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Kuntoji G, Kousar N, Gaddimath S, Koodlur Sannegowda L. Macromolecule-Nanoparticle-Based Hybrid Materials for Biosensor Applications. BIOSENSORS 2024; 14:277. [PMID: 38920581 PMCID: PMC11201996 DOI: 10.3390/bios14060277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2024] [Revised: 04/21/2024] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024]
Abstract
Biosensors function as sophisticated devices, converting biochemical reactions into electrical signals. Contemporary emphasis on developing biosensor devices with refined sensitivity and selectivity is critical due to their extensive functional capabilities. However, a significant challenge lies in the binding affinity of biosensors to biomolecules, requiring adept conversion and amplification of interactions into various signal modalities like electrical, optical, gravimetric, and electrochemical outputs. Overcoming challenges associated with sensitivity, detection limits, response time, reproducibility, and stability is essential for efficient biosensor creation. The central aspect of the fabrication of any biosensor is focused towards forming an effective interface between the analyte electrode which significantly influences the overall biosensor quality. Polymers and macromolecular systems are favored for their distinct properties and versatile applications. Enhancing the properties and conductivity of these systems can be achieved through incorporating nanoparticles or carbonaceous moieties. Hybrid composite materials, possessing a unique combination of attributes like advanced sensitivity, selectivity, thermal stability, mechanical flexibility, biocompatibility, and tunable electrical properties, emerge as promising candidates for biosensor applications. In addition, this approach enhances the electrochemical response, signal amplification, and stability of fabricated biosensors, contributing to their effectiveness. This review predominantly explores recent advancements in utilizing macrocyclic and macromolecular conjugated systems, such as phthalocyanines, porphyrins, polymers, etc. and their hybrids, with a specific focus on signal amplification in biosensors. It comprehensively covers synthetic strategies, properties, working mechanisms, and the potential of these systems for detecting biomolecules like glucose, hydrogen peroxide, uric acid, ascorbic acid, dopamine, cholesterol, amino acids, and cancer cells. Furthermore, this review delves into the progress made, elucidating the mechanisms responsible for signal amplification. The Conclusion addresses the challenges and future directions of macromolecule-based hybrids in biosensor applications, providing a concise overview of this evolving field. The narrative emphasizes the importance of biosensor technology advancement, illustrating the role of smart design and material enhancement in improving performance across various domains.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Lokesh Koodlur Sannegowda
- Department of Studies in Chemistry, Vijayanagara Sri Krishnadevaraya University, Jnanasagara, Vinayakanagara, Ballari 583105, India; (G.K.); (N.K.); (S.G.)
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Patil V, Hardikar H, Joshi S, Tembe S. Optical detection of total cholesterol based on a dye-displacement method. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2023; 293:122425. [PMID: 36773424 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2023.122425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2022] [Revised: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, the dye methylene blue (MB) was entrapped in an agarose gel and used as a sensing probe for the detection of total cholesterol. When methylene blue-entrapped agarose cubes were added to the cholesterol solution, methylene blue was displaced by cholesterol and released into the solution. A calibration curve was prepared by plotting the rate of release of methylene blue at 664 nm against varying cholesterol concentrations. A linear response was observed in the concentration range of 1 to 5 mM (40 mg/dL to 200 mg/dL) which covers normal and elevated cholesterol levels in humans. Optical detection of cholesterol using this dye-replacement method is simple, economical, and non-toxic. Characterisation of the system was carried out by FT-IR spectroscopy and cyclic voltammetry. The optical method was validated to determine total cholesterol in serum samples with reasonable accuracy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vikas Patil
- Department of Biotechnology, Fergusson College (Autonomous), Fergusson College Road, Shivajinagar, Pune 411004, Maharashtra, India
| | - Hrishikesh Hardikar
- Department of Biotechnology, Fergusson College (Autonomous), Fergusson College Road, Shivajinagar, Pune 411004, Maharashtra, India
| | - Sonali Joshi
- Department of Biotechnology, Fergusson College (Autonomous), Fergusson College Road, Shivajinagar, Pune 411004, Maharashtra, India
| | - Sanket Tembe
- Department of Biotechnology, Fergusson College (Autonomous), Fergusson College Road, Shivajinagar, Pune 411004, Maharashtra, India.
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An amperometric cholesterol biosensor based on immobilization of cholesterol oxidase onto titanium dioxide nanoparticles. SENSORS INTERNATIONAL 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sintl.2021.100111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
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Narwal V, Deswal R, Batra B, Kalra V, Hooda R, Sharma M, Rana JS. Cholesterol biosensors: A review. Steroids 2019; 143:6-17. [PMID: 30543816 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2018.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Revised: 12/05/2018] [Accepted: 12/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Cholesterol is the most important sterol synthesized by most of the human cells majorly in the liver. It is a necessary constituent of cell membranes, it acts as a precursor for the synthesis of steroid hormones, vitamin D, and bile acids. Cholesterol is transported in plasma primarily in the form of low-density lipoproteins (LDL), the principal route for its removal from tissues to the liver is in high-density lipoproteins (HDL), followed by excretion in the bile. Cholesterol level is less than 200 mg/dL in healthy persons. 200 and 239 mg/dL is considered borderline high and 240 mg/dL and above is considered a biomarker for cardiovascular diseases, heart attack, strokes, peripheral arterial disease, type 2 diabetes and high blood pressure. Several methods are available for detection of cholesterol, among them, most are burdensome, time-consuming, require sample pre-treatment, high-cost instrumental set-up, and experienced personnel to operate. Biosensing approach overcomes these disadvantages, as these are highly specific, fast, easy, cost-effective, and highly sensitive. The review describes the various cholesterol biosensors. Cholesterol biosensors work ideally within 1 to 300 s, in pH range, 7.0-8.6, temperature 25-37 °C and cholesterol concentration range, 0.000025-700 mM, the detection limits being in the range, 0.000002-4 mM, with working potential -0.05 to 0.65 V. These biosensors measured cholesterol level in fruit juices, beverages, sera and urine samples and reused up to 200 times over a period of 15 to 50 days, while stored dry at 4 °C (Table 1). Future perspective for further improvement and commercialization of cholesterol biosensors are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinay Narwal
- Department of Biochemistry, M.D. University, Rohtak, India
| | - Ritu Deswal
- Centre for Medical Biotechnology, M.D. University, Rohtak, India
| | - Bhawna Batra
- Department of Biotechnology, Deen Bandhu Chhotu Ram University of Science and Technology, Murthal, Sonipat, India.
| | - Vijay Kalra
- Department of Biochemistry, Pt. BD sharma University of Health Sciences, Rohtak, India
| | - Ritu Hooda
- Department of Zoology, M.D. University, Rohtak, India
| | | | - J S Rana
- Department of Biotechnology, Deen Bandhu Chhotu Ram University of Science and Technology, Murthal, Sonipat, India
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Gunasegaram R, Peh KL, Loganath A, Chew PC, Shanmugaratnam S. Cholesterol side-chain cleavage activity in the human umbilical cord in vitro. J Perinat Med 1990; 18:495-9. [PMID: 2097343 DOI: 10.1515/jpme.1990.18.6.495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
With a view to establish whether cells of the human umbilical cord possess cholesterol side-chain cleavage activity, homogenates of term umbilical cord obtained following spontaneous vaginal delivery from uncomplicated pregnancies (n = 6; 38-40 weeks gestation) were incubated with 26-14C cholesterol. Controls were homogenates heating in a boiling water bath for 10 min. Proof of the existence of cholesterol C-20, 22-desmolase activity in the viable tissue was established by associating radioactivity due to the labelled carbon 26 of 26-14C cholesterol with the p-bromophenacyl ester of isocaproic acid by reverse-isotope dilution analysis. The desmolase efficiency expressed as specific activity of 14C isocaproic acid, dpm g-1 tissue varied from 110 to 351 with a mean of 202. The small but definite conversion indicates that the cholesterol side-chain cleavage reaction previously believed to be exclusive to the steroidogenic pathway operating in the adrenal, gonads and placenta does exist in the human term umbilical cord in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Gunasegaram
- Institute of Science and Forensic Medicine, National Blood Centre, Singapore
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Rabe T, Kiesel L, Runnebaum B. Regulation of human placental progesterone synthesis in vitro by naturally occurring steroids. JOURNAL OF STEROID BIOCHEMISTRY 1985; 22:657-64. [PMID: 3859707 DOI: 10.1016/0022-4731(85)90220-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
A regulatory model of human placental progesterone synthesis is based on studies with isolated placental enzymes. Steroids causing a dose-dependent inhibition are listed in the standing order of their inhibitory potency (I50 (microM)/Ki value (microM)/type of inhibition: c = competitive and nc = non competitive). Cholesterol side chain cleavage enzyme (mitochondria): Mainly regulated by hydroxylated cholesterol derivates. No inhibition was observed by cholesterylesters and by other naturally occurring steroids tested. 5-ene-3 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase-isomerase (mitochondria): 6 beta-hydroxyprogesterone (nc), dehydroepiandrosterone (0.32/0.82/c), 20 alpha-dihydroprogesterone (0.38/-/nc), progesterone (0.46/-), estrone (0.56/0.1/c), estradiol (0.1/0.8/c), 17 alpha-hydroxyprogesterone (2.1/-/nc), 17 alpha-hydroxypregnenolone (0.4/-/c), dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (2.5/-/c), cortisone (5.0/-), cortisol (100/-). 20 alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (cytoplasmic): estrone (0.26/0.7/c), estradiol (0.28/0.9/c), pregnenolone (4.4/9.2/c), 5 alpha-pregnan-3 beta-ol-20-one (4.6/-/nc), estriol (5.1/11.5/c); dehydroepiandrosterone (7.2/14.0/c), 5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone (26.0/-/nc), progesterone (33.0/48.0/c), dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (50.0/23.0/nc), and testosterone (59.0/63.0/c). An autoregulatory mechanism of placental progesterone synthesis is postulated which is in good agreement with data published by others proving that placental progesterone synthesis is independent of the endocrine organs of the mother and the fetus.
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Rabe T, Kiesel L, Kellermann J, Weidenhammer K, Runnebaum B, Potts GO. Inhibition of human placental progesterone synthesis and aromatase activity by synthetic steroidogenic inhibitors in vitro. Fertil Steril 1983; 39:829-35. [PMID: 6574022 DOI: 10.1016/s0015-0282(16)47125-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The inhibitory effect in vitro of four synthetic steroids on enzyme systems of placental progesterone synthesis at term was analyzed. Cholesterol side chain cleavage enzyme (CSCC) was not influenced by azastene, trilostane, and WIN 32,729. A 50% inhibition of CSCC was found by 10 microM cyanoketone. The 3 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase was dose-dependently inhibited by azastene (I50 = 1 microM, trilostane (I50 = 4 nM), cyanoketone (I50 = 3 nM), and WIN 32,729 (I50 = 5 nM). A competitive inhibition of the 20 alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (20 alpha-HSDH) by azastene (I50 = 0.6 microM), trilostane (I50 = 4.1 microM), cyanoketone (I50 = 0.6 microM), and WIN 32,729 (I50 = 1.5 microM) was observed. No difference in the effect of steroids on the 20 alpha-HSDH of early gestational and term placenta was found. The four steroidogenic inhibitors did not affect the activity of placental aromatase in vitro. Our results allow a comparison of inhibitory potencies of four steroidogenic inhibitors on different steroidogenic enzymes in vitro.
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Rabe T, Mösch R, Franke C, Nobakht N, Runnebaum B. Inhibition of human placental progesterone and estrogen synthesis in early human gestation by aminoglutethimide in vivo. JOURNAL OF STEROID BIOCHEMISTRY 1983; 18:291-6. [PMID: 6827834 DOI: 10.1016/0022-4731(83)90105-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The inhibitory effect of d,l-aminoglutethimide (AG) on the synthesis of progesterone and estradiol in early human pregnancy (8th-12th week of gestation) was investigated in volunteers; control group (n = 11), AG group [1000 mg AG orally at test begin (n = 6)]. Venous blood samples were taken at the beginning of the test and 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 8 and 24 h thereafter. In controls, no significant changes in serum progesterone and estradiol could be observed during 24 h. In the AG group, a decrease in progesterone and estradiol could be observed within 1 h after the test began; lowest serum steroid concentrations were reached after 4 h. Relative to the initial values taken as 100%, the greatest decrease in progesterone ranged between 37 and 83%, 62 +/- 15% (means +/- SD)(n = 6); the greatest decrease in estradiol ranged between 32 and 78%, 51 +/- 17% (means +/- SD)(n = 6). Twenty four hours after AG treatment, both steroids reached similar concentrations to those found at test begin. No clinical signs (e.g. uterine bleeding, contractions) for the abortifacient action of AG were observed. In conclusion, a single dose of AG (1000 mg given orally) cannot induce a therapeutic abortion in early pregnancy. In accordance with in vitro studies, the inhibitory effect of AG on placental progesterone formation is due to an inhibition of mitochondrial cholesterol side chain cleavage. The decrease in estradiol is thought to be related to an inhibition of placental aromatase.
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Rabe T, Weidenhammer K, Runnebaum B. Characterization of human cholesterol side chain cleavage enzyme (EC 1.14.15x) of human term placental mitochondria. JOURNAL OF STEROID BIOCHEMISTRY 1983; 18:333-40. [PMID: 6687483 DOI: 10.1016/0022-4731(83)90112-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The cholesterol side chain cleavage enzyme (EC 1.14.15x) in mitochondria of a human term placenta was partially characterized. Enzyme activity was determined by separation of [26-14C]-cholesterol and [5-14C]-isocaproic acid formed by side chain cleavage. Since the amounts of unlabeled cholesterol were too large, a KM of cholesterol could not be determined. The apparent KM value of NADPH is 6.25 x 10(-4) M. A pH optimum was found at pH 9.5 (Tris buffer) and a temperature optimum at 40 C. The metal ions Sr2+ and Ba2+ showed no inhibition at 1 and 10 mM and a moderate inhibition at 100 mM. In low concentrations (1 mM), Mg2+ and Ca2+ slightly stimulated the enzyme whereas in higher concentrations (100 mM) an inhibitory effect was observed. A strong inhibition was achieved with 1 mM Zn2+, Cd2+, Cu2+ and by 10 and 100 mM Fe2+, Mn2+, Co2+ and Ni2+. During preincubation of the enzyme without radioactive substrate, a rapid loss in enzyme activity in relation to enzyme concentration was observed (initial activity = 100%) (preincubation time in hours): 0.5 h (97%), 1 h (55%) and 1.5 h (34%). A dose-dependent inhibition of the enzyme by the following proteins was achieved: bovine serum protein, human serum protein, human immunoglobulin G and ovalbumin. Furthermore, a dose-dependent inhibition was found with the membrane lipids lecithin and sphingosine.
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Evain D, Anderson WB, Saez MJ. Gonadotropin stimulation of pregnenolone metabolism in Chinese hamster ovary cells in culture. J Cell Physiol 1981; 108:9-14. [PMID: 6267080 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.1041080103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
To determine if Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) cells in culture are able to metabolize steroids, CHO cells were incubated in defined medium with [14C]pregnenolone. As shown, [14C]pregnenolone is metabolized to progesterone and other delta 53 beta steroids; this steroidogenic response is appreciably enhanced upon exposure of the cells to 50 nM gonadotropins (human chorionic gonadotropin and follicle-stimulation hormone). The primary metabolites that accumulate in the medium upon treatment with gonadotropins are 16 alpha-hydroxy-pregnenolone and 16 alpha-17 beta-dihydroxydehydroepiandrosterone. Exposure of the CHO cells to gonadotropins induces significant increases in the activities of 16 alpha-hydroxylase, 17 alpha-hydroxylase, and 17-20 lyase. Similar results are obtained when the CHO cells are treated with 0.1 mM 8-bromocyclic AMP, indicating that the gonadotropin enhancement of steroid metabolism is a cyclic AMP-mediated process. CHO cells apparently lack the cholesterol desmolase complex since 14C-cholesterol is not utilized by these cells to produce other steroid metabolites. These results indicate that CHO cells offer an in vitro system for the study of certain aspects of gonadotropin stimulation of steroidogenesis.
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Watabe T, Sawahata T. The recently proposed 20,22-epoxycholesterol as the intermediate in the conversion of cholesterol to pregnenolone by adrenal cortex mitochondria must be 5alpha,6alpha-epoxycholestan-3beta-ol. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1978; 83:1396-403. [PMID: 697869 DOI: 10.1016/0006-291x(78)91376-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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12
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Baron J, Redick JA, Kapke GF, Van Orden LS. Immunohistochemical localization of adrenal ferredoxin and distribution of adrenal ferredoxin and cytochrome P-450 in the rat adrenal. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 1978. [DOI: 10.1016/0304-4165(78)90174-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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13
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Colombo L, Colombo Belvedere P, Cisotto T. Steroidogenesis in vitro from acetate-1-14C and cholesterol-4-14C by teleost head kidneys. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY. B, COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY 1977; 57:89-93. [PMID: 299630 DOI: 10.1016/0305-0491(77)90088-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- L Colombo
- Institute of Animal Biology, University of Padua, Italy
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Kapke G, Baron J. Immunochemical evidence for the involvement of adrenal ferredoxin in the side-chain cleavage of 20alpha-hydroxycholesterol. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1976; 70:1097-101. [PMID: 821484 DOI: 10.1016/0006-291x(76)91015-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Baron J. Immunochemical studies on adrenal ferredoxin: involvement of adrenal ferredoxin in the cholesterol side-chain cleavage reaction of mammalian adrenals. Arch Biochem Biophys 1976; 174:226-38. [PMID: 820260 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(76)90342-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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16
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Baron J. Immunochemical studies on adrenal ferredoxin: involvement of adrenal ferredoxin-like iron-sulfur proteins in the cholesterol side-chain cleavage reaction of mammalian steroidogenic tissues. Arch Biochem Biophys 1976; 174:239-48. [PMID: 820261 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(76)90343-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Bosisio E, Galli G, Nicosia S, Galli Kienle M. Catabolism of cholesterol by bovine adrenal-cortex enzymes: in vitro formation of oxygenated sterols and side-chain cleavage products. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1976; 63:491-7. [PMID: 1261558 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1976.tb10252.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The identification of sterols and steroids formed by incubation of [7alph-3H, 26-14C]cholesterol with mitochondrial enzymes from bovine adrenal cortex is reported. Only 17% of the radioactivity associated with cholesterol metabolites was found in pregnenolone, whereas 15% was reliable to oxygenated sterols and 6% to steroid compounds. The significance of the formation of these compounds is discussed particularly as regards oxygenated cholesterol derivatives.
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Kraaipoel RJ, Degenhart HJ, Leferink JG, Van Beek V, De Leeuw-Boon H, Visser HK. Pregnenolone formation from cholesterol in bovine adrenal cortex mitochondria: proposal of a new mechanism. FEBS Lett 1975; 50:204-9. [PMID: 1112413 DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(75)80489-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Stimulation factors for cholesterol side-chain cleavage in the corpus luteum and adrenal gland. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1974. [DOI: 10.1016/0022-4731(74)90071-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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20
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Wickramasinghe RH. The regulation of corticosteroid hydroxylations. J Bioenerg Biomembr 1973. [DOI: 10.1007/bf01648986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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21
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Baron J. Studies on the immunochemical and functional similarities among iron-sulfur proteins involved in mitochondrial steroid hydroxylations. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1973; 54:764-9. [PMID: 4356981 DOI: 10.1016/0006-291x(73)91489-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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22
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Sulimovici S, Bartoov B, Lunenfeld B. Localization of 3-beta hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase in the inner membrane subfraction of rat testis mitochondria. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1973; 321:27-40. [PMID: 4356307 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2744(73)90056-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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23
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Colombo L, Bern HA, Pieprzyk J, Johnson DW. Biosynthesis of 11-deoxycorticosteroids by teleost ovaries and discussion of their possible role in oocyte maturation and ovulation. Gen Comp Endocrinol 1973; 21:168-78. [PMID: 4724759 DOI: 10.1016/0016-6480(73)90168-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Tamaoki B. Steroidogenesis and cell structure. Biochemical pursuit of sites of steroid biosynthesis. JOURNAL OF STEROID BIOCHEMISTRY 1973; 4:89-118. [PMID: 4574429 DOI: 10.1016/0022-4731(73)90084-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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25
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Luttrell B, Hochberg RB, Dixon WR, McDonald PD, Lieberman S. Studies on the Biosynthetic Conversion of Cholesterol into Pregnenolone. J Biol Chem 1972. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)45581-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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Flint AP, Armstrong DT. Intracellular localization of cholesterol side chain cleavage enzyme in corpora lutea of cow and rat. NATURE: NEW BIOLOGY 1971; 231:60-1. [PMID: 5283391 DOI: 10.1038/newbio231060a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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28
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Fajer AB, Holzbauer M, Newport HM. The contribution of the adrenal gland to the total amount of progesterone produced in the female rat. J Physiol 1971; 214:115-26. [PMID: 5575348 PMCID: PMC1331825 DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.1971.sp009422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
1. The amount of progesterone contained in both adrenal glands of a rat was similar to or larger than the amount of progesterone in the ovaries of the same rat. This was found in unstressed rats, in stressed rats and also in pregnant rats.2. After ether anaesthesia and exsanguination the adrenal progesterone content was increased by 75%; the ovarian progesterone content remained unchanged.3. In contrast, prolonged operative stress resulted in a rise in the ovarian content of progesterone and 20-dihydroprogesterone whereas the adrenal progesterone content of these rats was lower than that of unstressed rats.4. The rate at which progesterone was secreted by the adrenal glands of stressed rats was similar to the ovarian progesterone secretion rate. Rats which were kept under mild stress conditions before the experiment showed higher adrenal progesterone secretion rates.
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