets. Mixed lineage kinases (MLKs) are mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinases (MAP3Ks) that interact with scaffolding proteins and function upstream of p38, JNK, ERK, and NF-kappaB to mediate diverse cellular signals. Studies involving gene silencing, genetically engineered mouse models, and small molecule inhibitors suggest that MLKs are critical in tumor progression as well as in inflammatory processes. Recent advances indicate that they may be useful targets in some types of cancer and in diseases driven by chronic inflammation including neurodegenerative diseases and metabolic diseases such as nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. This review describes existing MLK inhibitors, the roles of MLKs in various aspects of tumor progression and in the control of inflammatory processes, and the potential for therapeutic targeting of MLKs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen A Gallo
- Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; Cell and Molecular Biology Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.
| | - Edmund Ellsworth
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Hayden Stoub
- Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Susan E Conrad
- Cell and Molecular Biology Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.
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7
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Forest KH, Nichols RA. Assessing Neuroprotective Agents for Aβ-Induced Neurotoxicity. Trends Mol Med 2019; 25:685-695. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2019.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2019] [Revised: 05/17/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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8
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Kline EM, Butkovich LM, Bradner JM, Chang J, Gelbard H, Goodfellow V, Caudle WM, Tansey MG. The second generation mixed lineage kinase-3 (MLK3) inhibitor CLFB-1134 protects against neurotoxin-induced nigral dopaminergic neuron loss. Exp Neurol 2019; 318:157-164. [PMID: 31077715 PMCID: PMC6592621 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2019.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Revised: 05/01/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Dopaminergic neurons express mixed lineage kinases which regulate the expression of cell death genes. In Parkinson's disease, cell death via apoptosis is prevalent, and previous work testing mixed lineage kinase inhibitors in animal models suggested the inhibitors had some neuroprotective potential. CLFB-1134 is a new, brain-penetrant inhibitor specific for MLK3, tested here in a 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) model of dopaminergic depletion and nigral neuron death in mice. After ensuring that treatment with CLFB-1134 did not alter conversion of MPTP to MPP+, we demonstrated CLFB-1134's inhibition of MLK3 and neuroprotective efficacy. Specifically we evaluated the integrity of the nigrostriatal dopamine system following MPTP by assessing protein expression, high performance liquid chromatography, and immunohistology with stereology. We found that CLFB-1134 achieves protection of striatal dopaminergic terminals and nigral cell bodies when dosed simultaneously or following MPTP treatment. By preventing phosphorylation of JNK and other downstream targets of MLK3, CLFB-1134 protects against the neurotoxin MPTP. Inhibition of MLK3 may be a valid target for future work investigating treatment of Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth M Kline
- Emory University, 615 Michael St, Atlanta, GA 30322, United States of America.
| | - Laura M Butkovich
- Emory University, 615 Michael St, Atlanta, GA 30322, United States of America.
| | - Joshua M Bradner
- Emory University, 1518 Clifton Rd NE, Atlanta, GA 30322, United States of America.
| | - Jianjun Chang
- Emory University, 615 Michael St, Atlanta, GA 30322, United States of America.
| | - Harris Gelbard
- University of Rochester Medical Center, Box 645, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Rochester, NY 14642, United States of America.
| | - Val Goodfellow
- Califia Bio Inc., San Diego, CA, United States of America.
| | - W Michael Caudle
- Emory University, 1518 Clifton Rd NE, Atlanta, GA 30322, United States of America.
| | - Malú G Tansey
- Emory University, 615 Michael St, Atlanta, GA 30322, United States of America.
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Bhowmick S, D'Mello V, Abdul-Muneer PM. Synergistic Inhibition of ERK1/2 and JNK, Not p38, Phosphorylation Ameliorates Neuronal Damages After Traumatic Brain Injury. Mol Neurobiol 2018; 56:1124-1136. [PMID: 29873042 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-018-1132-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases are serine/threonine protein kinases that play a critical role in signal transduction and are activated by phosphorylation in response to a variety of pathophysiology stimuli. While MAP kinase signaling has a significant role in the pathophysiology of several neurodegenerative diseases, the precise function of activation of MAP kinase in traumatic brain injury (TBI) is unknown. Therefore, it is important to study the role of MAP kinase signaling in TBI-associated neurological ailments. In this study, using an in vitro stretch injury model in rat embryo neuronal cultures and the in vivo fluid percussion injury (FPI) model in rats, we explored the role of MAP kinase signaling in the mechanisms of cell death in TBI. Our study demonstrated that the stretch injury in vitro and FPI in vivo upregulated the phosphorylation of MAP kinase proteins ERK1/2 and JNK, but not p38. Using ERK1/2 inhibitor U0126, JNK inhibitor SP600125, and p38 inhibitor SB203580, we validated the role of MAP kinase proteins in the activation of NF-kB and caspase-3. By immunofluorescence and western blotting, further, we demonstrated the role of ERK1/2 and JNK phosphorylation in neurodegeneration by analyzing cell death proteins annexin V and Poly-ADP-Ribose-Polymerase p85. Interestingly, combined use of ERK1/2 and JNK inhibitors further attenuated the cell death in stretch-injured neurons. In conclusion, this study could establish the significance of MAP kinase signaling in the pathophysiology of TBI and may have significant implications for developing therapeutic strategies using ERK1/2 and JNK inhibitors for TBI-associated neurological complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saurav Bhowmick
- Laboratory of CNS Injury and Repair, JFK Neuroscience Institute, Hackensack Meridian Health JFK Medical Center, 65 James St., Edison, NJ, 08820, USA
| | - Veera D'Mello
- Laboratory of CNS Injury and Repair, JFK Neuroscience Institute, Hackensack Meridian Health JFK Medical Center, 65 James St., Edison, NJ, 08820, USA
| | - P M Abdul-Muneer
- Laboratory of CNS Injury and Repair, JFK Neuroscience Institute, Hackensack Meridian Health JFK Medical Center, 65 James St., Edison, NJ, 08820, USA.
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10
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Palanisamy SK, Rajendran NM, Marino A. Natural Products Diversity of Marine Ascidians (Tunicates; Ascidiacea) and Successful Drugs in Clinical Development. NATURAL PRODUCTS AND BIOPROSPECTING 2017; 7:1-111. [PMID: 28097641 PMCID: PMC5315671 DOI: 10.1007/s13659-016-0115-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2016] [Accepted: 12/14/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
This present study reviewed the chemical diversity of marine ascidians and their pharmacological applications, challenges and recent developments in marine drug discovery reported during 1994-2014, highlighting the structural activity of compounds produced by these specimens. Till date only 5% of living ascidian species were studied from <3000 species, this study represented from family didemnidae (32%), polyclinidae (22%), styelidae and polycitoridae (11-12%) exhibiting the highest number of promising MNPs. Close to 580 compound structures are here discussed in terms of their occurrence, structural type and reported biological activity. Anti-cancer drugs are the main area of interest in the screening of MNPs from ascidians (64%), followed by anti-malarial (6%) and remaining others. FDA approved ascidian compounds mechanism of action along with other compounds status of clinical trials (phase 1 to phase 3) are discussed here in. This review highlights recent developments in the area of natural products chemistry and biotechnological approaches are emphasized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satheesh Kumar Palanisamy
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Science, University of Messina, 98166, Messina, Italy.
| | - N M Rajendran
- Key Laboratory of Engineering Plastics and Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Angela Marino
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Science, University of Messina, 98166, Messina, Italy
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Mixed – Lineage Protein kinases (MLKs) in inflammation, metabolism, and other disease states. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2016; 1862:1581-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2016.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2016] [Revised: 05/26/2016] [Accepted: 05/27/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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12
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Li W, Tong HI, Gorantla S, Poluektova LY, Gendelman HE, Lu Y. Neuropharmacologic Approaches to Restore the Brain's Microenvironment. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2016; 11:484-94. [PMID: 27352074 PMCID: PMC4985494 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-016-9686-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2016] [Accepted: 05/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Maintaining the central nervous system microenvironment after injury, infection, inflammatory and degenerative diseases is contingent upon adequate control of glial homeostatic functions. Disease is caused by microbial, environmental and endogenous factors that compromise ongoing nervous system functions. The final result is neuronal injury, dropout and nerve connection loss, and these underlie the pathobiology of Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, stroke, and bacterial, parasitic and viral infections. However, what promotes disease are homeostatic changes in the brain's microenvironment affected by innate glial immune pro-inflammatory and adaptive immune responses. These events disturb the brain's metabolic activities and communication abilities. How the process affects the brain's regulatory functions that can be harnessed for therapeutic gain is the subject at hand. Specific examples are provided that serve to modulate inflammation and improve disease outcomes specifically for HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weizhe Li
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
| | - Hsin-I Tong
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Environmental Health Laboratory, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI, 96822, USA
| | - Santhi Gorantla
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
| | - Larisa Y Poluektova
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
| | - Howard E Gendelman
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA.
| | - Yuanan Lu
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Environmental Health Laboratory, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI, 96822, USA.
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Yarza R, Vela S, Solas M, Ramirez MJ. c-Jun N-terminal Kinase (JNK) Signaling as a Therapeutic Target for Alzheimer's Disease. Front Pharmacol 2016; 6:321. [PMID: 26793112 PMCID: PMC4709475 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2015.00321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 226] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2015] [Accepted: 12/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
c-Jun N-terminal kinases (JNKs) are a family of protein kinases that play a central role in stress signaling pathways implicated in gene expression, neuronal plasticity, regeneration, cell death, and regulation of cellular senescence. It has been shown that there is a JNK pathway activation after exposure to different stressing factors, including cytokines, growth factors, oxidative stress, unfolded protein response signals or Aβ peptides. Altogether, JNKs have become a focus of screening strategies searching for new therapeutic approaches to diabetes, cancer or liver diseases. In addition, activation of JNK has been identified as a key element responsible for the regulation of apoptosis signals and therefore, it is critical for pathological cell death associated with neurodegenerative diseases and, among them, with Alzheimer’s disease (AD). In addition, in vitro and in vivo studies have reported alterations of JNK pathways potentially associated with pathogenesis and neuronal death in AD. JNK’s, particularly JNK3, not only enhance Aβ production, moreover it plays a key role in the maturation and development of neurofibrillary tangles. This review aims to explain the rationale behind testing therapies based on inhibition of JNK signaling for AD in terms of current knowledge about the pathophysiology of the disease. Keeping in mind that JNK3 is specifically expressed in the brain and activated by stress-stimuli, it is possible to hypothesize that inhibition of JNK3 might be considered as a potential target for treating neurodegenerative mechanisms associated with AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramon Yarza
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Navarra Pamplona, Spain
| | - Silvia Vela
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Navarra Pamplona, Spain
| | - Maite Solas
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of NavarraPamplona, Spain; Navarra Institute for Health ResearchPamplona, Spain
| | - Maria J Ramirez
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of NavarraPamplona, Spain; Navarra Institute for Health ResearchPamplona, Spain
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14
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Adjunctive and long-acting nanoformulated antiretroviral therapies for HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders. Curr Opin HIV AIDS 2015; 9:585-90. [PMID: 25226025 DOI: 10.1097/coh.0000000000000111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW We are pleased to review current and future strategies being developed to modulate neuroinflammation while reducing residual viral burden in the central nervous system. This has been realized by targeted long-acting antiretroviral nano and adjunctive therapies being developed for HIV-infected people. Our ultimate goal is to eliminate virus from its central nervous system reservoirs and, in so doing, reverse the cognitive and motor dysfunctions. RECENT FINDINGS Herein, we highlight our laboratories' development of adjunctive and nanomedicine therapies for HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders. An emphasis is placed on drug-drug interactions that target both the viral life cycle and secretory proinflammatory neurotoxic factors and signaling pathways. SUMMARY Antiretroviral therapy has improved the quality and duration of life for people living with HIV-1. A significant long-term comorbid illness is HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders. Symptoms, although reduced in severity, are common. Disease occurs, in part, through continued low-level viral replication, inducing secondary glial neuroinflammatory activities. Our recent works and those of others have seen disease attenuated in animal models through the use of adjunctive and long-acting reservoir-targeted nanoformulated antiretroviral therapy. The translation of these inventions from animals to humans is the focus of this review.
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Comim CM, Pereira JG, Ribeiro SJ, Quevedo J, Boeck CR. Methylphenidate treatment affects mitogen-activated protein kinase activation in the striatum of young rats. Acta Neuropsychiatr 2013; 25:235-9. [PMID: 25287637 DOI: 10.1111/acn.12015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Methylphenidate (MPD) is a drug prescribed for the treatment of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder and its therapeutic effect is attributed to the inhibition of dopamine. METHODS Young male Wistar rats were administered MPD (1, 2, 5, or 10 mg/kg) once a day or an intraperitoneal injection of saline for 28 days (chronic treatment) or for 1 day (acute treatment). Two hours after the last administration the animals were decapitated and their striatum was dissected. RESULTS In this work, we show that continued treatment with MPD is capable of modifying the levels of phosphorylation of proteins JNK1/2 (c-Jun amino-terminal kinases 1 and 2) and ERK1/2 (extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1 and 2). Whereas the level of phosphorylation of protein ERK increased significantly, that of proteins JNK1/2 diminished. CONCLUSION The alteration in the level of activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases can be a molecular mechanism through which MPD exerts its therapeutic effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clarissa M Comim
- 1 Laboratory of Neurosciences and National Institute for Translational Medicine (INCT-TM), Postgradute Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of Southern Santa Catarina, Criciúma, SC, Brazil
| | - Josimar G Pereira
- 1 Laboratory of Neurosciences and National Institute for Translational Medicine (INCT-TM), Postgradute Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of Southern Santa Catarina, Criciúma, SC, Brazil
| | - Sandro J Ribeiro
- 1 Laboratory of Neurosciences and National Institute for Translational Medicine (INCT-TM), Postgradute Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of Southern Santa Catarina, Criciúma, SC, Brazil
| | - João Quevedo
- 1 Laboratory of Neurosciences and National Institute for Translational Medicine (INCT-TM), Postgradute Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of Southern Santa Catarina, Criciúma, SC, Brazil
| | - Carina R Boeck
- 1 Laboratory of Neurosciences and National Institute for Translational Medicine (INCT-TM), Postgradute Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of Southern Santa Catarina, Criciúma, SC, Brazil
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16
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Marker DF, Tremblay MÈ, Puccini JM, Barbieri J, Gantz Marker MA, Loweth CJ, Muly EC, Lu SM, Goodfellow VS, Dewhurst S, Gelbard HA. The new small-molecule mixed-lineage kinase 3 inhibitor URMC-099 is neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory in models of human immunodeficiency virus-associated neurocognitive disorders. J Neurosci 2013; 33:9998-10010. [PMID: 23761895 PMCID: PMC3682381 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0598-13.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2013] [Revised: 04/09/2013] [Accepted: 05/06/2013] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) is a significant source of disability in the HIV-infected population. Even with stringent adherence to anti-retroviral therapy, >50% of patients living with HIV-1 will develop HAND (Heaton et al., 2010). Because suppression of viral replication alone is not enough to stop HAND progression, there is a need for an adjunctive neuroprotective therapy in this population. To this end, we have developed a small-molecule brain-penetrant inhibitor with activity against mixed-lineage kinase 3 (MLK3), named URMC-099. MLK3 activation is associated with many of the pathologic hallmarks of HAND (Bodner et al., 2002, 2004; Sui et al., 2006) and therefore represents a prime target for adjunctive therapy based on small-molecule kinase inhibition. Here we demonstrate the anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effects of URMC-099 in multiple murine and rodent models of HAND. In vitro, URMC-099 treatment reduced inflammatory cytokine production by HIV-1 Tat-exposed microglia and prevented destruction and phagocytosis of cultured neuronal axons by these cells. In vivo, URMC-099 treatment reduced inflammatory cytokine production, protected neuronal architecture, and altered the morphologic and ultrastructural response of microglia to HIV-1 Tat exposure. In conclusion, these data provide compelling in vitro and in vivo evidence to investigate the utility of URMC-099 in other models of HAND with the goal of advancement to an adjunctive therapeutic agent.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Bone Marrow Transplantation
- CX3C Chemokine Receptor 1
- Cell Line, Transformed/drug effects
- Cell Line, Transformed/virology
- Cells, Cultured
- Cytokines
- Disease Models, Animal
- Embryo, Mammalian
- Gene Products, tat/immunology
- Green Fluorescent Proteins/genetics
- Green Fluorescent Proteins/metabolism
- HIV Infections/complications
- HIV Infections/drug therapy
- HIV Infections/virology
- HIV-1/physiology
- Hippocampus/pathology
- Humans
- Inflammation/genetics
- Inflammation/pathology
- Inflammation/prevention & control
- Inflammation/virology
- MAP Kinase Kinase Kinases/antagonists & inhibitors
- Mice
- Mice, Transgenic
- Microscopy, Immunoelectron
- Neuroprotective Agents/therapeutic use
- Phagocytosis/drug effects
- Phagocytosis/genetics
- Phosphorylation/drug effects
- Pyridines/pharmacology
- Pyridines/therapeutic use
- Pyrroles/pharmacology
- Pyrroles/therapeutic use
- Rats
- Receptors, Chemokine/genetics
- Receptors, Chemokine/metabolism
- Signal Transduction/drug effects
- Signal Transduction/genetics
- Statistics, Nonparametric
- Time Factors
- Transfection
- tat Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus
- Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Kinase Kinase 11
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel F Marker
- Centers for Neural Development and Disease, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14642, USA.
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17
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Targeting phosphatases as the next generation of disease modifying therapeutics for Parkinson’s disease. Neurochem Int 2012; 61:899-906. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2012.01.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2012] [Revised: 01/26/2012] [Accepted: 01/28/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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18
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Kostadinova R, Montagner A, Gouranton E, Fleury S, Guillou H, Dombrowicz D, Desreumaux P, Wahli W. GW501516-activated PPARβ/δ promotes liver fibrosis via p38-JNK MAPK-induced hepatic stellate cell proliferation. Cell Biosci 2012; 2:34. [PMID: 23046570 PMCID: PMC3519722 DOI: 10.1186/2045-3701-2-34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2012] [Accepted: 10/04/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED BACKGROUND After liver injury, the repair process comprises activation and proliferation of hepatic stellate cells (HSCs), which produce extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor beta/delta (PPARβ/δ) is highly expressed in these cells, but its function in liver repair remains incompletely understood. This study investigated whether activation of PPARβ/δ with the ligand GW501516 influenced the fibrotic response to injury from chronic carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) treatment in mice. Wild type and PPARβ/δ-null mice were treated with CCl4 alone or CCl4 co-administered with GW501516. To unveil mechanisms underlying the PPARβ/δ-dependent effects, we analyzed the proliferative response of human LX-2 HSCs to GW501516 in the presence or absence of PPARβ/δ. RESULTS We found that GW501516 treatment enhanced the fibrotic response. Compared to the other experimental groups, CCl4/GW501516-treated wild type mice exhibited increased expression of various profibrotic and pro-inflammatory genes, such as those involved in extracellular matrix deposition and macrophage recruitment. Importantly, compared to healthy liver, hepatic fibrotic tissues from alcoholic patients showed increased expression of several PPAR target genes, including phosphoinositide-dependent kinase-1, transforming growth factor beta-1, and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1. GW501516 stimulated HSC proliferation that caused enhanced fibrotic and inflammatory responses, by increasing the phosphorylation of p38 and c-Jun N-terminal kinases through the phosphoinositide-3 kinase/protein kinase-C alpha/beta mixed lineage kinase-3 pathway. CONCLUSIONS This study clarified the mechanism underlying GW501516-dependent promotion of hepatic repair by stimulating proliferation of HSCs via the p38 and JNK MAPK pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radina Kostadinova
- Center for Integrative Genomics, National Research Center Frontiers in Genetics, University of Lausanne, Genopode Building, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland.
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19
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Yenki P, Khodagholi F, Shaerzadeh F. Inhibition of phosphorylation of JNK suppresses Aβ-induced ER stress and upregulates prosurvival mitochondrial proteins in rat hippocampus. J Mol Neurosci 2012; 49:262-9. [PMID: 22706709 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-012-9837-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2012] [Accepted: 06/06/2012] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
A growing body of evidence indicates that c-Jun N-terminal kinases (JNKs) is activated in Alzheimer's disease. Herein, we examine the effect of the JNK specific inhibitor, SP600125, on the level of functional proteins or transcription factors related to endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and oxidative stress induced by amyloid beta (Aβ). Our results clearly showed the ability of SP600125 to decrease the levels of caspase 12 and calpain 2, two important enzymes involved in ER stress. Aβ has been suggested to be able to decrease the phosphorylation level of cAMP response element-binding (CREB) through mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway. We observed that JNK inhibition in Aβ-injected rats can restore the activation of CREB through increasing its phosphorylation level. This effect may explain the increase observed in c-fos level, as a CREB downstream factor under JNK inhibition in Aβ-injected rats. Following Aβ injection, the levels of pro-survival mitochondrial proteins including nuclear respiratory factor-1 (NRF-1), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma co-activator 1-alpha, and mitochondrial transcription factor A (TFAM) significantly decreased, which could be returned to control level with JNK inhibition. We suggest that the elevation in the level of PGC1-alpha and other mitochondrial proteins is the result of an increase in CREB activation as the upstream factor of PGC1-alpha. Also, we observed that pretreatment with SP600125 leads to a greater increase of nuclear related factor-2 (Nrf2) level compared with the Aβ-injected group. Nrf2 has been shown to bind to CREB-binding factor leading to their contribution in Nrf2 target genes expression. Besides, NRF-1 and TFAM are reported as Nrf2 targets. Based on our data, we can conclude that JNK carry out partial destructive effects of Aβ in rat brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parvin Yenki
- Neuroscience Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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20
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Translating the therapeutic potential of neurotrophic factors to clinical 'proof of concept': a personal saga achieving a career-long quest. Neurobiol Dis 2012; 48:153-78. [PMID: 22525569 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2012.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2011] [Revised: 02/29/2012] [Accepted: 04/06/2012] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
While the therapeutic potential of neurotrophic factors has been well-recognized for over two decades, attempts to translate that potential to the clinic have been disappointing, largely due to significant delivery obstacles. Similarly, gene therapy (or gene transfer) emerged as a potentially powerful, new therapeutic approach nearly two decades ago and despite its promise, also suffered serious setbacks when applied to the human clinic. As advances continue to be made in both fields, ironically, they may now be poised to complement each other to produce a translational breakthrough. The accumulated data argue that gene transfer provides the 'enabling technology' that can solve the age-old delivery problems that have plagued the translation of neurotrophic factors as treatments for chronic central nervous system diseases. A leading translational program applying gene transfer to deliver a neurotrophic factor to rejuvenate and protect degenerating human neurons is CERE-120 (AAV2-NRTN). To date, over two dozen nonclinical studies and three clinical trials have been completed. A fourth (pivotal) clinical trial has completed all dosing and is currently evaluating safety and efficacy. In total, eighty Parkinson's disease (PD) subjects have thus far been dosed with CERE-120 (some 7 years ago), representing over 250 cumulative patient-years of exposure, with no serious safety issues identified. In a completed sham-surgery, double-blinded controlled trial, though the primary endpoint (the Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (UDPRS) motor off score measured at 12 months) did not show benefit from CERE-120, several important motor and quality of life measurements did, including the same UPDRS-motor-off score, pre-specified to also be measured at a longer, 18-month post-dosing time point. Importantly, not a single measurement favored the sham control group. This study therefore, provided important, well-controlled evidence establishing 'clinical proof of concept' for gene transfer to the CNS and the first controlled evidence for clinical benefit of a neurotrophic factor in a human neurodegenerative disease. This paper reviews the development of CERE-120, starting historically with the long-standing interest in the therapeutic potential of neurotrophic factors and continuing with selective accounts of past efforts to translate their potential to the clinic, eventually leading to the application of gene transfer and its role as the 'enabling technology'. Because of growing interest in translational R&D, including its practice in industry, the paper is uniquely oriented from the author's personal, quasi-autobiographic perspective and career-long experiences conducting translational research and development, with a focus on various translational neurotrophic factor programs spanning 30+ years in Big Pharma and development-stage biotech companies. It is hoped that by sharing these perspectives, practical insight and information might be provided to others also interested in translational R&D as well as neurotrophic factors and gene therapy, offering readers the opportunity to benefit from some of our successes, while possibly avoiding some of our missteps.
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21
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El Ayadi A, Zigmond MJ. Low concentrations of methamphetamine can protect dopaminergic cells against a larger oxidative stress injury: mechanistic study. PLoS One 2011; 6:e24722. [PMID: 22022363 PMCID: PMC3192034 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0024722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2010] [Accepted: 08/19/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Mild stress can protect against a larger insult, a phenomenon termed preconditioning or tolerance. To determine if a low intensity stressor could also protect cells against intense oxidative stress in a model of dopamine deficiency associated with Parkinson disease, we used methamphetamine to provide a mild, preconditioning stress, 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) as a source of potentially toxic oxidative stress, and MN9D cells as a model of dopamine neurons. We observed that prior exposure to subtoxic concentrations of methamphetamine protected these cells against 6-OHDA toxicity, whereas higher concentrations of methamphetamine exacerbated it. The protection by methamphetamine was accompanied by decreased uptake of both [(3)H] dopamine and 6-OHDA into the cells, which may have accounted for some of the apparent protection. However, a number of other effects of methamphetamine exposure suggest that the drug also affected basic cellular survival mechanisms. First, although methamphetamine preconditioning decreased basal pERK1/2 and pAkt levels, it enhanced the 6-OHDA-induced increase in these phosphokinases. Second, the apparent increase in pERK1/2 activity was accompanied by increased pMEK1/2 levels and decreased activity of protein phosphatase 2. Third, methamphetamine upregulated the pro-survival protein Bcl-2. Our results suggest that exposure to low concentrations of methamphetamine cause a number of changes in dopamine cells, some of which result in a decrease in their vulnerability to subsequent oxidative stress. These observations may provide insights into the development of new therapies for prevention or treatment of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amina El Ayadi
- Pittsburgh Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Michael J. Zigmond
- Pittsburgh Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
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22
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Olanow CW, Wunderle KB, Kieburtz K. Milestones in movement disorders clinical trials: Advances and landmark studies. Mov Disord 2011; 26:1003-14. [DOI: 10.1002/mds.23727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
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23
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Sweeney ZK, Lewcock JW. ACS chemical neuroscience spotlight on CEP-1347. ACS Chem Neurosci 2011; 2:3-4. [PMID: 22778853 DOI: 10.1021/cn1000793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2010] [Accepted: 08/25/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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24
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Crews CM. Targeting the undruggable proteome: the small molecules of my dreams. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 17:551-5. [PMID: 20609404 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2010.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2010] [Revised: 05/10/2010] [Accepted: 05/11/2010] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Biologically active small molecules have long proven useful in the exploration of cell biology. Although many early compounds were by-products of drug development efforts, recent increased small molecule screening efforts in academia have expanded the repertoire of biological processes investigated to include areas of biology that are not of immediate pharmaceutical interest. Many of these new bioassays score for small molecule-induced phenotypic changes at the cellular or even organismal level and thus have been described as "chemical genetic" screens. However, this analogy with traditional genetic screens is misleading; although each gene has roughly an equivalent chance of being mutated in a traditional genetic screen, the amount of "proteomic space" that a chemical genetics approach can reach using current small molecule libraries is considerably smaller. Thus, new chemical biology methodologies are needed to target the remaining "undruggable proteome" with small druglike molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig M Crews
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA.
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25
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Gelbard HA, Dewhurst S, Maggirwar SB, Kiebala M, Polesskaya O, Gendelman HE. Rebuilding synaptic architecture in HIV-1 associated neurocognitive disease: a therapeutic strategy based on modulation of mixed lineage kinase. Neurotherapeutics 2010; 7:392-8. [PMID: 20880503 PMCID: PMC2948545 DOI: 10.1016/j.nurt.2010.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2010] [Revised: 07/28/2010] [Accepted: 08/04/2010] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Work from our laboratories has validated mixed lineage kinase type 3 (MLK3) as an enzyme pathologically activated in the CNS by human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1) neurotoxins. In this review, we discuss MLK3 activation in the context of the neuropathogenesis of HIV-1 associated neurocognitive deficits (HAND). We use findings from the literature to substantiate the neuropathologic relevance of MLK3 to neurodegenerative disease, with an emphasis on Parkinson's disease that shares a number of important phenotypic and neuropathologic characteristics with HAND. We discuss signal transduction pathways downstream from MLK3 activation, with an emphasis on their involvement in microglia and neurons in preclinical models of HAND. Finally, we make a case for pharmacologic intervention targeted at inhibition of MLK3 as a strategy to reverse HAND, in light of the fact that combination antiretroviral therapy, despite successfully managing systemic infection of HIV-1, has been largely unsuccessful in eradicating HAND.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harris A Gelbard
- Center for Neural Development and Disease, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York 14642, USA.
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26
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Schwid SR, Bausch J, Oakes D, Schuchter L, Tanner C, Forrest M, Lang AE, Shoulson I. Cancer incidence in a trial of an antiapoptotic agent for Parkinson's disease. Mov Disord 2010; 25:1801-8. [DOI: 10.1002/mds.23006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
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27
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Pathological roles of MAPK signaling pathways in human diseases. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2010; 1802:396-405. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2009.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1521] [Impact Index Per Article: 108.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2009] [Revised: 11/26/2009] [Accepted: 12/01/2009] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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28
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Rangasamy V, Mishra R, Mehrotra S, Sondarva G, Ray RS, Rao A, Chatterjee M, Rana B, Rana A. Estrogen suppresses MLK3-mediated apoptosis sensitivity in ER+ breast cancer cells. Cancer Res 2010; 70:1731-40. [PMID: 20145118 PMCID: PMC2963191 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-09-3492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Little knowledge exists about the mechanisms by which estrogen can impede chemotherapy-induced cell death of breast cancer cells. 17beta-Estradiol (E(2)) hinders cytotoxic drug-induced cell death in estrogen receptor-positive (ER(+)) breast cancer cells. We noted that the activity of the proapoptotic mixed lineage kinase 3 (MLK3) kinase was relatively higher in estrogen receptor-negative (ER(-)) breast tumors, suggesting that E(2) might inhibit MLK3 activity. The kinase activities of MLK3 and its downstream target, c-Jun NH(2)-terminal kinase, were rapidly inhibited by E(2) in ER(+) but not in ER(-) cells. Specific knockdown of AKT1/2 prevented MLK3 inhibition by E(2), indicating that AKT mediated this event. Furthermore, MLK3 inhibition by E(2) involved phosphorylation of MLK3 Ser(674) by AKT, attenuating the proapoptotic function of MLK3. We found that a pan-MLK inhibitor (CEP-11004) limited Taxol-induced cell death and that E(2) accentuated this limitation. Taken together, our findings indicate that E(2) inhibits the proapoptotic function of MLK3 as a mechanism to limit cytotoxic drug-induced death of ER(+) breast cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Velusamy Rangasamy
- Department of Pharmacology, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, Illinois 60153
| | - Rajakishore Mishra
- Department of Pharmacology, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, Illinois 60153
| | - Suneet Mehrotra
- Department of Pharmacology, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, Illinois 60153
| | - Gautam Sondarva
- Department of Pharmacology, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, Illinois 60153
| | - Rajarshi S. Ray
- Department of Pharmacology, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, Illinois 60153
| | - Arundhati Rao
- Department of Pathology, Scott and White Hospital and Texas A & M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Temple, Texas 76504
| | - Malay Chatterjee
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Basabi Rana
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, Illinois 60153
- Hines Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Hines, Illinois 60141
| | - Ajay Rana
- Department of Pharmacology, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, Illinois 60153
- Hines Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Hines, Illinois 60141
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29
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Chico LK, Van Eldik LJ, Watterson DM. Targeting protein kinases in central nervous system disorders. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2009; 8:892-909. [PMID: 19876042 PMCID: PMC2825114 DOI: 10.1038/nrd2999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 195] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Protein kinases are a growing drug target class in disorders in peripheral tissues, but the development of kinase-targeted therapies for central nervous system (CNS) diseases remains a challenge, largely owing to issues associated specifically with CNS drug discovery. However, several candidate therapeutics that target CNS protein kinases are now in various stages of preclinical and clinical development. We review candidate compounds and discuss selected CNS protein kinases that are emerging as important therapeutic targets. In addition, we analyse trends in small-molecule properties that correlate with key challenges in CNS drug discovery, such as blood-brain barrier penetrance and cytochrome P450-mediated metabolism, and discuss the potential of future approaches that will integrate molecular-fragment expansion with pharmacoinformatics to address these challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura K Chico
- Center for Molecular Innovation and Drug Discovery, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA
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30
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Tao M, Park CH, Josef K, Hudkins RL. Regioselective synthesis of 2-methyl-2,5,6,11,12,13-hexahydro 4H indazolo[5,4-a]pyrrolo[3,4-c]carbazole-4-ones. J Heterocycl Chem 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/jhet.200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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31
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Löhle M, Reichmann H. Clinical neuroprotection in Parkinson's disease - still waiting for the breakthrough. J Neurol Sci 2009; 289:104-14. [PMID: 19772974 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2009.08.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Recent research in the pharmacotherapy of Parkinson's disease (PD) has been able to provide numerous agents for the symptomatic control of motor impairments, but has failed to identify substances capable to slow down or even halt the progression of the disease. In the absence of disease-modifying therapies, affected patients develop marked disability within some years after the onset of motor symptoms, which can be alleviated but eventually not prevented with currently available medical and surgical therapies. Despite promising results from preclinical studies, outcomes of clinical neuroprotection trials have been repeatedly disappointing, which calls for a review of our approach to this topic. This article attempts to explain the need for neuroprotective therapies in PD, discusses results and limitations of previous clinical trials and provides some food for thought for the future research of neuroprotection in PD. Previous experiences from neuroprotection studies may have been discouraging, but also teach us some important lessons for the next generation of preclinical and clinical trials. Firstly, our currently used animal models for PD need to be refined in order to more reliably predict the efficacy of putative neuroprotective agents in subsequent clinical studies. Furthermore, changes in the methodology and design of future neuroprotection trials are required in order to exclude an impact of confounding symptomatic effects on observations. Finally, coordination and concentration of future research on the most promising agents will be necessary in order to accelerate the search for neuroprotective therapies in PD. Just as the pathogenesis of the disease is manifold, it may be this multilateral approach that eventually leads us to a breakthrough in finding neuroprotective agents for PD, if they exist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Löhle
- Department of Neurology, Dresden University of Technology, Germany.
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32
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Jenner P. Functional models of Parkinson's disease: a valuable tool in the development of novel therapies. Ann Neurol 2009; 64 Suppl 2:S16-29. [PMID: 19127585 DOI: 10.1002/ana.21489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Functional models of Parkinson's disease (PD) have led to effective treatment for the motor symptoms. Toxin-based models, such as the 6-hydroxydopamine-lesioned rat and 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine-treated primate, have resulted in novel dopaminergic therapies and new therapeutic strategies. They have also been used to study processes underlying motor complications, particularly dyskinesia, and for developing pharmacological approaches to dyskinesia avoidance and suppression. Symptomatic models of PD based on nigrostriatal degeneration have a high degree of predictability of clinical effect of dopaminergic drugs on motor symptoms in humans. However, the effects of nondopaminergic drugs in these models do not translate effectively into clinical efficacy. Newer experimental models of PD have attempted to reproduce the pathogenic process and to involve all areas of the brain pathologically affected in humans. In addition, models showing progressive neuronal death have been sought but so far unsuccessfully. Pathogenic modeling has been attempted using a range of toxins, as well as through the use of transgenic models of gene defects in familial PD and mutant rodent strains. However, there are still no accepted progressive models of PD that mimic the processes known to occur during cell death and that result in the motor deficits, pathology, biochemistry, and drug responsiveness as seen in humans. Nevertheless, functional models of PD have led to many advances in treating the motor symptoms of the disorder, and we have been fortunate to have them available. They are an important reason the treatment of PD is so much better compared with treatments for related illnesses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Jenner
- Neurodegenerative Disease Research Centre, School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, King's College, London, United Kingdom.
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Wen XR, Li C, Zong YY, Yu CZ, Xu J, Han D, Zhang GY. Dual inhibitory roles of geldanamycin on the c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase 3 signal pathway through suppressing the expression of mixed-lineage kinase 3 and attenuating the activation of apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1 via facilitating the activation of Akt in ischemic brain injury. Neuroscience 2008; 156:483-97. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2008.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2008] [Revised: 07/23/2008] [Accepted: 08/06/2008] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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Hudkins RL, Diebold JL, Tao M, Josef KA, Park CH, Angeles TS, Aimone LD, Husten J, Ator MA, Meyer SL, Holskin BP, Durkin JT, Fedorov AA, Fedorov EV, Almo SC, Mathiasen JR, Bozyczko-Coyne D, Saporito MS, Scott RW, Mallamo JP. Mixed-lineage kinase 1 and mixed-lineage kinase 3 subtype-selective dihydronaphthyl[3,4-a]pyrrolo[3,4-c]carbazole-5-ones: optimization, mixed-lineage kinase 1 crystallography, and oral in vivo activity in 1-methyl-4-phenyltetrahydropyridine models. J Med Chem 2008; 51:5680-9. [PMID: 18714982 DOI: 10.1021/jm8005838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The optimization of the dihydronaphthyl[3,4-a]pyrrolo[3,4-c]carbazole-5-one R(2) and R(12) positions led to the identification of the first MLK1 and MLK3 subtype-selective inhibitors within the MLK family. Compounds 14 (CEP-5104) and 16 (CEP-6331) displayed good potency for MLK1 and MLK3 inhibition with a greater than 30- to 100-fold selectivity for related family members MLK2 and DLK. Compounds 14 and 16 were orally active in vivo in a mouse MPTP biochemical efficacy model that was comparable to the first-generation pan-MLK inhibitor 1 (CEP-1347). The MLK1 structure-activity relationships were supported by the first-reported X-ray crystal structure of MLK1 bound with 16.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert L Hudkins
- Discovery Research, Cephalon, Incorporated, 145 Brandywine Parkway, West Chester, Pennsylvania 19380, USA.
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Christian SL, Ross AP, Zhao HW, Kristenson HJ, Zhan X, Rasley BT, Bickler PE, Drew KL. Arctic ground squirrel (Spermophilus parryii) hippocampal neurons tolerate prolonged oxygen-glucose deprivation and maintain baseline ERK1/2 and JNK activation despite drastic ATP loss. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2008; 28:1307-19. [PMID: 18398417 PMCID: PMC2792705 DOI: 10.1038/jcbfm.2008.20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD) initiates a cascade of intracellular responses that culminates in cell death in sensitive species. Neurons from Arctic ground squirrels (AGS), a hibernating species, tolerate OGD in vitro and global ischemia in vivo independent of temperature or torpor. Regulation of energy stores and activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathways can regulate neuronal survival. We used acute hippocampal slices to investigate the role of ATP stores and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)1/2 and Jun NH(2)-terminal kinase (JNK) MAPKs in promoting survival. Acute hippocampal slices from AGS tolerated 30 mins of OGD and showed a small but significant increase in cell death with 2 h OGD at 37 degrees C. This tolerance is independent of hibernation state or season. Neurons from AGS survive OGD despite rapid ATP depletion by 3 mins in interbout euthermic AGS and 10 mins in hibernating AGS. Oxygen-glucose deprivation does not induce JNK activation in AGS and baseline ERK1/2 and JNK activation is maintained even after drastic depletion of ATP. Surprisingly, inhibition of ERK1/2 or JNK during OGD had no effect on survival, whereas inhibition of JNK increased cell death during normoxia. Thus, protective mechanisms promoting tolerance to OGD by AGS are downstream from ATP loss and are independent of hibernation state or season. Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism (2008) 28, 1307-1319; doi:10.1038/jcbfm.2008.20; published online 9 April 2008.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sherri L Christian
- Alaskan Basic Neuroscience Program, Institute of Arctic Biology, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, Alaska 99775-7000, USA
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Antiapoptotic and trophic effects of dominant-negative forms of dual leucine zipper kinase in dopamine neurons of the substantia nigra in vivo. J Neurosci 2008; 28:672-80. [PMID: 18199767 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2132-07.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
There is extensive evidence that the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling cascade mediates programmed cell death in neurons. However, current evidence that the mixed linage kinases (MLKs), upstream in this cascade, mediate cell death is based, in the in vivo context, entirely on pharmacological approaches. The compounds used in these studies have neither complete specificity nor selectivity among these kinases. Therefore, to better address the molecular specificity of the MLKs in mediating neuron death, we used dominant-negative constructs delivered by AAV (adenoassociated virus) vector transfer. We assessed effects in a neurotoxin model of parkinsonism, in which neuroprotection by pharmacologic MLK inhibition has been reported. We find that two dominant-negative forms of dual leucine zipper kinase (DLK) inhibit apoptosis and enhance long-term survival of dopamine neurons, but a dominant negative of MLK3 does not. Interestingly, the kinase-dead form of DLK not only blocks apoptosis but also has trophic effects on dopamine neurons. Although the MAPK cascade activates a number of downstream cell death mediators, we find that inhibition of DLK correlates closely with blockade of phosphorylation of c-jun and prevention of cell death. We conclude that DLK acts primarily through c-jun phosphorylation to mediate cell death in this model.
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Repici M, Centeno C, Tomasi S, Forloni G, Bonny C, Vercelli A, Borsello T. Time-course of c-Jun N-terminal kinase activation after cerebral ischemia and effect of D-JNKI1 on c-Jun and caspase-3 activation. Neuroscience 2007; 150:40-9. [PMID: 17900813 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2007.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2007] [Accepted: 09/04/2007] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) signaling pathway plays a critical role in ischemic brain injury. The d-retro-inverso form of c-Jun N-terminal kinase-inhibitor (D-JNKI1), a cell-permeable inhibitor of JNK, powerfully reduces neuronal death induced by permanent and transient ischemia, even when administered 6 h after the ischemic insult, offering a clinically relevant window. We investigated the JNK molecular cascade activation in rat cerebral ischemia and the effects of D-JNKI1 on this cascade. c-Jun activation starts after 3 h after ischemia and peaks at 6 h in the ischemic core and in the penumbra at 1 h and at 6 h respectively. The 6 h c-Jun activation peak correlates well with that of P-JNK. We also examined the activation of the two direct JNK activators, MAP kinase kinase 4 (MKK4) and MAP kinase kinase 7 (MKK7). MKK4 showed the same time course as JNK in both core and penumbra, reaching peak activation at 6 h. MKK7 did not show any significant increase of phosphorylation in either core or penumbra. D-JNKI1 markedly prevented the increase of P-c-Jun in both core and penumbra and powerfully inhibited caspase-3 activation in the core. These results confirm that targeting the JNK cascade using the TAT cell-penetrating peptide offers a promising therapeutic approach for ischemia, raising hopes for human neuroprotection, and elucidates the molecular pathways leading to and following JNK activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Repici
- Département de Biologie Cellulaire et de Morphologie, Université de Lausanne, rue du Bugnon 9, Lausanne CH-1005, Switzerland
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Mishra R, Barthwal MK, Sondarva G, Rana B, Wong L, Chatterjee M, Woodgett JR, Rana A. Glycogen synthase kinase-3beta induces neuronal cell death via direct phosphorylation of mixed lineage kinase 3. J Biol Chem 2007; 282:30393-405. [PMID: 17711861 PMCID: PMC5323256 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m705895200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Mixed lineage kinase 3 (MLK3) is a mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase member that activates the c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) pathway. Aberrant activation of MLK3 has been implicated in neurodegenerative diseases. Similarly, glycogen synthase kinase (GSK)-3beta has also been shown to activate JNK and contribute to neuronal apoptosis. Here, we show a functional interaction between MLK3 and GSK-3beta during nerve growth factor (NGF) withdrawal-induced cell death in PC-12 cells. The protein kinase activities of GSK-3beta, MLK3, and JNK were increased upon NGF withdrawal, which paralleled increased cell death in NGF-deprived PC-12 cells. NGF withdrawal-induced cell death and MLK3 activation were blocked by a GSK-3beta-selective inhibitor, kenpaullone. However, the MLK family inhibitor, CEP-11004, although preventing PC-12 cell death, failed to inhibit GSK-3beta activation, indicating that induction of GSK-3beta lies upstream of MLK3. In GSK-3beta-deficient murine embryonic fibroblasts, ultraviolet light was unable to activate MLK3 kinase activity, a defect that was restored upon ectopic expression of GSK-3beta. The activation of MLK3 by GSK-3beta occurred via phosphorylation of MLK3 on two amino acid residues, Ser(789) and Ser(793), that are located within the C-terminal regulatory domain of MLK3. Furthermore, the cell death induced by GSK-3beta was mediated by MLK3 in a manner dependent on its phosphorylation of the specific residues within the C-terminal domain by GSK-3beta. Taken together, our data provide a direct link between GSK-3beta and MLK3 activation in a neuronal cell death pathway and identify MLK3 as a direct downstream target of GSK-3beta. Inhibition of GSK-3 is thus a potential therapeutic strategy for neurodegenerative diseases caused by trophic factor deprivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajakishore Mishra
- Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiovascular and Cancer Research Institute, The Texas A & M University System-HSC, College of Medicine
- Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, Texas 76504
| | - Manoj K. Barthwal
- Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiovascular and Cancer Research Institute, The Texas A & M University System-HSC, College of Medicine
- Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, Texas 76504
| | - Gautam Sondarva
- Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiovascular and Cancer Research Institute, The Texas A & M University System-HSC, College of Medicine
- Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, Texas 76504
| | - Basabi Rana
- Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiovascular and Cancer Research Institute, The Texas A & M University System-HSC, College of Medicine
- Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, Texas 76504
| | - Lucas Wong
- Department of Internal Medicine, The Texas A & M University System-HSC, College of Medicine, Scott and White Clinic, Temple, Texas 76504
| | - Malay Chatterjee
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - James R. Woodgett
- Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X5, Canada
| | - Ajay Rana
- Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiovascular and Cancer Research Institute, The Texas A & M University System-HSC, College of Medicine
- Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, Texas 76504
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Jaeschke A, Davis RJ. Metabolic stress signaling mediated by mixed-lineage kinases. Mol Cell 2007; 27:498-508. [PMID: 17679097 PMCID: PMC1986670 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2007.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2007] [Revised: 05/31/2007] [Accepted: 07/06/2007] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Saturated free fatty acid (FFA) is a major source of metabolic stress that activates the c-Jun NH(2)-terminal kinase (JNK). This FFA-stimulated JNK pathway is relevant to hallmarks of metabolic syndrome, including insulin resistance. Here we used gene ablation studies in mice to demonstrate a central role for mixed-lineage protein kinases (MLK) in this signaling pathway. Saturated FFA causes protein kinase C (PKC)-dependent activation of MLK3 that subsequently causes increased JNK activity by a mechanism that requires the MAP kinase kinases MKK4 and MKK7. Loss of PKC, MLK3, MKK4, or MKK7 expression prevents FFA-stimulated JNK activation. Together, these data establish a signaling pathway that mediates effects of metabolic stress on insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Jaeschke
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School and Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, USA
| | - Roger J. Davis
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School and Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, USA
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40
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Burke RE. Inhibition of mitogen-activated protein kinase and stimulation of Akt kinase signaling pathways: Two approaches with therapeutic potential in the treatment of neurodegenerative disease. Pharmacol Ther 2007; 114:261-77. [PMID: 17399794 PMCID: PMC1964795 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2007.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2007] [Accepted: 02/09/2007] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The neurodegenerative diseases of adulthood, including Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD), pose an enormous and growing public health burden. Although effective symptomatic treatments exist for PD, and, to a lesser extent, for AD, there is no therapy for these disorders which will forestall their progression. With the rise of the concept of programmed cell death (PCD) came the realization that even in the absence of complete knowledge of proximate causes neuroprotection may nevertheless be possible by targeting the pathways of PCD. One set of signaling pathways that have been implicated in cell death are the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways. The possibility of blocking these pathways and thereby providing neuroprotection has recently been put to the test in a clinical trial of a mixed lineage kinase inhibitor in the treatment of PD. Unfortunately, this trial failed to demonstrate a protective effect. Based on considerations related to the implementation of the trial, it would be premature to conclude that inhibition of MAPK signaling is a failed strategy. In spite of these negative results, the MAPK and related kinase pathways retain their importance as potential targets in PD. In relation to pathogenesis, the discovery of mutations in the mixed lineage kinase (MLK)-like kinase leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) suggests a role for these kinases in regulating the viability of dopamine neurons. In relation to treatment, the survival signaling kinase Akt has been demonstrated in vivo to mediate striking neurotrophic and antiapoptotic effects. Thus, it is likely that therapeutic targets related to these kinase signaling pathways will emerge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert E Burke
- Department of Neurology, Room 306, Black Building, Columbia University Medical Center, 650 West 168th Street, New York, NY 10032, USA.
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41
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Burke RE. Kinase signaling pathways: potential therapeutic targets in Parkinson’s disease. FUTURE NEUROLOGY 2007. [DOI: 10.2217/14796708.2.1.39] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
There is substantial preclinical evidence that the mixed-lineage kinase–JNK–c-jun signaling pathway plays a role in programmed cell death in neurons, including dopamine neurons of the substantia nigra, which degenerate in Parkinson’s disease. Therefore, this pathway is a likely target for therapeutics. However, a recent large, double-blind clinical trial, the Parkinson Research Examination of CEP-1347 Trial (PRECEPT), of a mixed-lineage kinase inhibitor, CEP1347, has failed to demonstrate efficacy in preventing the progression of the disease, and has brought this approach to a crossroads. There are many considerations related to the implementation of the trial and our limited knowledge about the neural basis of the progression of the disease, which preclude a conclusion from this negative outcome that inhibition of this kinase pathway is a failed strategy. Furthermore, growing knowledge of the molecular basis of Parkinson’s disease, derived from investigations of genetic causes, including mutations in DJ-1, PTEN-induced putative kinase 1 (PINK-1) and leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2), suggest that kinase signaling pathways may be central to pathogenesis. We conclude that these pathways remain important future therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert E Burke
- Columbia University College of Physicians & Surgeons, Department of Neurology, Room 306, Black Building, Columbia University Medical Center, 650 West 168th Street, New York, NY 10032, USA
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Abstract
During the past decade, there has been a remarkable progress in our understanding of the biology of Parkinson disease (PD), which has been translated into searching for novel therapy for PD. Much focus is shifted from the development of drugs that only relieve PD symptoms to new generation of remedies that can potentially protect dopaminergic neurons and modify the disease course. Several novel therapeutic approaches have been tested in preclinical experiments and in clinical trials, including molecules targeting on genes involved in the pathogenesis of the disease, neurotrophic factors critical for dopaminergic neuron survival and function, new generation of dopamine receptor agonists that may possess neuroprotective effects, and agents of antioxidation, antiinflammation, and antiapoptosis. The results of these studies will shed new light to our hope that PD can be cured in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Chen
- Institute of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai 2nd Medical University, Shanghai, China
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Abstract
We present a new molecular design program, FlexNovo, for structure-based searching within large fragment spaces following a sequential growth strategy. The fragment spaces consist of several thousands of chemical fragments and a corresponding set of rules that specify how the fragments can be connected. FlexNovo is based on the FlexX molecular docking software and makes use of its incremental construction algorithm and the underlying chemical models. Interaction energies are calculated by using standard scoring functions. Several placement geometry, physicochemical property (drug-likeness), and diversity filter criteria are directly integrated into the "build-up" process. FlexNovo has been used to design potential inhibitors for four targets of pharmaceutical interest (dihydrofolate reductase, cyclin-dependant kinase 2, cyclooxygenase-2, and the estrogen receptor). We have carried out calculations using different diversity parameters for each of these targets and generated solution sets containing up to 50 molecules. The compounds obtained show that FlexNovo is able to generate a diverse set of reasonable molecules with drug-like properties. The results, including an automated similarity analysis with the Feature Tree program, indicate that FlexNovo often reproduces structural motifs as well as the corresponding binding modes seen in known active structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jörg Degen
- Center for Bioinformatics, ZBH, University of Hamburg, Bundesstrasse 43, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
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Daviau A, Proulx R, Robitaille K, Di Fruscio M, Tanguay RM, Landry J, Patterson C, Durocher Y, Blouin R. Down-regulation of the Mixed-lineage Dual Leucine Zipper-bearing Kinase by Heat Shock Protein 70 and Its Co-chaperone CHIP. J Biol Chem 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)84059-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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Daviau A, Proulx R, Robitaille K, Di Fruscio M, Tanguay RM, Landry J, Patterson C, Durocher Y, Blouin R. Down-regulation of the mixed-lineage dual leucine zipper-bearing kinase by heat shock protein 70 and its co-chaperone CHIP. J Biol Chem 2006; 281:31467-77. [PMID: 16931512 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m607612200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Dual leucine zipper-bearing kinase (DLK) is a mixed-lineage kinase family member that acts as an upstream activator of the c-Jun N-terminal kinases. As opposed to other components of this pathway, very little is currently known regarding the mechanisms by which DLK is regulated in mammalian cells. Here we identify the stress-inducible heat shock protein 70 (Hsp70) as a negative regulator of DLK expression and activity. Support for this notion derives from data showing that Hsp70 induces the proteasomal degradation of DLK when both proteins are co-expressed in COS-7 cells. Hsp70-mediated degradation occurs with expression of wild-type DLK, which functions as a constitutively activated protein in these cells but not kinase-defective DLK. Interestingly, the Hsp70 co-chaperone CHIP, an E3 ubiquitin ligase, seems to be indispensable for this process since Hsp70 failed to induce DLK degradation in COS-7 cells expressing a CHIP mutant unable to catalyze ubiquitination or in immortalized fibroblasts derived from CHIP knock-out mice. Consistent with these data, we have found that endogenous DLK becomes sensitive to CHIP-dependent proteasomal degradation when it is activated by okadaic acid and that down-regulation of Hsp70 levels with an Hsp70 antisense attenuates this sensitivity. Therefore, our studies suggest that Hsp70 contributes to the regulation of activated DLK by promoting its CHIP-dependent proteasomal degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Daviau
- Département de Biologie, Faculté des Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec J1K 2R1, Canada
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Sui Z, Fan S, Sniderhan L, Reisinger E, Litzburg A, Schifitto G, Gelbard HA, Dewhurst S, Maggirwar SB. Inhibition of mixed lineage kinase 3 prevents HIV-1 Tat-mediated neurotoxicity and monocyte activation. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2006; 177:702-11. [PMID: 16785569 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.177.1.702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The HIV-1 gene products Tat and gp120 are toxic to neurons and can activate cells of myeloid origin, properties that are thought to contribute to the clinical manifestations of HIV-1-associated dementia (HAD). To investigate the intracellular signaling mechanisms involved in these events, the effect of Tat and gp120 on mixed lineage kinase (MLK) 3 activation was examined. Tat and gp120 were shown to induce autophosphorylation of MLK3 in primary rat neurons; this was abolished by the addition of an inhibitor of MLK3 (CEP1347). CEP1347 also enhanced survival of both rat and human neurons and inhibited the activation of human monocytes after exposure to Tat and gp120. Furthermore, overexpression of wild-type MLK3 led to the induction of neuronal death, whereas expression of a dominant negative MLK3 mutant protected neurons from the toxic effects of Tat. MLK3-dependent downstream signaling events were implicated in the neuroprotective and monocyte-deactivating pathways triggered by CEP1347. Thus, the inhibition of p38 MAPK and JNK protected neurons from Tat-induced apoptosis, whereas the inhibition of p38 MAPK, but not of JNK, was sufficient to prevent Tat- and gp120-mediated activation of monocytes. These results suggest that the normal function of MLK3 is compromised by HIV-1 neurotoxins (Tat, gp120), resulting in the activation of downstream signaling events that result in neuronal death and monocyte activation (with release of inflammatory cytokines). In aggregate, our data define MLK3 as a promising therapeutic target for intervention in HAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziye Sui
- Interdepartmental Program in Neuroscience, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
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Guan QH, Pei DS, Liu XM, Wang XT, Xu TL, Zhang GY. Neuroprotection against ischemic brain injury by SP600125 via suppressing the extrinsic and intrinsic pathways of apoptosis. Brain Res 2006; 1092:36-46. [PMID: 16674927 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2006.03.086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2005] [Revised: 03/21/2006] [Accepted: 03/22/2006] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Our previous studies and the others have strongly suggested that JNK signaling pathway plays a critical role in ischemic brain injury. Here, we reported that SP600125, a potent, cell-permeable, selective, and reversible inhibitor of c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), potently decrease neuronal apoptosis induced by global ischemia/reperfusion in the vulnerable hippocampal CA1 subregion. As a result, SP600125 diminished the increased phosphorylation of c-Jun and the increased expression of FasL induced by ischemia/reperfusion in the vulnerable hippocampal CA1 subregion. At the same time, through inhibiting phosphorylation of Bcl-2 and the release of Bax from Bcl-2/Bax dimers, SP600125 attenuated Bax translocation to mitochondria and the release of cytochrome c induced by ischemia/reperfusion (I/R). Furthermore, the activation of caspase-3 induced by ischemia/reperfusion was also significantly suppressed by preinfusion of SP600125. Importantly, the same neuropotective effect was showed by administration of SP600125 both before and after ischemia. Thus, our findings imply that SP600125 can inhibit the activation of JNK signaling pathway and induce neuroprotection against ischemia/reperfusion in rat hippocampal CA1 region via suppressing the extrinsic and intrinsic pathways of apoptosis. Taken together, these results indicate that targeting the JNK pathway provides a promising therapeutic approach for ischemic brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiu-Hua Guan
- Research Center for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou 221002, PR China
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48
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Lotharius J, Falsig J, van Beek J, Payne S, Dringen R, Brundin P, Leist M. Progressive degeneration of human mesencephalic neuron-derived cells triggered by dopamine-dependent oxidative stress is dependent on the mixed-lineage kinase pathway. J Neurosci 2006; 25:6329-42. [PMID: 16000623 PMCID: PMC6725277 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1746-05.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Models of Parkinson's disease (PD) based on selective neuronal death have been used to study pathogenic mechanisms underlying nigral cell death and in some instances to develop symptomatic therapies. For validation of putative neuroprotectants, a model is desirable in which the events leading to neurodegeneration replicate those occurring in the disease. We developed a human in vitro model of PD based on the assumption that dysregulated cytoplasmic dopamine levels trigger cell loss in this disorder. Differentiated human mesencephalic neuron-derived cells were exposed to methamphetamine (METH) to promote cytoplasmic dopamine accumulation. In the presence of elevated iron concentrations, as observed in PD, increased cytosolic dopamine led to oxidative stress, c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) pathway activation, neurite degeneration, and eventually apoptosis. We examined the role of the mixed-lineage kinases (MLKs) in this complex degenerative cascade by using the potent inhibitor 3,9-bis[(ethylthio)methyl]-K-252a (CEP1347). Inhibition of MLKs not only prevented FeCl2+/METH-induced JNK activation and apoptosis but also early events such as neurite degeneration and oxidative stress. This broad neuroprotective action of CEP1347 was associated with increased expression of an oxidative stress-response modulator, activating transcription factor 4. As a functional consequence, transcription of the cystine/glutamate and glycine transporters, cellular cystine uptake and intracellular levels of the redox buffer glutathione were augmented. In conclusion, this new human model of parkinsonian neurodegeneration has the potential to yield new insights into neurorestorative therapeutics and suggests that enhancement of cytoprotective mechanisms, in addition to blockade of apoptosis, may be essential for disease modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Lotharius
- Department of Disease Biology, H. Lundbeck A/S, 2500 Valby, Denmark.
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Salehi AH, Morris SJ, Ho WC, Dickson KM, Doucet G, Milutinovic S, Durkin J, Gillard JW, Barker PA. AEG3482 Is an Antiapoptotic Compound that Inhibits Jun Kinase Activity and Cell Death through Induced Expression of Heat Shock Protein 70. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 13:213-23. [PMID: 16492569 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2005.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2005] [Revised: 10/31/2005] [Accepted: 11/28/2005] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
We describe a group of small-molecule inhibitors of Jun kinase (JNK)-dependent apoptosis. AEG3482, the parental compound, was identified in a screening effort designed to detect compounds that reduce apoptosis of neonatal sympathetic neurons after NGF withdrawal. We show that AEG3482 blocks apoptosis induced by the p75 neurotrophin receptor (p75NTR) or its cytosolic interactor, NRAGE, and demonstrate that AEG3482 blocks proapoptotic JNK activity. We show that AEG3482 induces production of heat shock protein 70 (HSP70), an endogenous inhibitor of JNK, and establish that HSP70 accumulation is required for the AEG3482-induced JNK blockade. We show that AEG3482 binds HSP90 and induces HSF1-dependent HSP70 mRNA expression and find that AEG3482 facilitates HSP70 production while retaining HSP90 chaperone activity. These studies establish that AEG3482 inhibits JNK activation and apoptosis by a mechanism involving induced expression of HSP proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir H Salehi
- Centre for Neuronal Survival, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Quebec, Canada
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Crocker SJ, Hayley SP, Smith PD, Mount MP, Lamba WR, Callaghan SM, Slack RS, Park DS. Regulation of axotomy-induced dopaminergic neuron death and c-Jun phosphorylation by targeted inhibition of cdc42 or mixed lineage kinase. J Neurochem 2006; 96:489-99. [PMID: 16336220 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2005.03568.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Mechanical transection of the nigrostriatal dopamine pathway at the medial forebrain bundle (MFB) results in the delayed degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc). We have previously demonstrated that c-Jun activation is an obligate component of neuronal death in this model. Here we identified the small GTPase, cdc42, and mixed lineage kinases (MLKs) as upstream factors regulating neuronal loss and activation of c-Jun following MFB axotomy. Adenovirus-mediated expression of a dominant-negative form of cdc42 in nigral neurons blocked MFB axotomy-induced activation (phosphorylation) of MAP kinase kinase 4 (MKK4) and c-Jun, resulting in attenuation of SNpc neuronal death. Pharmacological inhibition of MLKs, MKK4-activating kinases, significantly reduced the phosphorylation of c-Jun and abrogated dopaminergic neuronal degeneration following MFB axotomy. Taken together, these findings suggest that death of nigral dopaminergic neurons following axotomy can be attenuated by targeting cell signaling events upstream of c-Jun N-terminal mitogen-activated protein kinase/c-Jun.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen J Crocker
- Neuroscience Research Institute, University of Ottawa and Ottawa Health Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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