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Smajdor J, Jedlińska K, Porada R, Górska-Ratusznik A, Policht A, Śróttek M, Więcek G, Baś B, Strus M. The impact of gut bacteria producing long chain homologs of vitamin K 2 on colorectal carcinogenesis. Cancer Cell Int 2023; 23:268. [PMID: 37950262 PMCID: PMC10638769 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-023-03114-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the foremost causes of cancer-related deaths. Lately, a close connection between the course of CRC and the intestinal microbiota has been revealed. Vitamin K2 (VK2) is a bacterially derived compound that plays a crucial role in the human body. Its significant anti-cancer properties may result, inter alia, from a quinone ring possessing a specific chemical structure found in many chemotherapeutics. VK2 can be supplied to our body exogenously, i.e., through dietary supplements or fermented food (e.g., yellow cheese, fermented soybeans -Natto), and endogenously, i.e., through the production of bacteria that constantly colonize the human microbiome of the large intestine.This paper focuses on endogenous K2 synthesized by the most active members of the human gut microbiome. This analysis tested 86 intestinally derived bacterial strains, among which the largest VK2 producers (Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium, Bacillus) were selected. Moreover, based on the chosen VK2-MK4 homolog, the potential of VK2 penetration into Caco-2 cells in an aqueous environment without the coexistence of fats, pancreatic enzymes, or bile salts has been displayed. The influence of three VK2 homologs: VK2-MK4, VK2-MK7 and VK2-MK9 on apoptosis and necrosis of Caco-2 cells was tested proving the lack of their harmful effects on the tested cells. Moreover, the unique role of long-chain homologs (VK2-MK9 and VK2-MK7) in inhibiting the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-8 (for Caco-2 tissue) and IL-6 and TNFα (for RAW 264.7) has been documented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Smajdor
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Materials Science and Ceramics, AGH University of Science and Technology, Al. Mickiewicza, Kraków, 30-059, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Jedlińska
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Materials Science and Ceramics, AGH University of Science and Technology, Al. Mickiewicza, Kraków, 30-059, Poland
| | - Radosław Porada
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 2, Kraków, 30- 387, Poland
| | - Anna Górska-Ratusznik
- Sieć Badawcza Łukasiewicz-Krakowski Instytut Technologiczny, ul. Zakopiańska 73, Cracow, 30-418, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Policht
- Chair of Microbiology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Czysta 18, Krakow, 31-121, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Śróttek
- Chair of Microbiology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Czysta 18, Krakow, 31-121, Poland
| | - Grażyna Więcek
- Chair of Microbiology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Czysta 18, Krakow, 31-121, Poland
| | - Bogusław Baś
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Materials Science and Ceramics, AGH University of Science and Technology, Al. Mickiewicza, Kraków, 30-059, Poland
| | - Magdalena Strus
- Chair of Microbiology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Czysta 18, Krakow, 31-121, Poland.
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Wen Lee H, Bi X, Jeyakumar Henry C. Carotenoids, tocopherols and phylloquinone content of 26 green leafy vegetables commonly consumed in Southeast Asia. Food Chem 2022; 385:132729. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.132729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Revised: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Tarento TDC, McClure DD, Talbot AM, Regtop HL, Biffin JR, Valtchev P, Dehghani F, Kavanagh JM. A potential biotechnological process for the sustainable production of vitamin K 1. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2018; 39:1-19. [PMID: 29793354 DOI: 10.1080/07388551.2018.1474168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
The primary objective of this review is to propose an approach for the biosynthesis of phylloquinone (vitamin K1) based upon its known sources, its role in photosynthesis and its biosynthetic pathway. The chemistry, health benefits, market, and industrial production of vitamin K are also summarized. Vitamin K compounds (K vitamers) are required for the normal function of at least 15 proteins involved in diverse physiological processes such as coagulation, tissue mineralization, inflammation, and neuroprotection. Vitamin K is essential for the prevention of Vitamin K Deficiency Bleeding (VKDB), especially in neonates. Increased vitamin K intake may also reduce the severity and/or risk of bone fracture, arterial calcification, inflammatory diseases, and cognitive decline. Consumers are increasingly favoring natural food and therapeutic products. However, the bulk of vitamin K products employed for both human and animal use are chemically synthesized. Biosynthesis of the menaquinones (vitamin K2) has been extensively researched. However, published research on the biotechnological production of phylloquinone is restricted to a handful of available articles and patents. We have found that microalgae are more suitable than plant cell cultures for the biosynthesis of phylloquinone. Many algae are richer in vitamin K1 than terrestrial plants, and algal cells are easier to manipulate. Vitamin K1 can be efficiently recovered from the biomass using supercritical carbon dioxide extraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas D C Tarento
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Dale D McClure
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Andrea M Talbot
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Agricure Scientific Organics Pty. Ltd., Braemar, NSW, Australia
| | - Hubert L Regtop
- Agricure Scientific Organics Pty. Ltd., Braemar, NSW, Australia
| | - John R Biffin
- Agricure Scientific Organics Pty. Ltd., Braemar, NSW, Australia
| | - Peter Valtchev
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Fariba Dehghani
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - John M Kavanagh
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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Au NT, Ryman T, Rettie AE, Hopkins SE, Boyer BB, Black J, Philip J, Yracheta J, Fohner AE, Reyes M, Thornton TA, Austin MA, Thummel KE. Dietary Vitamin K and Association with Hepatic Vitamin K Status in a Yup'ik Study Population from Southwestern Alaska. Mol Nutr Food Res 2018; 62:10.1002/mnfr.201700746. [PMID: 29094808 PMCID: PMC5803412 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201700746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2017] [Revised: 10/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
SCOPE The relationship between dietary vitamin K and plasma PIVKA-II concentration, a biomarker of hepatic vitamin K status, in a Yup'ik study population in southwestern Alaska is investigated. METHODS AND RESULTS A total of 659 male and female, self-reported Yup'ik people, ≥14 years of age, were enrolled. Blood is collected for genotyping and plasma PIVKA-II biomarker analysis. A Yup'ik-specific dietary food frequency questionnaire is used to assess vitamin K intake. Among the participants, 22% report not consuming foods rich in vitamin K during the past year and 36% have a PIVKA-II concentration ≥ 2 ng mL-1 , indicating vitamin K insufficiency. The odds of an elevated PIVKA-II concentration are 33% lower in individuals reporting any versus no consumption of vitamin-K-rich foods. The association is significant after adjusting for CYP4F2*3 genotype. Tundra greens are high in vitamin K1 content, but an exploratory analysis suggests that subsistence meat sources have a greater effect on vitamin K status. CONCLUSIONS A substantial proportion of the Yup'ik population exhibits vitamin K insufficiency, which is associated with low consumption of vitamin K rich foods and which might affect an individual's response to anticoagulant drugs such as warfarin that target the vitamin K cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas T Au
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Tove Ryman
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Allan E Rettie
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Scarlett E Hopkins
- Center for Alaska Native Health Research, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK, USA
| | - Bert B Boyer
- Center for Alaska Native Health Research, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK, USA
| | - Jynene Black
- Center for Alaska Native Health Research, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK, USA
| | - Jacques Philip
- Center for Alaska Native Health Research, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK, USA
| | - Joseph Yracheta
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Alison E Fohner
- Institute for Public Health Genetics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Morayma Reyes
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Melissa A Austin
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Kenneth E Thummel
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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Au NT, Reyes M, Boyer BB, Hopkins SE, Black J, O’Brien D, Fohner AE, Yracheta J, Thornton T, Austin MA, Burke W, Thummel KE, Rettie AE. Dietary and genetic influences on hemostasis in a Yup'ik Alaska Native population. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0173616. [PMID: 28376131 PMCID: PMC5380313 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0173616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2016] [Accepted: 02/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Fish and marine animals are important components of the subsistence diet of Alaska Native people, resulting in a high ω3 PUFA intake. The historical record for circumpolar populations highlights a tendency for facile bleeding, possibly related to ω3 PUFA effects on platelet activation and/or vitamin K-dependent clotting factors. To evaluate these two scenarios in Yup'ik people of southwestern Alaska, we examined the association between dietary ω3 PUFA intake and activities of clotting factor II, V, fibrinogen, PT, INR, PTT, and sP-selectin in 733 study participants, using the nitrogen isotope ratio of red blood cells as a biomarker of ω3 PUFA consumption. sP-selectin alone correlated strongly and inversely with ω3 PUFA consumption. Approximately 36% of study participants exhibited PIVKA-II values above the threshold of 2 ng/ml, indicative of low vitamin K status. To assess genetic influences on vitamin K status, study participants were genotyped for common vitamin K cycle polymorphisms in VKORC1, GGCX and CYP4F2. Only CYP4F2*3 associated significantly with vitamin K status, for both acute (plasma vitamin K) and long-term (PIVKA-II) measures. These findings suggest: (i) a primary association of ω3 PUFAs on platelet activation, as opposed to vitamin K-dependent clotting factor activity, (ii) that reduced CYP4F2 enzyme activity associates with vitamin K status. We conclude that high ω3 PUFA intake promotes an anti-platelet effect and speculate that the high frequency of the CYP4F2*3 allele in Yup'ik people (~45%) evolved in response to a need to conserve body stores of vitamin K due to environmental limitations on its availability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas T. Au
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Morayma Reyes
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Bert B. Boyer
- Center for Alaska Native Health Research, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, Alaska, United States of America
| | - Scarlett E. Hopkins
- Center for Alaska Native Health Research, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, Alaska, United States of America
| | - Jynene Black
- Center for Alaska Native Health Research, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, Alaska, United States of America
| | - Diane O’Brien
- Center for Alaska Native Health Research, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, Alaska, United States of America
| | - Alison E. Fohner
- Public Health Genetics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Joe Yracheta
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Timothy Thornton
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Melissa A. Austin
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Wylie Burke
- Department of Medical Ethics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Kenneth E. Thummel
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Allan E. Rettie
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
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Plastoquinone-9 biosynthesis in cyanobacteria differs from that in plants and involves a novel 4-hydroxybenzoate solanesyltransferase. Biochem J 2012; 442:621-9. [PMID: 22166075 DOI: 10.1042/bj20111796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
PQ-9 (plastoquinone-9) has a central role in energy transformation processes in cyanobacteria by mediating electron transfer in both the photosynthetic as well as the respiratory electron transport chain. The present study provides evidence that the PQ-9 biosynthetic pathway in cyanobacteria differs substantially from that in plants. We identified 4-hydroxybenzoate as being the aromatic precursor for PQ-9 in Synechocystis sp. PCC6803, and in the present paper we report on the role of the membrane-bound 4-hydroxybenzoate solanesyltransferase, Slr0926, in PQ-9 biosynthesis and on the properties of the enzyme. The catalytic activity of Slr0926 was demonstrated by in vivo labelling experiments in Synechocystis sp., complementation studies in an Escherichia coli mutant with a defect in ubiquinone biosynthesis, and in vitro assays using the recombinant as well as the native enzyme. Although Slr0926 was highly specific for the prenyl acceptor substrate 4-hydroxybenzoate, it displayed a broad specificity with regard to the prenyl donor substrate and used not only solanesyl diphosphate, but also a number of shorter-chain prenyl diphosphates. In combination with in silico data, our results indicate that Slr0926 evolved from bacterial 4-hydroxybenzoate prenyltransferases catalysing prenylation in the course of ubiquinone biosynthesis.
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Involvement of thermoplasmaquinone-7 in transplasma membrane electron transport of Entamoeba histolytica trophozoites: a key molecule for future rational chemotherapeutic drug designing. J Bioenerg Biomembr 2011; 43:203-15. [PMID: 21523408 DOI: 10.1007/s10863-011-9347-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2011] [Accepted: 01/25/2011] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The quinone composition of the transplasma membrane electron transport chain of parasitic protozoa Entamoeba histolytica was investigated. Purification of quinone from the plasma membrane of E. histolytica and its subsequent structural elucidation revealed the structure of the quinone as a methylmenaquinone-7 (thermoplasmaquinone-7), a napthoquinone. Membrane bound thermoplasmaquinone-7 can be destroyed by UV irradiation with a concomitant loss of plasma membrane electron transport activity. The abilities of different quinones to restore transplasma membrane electron transport activity in UV irradiated trophozoites were compared. The lost activity was recovered completely by the addition of thermoplasmaquinone-7, but ubiquinones are unable to restore the same. These findings clearly indicate that thermoplasmaquinone-7 acts as a lipid shuttle in the plasma membrane of the parasite to mediate electron transfer between cytosolic reductant and non permeable electron acceptors. This thermoplasmaquinone-7 differs from that of the mammalian host and can provide a novel target for future rational chemotherapeutic drug designing.
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Barclay LRC, Basque MC, Stephenson VC, Vinqvist MR. Photooxidations Initiated or Sensitized by Biological Molecules: Singlet Oxygen Versus Radical Peroxidation in Micelles and Human Blood Plasma ¶. Photochem Photobiol 2007. [DOI: 10.1562/0031-8655(2003)0780248piosbb2.0.co2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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9
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Mack DO. Silver Ion as Modifier for High Performance Liquid Chromatography of Menaquinones. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1080/01483918008060210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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10
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Barclay LR, Basque MC, Stephenson VC, Vinqvist MR. Photooxidations Initiated or Sensitized by Biological Molecules: Singlet Oxygen Versus Radical Peroxidation in Micelles and Human Blood Plasma¶. Photochem Photobiol 2003; 78:248-55. [PMID: 14556311 DOI: 10.1562/0031-8655(2003)078<0248:piosbb>2.0.co;2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Biomolecules common in blood plasma, including 2-methyl-1,4-naphthoquinone (vitamin K-0, 2), 2,3-dimethoxy-5-methyl-1,4-benzoquinone (ubiquinone-0, 3), bilirubin, 4, and urocanic acid, 5, were used as photoactivators for the photooxidation of methyl linoleate (ML) in 0.50 M sodium dodecyl sulfate micelles to mimic a bioenvironment. UV irradiation of 2 in this system initiated H-atom abstraction from ML (Type-I mechanism). The evidence includes kinetics of oxygen uptake, inhibition of oxidation by an antioxidant ((R)-(+)-6-hydroxy-2,5,7,8-tetramethylchroman-2-carboxylic acid [Trolox], 7) and the analysis of four geometric hydroperoxides formed (cis, trans to trans, trans ratio of 0.5). In contrast, irradiation with a singlet-oxygen sensitizer, 3,5-di-t-butyl-1,2-benzoquinone, 1, formed six isomers by a Type-II mechanism, yielding a cis, trans to trans, trans isomer ratio of 6. Peroxidation activated by 3 or 4 with visible light occurred by a singlet-oxygen pathway (Type-II mechanism), as shown by kinetics of oxygen uptake and the effect of quenchers. In contrast, peroxidation in the presence of 5 in this system initiated H-atom abstraction from ML as shown by oxygen uptake and inhibition by Trolox. A comparison of thermal free-radical peroxidation with direct photooxidation of human blood plasma samples showed important differences. Blood plasma resisted thermal peroxidation because of natural antioxidants or on the addition of Trolox. In contrast, direct photooxidation involved singlet oxygen, according to the effect of quenchers and the lack of inhibition by antioxidants.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Ross Barclay
- Department of Chemistry, Mount Allison University, Sackville, New Brunswick, Canada, E4L 1G8.
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Syntehsis of ubiquinones (review). Pharm Chem J 1992. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00773079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Pihl TD, Black LK, Schulman BA, Maier RJ. Hydrogen-oxidizing electron transport components in the hyperthermophilic archaebacterium Pyrodictium brockii. J Bacteriol 1992; 174:137-43. [PMID: 1309514 PMCID: PMC205687 DOI: 10.1128/jb.174.1.137-143.1992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The hyperthermophilic archaebacterium Pyrodictium brockii grows optimally at 105 degrees C by a form of metabolism known as hydrogen-sulfur autotrophy, which is characterized by the oxidation of H2 by S0 to produce ATP and H2S. UV-irradiated membranes were not able to carry out the hydrogen-dependent reduction of sulfur. However, the activity could be restored by the addition of ubiquinone Q10 or ubiquinone Q6 to the UV-damaged membranes. A quinone with thin-layer chromatography migration properties similar to those of Q6 was purified by thin-layer chromatography from membranes of P. brockii, but nuclear magnetic resonance analysis failed to confirm its identity as a ubiquinone. P. brockii quinone was capable of restoring hydrogen-dependent sulfur reduction to UV-irradiated membranes. Hydrogen-reduced-minus-air-oxidized absorption difference spectra on membranes revealed absorption peaks characteristic of c-type cytochromes. A c-type cytochrome with alpha, beta, and gamma peaks at 553, 522, and 421 nm, respectively, was solubilized from membranes with 0.5% Triton X-100. Pyridine ferrohemochrome spectra confirmed its identity as a c-type cytochrome, and heme staining of membranes loaded on sodium dodecyl sulfate gels revealed a single heme-containing component of 13 to 14 kDa. Studies with the ubiquinone analog 2-n-heptyl-4-hydroxyquinoline-N-oxide demonstrated that the P. brockii quinone is located on the substrate side of the electron transport chain with respect to the c-type cytochrome. These first characterizations of the strictly anaerobic, presumably primitive P. brockii electron transport chain suggest that the hydrogenase operates at a relatively high redox potential and that the H2-oxidizing chain more closely resembles those of aerobic eubacterial H2-oxidizing bacteria than those of the H2-metabolizing systems of anaerobes or the hyperthermophile Pyrococcus furiosus.
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Affiliation(s)
- T D Pihl
- Department of Biology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218
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Das A, Hugenholtz J, Van Halbeek H, Ljungdahl LG. Structure and function of a menaquinone involved in electron transport in membranes of Clostridium thermoautotrophicum and Clostridium thermoaceticum. J Bacteriol 1989; 171:5823-9. [PMID: 2808299 PMCID: PMC210442 DOI: 10.1128/jb.171.11.5823-5829.1989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Clostridium thermoaceticum and Clostridium thermoautotrophicum contain the same menaquinone. Its structure, determined by thin-layer chromatography, UV absorption spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, was found to be MK-7 (2-methyl-3-heptaprenyl-1,4-naphthoquinone). The menaquinone is located in the cytoplasmic membranes and is involved in redox reactions of two b-type cytochromes present in the clostridia. These reactions were studied with right-side-out membranes prepared from C. thermoautotrophicum by using CO as an electron donor. In intact membranes, both cytochromes were reduced, whereas after inactivation of the menaquinone by exposure of the membranes to UV irradiation, reduction of the low-potential cytochrome (Eo', -200 mV) but not of the high-potential cytochrome (Eo', -48 mV) occurred. The reduction of the high-potential cytochrome in UV-irradiated membranes was restored following the addition of oxidized menaquinone and with an excess of CO. The addition of oxidized menaquinone to reduced membranes resulted initially in a preferential oxidation of the low-potential cytochrome. The results obtained indicate that the menaquinone acts between the two b-type cytochromes in an electron transport chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Das
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Georgia, Athens 30602
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Affiliation(s)
- M De Rosa
- Istituto di Biochimica delle Macromolecole, I Facoltà di Medicina e Chirurgia Dell'Università di Napoli, Italia
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Collins MD, Howarth OW, Perry JJ. A new respiratory quinone, 2-methyl-3-VI,VII-tetrahydroheptaprenyl-1,4-naphthoquinone isolated fromThermoleophilum album. FEMS Microbiol Lett 1986. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.1986.tb01398.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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Collins M, Widdel F. A new respiratory quinone, 2-methyl-3-V-dihydropentaprenyl-1, 4-naphthoquinone, isolated from Desulfobulbus propionicus. Syst Appl Microbiol 1984. [DOI: 10.1016/s0723-2020(84)80030-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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Kappel WK, Olson RE. Kinetics of carboxylation of endogenous and exogenous substrates by the vitamin K-dependent carboxylase. Arch Biochem Biophys 1984; 230:294-9. [PMID: 6712238 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(84)90110-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The vitamin K-dependent carboxylation of the exogenous pentapeptide, Phe-Leu-Glu-Glu-Ile, and endogenous liver microsomal protein was studied in solubilized rat liver microsomes. The MnCl2 stimulation of the vitamin K-dependent pentapeptide carboxylation rate, which is conducted at subsaturating concentrations of pentapeptide, is due to the cation's ability to lower the Km of the substrate. Although there are clear kinetic differences observed between the carboxylation rates for the pentapeptide and the endogenous protein substrates, several lines of evidence suggest that the same carboxylase system is responsible for both. These points of evidence are (i) the initial velocity of endogenous protein carboxylation is lowered in the presence of 3 mM pentapeptide; (ii) the presence of endogenous microsomal protein substrate causes an initial lag in pentapeptide carboxylation; and (iii) this initial lag phase is not observed when the total endogenous substrate pool is carboxylated by a preincubation reaction prior to the addition of pentapeptide.
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The thermotropic properties of coenzyme Q10 and its lower homologues. J Bioenerg Biomembr 1983; 15:67-79. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00743220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Collins MD, Jones D. Distribution of isoprenoid quinone structural types in bacteria and their taxonomic implication. Microbiol Rev 1981; 45:316-54. [PMID: 7022156 PMCID: PMC281511 DOI: 10.1128/mr.45.2.316-354.1981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 517] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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McBurney A, Shearer MJ, Barkhan P. Preparative isolation and characterization of the urinary aglycones of vitamin K1 (phylloquinone in man. BIOCHEMICAL MEDICINE 1980; 24:250-67. [PMID: 7306367 DOI: 10.1016/0006-2944(80)90020-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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Mack D, Wolfensberger M, Girardot J, Miller J, Johnson B. The carboxylation activity of vitamin K analogs with substitutions at position 2, 3, or 5. J Biol Chem 1979. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(17)30122-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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Donnahey PL, Burt VT, Rees HH, Pennock JF. High-performance liquid chromatography of menaquinone-4, 2,3-epoxymenaquinone-4, demethylmenaquinone-4 and related compounds. J Chromatogr A 1979; 170:272-7. [PMID: 544624 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(00)84266-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Hayakawa Y, Takamura K. [Consecutive determination of vitamins K by means of the reaction with thioglycolic acid (author's transl)]. YAKUGAKU ZASSHI 1975; 95:1292-7. [PMID: 1240928 DOI: 10.1248/yakushi1947.95.11_1292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Casey AC, Bliznakov EG. Effect and structure-activity relationship of the coenzymes Q on the phagocytic rate of rats. Chem Biol Interact 1972; 5:1-12. [PMID: 5029058 DOI: 10.1016/0009-2797(72)90042-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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[222] Gas chromatography of ubiquinone and related quinones. Methods Enzymol 1971. [DOI: 10.1016/s0076-6879(71)18024-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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Crane F, Barr R. [220] Determination of ubiquinones. Methods Enzymol 1971. [DOI: 10.1016/s0076-6879(71)18022-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Mayer H, Isler O. [224] Synthesis of ubiquinones. Methods Enzymol 1971. [DOI: 10.1016/s0076-6879(71)18026-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/12/2023]
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[225] The biosynthesis of ubiquinone. Methods Enzymol 1971. [DOI: 10.1016/s0076-6879(71)18027-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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Guérin M, Leduc MM, Azerad RG. [Biosynthesis of the naphthoquinone ring of bacterial menaquinones]. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1970; 15:421-7. [PMID: 4989502 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1970.tb01024.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Abstract
In Staphylococcus aureus, vitamin K(2) isoprenologues can be labeled with (14)C-acetate, mevalonate, glycerol, alpha-naphthol, and menadione. All the radioactivity from alpha-naphthol is in the ring nucleus. Eighty-six per cent of the radioactivity from mevalonate is in the side chain. The labeled isoprenologues of vitamin K(2) can be separated and recovered quantitatively. The rates of incorporation and turnover after pulse-chase experiments indicate that the isoprenologues do not lose radioactivity once they are formed. The kinetics of incorporation of radioactivity into the ring nucleus of each isoprenologue are the same. The alkylation of the ring does not involve a simple sequential addition of isoprenoid units of the same specific activity. The incorporation of mevalonate shows that shorter side chain isoprenologues have a higher specific activity per five carbon unit than the longer side chain isoprenologues. Perhaps the alkyl precursors are from different pools since the kinetics of incorporation into all isoprenologues are different.
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Viswanathan CV. Chromatographic analysis of molecular species of lipids. A general survey. CHROMATOGRAPHIC REVIEWS 1969; 11:153-201. [PMID: 4890006 DOI: 10.1016/0009-5907(69)80004-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Nobile S. Relationship between levels of ubiquinones (coenzymes Q) and vitamin A in livers of Australian sheep and cattle. A possible method for determining vitamin A status in cattle and sheep. Aust Vet J 1968; 44:1-6. [PMID: 5641860 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-0813.1968.tb04900.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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