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Koganti PP, Tu LN, Selvaraj V. Functional metabolite reserves and lipid homeostasis revealed by the MA-10 Leydig cell metabolome. PNAS NEXUS 2022; 1:pgac215. [PMID: 36714831 PMCID: PMC9802464 DOI: 10.1093/pnasnexus/pgac215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
In Leydig cells, intrinsic factors that determine cellular steroidogenic efficiency is of functional interest to decipher and monitor pathophysiology in many contexts. Nevertheless, beyond basic regulation of cholesterol storage and mobilization, systems biology interpretation of the metabolite networks in steroidogenic function is deficient. To reconstruct and describe the different molecular systems regulating steroidogenesis, we profiled the metabolites in resting MA-10 Leydig cells. Our results identified 283-annotated components (82 neutral lipids, 154 membrane lipids, and 47 other metabolites). Neutral lipids were represented by an abundance of triacyglycerols (97.1%), and low levels of cholesterol esters (2.0%). Membrane lipids were represented by an abundance of glycerophospholipids (77.8%), followed by sphingolipids (22.2%). Acylcarnitines, nucleosides, amino acids and their derivatives were the other metabolite classes identified. Among nonlipid metabolites, we recognized substantial reserves of aspartic acid, choline, creatine, betaine, glutamine, homoserine, isoleucine, and pantothenic acid none of which have been previously considered as a requirement in steroidogenic function. Individually limiting use of betaine, choline, or pantothenic acid, during luteinizing hormone-induced steroidogenesis in MA-10 cells resulted in substantial decreases to acute steroidogenic capacity, explained by intermediary metabolite imbalances affecting homeostasis. As such, our dataset represents the current level of baseline characterization and unravels the functional resting state of steroidogenic MA-10 Leydig cells. In identifying metabolite stockpiles and causal mechanisms, these results serve to further comprehend the cellular setup and regulation of steroid biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prasanthi P Koganti
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Lan N Tu
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Vimal Selvaraj
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
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Selvaraj V, Stocco DM, Clark BJ. Current knowledge on the acute regulation of steroidogenesis. Biol Reprod 2018; 99:13-26. [PMID: 29718098 PMCID: PMC6044331 DOI: 10.1093/biolre/ioy102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2017] [Revised: 02/23/2018] [Accepted: 04/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
How rapid induction of steroid hormone biosynthesis occurs in response to trophic hormone stimulation of steroidogenic cells has been a subject of intensive investigation for approximately six decades. A key observation made very early was that acute regulation of steroid biosynthesis required swift and timely synthesis of a new protein whose role appeared to be involved in the delivery of the substrate for all steroid hormones, cholesterol, from the outer to the inner mitochondrial membrane where the process of steroidogenesis begins. It was quickly learned that this transfer of cholesterol to the inner mitochondrial membrane was the regulated and rate-limiting step in steroidogenesis. Following this observation, the quest for this putative regulator protein(s) began in earnest in the late 1950s. This review provides a history of this quest, the candidate proteins that arose over the years and facts surrounding their rise or decline. Only two have persisted-translocator protein (TSPO) and the steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StAR). We present a detailed summary of the work that has been published for each of these two proteins, the specific data that has appeared in support of their role in cholesterol transport and steroidogenesis, and the ensuing observations that have arisen in recent years that have refuted the role of TSPO in this process. We believe that the only viable candidate that has been shown to be indispensable is the StAR protein. Lastly, we provide our view on what may be the most important questions concerning the acute regulation of steroidogenesis that need to be asked in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vimal Selvaraj
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Douglas M Stocco
- Department of Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, Texas, USA
| | - Barbara J Clark
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
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Stocco DM, Zhao AH, Tu LN, Morohaku K, Selvaraj V. A brief history of the search for the protein(s) involved in the acute regulation of steroidogenesis. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2017; 441:7-16. [PMID: 27484452 PMCID: PMC5929480 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2016.07.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2016] [Revised: 07/26/2016] [Accepted: 07/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of steroid hormones occurs in specific cells and tissues in the body in response to trophic hormones and other signals. In order to synthesize steroids de novo, cholesterol, the precursor of all steroid hormones, must be mobilized from cellular stores to the inner mitochondrial membrane (IMM) to be converted into the first steroid formed, pregnenolone. This delivery of cholesterol to the IMM is the rate-limiting step in this process, and has long been known to require the rapid synthesis of a new protein(s) in response to stimulation. Although several possibilities for this protein have arisen over the past few decades, most of the recent attention to fill this role has centered on the candidacies of the proteins the Translocator Protein (TSPO) and the Steroidogenic Acute Regulatory Protein (StAR). In this review, the process of regulating steroidogenesis is briefly described, the characteristics of the candidate proteins and the data supporting their candidacies summarized, and some recent findings that propose a serious challenge for the role of TSPO in this process are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas M Stocco
- Department of Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA.
| | - Amy H Zhao
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Lan N Tu
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Kanako Morohaku
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Vimal Selvaraj
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
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Goldberg LB, Aujla PK, Raetzman LT. Persistent expression of activated Notch inhibits corticotrope and melanotrope differentiation and results in dysfunction of the HPA axis. Dev Biol 2011; 358:23-32. [PMID: 21781958 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2011.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2011] [Revised: 06/17/2011] [Accepted: 07/05/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis is an important regulator of energy balance, immune function and the body's response to stress. Signaling networks governing the initial specification of corticotropes, a major component of this axis, are not fully understood. Loss of function studies indicate that Notch signaling may be necessary to repress premature differentiation of corticotropes and to promote proliferation of pituitary progenitors. To elucidate whether Notch signaling must be suppressed in order for corticotrope differentiation to proceed and whether Notch signaling is sufficient to promote corticotrope proliferation, we examined the effects of persistent Notch expression in Pomc lineage cells. We show that constitutive activation of the Notch cascade inhibits the differentiation of both corticotropes and melanotropes and results in the suppression of transcription factors required for Pomc expression. Furthermore, persistent Notch signaling traps cells in the intermediate lobe of the pituitary in a progenitor state, but has no effect on pituitary proliferation. Undifferentiated cells are eliminated in the first two postnatal weeks in these mice, resulting in a modest increase in CRH expression in the paraventricular nucleus, hypoplastic adrenal glands and decreased stress-induced corticosterone levels. Taken together, these findings show that Notch signaling is sufficient to prevent corticotrope and melanotrope differentiation, resulting in dysregulation of the HPA axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leah B Goldberg
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
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Sharma RK. Membrane guanylate cyclase is a beautiful signal transduction machine: overview. Mol Cell Biochem 2009; 334:3-36. [PMID: 19957201 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-009-0336-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2009] [Accepted: 11/09/2009] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
This article is a sequel to the four earlier comprehensive reviews which covered the field of membrane guanylate cyclase from its origin to the year 2002 (Sharma in Mol Cell Biochem 230:3-30, 2002) and then to the year 2004 (Duda et al. in Peptides 26:969-984, 2005); and of the Ca(2+)-modulated membrane guanylate cyclase to the year 1997 (Pugh et al. in Biosci Rep 17:429-473, 1997) and then to 2004 (Sharma et al. in Curr Top Biochem Res 6:111-144, 2004). This article contains three parts. The first part is "Historical"; it is brief, general, and freely borrowed from the earlier reviews, covering the field from its origin to the year 2004 (Sharma in Mol Cell Biochem, 230:3-30, 2002; Duda et al. in Peptides 26:969-984, 2005). The second part focuses on the "Ca(2+)-modulated ROS-GC membrane guanylate cyclase subfamily". It is divided into two sections. Section "Historical" and covers the area from its inception to the year 2004. It is also freely borrowed from an earlier review (Sharma et al. in Curr Top Biochem Res 6:111-144, 2004). Section "Ca(2+)-modulated ROS-GC membrane guanylate cyclase subfamily" covers the area from the year 2004 to May 2009. The objective is to focus on the chronological development, recognize major contributions of the original investigators, correct misplaced facts, and project on the future trend of the field of mammalian membrane guanylate cyclase. The third portion covers the present status and concludes with future directions in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rameshwar K Sharma
- Research Divisions of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Unit of Regulatory and Molecular Biology, Salus University, Elkins Park, PA 19027, USA.
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Abstract
Steroid hormone biosynthesis is acutely regulated by pituitary trophic hormones and other steroidogenic stimuli. This regulation requires the synthesis of a protein whose function is to translocate cholesterol from the outer to the inner mitochondrial membrane in steroidogenic cells, the rate-limiting step in steroid hormone formation. The steroidogenic acute regulatory (StAR) protein is an indispensable component in this process and is the best candidate to fill the role of the putative regulator. StAR is expressed in steroidogenic tissues in response to agents that stimulate steroid production, and mutations in the StAR gene result in the disease congenital lipoid adrenal hyperplasia, in which steroid hormone biosynthesis is severely compromised. The StAR null mouse has a phenotype that is essentially identical to the human disease. The positive and negative expression of StAR is sensitive to agents that increase and inhibit steroid biosynthesis respectively. The mechanism by which StAR mediates cholesterol transfer in the mitochondria has not been fully characterized. However, the tertiary structure of the START domain of a StAR homolog has been solved, and identification of a cholesterol-binding hydrophobic tunnel within this domain raises the possibility that StAR acts as a cholesterol-shuttling protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- D M Stocco
- Department of Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, Texas 79430, USA.
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Abstract
Cholesterol serves as the initial substrate for all steroid hormones synthesized in the body regardless of the steroidogenic tissue or final steroid produced. The first steroid formed in the steroidogenic pathway is pregnenolone which is formed by the excision of a six carbon unit from cholesterol by the cytochrome P450 side chain cleavage enzyme system which is located in the inner mitochondrial membrane. It has long been known that the regulated biosynthesis of steroids is controlled by a cycloheximide sensitive factor whose function is to transfer cholesterol from the outer to the inner mitochondrial membrane, thus, the identity of this factor is of great importance. A candidate for the regulatory factor is the mitochondrial protein, the steroidogenic acute regulatory (StAR) protein. Cloning and sequencing of the StAR cDNA indicated that it was a novel protein, and transient transfections with the cDNA for the StAR protein resulted in increased steroid production in the absence of stimulation. Mutations in the StAR gene cause the potentially lethal disease congenital lipoid adrenal hyperplasia, a condition in which cholesterol transfer to the cytochrome P450 side chain cleavage enzyme, P450scc, is blocked, filling the cell with cholesterol and cholesterol esters. StAR knockout mice have a phenotype which is essentially identical to the human condition. The cholesterol transferring activity of StAR has been shown to reside in the C-terminal part of the molecule and a protein sharing homology with a region in the C-terminus of StAR has been shown to display cholesterol transferring capacity. Recent evidence has indicated that StAR can act as a sterol transfer protein and it is perhaps this characteristic which allows it to mobilize cholesterol to the inner mitochondrial membrane. However, while it appears that StAR is the acute regulator of steroid biosynthesis via its cholesterol transferring activity, its mechanism of action remains unknown.
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Affiliation(s)
- D M Stocco
- Department of Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock 79430, USA.
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Affiliation(s)
- D M Stocco
- Department of Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock 79430, USA
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Gantz I, Konda Y, Tashiro T, Shimoto Y, Miwa H, Munzert G, Watson S, DelValle J, Yamada T. Molecular cloning of a novel melanocortin receptor. J Biol Chem 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)53088-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 304] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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Lee Y, Oeda T, Driscoll W, Fales H, Strott C. Purification and identification of the heat-stable factor required for pregnenolone-binding protein activity. Evidence that the factor is adenosine 3‘,5‘-diphosphate. J Biol Chem 1992. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)49863-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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Abstract
Inhibition of protein synthesis blocks ACTH-stimulated steroidogenesis. Researchers have proposed that a "regulatory" protein functions at an intramitochondrial site to promote the translocation of cholesterol substrate from the outer to the inner membrane where the rate-limiting P-450(scc) enzyme complex is located. To date three different proteins have been put forth as a "regulatory" protein. These are structurally distinct, yet appear to perform the same in vitro function; they are widely distributed, and are normally involved in disparate activities unrelated to steroidogenesis. Thus, it is difficult to understand how a physiological role for the three proteins in ACTH-stimulated steroidogenesis might exist.
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Affiliation(s)
- C A Strott
- Section on Adrenal Cell Biology, Endocrinology and Reproduction Research Branch, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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Mandon EC, de Gómez Dumm IN. Biosynthesis of polyunsaturated fatty acids of (n-6) and (n-3) series in isolated adrenocortical cells of rats. Effect of ACTH. Mol Cell Endocrinol 1989; 65:175-85. [PMID: 2550297 DOI: 10.1016/0303-7207(89)90178-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Both the capacity of isolated adrenocortical cells to incorporate and transform [1-14C]linoleic and [1-14C]alpha-linolenic acids and the effect of ACTH on the biosynthesis of polyunsaturated fatty acids from [1-14C]alpha-linolenic acid were investigated. The cells were able to incorporate both labeled precursor acids and convert them into higher homologs. This transformation increases along the incubation time tested. When linoleic acid was the precursor, the biosynthesis of higher homologs was carried out following the desaturating-elongating route. Both pathways, the desaturating-elongating and the elongating, were detected when the substrate was alpha-linolenic acid. The results proved the existence of delta 6, delta 5 and delta 4-desaturases in this type of cells. Isolated adrenocortical cells obtained from rats treated with ACTH showed an increase in the amount of [1-14C]alpha-18:3 that remained in the cells without metabolization and, consequently, a decrease in the last product formed (20:5 n-3) was evident compared to the controls. Simultaneously, the desaturation-elongation products decreased significantly. Similar results were obtained when cells isolated from untreated rats were incubated for 3 h in the presence of ACTH. In this case, the values obtained returned to normal levels 6 h after incubation. These results were mimicked by dibutyryl-cyclic AMP. It can be concluded that the effect of ACTH on the biosynthesis of polyunsaturated fatty acids from alpha-linolenic acid was mediated through an enhancement of the intracellular levels of cAMP.
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Affiliation(s)
- E C Mandon
- Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de La Plata, CONICET-UNLP, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, La Plata, Argentina
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Petrino TR, Schuetz AW. Protein synthesis involvement in regulating pituitary-induced progesterone levels in ovarian follicles of Rana pipiens. THE JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY 1986; 239:411-21. [PMID: 3489812 DOI: 10.1002/jez.1402390312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Involvement of protein synthesis in frog pituitary homogenate (FPH)-induced progesterone production and/or accumulation in ovarian follicles was investigated. In amphibians, cycloheximide (C), an inhibitor of protein synthesis, inhibits progesterone and FPH-induced germinal vesicle breakdown (GVBD). However, the site and mechanisms of action of cycloheximide within ovarian follicles have not been elucidated. Intrafollicular progesterone produced by FPH is considered to mediate oocyte maturation; thus, cycloheximide may interfere with production and/or action of progesterone. Simultaneous treatment of FPH-stimulated follicles with cycloheximide inhibited FPH-induced progesterone accumulation (measured by RIA) and the accompanying-GVBD in a dose-dependent fashion. Inhibitory effects of cycloheximide on either FPH-induced progesterone production or GVBD were not reversed when follicles were washed and returned to fresh medium devoid of FPH and cycloheximide. However, subsequent restimulation of washed follicles with FPH resulted in increased progesterone levels and oocyte maturation. The extent of reversibility, in terms of GVBD and progesterone production, after FPH restimulation varied between animals. Pretreatment of follicles with cycloheximide for 6 hours, without FPH, had little or no effect on progesterone production when follicles were washed and treated with FPH. Delayed addition of cycloheximide to follicles following FPH stimulation blocked further progesterone accumulation as indicated by measurement of intrafollicular progesterone at the time of cycloheximide addition and at the end of the incubation period. The results indicate that cycloheximide rapidly inhibits progesterone production and that continuous protein synthesis is required for progesterone accumulation. Furthermore, protein synthesis does not appear to be required for progesterone metabolism since intrafollicular progesterone declined with prolonged culture even in the presence of cycloheximide. The nature of protein(s) involved in follicular progesterone production remains to be elucidated. FPH mediation of oocyte maturation within ovarian follicles appears to depend upon protein synthesis in somatic follicle cells, which is required for progesterone production, and in the oocyte, to mediate the response to the steroid trigger.
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Whitely JL, Willcox DL, Stevenson PM. Pregnenolone-binding components in the porcine adrenal gland. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1983; 755:40-9. [PMID: 6572074 DOI: 10.1016/0304-4165(83)90270-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The object of this study was to determine whether binding components for pregnenolone, analogous to those described in the adrenal cortex of guinea pigs and rats, were present in the porcine adrenal. A binding component for pregnenolone in the cytosolic fraction of porcine adrenal was demonstrated by sucrose density gradient centrifugation. It banded maximally at 9.6% sucrose (w/w) compared to 12.2% and 12.4% sucrose (w/w) for the plasma-binding component and serum albumin, respectively. At a pregnenolone concentration of 1 X 10(-5) M, specific cytosolic binding of 1 X 10(-8) M [3H]pregnenolone was decreased by 42%. The fractions from sucrose gradients which bound pregnenolone maximally contained 3 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase-isomerase. The cytosolic supernatant of porcine adrenal gland was resolved by chromatography on hydroxyapatite into eleven fractions, four of which bound added pregnenolone and three of which displayed enzymatic activity. Electrophoretic analysis of the enzymatically active fractions in polyacrylamide gel showed that two of them were of heterogeneous composition, whereas the third, most enzymatically active, fraction consisted principally of one band of high molecular weight.
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Willcox DL, Thorburn GD. Progesterone binding protein in the bovine corpus luteum. JOURNAL OF STEROID BIOCHEMISTRY 1981; 14:841-50. [PMID: 6170841 DOI: 10.1016/0022-4731(81)90231-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Vahouny GV, Chanderbhan R, Bisgaier C, Hodges VA, Naghshineh S. Essential fatty acids and adrenal steroidogenesis. Prog Lipid Res 1981; 20:233-40. [PMID: 6281799 DOI: 10.1016/0163-7827(81)90044-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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17
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Gasparini F, Wolfson A, Hochberg R, Lieberman S. Side chain cleavage of some cholesterol esters. J Biol Chem 1979. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)50418-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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Bloxham DP, Klaipongpan A. The involvement of adenosine 3'5-cyclic monophosphate in the translational control of protein synthesis. THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1979; 10:1-5. [PMID: 217746 DOI: 10.1016/0020-711x(79)90131-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Vahouny GV, Chanderbhan R, Hodges VA, Treadwell CR. Cholesterol arachidonate as a prostaglandin precursor in adrenocortical cells. PROSTAGLANDINS 1978; 16:207-20. [PMID: 212788 DOI: 10.1016/0090-6980(78)90022-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Rat adrenocortical cells were incubated with labeled arachidonate, and the radioactivity in unesterified fatty acids was reduced by washing with 2% albumin solutions. These cells were then incubated for two hours in the absence and presence of 7.1 x 10(-10)M ACTH. During subsequent incubation of prelabeled cells with ACTH, both the mass and radioactivity of arachidonate in adrenocortical cholesteryl esters was depleted to the same extent (30--32%). The released arachidonate was in part incorporated into phospholipids, and there was also a significant increase in unesterified arachidonic acid. During this period, there was also increased incorporation of arachidonate into labeled prostaglandins. Of this increase, 92% by isotope analysis, and 88% by radioimmunoassay techniques was attributable to prostaglandins of the E pathway. These data demonstrate that prostaglandin E synthesis is specifically increased during ACTH stimulation of rat adrenocortical cells and suggest that a major source of the arachidonate substrate for this synthesis is derived from hormone-dependent hydrolysis of cortical cholesteryl esters.
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Shmerling ZG, Skoblina MN. The action of ethidium bromide and chloramphenicol on the steroidogenesis induced by gonadotrophic hormones in the ovaries of amphibia and mammals. Gen Comp Endocrinol 1978; 35:355-9. [PMID: 720809 DOI: 10.1016/0016-6480(78)90129-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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21
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Neri G, Gambino AM, Mazzocchi G, Nussdorfer GG. Investigations into the effects of ACTH on the half-life of mitochondrial proteins in the rat adrenal cortex. EXPERIENTIA 1978; 34:133-4. [PMID: 202480 DOI: 10.1007/bf01921946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
ACTH elongates the half-life of the mitochondrial proteins from the rat adrenal cortex, and chloramphenicol inhibits this effect of ACTH. The hypothesis is advanced that the ACTH-provoked stabilization of the adrenocortical mitochondrial proteins requires continuous mitochondrial DNA-dependent protein synthesis.
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23
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Koizuka S. Electron microscopic studies on the effect of ACTH and flavin adenine dinucleotide on adrenocortical atrophy of hypophysectomized rat. Pathol Int 1977; 27:637-45. [PMID: 201150 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1827.1977.tb00182.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Electron microscopic observation was made on the outer fasciculata cells in the adrenal cortex of hypophysectomized rats receiving 10 mg of FAD and/or 0.3 mg of ACTH intraperitoneally once a day for 5 consecutive days from 24 hours after hypophysectomy. The simultaneous administration of FAD and ACTH to the hypophysectomized rat was more effective for preventing adrenocortical atrophy induced than the administration of ACTH alone. This effect appeared as clear cells with low electron density. While the characteristics induced by hypophysectomy were the decrease in number of smooth-surfaced endoplasmic reticulum (SER) and mitochondria and also crista of mitochondria being tubular. The clear cells showed a less degree of their characteristic. From this fact, it is considered that the external FAD acts against fasciculata cells in the adrenal cortex of hypophysectomized rats as a coenzyme for flavin enzyme under ACTH and decreases oxidation-reaction in mitochondria and oxidative phosphorilation reaction in SER, being induced by hypophysectomy.
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Laychock SG, Rubin RP. Regulation of steroidogenesis and prostaglandin formation in isolated adrenocortical cells: the effects of pregnenolone and cycloheximide. JOURNAL OF STEROID BIOCHEMISTRY 1977; 8:663-7. [PMID: 201802 DOI: 10.1016/0022-4731(77)90294-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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26
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Gill GN. ACTH regulation of the adrenal cortex. PHARMACOLOGY & THERAPEUTICS. PART B: GENERAL & SYSTEMATIC PHARMACOLOGY 1976; 2:313-38. [PMID: 183221 DOI: 10.1016/s0306-039x(76)80011-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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27
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Canick JA, Villee DB. The effect of adrenocorticotrophin on protein degradation in rat adrenal gland and liver. Biochem J 1974; 144:397-402. [PMID: 4376961 PMCID: PMC1168508 DOI: 10.1042/bj1440397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The rate of adrenal protein degradation appears to be slower in rats to which ACTH (adrenocorticotrophin) has been chronically administered. As measured by the exponential decay of radioactively labelled adrenal protein in vivo, the mean half-lives of total protein and of mitochondrial, microsomal and 18000g-supernatant protein were significantly longer in ACTH-treated animals. Experiments in which either [(3)H]leucine or NaH(14)CO(3) was used to label proteins showed that of the fractions studied, the effect on mitochondrial protein degradation was most pronounced. The half-lives of the same subcellular fractions in rat liver were not affected by ACTH. The possibility that the results might have been caused by changes in radioisotope reutilization and pool size is discussed.
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Hochberg RB, Welch M, Lieberman S. A simple and precise assay of the enzymatic conversion of cholesterol into pregnenolone. Biochemistry 1974; 13:603-9. [PMID: 4810069 DOI: 10.1021/bi00700a031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Adrenocorticotrophic Hormone and the Control of Adrenal Corticosteroidogenesis* *Submitted February 1972. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1974. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-037504-2.50010-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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Purvis JL, Canick JA, Mason JI, Estabrook RW, McCarthy JL. Lifetime of adrenal cytochrome P-450 as influenced by ACTH. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1973; 212:319-43. [PMID: 4155928 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1973.tb47605.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Sharma RK. Metabolic regulation of steroidogenesis in adrenocortical carcinoma cells of rat. Effect of adrenocorticotropin and adenosine cyclic 3':5'-monophosphate on corticosteroidogenesis. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1973; 32:506-12. [PMID: 4348128 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1973.tb02635.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Bitensky MW, Gorman RE. Cellular responses to cyclic AMP. PROGRESS IN BIOPHYSICS AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 1973; 26:409-61. [PMID: 4350734 DOI: 10.1016/0079-6107(73)90023-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Rosenfeld MG, Abrass JB, Mendelsohn J, Ross BA, Boone RF, Garren LD. Control of transcription of RNA rich in polyadenylic acid in human lymphocytes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1972; 69:2306-11. [PMID: 4340753 PMCID: PMC426923 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.69.8.2306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Rapidly labeled polyribosomal RNA rich in poly(A) has been isolated from cultures of highly purified human peripheral blood lymphocytes. Messenger RNA function for this RNA is suggested by its ability to direct [3H]Met-tRNA binding to ribosomes and incorporation of amino acids into protein in a cell-free preparation. Phytohemagglutinin and low concentrations of dibutyryl cAMP (40 nM) increase poly(A)-rich RNA synthesis 40% within 2 hr, and 100-300% by 12 hr; the percent poly(A) content and the size of the poly(A)-rich portion remain constant. Higher concentrations of dibutyryl cAMP (1 nM), which prevent morphological transformation of lymphocytes by phytohemagglutinin, inhibit synthesis of poly(A)-rich RNA in phytohemagglutinin-treated lymphocytes without damaging cells. Cortisol (0.1 mM), which also prevents lymphocyte transformation, inhibits poly(A)-rich RNA synthesis by 80%. Cycloheximide (5 micro/ml), which decreases protein synthesis by 90%, decreases poly(A)-rich RNA synthesis 80% in cells stimulated by phytohemagglutinin. These studies demonstrate that, as part of the early molecular events of their action, phytohemagglutinin and cortisol regulate transcription of adenylate-rich RNA in human lymphocytes, and that similar transcriptional effects can be produced by dibutyryl cAMP.
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Marsh JM, Mills TM, Lemaire WJ. Cyclic AMP synthesis in rabbit graafian follicles and the effect of luteinizing hormone. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1972; 273:389-94. [PMID: 4342948 DOI: 10.1016/0304-4165(72)90231-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Wicks WD, McKibbin JB. Evidence for translational regulation of specific enzyme synthesis by N 6 , O 2' -dibutyryl cyclic AMP in hepatoma cell cultures. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1972; 48:205-11. [PMID: 4402866 DOI: 10.1016/0006-291x(72)90364-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Snell K. The regulation of rat liver L-alanine-glyoxylate aminotransferase by glucagon in vivo. Biochem J 1971; 123:657-9. [PMID: 4331327 PMCID: PMC1177008 DOI: 10.1042/bj1230657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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LeMaire WJ, Askari H, Savard K. Steroid hormone formation in the human ovary. VII. Stability of the profile of radioactive steroids formed from acetate-1-14C by the corpus luteum in vitro. Steroids 1971; 17:65-84. [PMID: 4322707 DOI: 10.1016/s0039-128x(71)80116-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Garren LD, Gill GN, Masui H, Walton GM. On the mechanism of action of ACTH. RECENT PROGRESS IN HORMONE RESEARCH 1971; 27:433-78. [PMID: 4336401 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-571127-2.50035-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Grahame-Smith DG. Adenosine 3':5'-cyclic monophosphate as the intracellular mediator of the action of adrenocorticotrophin on the adrenal cortex. Biochem J 1970; 120:3P-4P. [PMID: 4322642 PMCID: PMC1179688 DOI: 10.1042/bj1200003p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Sarkar NK. The effects of synthetic glucocorticosteroid (triamcinolone diacetate) and dibutyryladenosine-3',5'-(cyclic) monophosphate on hepatic lipase activities in rats. FEBS Lett 1970; 10:301-305. [PMID: 11945418 DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(70)80458-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- N K. Sarkar
- Biochemistry Section, Animal Research Institute, Canada Department of Agriculture, Ottawa, Canada
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Gill GN, Garren LD. On the mechanism of action of adrenocorticotropic hormone: the binding of cyclic-3',5'-adenosine monophosphate to an adrenal cortical protein. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1969; 63:512-9. [PMID: 4308274 PMCID: PMC223593 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.63.2.512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The binding of cyclic 3',5'-adenosine monophosphate (cyclic AMP) within the adrenal cortical cell was studied. Cyclic AMP binds specifically to a protein which is associated predominantly with the microsomal fraction of the cell. The binding protein was purified approximately 100-fold.
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