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Bagri K, Deshmukh R. Vinpocetine restores cognitive and motor functions in Traumatic brain injury challenged rats. Inflammopharmacology 2022; 30:2243-2259. [PMID: 36190686 DOI: 10.1007/s10787-022-01059-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2022] [Accepted: 08/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Traumatic brain damage is common worldwide and the treatments are not well-defined. Vinpocetine is a synthetic derivative of the vinca alkaloid vincamine and is clinically being used for various brain disorders. Here in the current study, we have investigated the neuroprotective potential of vinpocetine against traumatic brain injury. TBI was induced by the Marmarou weight drop method in rats. Brain damage was evaluated using cognitive and motor functions and the alterations in biomolecules. Injured rats were treated with different doses of vinpocetine (2.5, 5, and 10 mg/kg) for 4 weeks. Traumatic brain injury in rats produced significant deterioration of cognition and motor functions, which was accompanied by increased oxidative stress and significant alterations in brain monoamine levels as compared with the sham control group (p < 0.05). Vinpocetine alleviated TBI-induced oxidative burden, altered neurochemistry, and improved the cognitive and motor functions as compared with that of the TBI control group (p < 0.05). The observed neuroprotective potential of vinpocetine may be due to the observed antioxidant potential and its ability to restore the levels of brain neurochemicals under stressed conditions. The outcomes of the current study may help the repositioning of vinpocetine for preventing or treating traumatic brain injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kajal Bagri
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Maharaja Ranjit Singh Punjab Technical University, Bathinda, 151001, Punjab, India
| | - Rahul Deshmukh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Maharaja Ranjit Singh Punjab Technical University, Bathinda, 151001, Punjab, India.
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2
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Jacquens A, Needham EJ, Zanier ER, Degos V, Gressens P, Menon D. Neuro-Inflammation Modulation and Post-Traumatic Brain Injury Lesions: From Bench to Bed-Side. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:11193. [PMID: 36232495 PMCID: PMC9570205 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231911193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Revised: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Head trauma is the most common cause of disability in young adults. Known as a silent epidemic, it can cause a mosaic of symptoms, whether neurological (sensory-motor deficits), psychiatric (depressive and anxiety symptoms), or somatic (vertigo, tinnitus, phosphenes). Furthermore, cranial trauma (CT) in children presents several particularities in terms of epidemiology, mechanism, and physiopathology-notably linked to the attack of an immature organ. As in adults, head trauma in children can have lifelong repercussions and can cause social and family isolation, difficulties at school, and, later, socio-professional adversity. Improving management of the pre-hospital and rehabilitation course of these patients reduces secondary morbidity and mortality, but often not without long-term disability. One hypothesized contributor to this process is chronic neuroinflammation, which could accompany primary lesions and facilitate their development into tertiary lesions. Neuroinflammation is a complex process involving different actors such as glial cells (astrocytes, microglia, oligodendrocytes), the permeability of the blood-brain barrier, excitotoxicity, production of oxygen derivatives, cytokine release, tissue damage, and neuronal death. Several studies have investigated the effect of various treatments on the neuroinflammatory response in traumatic brain injury in vitro and in animal and human models. The aim of this review is to examine the various anti-inflammatory therapies that have been implemented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Jacquens
- Unité de Neuroanesthésie-Réanimation, Hôpital de la Pitié Salpêtrière 43-87, Boulevard de l’Hôpital, F-75013 Paris, France
- Inserm, Maladies Neurodéveloppementales et Neurovasculaires, Université Paris Cité, F-75019 Paris, France
| | - Edward J. Needham
- Division of Anaesthesia, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, University of Cambridge, Box 93, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 2QQ, UK
| | - Elisa R. Zanier
- Department of Neuroscience, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, 20156 Milan, Italy
| | - Vincent Degos
- Unité de Neuroanesthésie-Réanimation, Hôpital de la Pitié Salpêtrière 43-87, Boulevard de l’Hôpital, F-75013 Paris, France
- Inserm, Maladies Neurodéveloppementales et Neurovasculaires, Université Paris Cité, F-75019 Paris, France
| | - Pierre Gressens
- Inserm, Maladies Neurodéveloppementales et Neurovasculaires, Université Paris Cité, F-75019 Paris, France
| | - David Menon
- Division of Anaesthesia, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, University of Cambridge, Box 93, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 2QQ, UK
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3
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Hakiminia B, Alikiaii B, Khorvash F, Mousavi S. Oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction following traumatic brain injury: From mechanistic view to targeted therapeutic opportunities. Fundam Clin Pharmacol 2022; 36:612-662. [PMID: 35118714 DOI: 10.1111/fcp.12767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Revised: 01/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is one of the most prevalent causes of permanent physical and cognitive disabilities. TBI pathology results from primary insults and a multi-mechanistic biochemical process, termed as secondary brain injury. Currently, there are no pharmacological agents for definitive treatment of patients with TBI. This article is presented with the purpose of reviewing molecular mechanisms of TBI pathology, as well as potential strategies and agents against pathological pathways. In this review article, materials were obtained by searching PubMed, Scopus, Elsevier, Web of Science, and Google Scholar. This search was considered without time limitation. Evidence indicates that oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction are two key mediators of the secondary injury cascade in TBI pathology. TBI-induced oxidative damage results in the structural and functional impairments of cellular and subcellular components, such as mitochondria. Impairments of mitochondrial electron transfer chain and mitochondrial membrane potential result in a vicious cycle of free radical formation and cell apoptosis. The results of some preclinical and clinical studies, evaluating mitochondria-targeted therapies, such as mitochondria-targeted antioxidants and compounds with pleiotropic effects after TBI, are promising. As a proposed strategy in recent years, mitochondria-targeted multipotential therapy is a new hope, waiting to be confirmed. Moreover, based on the available findings, biologics, such as stem cell-based therapy and transplantation of mitochondria are novel potential strategies for the treatment of TBI; however, more studies are needed to clearly confirm the safety and efficacy of these strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bahareh Hakiminia
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacy Practice, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Babak Alikiaii
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Alzahra Hospital, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Fariborz Khorvash
- Department of Neurology, Alzahra Hospital, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Sarah Mousavi
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacy Practice, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
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4
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Gozt A, Hellewell S, Ward PGD, Bynevelt M, Fitzgerald M. Emerging Applications for Quantitative Susceptibility Mapping in the Detection of Traumatic Brain Injury Pathology. Neuroscience 2021; 467:218-236. [PMID: 34087394 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2021.05.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Revised: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a common but heterogeneous injury underpinned by numerous complex and interrelated pathophysiological mechanisms. An essential trace element, iron is abundant within the brain and involved in many fundamental neurobiological processes, including oxygen transportation, oxidative phosphorylation, myelin production and maintenance, as well as neurotransmitter synthesis and metabolism. Excessive levels of iron are neurotoxic and thus iron homeostasis is tightly regulated in the brain, however, many details about the mechanisms by which this is achieved are yet to be elucidated. A key mediator of oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction and neuroinflammatory response, iron dysregulation is an important contributor to secondary injury in TBI. Advances in neuroimaging that leverage magnetic susceptibility properties have enabled increasingly comprehensive investigations into the distribution and behaviour of iron in the brain amongst healthy individuals as well as disease states such as TBI. Quantitative Susceptibility Mapping (QSM) is an advanced neuroimaging technique that promises quantitative estimation of local magnetic susceptibility at the voxel level. In this review, we provide an overview of brain iron and its homeostasis, describe recent advances enabling applications of QSM within the context of TBI and summarise the current state of the literature. Although limited, the emergent research suggests that QSM is a promising neuroimaging technique that can be used to investigate a host of pathophysiological changes that are associated with TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Gozt
- Curtin University, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Bentley, WA Australia; Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science, Nedlands, WA Australia
| | - Sarah Hellewell
- Curtin University, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Bentley, WA Australia
| | - Phillip G D Ward
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Integrative Brain Function, VIC Australia; Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, Monash University, VIC Australia
| | - Michael Bynevelt
- Neurological Intervention and Imaging Service of Western Australia, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Nedlands, WA Australia
| | - Melinda Fitzgerald
- Curtin University, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Bentley, WA Australia; Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science, Nedlands, WA Australia.
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5
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Shafi R, Poublanc J, Venkatraghavan L, Crawley AP, Sobczyk O, McKetton L, Bayley M, Chandra T, Foster E, Ruttan L, Comper P, Tartaglia MC, Tator CH, Duffin J, Mutch WA, Fisher J, Mikulis DJ. A Promising Subject-Level Classification Model for Acute Concussion Based on Cerebrovascular Reactivity Metrics. J Neurotrauma 2020; 38:1036-1047. [PMID: 33096952 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2020.7272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Concussion imaging research has primarily focused on neuronal disruption with lesser emphasis directed toward vascular dysfunction. However, blood flow metrics may be more sensitive than measures of neuronal integrity. Vascular dysfunction can be assessed by measuring cerebrovascular reactivity (CVR)-the change in cerebral blood flow per unit change in vasodilatory stimulus. CVR metrics, including speed and magnitude of flow responses to a standardized well-controlled vasoactive stimulus, are potentially useful for assessing individual subjects following concussion given that blood flow dysregulation is known to occur with traumatic brain injury. We assessed changes in CVR metrics to a standardized vasodilatory stimulus during the acute phase of concussion. Using a case control design, 20 concussed participants and 20 healthy controls (HCs) underwent CVR assessment measuring blood oxygen-level dependent (BOLD) magnetic resonance imaging using precise changes in end-tidal partial pressure of CO2 (PETCO2). Metrics were calculated for the whole brain, gray matter (GM), and white matter (WM) using sex-stratification. A leave-one-out receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis classified concussed from HCs based on CVR metrics. CVR magnitude was greater and speed of response faster in concussed participants relative to HCs, with WM showing higher classification accuracy compared with GM. ROC analysis for WM-CVR metrics revealed an area under the curve of 0.94 in males and 0.90 in females for speed and magnitude of response respectively. These greater than normal responses to a vasodilatory stimulus warrant further investigation to compare the predictive ability of CVR metrics against structural injury metrics for diagnosis and prognosis in acute concussion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reema Shafi
- Joint Department of Medical Imaging, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Julien Poublanc
- Joint Department of Medical Imaging, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lashmi Venkatraghavan
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Adrian P Crawley
- Joint Department of Medical Imaging, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Olivia Sobczyk
- Joint Department of Medical Imaging, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Larissa McKetton
- Joint Department of Medical Imaging, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mark Bayley
- Toronto Rehabilitation Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Tharshini Chandra
- Toronto Rehabilitation Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Evan Foster
- Toronto Rehabilitation Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lesley Ruttan
- Graduate Department of Psychological Clinical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Toronto Rehabilitation Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Canadian Concussion Center, Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Paul Comper
- Rehabilitation Sciences Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Toronto Rehabilitation Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Maria Carmela Tartaglia
- Department of Medicine (Neurology), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Tanz Center for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Canadian Concussion Center, Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Charles H Tator
- Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Canadian Concussion Center, Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - James Duffin
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - W Alan Mutch
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Joseph Fisher
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - David J Mikulis
- Joint Department of Medical Imaging, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Canadian Concussion Center, Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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6
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Baker TL, Sun M, Semple BD, Tyebji S, Tonkin CJ, Mychasiuk R, Shultz SR. Catastrophic consequences: can the feline parasite Toxoplasma gondii prompt the purrfect neuroinflammatory storm following traumatic brain injury? J Neuroinflammation 2020; 17:222. [PMID: 32711529 PMCID: PMC7382044 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-020-01885-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide; however, treatment development is hindered by the heterogenous nature of TBI presentation and pathophysiology. In particular, the degree of neuroinflammation after TBI varies between individuals and may be modified by other factors such as infection. Toxoplasma gondii, a parasite that infects approximately one-third of the world’s population, has a tropism for brain tissue and can persist as a life-long infection. Importantly, there is notable overlap in the pathophysiology between TBI and T. gondii infection, including neuroinflammation. This paper will review current understandings of the clinical problems, pathophysiological mechanisms, and functional outcomes of TBI and T. gondii, before considering the potential synergy between the two conditions. In particular, the discussion will focus on neuroinflammatory processes such as microglial activation, inflammatory cytokines, and peripheral immune cell recruitment that occur during T. gondii infection and after TBI. We will present the notion that these overlapping pathologies in TBI individuals with a chronic T. gondii infection have the strong potential to exacerbate neuroinflammation and related brain damage, leading to amplified functional deficits. The impact of chronic T. gondii infection on TBI should therefore be investigated in both preclinical and clinical studies as the possible interplay could influence treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara L Baker
- Department of Neuroscience, Monash University, 6th Floor, The Alfred Centre, 99 Commercial Road, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia
| | - Mujun Sun
- Department of Neuroscience, Monash University, 6th Floor, The Alfred Centre, 99 Commercial Road, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia
| | - Bridgette D Semple
- Department of Neuroscience, Monash University, 6th Floor, The Alfred Centre, 99 Commercial Road, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia.,Department of Medicine, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Shiraz Tyebji
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Defence, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Christopher J Tonkin
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Defence, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Richelle Mychasiuk
- Department of Neuroscience, Monash University, 6th Floor, The Alfred Centre, 99 Commercial Road, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia
| | - Sandy R Shultz
- Department of Neuroscience, Monash University, 6th Floor, The Alfred Centre, 99 Commercial Road, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia. .,Department of Medicine, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.
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7
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Di Pietro V, Yakoub KM, Caruso G, Lazzarino G, Signoretti S, Barbey AK, Tavazzi B, Lazzarino G, Belli A, Amorini AM. Antioxidant Therapies in Traumatic Brain Injury. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:antiox9030260. [PMID: 32235799 PMCID: PMC7139349 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9030260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Revised: 03/14/2020] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Due to a multiplicity of causes provoking traumatic brain injury (TBI), TBI is a highly heterogeneous pathology, characterized by high mortality and disability rates. TBI is an acute neurodegenerative event, potentially and unpredictably evolving into sub-chronic and chronic neurodegenerative events, with transient or permanent neurologic, cognitive, and motor deficits, for which no valid standardized therapies are available. A vast body of literature demonstrates that TBI-induced oxidative/nitrosative stress is involved in the development of both acute and chronic neurodegenerative disorders. Cellular defenses against this phenomenon are largely dependent on low molecular weight antioxidants, most of which are consumed with diet or as nutraceutical supplements. A large number of studies have evaluated the efficacy of antioxidant administration to decrease TBI-associated damage in various animal TBI models and in a limited number of clinical trials. Points of weakness of preclinical studies are represented by the large variability in the TBI model adopted, in the antioxidant tested, in the timing, dosages, and routes of administration used, and in the variety of molecular and/or neurocognitive parameters evaluated. The analysis of the very few clinical studies does not allow strong conclusions to be drawn on the real effectiveness of antioxidant administration to TBI patients. Standardizing TBI models and different experimental conditions, as well as testing the efficacy of administration of a cocktail of antioxidants rather than only one, should be mandatory. According to some promising clinical results, it appears that sports-related concussion is probably the best type of TBI to test the benefits of antioxidant administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Di Pietro
- Neurotrauma and Ophthalmology Research Group, Institute of Inflammation and Aging, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK; (V.D.P.); (K.M.Y.)
- NIHR Surgical Reconstruction and Microbiology Research Centre, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
- The Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, Champaign, IL 61801, USA;
| | - Kamal M. Yakoub
- Neurotrauma and Ophthalmology Research Group, Institute of Inflammation and Aging, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK; (V.D.P.); (K.M.Y.)
- NIHR Surgical Reconstruction and Microbiology Research Centre, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Giuseppe Caruso
- Department of Laboratories, Oasi Research Institute – IRCCS, Via Conte Ruggero 73, 94018 Troina (EN), Italy;
| | - Giacomo Lazzarino
- UniCamillus, Saint Camillus International University of Health Sciences, Via di Sant’Alessandro 8, 00131 Rome, Italy;
| | - Stefano Signoretti
- UOC Neurochirurgia, ASL Roma2, S. Eugenio Hospital, Piazzale dell’Umanesimo 10, 00144 Rome, Italy;
| | - Aron K. Barbey
- The Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, Champaign, IL 61801, USA;
| | - Barbara Tavazzi
- Institute of Biochemistry and Clinical Biochemistry, Catholic University of Rome, Largo F.Vito 1, 00168 Rome, Italy
- Department of Scienze di laboratorio e infettivologiche, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Largo A. Gemelli 8, 00168 Rome, Italy
- Correspondence: (B.T.); (G.L.); (A.B.)
| | - Giuseppe Lazzarino
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Division of Medical Biochemistry, University of Catania, Via S.Sofia 97, 95123 Catania, Italy;
- Correspondence: (B.T.); (G.L.); (A.B.)
| | - Antonio Belli
- Neurotrauma and Ophthalmology Research Group, Institute of Inflammation and Aging, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK; (V.D.P.); (K.M.Y.)
- NIHR Surgical Reconstruction and Microbiology Research Centre, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
- Correspondence: (B.T.); (G.L.); (A.B.)
| | - Angela Maria Amorini
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Division of Medical Biochemistry, University of Catania, Via S.Sofia 97, 95123 Catania, Italy;
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Hameed MQ, Hsieh TH, Morales-Quezada L, Lee HHC, Damar U, MacMullin PC, Hensch TK, Rotenberg A. Ceftriaxone Treatment Preserves Cortical Inhibitory Interneuron Function via Transient Salvage of GLT-1 in a Rat Traumatic Brain Injury Model. Cereb Cortex 2019; 29:4506-4518. [PMID: 30590449 PMCID: PMC7150617 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhy328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Revised: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 11/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) results in a decrease in glutamate transporter-1 (GLT-1) expression, the major mechanism for glutamate removal from synapses. Coupled with an increase in glutamate release from dead and dying neurons, this causes an increase in extracellular glutamate. The ensuing glutamate excitotoxicity disproportionately damages vulnerable GABAergic parvalbumin-positive inhibitory interneurons, resulting in a progressively worsening cortical excitatory:inhibitory imbalance due to a loss of GABAergic inhibitory tone, as evidenced by chronic post-traumatic symptoms such as epilepsy, and supported by neuropathologic findings. This loss of intracortical inhibition can be measured and followed noninvasively using long-interval paired-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation with mechanomyography (LI-ppTMS-MMG). Ceftriaxone, a β-lactam antibiotic, is a potent stimulator of the expression of rodent GLT-1 and would presumably decrease excitotoxic damage to GABAergic interneurons. It may thus be a viable antiepileptogenic intervention. Using a rat fluid percussion injury TBI model, we utilized LI-ppTMS-MMG, quantitative PCR, and immunohistochemistry to test whether ceftriaxone treatment preserves intracortical inhibition and cortical parvalbumin-positive inhibitory interneuron function after TBI in rat motor cortex. We show that neocortical GLT-1 gene and protein expression are significantly reduced 1 week after TBI, and this transient loss is mitigated by ceftriaxone. Importantly, whereas intracortical inhibition declines progressively after TBI, 1 week of post-TBI ceftriaxone treatment attenuates the loss of inhibition compared to saline-treated controls. This finding is accompanied by significantly higher parvalbumin gene and protein expression in ceftriaxone-treated injured rats. Our results highlight prospects for ceftriaxone as an intervention after TBI to prevent cortical inhibitory interneuron dysfunction, partly by preserving GLT-1 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mustafa Q Hameed
- Department of Neurology, Division of Epilepsy and Clinical Neurophysiology, Neuromodulation Program, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Neurology, F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Tsung-Hsun Hsieh
- Department of Neurology, Division of Epilepsy and Clinical Neurophysiology, Neuromodulation Program, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Physical Therapy & Graduate Institute of Rehabilitation Science, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Neuroscience Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou Medical Center, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Leon Morales-Quezada
- Spaulding Neuromodulation Center, Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Henry H C Lee
- Department of Neurology, F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ugur Damar
- Department of Neurology, Division of Epilepsy and Clinical Neurophysiology, Neuromodulation Program, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Neurology, F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Paul C MacMullin
- Department of Neurology, Division of Epilepsy and Clinical Neurophysiology, Neuromodulation Program, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Neurology, F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Takao K Hensch
- Department of Neurology, F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Biology, Center for Brain Science, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Alexander Rotenberg
- Department of Neurology, Division of Epilepsy and Clinical Neurophysiology, Neuromodulation Program, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Neurology, F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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9
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Chen X, Chen Y, Xu Y, Gao Q, Shen Z, Zheng W. Microstructural and Neurochemical Changes in the Rat Brain After Diffuse Axonal Injury. J Magn Reson Imaging 2019; 49:1069-1077. [PMID: 30079492 DOI: 10.1002/jmri.26258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2018] [Revised: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 06/29/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diffuse axonal injury (DAI) is one of the devastating types of traumatic brain injury, but is difficult to detect on conventional imaging in its early stages. PURPOSE To test the technical feasibility and diagnostic value of diffusion kurtosis imaging (DKI) and glutamate chemical exchange saturation transfer (GluCEST) imaging in the brain after DAI. STUDY TYPE Prospective. ANIMAL MODEL Sixty Sprague-Dawley rats. The DAI model was induced by using the impact acceleration model of Marmarou et al with modified settings. FIELD STRENGTH/SEQUENCE A 7.0T animal MR scanner with a fast spin-echo sequence (T2 -weighted imaging), fast spin-echo multislice sequence (DKI), echo planar imaging in the signal of the chemical exchange saturation transfer sequence (CEST), and point-resolved spectroscopy sequence (hydrogenproton magnetic resonance spectroscopy, 1 H-MRS). ASSESSMENT Brain MRI scanned before and 2 hours after injury. DKI images were processed with MatLab and MRIcro software, GluCEST images were processed using software routines written in MatLab, and spectroscopic data were postprocessed with LCModel. STATISTICAL TESTS The parameters of these techniques were assessed using the independent sample t-test and Pearson correlation. RESULTS Mean kurtosis and mean diffusivity values were significantly higher than controls in the parietal lobe, hippocampus, and thalamus (P < 0.01). However, fractional anisotropy was lower only in the parietal lobe, with no detectable changes in the hippocampus and thalamus. GluCEST values of the parietal lobe, hippocampus, and thalamus were significantly higher than controls in DAI rats (P < 0.01). This change was further validated through 1 H-MRS. A positive correlation was observed between glutamate (Glu) and glutamate compound (Glx) concentrations and GluCEST values (Glu: R2 = 0.589, Glx: R2 = 0.878). DATA CONCLUSION DKI and GluCEST might be acceptably sensitive for tracking microstructural and neurochemical changes in the brain following DAI. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE 1 Technical Efficacy: Stage 2 J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2019;49:1069-1077.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiran Chen
- Department of Radiology, Third Affiliated Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yanzi Chen
- Department of Radiology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yuan Xu
- Department of Radiology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Qilu Gao
- Department of Radiology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhiwei Shen
- Department of Radiology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Wenbin Zheng
- Department of Radiology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
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Sun M, Brady RD, van der Poel C, Apted D, Semple BD, Church JE, O'Brien TJ, McDonald SJ, Shultz SR. A Concomitant Muscle Injury Does Not Worsen Traumatic Brain Injury Outcomes in Mice. Front Neurol 2018; 9:1089. [PMID: 30619048 PMCID: PMC6297867 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2018.01089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2018] [Accepted: 11/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) often involves multitrauma in which concurrent extracranial injury occurs. We previously demonstrated that a long bone fracture exacerbates neuroinflammation and functional outcomes in mice given a TBI. Whether other forms of concomitant peripheral trauma that are common in the TBI setting, such as skeletal muscle injury, have similar effects is unknown. As such, here we developed a novel mouse multitrauma model by combining a closed-skull TBI with a cardiotoxin (CTX)-induced muscle injury to investigate whether muscle injury affects TBI outcomes. Adult male mice were assigned to four groups: sham-TBI + sham-muscle injury (SHAM); sham-TBI + CTX-muscle injury (CTX); TBI + sham-muscle injury (TBI); TBI + CTX-muscle injury (MULTI). Some mice were euthanized at 24 h post-injury to assess neuroinflammation and cerebral edema. The remaining mice underwent behavioral testing after a 30-day recovery period, and were euthanized at 35 days post-injury for post-mortem analysis. At 24 h post-injury, both TBI and MULTI mice had elevated edema, increased expression of GFAP (i.e., a marker for reactive astrocytes), and increased mRNA levels of inflammatory chemokines. There was also an effect of injury on cytokine levels at 35 days post-injury. However, the TBI and MULTI mice did not significantly differ on any of the measures assessed. These initial findings suggest that a concomitant muscle injury does not significantly affect preclinical TBI outcomes. Future studies should investigate the combination of different injury models, additional outcomes, and other post-injury time points.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mujun Sun
- Department of Medicine, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Rhys D Brady
- Departments of Neuroscience and Medicine, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Chris van der Poel
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Microbiology, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Danielle Apted
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Microbiology, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Bridgette D Semple
- Department of Medicine, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Departments of Neuroscience and Medicine, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Jarrod E Church
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Microbiology, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Terence J O'Brien
- Department of Medicine, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Departments of Neuroscience and Medicine, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Stuart J McDonald
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Microbiology, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Sandy R Shultz
- Department of Medicine, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Departments of Neuroscience and Medicine, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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11
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Hesperidin attenuates depression-related symptoms in mice with mild traumatic brain injury. Life Sci 2018; 213:198-205. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2018.10.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Revised: 10/12/2018] [Accepted: 10/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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12
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Hsieh TH, Lee HHC, Hameed MQ, Pascual-Leone A, Hensch TK, Rotenberg A. Trajectory of Parvalbumin Cell Impairment and Loss of Cortical Inhibition in Traumatic Brain Injury. Cereb Cortex 2018; 27:5509-5524. [PMID: 27909008 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhw318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2016] [Accepted: 09/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Many neuropsychiatric symptoms that follow traumatic brain injury (TBI), including mood disorders, sleep disturbance, chronic pain, and posttraumatic epilepsy (PTE) are attributable to compromised cortical inhibition. However, the temporal trajectory of cortical inhibition loss and its underlying mechanisms are not known. Using paired-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation (ppTMS) and immunohistochemistry, we tracked functional and cellular changes of cortical inhibitory network elements after fluid-percussion injury (FPI) in rats. ppTMS revealed a progressive loss of cortical inhibition as early as 2 weeks after FPI. This profile paralleled the increasing levels of cortical oxidative stress, which was accompanied by a gradual loss of parvalbumin (PV) immunoreactivity in perilesional cortex. Preceding the PV loss, we identified a degradation of the perineuronal net (PNN)-a specialized extracellular structure enwrapping cortical PV-positive (PV+) inhibitory interneurons which binds the PV+ cell maintenance factor, Otx2. The trajectory of these impairments underlies the reduced inhibitory tone, which can contribute to posttraumatic neurological conditions, such as PTE. Taken together, our results highlight the use of ppTMS as a biomarker to track the course of cortical inhibitory dysfunction post-TBI. Moreover, the neuroprotective role of PNNs on PV+ cell function suggests antioxidant treatment or Otx2 enhancement as a promising prophylaxis for post-TBI symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsung-Hsun Hsieh
- Neuromodulation Program, Division of Epilepsy and Clinical Neurophysiology, Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Department of Physical Therapy and Graduate Institute of Rehabilitation Science, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan.,Neuroscience Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou Medical Center, Taoyuan 33305, Taiwan
| | - Henry Hing Cheong Lee
- Department of Neurology, F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Mustafa Qadir Hameed
- Neuromodulation Program, Division of Epilepsy and Clinical Neurophysiology, Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Department of Neurology, F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Department of Neurosurgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Alvaro Pascual-Leone
- Berenson-Allen Center for Noninvasive Brain Stimulation, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Takao K Hensch
- Department of Neurology, F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Center for Brain Science, Harvard University, MA 02138, USA
| | - Alexander Rotenberg
- Neuromodulation Program, Division of Epilepsy and Clinical Neurophysiology, Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Department of Neurology, F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Berenson-Allen Center for Noninvasive Brain Stimulation, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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14
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Sun M, McDonald SJ, Brady RD, O'Brien TJ, Shultz SR. The influence of immunological stressors on traumatic brain injury. Brain Behav Immun 2018; 69:618-628. [PMID: 29355823 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2018.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2017] [Revised: 01/13/2018] [Accepted: 01/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a leading cause of death and disability worldwide, and typically involves a robust immune response. Although a great deal of preclinical research has been conducted to identify an effective treatment, all phase III clinical trials have been unsuccessful to date. These translational shortcomings are in part due to a failure to recognize and account for the heterogeneity of TBI, including how extracranial factors can influence the aftermath of TBI. For example, most preclinical studies have utilized isolated TBI models in young adult males, while clinical trials typically involve highly heterogeneous patient populations (e.g., different mechanisms of injury, a range of ages, presence of polytrauma or infection). This paper will review the current, albeit limited literature related to how TBI is affected by common concomitant immunological stressors. In particular, discussion will focus on whether extracranial trauma (i.e., polytrauma), infection, and age/immunosenescence can influence TBI pathophysiology, and thereby may result in a different brain injury than what would have occurred in an isolated TBI. It is concluded that these immunological stressors are all likely to be TBI modifiers that should be further studied and could impact translational treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mujun Sun
- Department of Medicine, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Stuart J McDonald
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Microbiology, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC 3086, Australia
| | - Rhys D Brady
- Department of Medicine, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3052, Australia; Departments of Neuroscience and Medicine, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
| | - Terence J O'Brien
- Department of Medicine, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3052, Australia; Departments of Neuroscience and Medicine, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
| | - Sandy R Shultz
- Department of Medicine, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3052, Australia; Departments of Neuroscience and Medicine, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia.
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15
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Lack of mitochondrial ferritin aggravated neurological deficits via enhancing oxidative stress in a traumatic brain injury murine model. Biosci Rep 2017; 37:BSR20170942. [PMID: 28963372 PMCID: PMC5672084 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20170942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2017] [Revised: 09/18/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress has been strongly implicated in the pathogenesis of traumatic brain injury (TBI). Mitochondrial ferritin (Ftmt) is reported to be closely related to oxidative stress. However, whether Ftmt is involved in TBI-induced oxidative stress and neurological deficits remains unknown. In the present study, the controlled cortical impact model was established in wild-type and Ftmt knockout mice as a TBI model. The Ftmt expression, oxidative stress, neurological deficits, and brain injury were measured. We found that Ftmt expression was gradually decreased from 3 to 14 days post-TBI, while oxidative stress was gradually increased, as evidenced by reduced GSH and superoxide dismutase levels and elevated malondialdehyde and nitric oxide levels. Interestingly, the extent of reduced Ftmt expression in the brain was linearly correlated with oxidative stress. Knockout of Ftmt significantly exacerbated TBI-induced oxidative stress, intracerebral hemorrhage, brain infarction, edema, neurological severity score, memory impairment, and neurological deficits. However, all these effects in Ftmt knockout mice were markedly mitigated by pharmacological inhibition of oxidative stress using an antioxidant, N-acetylcysteine. Taken together, these results reveal an important correlation between Ftmt and oxidative stress after TBI. Ftmt deficiency aggravates TBI-induced brain injuries and neurological deficits, which at least partially through increasing oxidative stress levels. Our data suggest that Ftmt may be a promising molecular target for the treatment of TBI.
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Xu X, Lv H, Xia Z, Fan R, Zhang C, Wang Y, Wang D. Rhein exhibits antioxidative effects similar to Rhubarb in a rat model of traumatic brain injury. Altern Ther Health Med 2017; 17:140. [PMID: 28264680 PMCID: PMC5340037 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-017-1655-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2016] [Accepted: 03/02/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Background The brain is secondarily harmed by pathological, physiological, and biological reactions that are caused by traumatic brain injury (TBI). Rhein, a significant composition of Rhubarb, is a well-known traditional Chinese treatment method and has a strong oxidation-resisting characteristic, but Rhein’s mechanism remains unclear. Methods This study aimed to identify Rhein in the brain tissues of TBI model of rats, and confirm whether Rhein induced an antioxidative effect similar to its parent medicine, Rhubarb. First, the ultra performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) method was applied to identify Rhein in the brain tissue of the controlled cortical impact (CCI) rats after intra-gastric administration of Rhubarb. Further, for the purpose of calculating the oxidant stress of the CCI rats, the malondialdehyde (MDA), catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and glutathione disulfide (GSSG), as well as the proportion of glutathione (GSH)/GSSG were measured in the brain tissues. Results The results showed that Rhein was absorbed in the brain tissues of CCI rats. Rhubarb and rhein elevated the SOD, CAT activities, GSH level, and GSH/GSSG ratio, and diminished the MDA and GSSG levels. Conclusion The data demonstrated that Rhubarb and Rhein had the potential to be used as a neuroprotective drug for TBI, and that Rhein induced an antioxidative effect similar to its parent medicine, Rhubarb.
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Chen W, Guo Y, Yang W, Zheng P, Zeng J, Tong W. Connexin40 correlates with oxidative stress in brains of traumatic brain injury rats. Restor Neurol Neurosci 2017; 35:217-224. [PMID: 28157110 DOI: 10.3233/rnn-160705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oxidative stress is an important factor in the pathophysiologic changes after traumatic brain injury (TBI). Connexin43 (Cx43) was reported to contribute to cerebral damage. However, the impacts of Cx40 have not been investigated in detail. OBJECTIVE In the present study, we hypothesized that Cx40 was involved in oxidative stress-induced brain injury after TBI. METHODS The controlled cortical impact (CCI) model was introduced to Wistar rats as a TBI model. Neurological deficits, oxidative stress and Cx40 were evaluated in TBI rats and N-acetylcysteine (NAC)-treated TBI rats. Neurological severity score (NSS) was used to assess neurological deficits. Brain infarction was measured by histo-staining. Brain edema was evaluated by measuring the brain water content. Cortex samples were collected to measure the tissue levels of malonyldialdehyde (MDA), nitric oxide (NO) and glutathione (GSH) and NADPH oxidase activity. Cx40 expression was determined by Western-blot. RESULTS TBI-induced brain injuries gradually increased from 6 h to 24 h post CCI, and the severity remained till 72 h. The level of oxidative stress was consistent with the extent of neurological deficits. Cx40 was upregulated after TBI in a linear correlated manner with increased oxidative stress. With NAC intervention, both neurological deficits and oxidative stress were significantly attenuated. Meanwhile, elevated Cx40 expression in cortex was also prevented by NAC treatment. CONCLUSION These studies revealed the relationship between levels of Cx40 and oxidative stress after TBI. The cortex Cx40 expression was positively correlated with the cerebral oxidative stress, indicating the involvement of Cx40 in the progress of brain damage.
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Anthonymuthu TS, Kenny EM, Bayır H. Therapies targeting lipid peroxidation in traumatic brain injury. Brain Res 2016; 1640:57-76. [PMID: 26872597 PMCID: PMC4870119 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2016.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2015] [Revised: 02/01/2016] [Accepted: 02/02/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Lipid peroxidation can be broadly defined as the process of inserting a hydroperoxy group into a lipid. Polyunsaturated fatty acids present in the phospholipids are often the targets for peroxidation. Phospholipids are indispensable for normal structure of membranes. The other important function of phospholipids stems from their role as a source of lipid mediators - oxygenated free fatty acids that are derived from lipid peroxidation. In the CNS, excessive accumulation of either oxidized phospholipids or oxygenated free fatty acids may be associated with damage occurring during acute brain injury and subsequent inflammatory responses. There is a growing body of evidence that lipid peroxidation occurs after severe traumatic brain injury in humans and correlates with the injury severity and mortality. Identification of the products and sources of lipid peroxidation and its enzymatic or non-enzymatic nature is essential for the design of mechanism-based therapies. Recent progress in mass spectrometry-based lipidomics/oxidative lipidomics offers remarkable opportunities for quantitative characterization of lipid peroxidation products, providing guidance for targeted development of specific therapeutic modalities. In this review, we critically evaluate previous attempts to use non-specific antioxidants as neuroprotectors and emphasize new approaches based on recent breakthroughs in understanding of enzymatic mechanisms of lipid peroxidation associated with specific death pathways, particularly apoptosis. We also emphasize the role of different phospholipases (calcium-dependent and -independent) in hydrolysis of peroxidized phospholipids and generation of pro- and anti-inflammatory lipid mediators. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled SI:Brain injury and recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamil Selvan Anthonymuthu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; Center for Free Radical and Antioxidant Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA; Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | - Elizabeth Megan Kenny
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; Center for Free Radical and Antioxidant Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA; Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | - Hülya Bayır
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA; Center for Free Radical and Antioxidant Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA; Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA; Childrens׳s Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15224, USA.
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Vonder Haar C, Peterson TC, Martens KM, Hoane MR. Vitamins and nutrients as primary treatments in experimental brain injury: Clinical implications for nutraceutical therapies. Brain Res 2016; 1640:114-129. [PMID: 26723564 PMCID: PMC4870112 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2015.12.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2015] [Revised: 12/14/2015] [Accepted: 12/15/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
With the numerous failures of pharmaceuticals to treat traumatic brain injury in humans, more researchers have become interested in combination therapies. This is largely due to the multimodal nature of damage from injury, which causes excitotoxicity, oxidative stress, edema, neuroinflammation and cell death. Polydrug treatments have the potential to target multiple aspects of the secondary injury cascade, while many previous therapies focused on one particular aspect. Of specific note are vitamins, minerals and nutrients that can be utilized to supplement other therapies. Many of these have low toxicity, are already FDA approved and have minimal interactions with other drugs, making them attractive targets for therapeutics. Over the past 20 years, interest in supplementation and supraphysiologic dosing of nutrients for brain injury has increased and indeed many vitamins and nutrients now have a considerable body of the literature backing their use. Here, we review several of the prominent therapies in the category of nutraceutical treatment for brain injury in experimental models, including vitamins (B2, B3, B6, B9, C, D, E), herbs and traditional medicines (ginseng, Gingko biloba), flavonoids, and other nutrients (magnesium, zinc, carnitine, omega-3 fatty acids). While there is still much work to be done, several of these have strong potential for clinical therapies, particularly with regard to polydrug regimens. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled SI:Brain injury and recovery.
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Low-Molecular-Weight Fucoidan Attenuates Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Improves Neurological Outcome After Traumatic Brain Injury in Aged Mice: Involvement of Sirt3. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2016; 36:1257-1268. [DOI: 10.1007/s10571-015-0323-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2015] [Accepted: 12/23/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Wang HC, Lin YJ, Shih FY, Chang HW, Su YJ, Cheng BC, Su CM, Tsai NW, Chang YT, Kwan AL, Lu CH. The Role of Serial Oxidative Stress Levels in Acute Traumatic Brain Injury and as Predictors of Outcome. World Neurosurg 2015; 87:463-70. [PMID: 26481337 DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2015.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2015] [Revised: 10/07/2015] [Accepted: 10/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oxidative stress is thought to participate in the pathobiology of secondary brain injury after acute traumatic brain injury (TBI). This study posits that oxidative stress levels in acute TBI are predictive of outcome. METHODS Two hundred and twenty-nine blood samples from 88 patients admitted within 24 hours after TBI were obtained on admission and on days 4 and 7. Serial plasma oxidative level and antioxidant were examined in 88 patients with acute TBI and 27 control individuals. RESULTS Compared with controls, patients with TBI had significantly increased serum glutathione (GSH) levels on presentation and significantly decreased erythrocyte superoxide dismutase levels. Outcome was assessed on discharge using the Glasgow Outcome Scale. Serum GSH and erythrocyte superoxide dismutase levels were significantly higher in the good outcome group than in the poor outcome group on day 1 (P = 0.008 and P = 0.026, respectively). In the logistic regression analysis, only motor deficits and GSH levels on presentation were independently associated with outcome. A GSH cutoff value of 1.106 μmol/L on presentation was associated with good outcome in patients with acute TBI. CONCLUSIONS Quantifying biomarkers of oxidative stress and antioxidant status of serum correlate with trauma severity and may be used to predict outcomes after TBI. Higher serum GSH levels on admission are associated with better outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hung-Chen Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Jun Lin
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Department of Biological Science, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Fu-Yuan Shih
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Hsueh-Wen Chang
- Department of Biological Science, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Jih Su
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Ben-Chung Cheng
- Department of Biological Science, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Min Su
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Nai-Wen Tsai
- Department of Neurology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Ting Chang
- Department of Biological Science, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Department of Neurology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Aij-Lie Kwan
- Department of Neurosurgery, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Hsien Lu
- Department of Biological Science, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Department of Neurology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Department of Neurology, Xiamen Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Xiamen, Fujian, Taiwan.
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Doulames VM, Vilcans M, Lee S, Shea TB. Social interaction attenuates the extent of secondary neuronal damage following closed head injury in mice. Front Behav Neurosci 2015; 9:275. [PMID: 26528156 PMCID: PMC4606018 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2015.00275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2015] [Accepted: 09/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Recovery following Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) can vary tremendously among individuals. Lifestyle following injury, including differential social interactions, may modulate the extent of secondary injury following TBI. To examine this possibility under controlled conditions, closed head injury (CHI) was induced in C57Bl6 mice using a standardized weight drop device after which mice were either housed in isolation or with their original cagemates (“socially-housed”) for 4 weeks. CHI transiently impaired novel object recognition (NOR) in both isolated and social mice, confirming physical and functional injury. By contrast, Y maze navigation was impaired in isolated but not social mice at 1–4 weeks post CHI. CHI increased excitotoxic signaling in hippocampal slices from all mice, which was transiently exacerbated by isolation at 2 weeks post CHI. CHI slightly increased reactive oxygen species and did not alter levels of amyloid beta (Abeta), total or phospho-tau, total or phosphorylated neurofilaments. CHI increased serum corticosterone in both groups, which was exacerbated by isolation. These findings support the hypothesis that socialization may attenuate secondary damage following TBI. In addition, a dominance hierarchy was noted among socially-housed mice, in which the most submissive mouse displayed indices of stress in the above analyses that were statistically identical to those observed for isolated mice. This latter finding underscores that the nature and extent of social interaction may need to vary among individuals to provide therapeutic benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa M Doulames
- Center for Neurobiology and Neurodegeneration Research, UMass Lowell Lowell, MA, USA ; Biomedical and Biotechnology Program, University of Massachusetts Lowell Lowell, MA, USA
| | - Meghan Vilcans
- Center for Neurobiology and Neurodegeneration Research, UMass Lowell Lowell, MA, USA ; Department of Biological Sciences, University of Massachusetts Lowell Lowell, MA, USA
| | - Sangmook Lee
- Center for Neurobiology and Neurodegeneration Research, UMass Lowell Lowell, MA, USA ; Department of Biological Sciences, University of Massachusetts Lowell Lowell, MA, USA
| | - Thomas B Shea
- Center for Neurobiology and Neurodegeneration Research, UMass Lowell Lowell, MA, USA ; Biomedical and Biotechnology Program, University of Massachusetts Lowell Lowell, MA, USA ; Department of Biological Sciences, University of Massachusetts Lowell Lowell, MA, USA
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Kertmen H, Gürer B, Yilmaz ER, Kanat MA, Arikok AT, Ergüder BI, Hasturk AE, Ergil J, Sekerci Z. Antioxidant and antiapoptotic effects of darbepoetin-α against traumatic brain injury in rats. Arch Med Sci 2015; 11:1119-28. [PMID: 26528358 PMCID: PMC4624756 DOI: 10.5114/aoms.2015.54869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2013] [Revised: 08/14/2013] [Accepted: 10/04/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In this study, we tried to determine whether darbepoetin-α would protect the brain from oxidative stress and apoptosis in a rat traumatic brain injury model. MATERIAL AND METHODS The animals were randomized into four groups; group 1 (sham), group 2 (trauma), group 3 (darbepoetin α), group 4 (methylprednisolone). In the sham group only the skin incision was performed. In all the other groups, a moderate traumatic brain injury modelwas applied. RESULTS Following trauma both glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase levels decreased (p < 0.001 for both); darbepoetin-α increased the activity of both antioxidant enzymes (p = 0.001 and p < 0.001 respectively). Trauma caused significant elevation in the nitric oxide synthetase and xanthine oxidase levels (p < 0.001 for both). Administration of darbepoetin-α significantly decreased the levels of nitric oxide synthetase and xanthine oxidase (p < 0.001 for both). Also, trauma caused significant elevation in the nitric oxide levels (p < 0.001); darbepoetin-α administration caused statistically significant reduction in the nitric oxide levels (p < 0.001). On the other hand, malondialdehyde levels were increased following trauma (p < 0.001), and darbepoetin α significantly reduced the malondialdehyde levels (p < 0.001). Due to the elevated apoptotic activity following the injury, caspase-3 activity increased significantly. Darbepoetin-α treatment significantly inhibited apoptosis by lowering the caspase-3 activity (p < 0.001). In the darbepoetin group, histopathological score was lower than the trauma group (p = 0.016). CONCLUSIONS In this study, darbepoetin-α was shown to be at least as effective as methylprednisolone in protecting brain from oxidative stress, lipid peroxidation and apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayri Kertmen
- Ministry of Health, Diskapi Yildirim Beyazit Education and Research Hospital, Neurosurgery Clinic, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Bora Gürer
- Ministry of Health, Diskapi Yildirim Beyazit Education and Research Hospital, Neurosurgery Clinic, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Erdal Resit Yilmaz
- Ministry of Health, Diskapi Yildirim Beyazit Education and Research Hospital, Neurosurgery Clinic, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Ali Kanat
- Ministry of Health, Refik Saydam National Public Health Agency, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ata Türker Arikok
- Department of Pathology, Ministry of Health, Diskapi Yildirim Beyazit Education and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | | | - Askin Esen Hasturk
- Department of Neurosurgery, Ministry of Health, Oncology Training and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Julide Ergil
- Department of Anesthesiology, Ministry of Health, Diskapi Yildirim Beyazit Education and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Zeki Sekerci
- Ministry of Health, Diskapi Yildirim Beyazit Education and Research Hospital, Neurosurgery Clinic, Ankara, Turkey
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Baky NAA, Fadda L, Al-Rasheed NM, Al-Rasheed NM, Mohamed A, Yacoub H. Neuroprotective effect of carnosine and cyclosporine-A against inflammation, apoptosis, and oxidative brain damage after closed head injury in immature rats. Toxicol Mech Methods 2015; 26:1-10. [DOI: 10.3109/15376516.2015.1070224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Theus MH, Ricard J, Glass SJ, Travieso LG, Liebl DJ. EphrinB3 blocks EphB3 dependence receptor functions to prevent cell death following traumatic brain injury. Cell Death Dis 2014; 5:e1207. [PMID: 24810043 PMCID: PMC4047907 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2014.165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2013] [Revised: 02/28/2014] [Accepted: 03/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Eph receptor tyrosine kinases and their membrane-bound ligands, ephrins, have a variety of roles in the developing and adult central nervous system that require direct cell-cell interactions; including regulating axon path finding, cell proliferation, migration and synaptic plasticity. Recently, we identified a novel pro-survival role for ephrins in the adult subventricular zone, where ephrinB3 blocks Eph-mediated cell death during adult neurogenesis. Here, we examined whether EphB3 mediates cell death in the adult forebrain following traumatic brain injury and whether ephrinB3 infusion could limit this effect. We show that EphB3 co-labels with microtubule-associated protein 2-positive neurons in the adult cortex and is closely associated with ephrinB3 ligand, which is reduced following controlled cortical impact (CCI) injury. In the complete absence of EphB3 (EphB3(-/-)), we observed reduced terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL), and functional improvements in motor deficits after CCI injury as compared with wild-type and ephrinB3(-/-) mice. We also demonstrated that EphB3 exhibits dependence receptor characteristics as it is cleaved by caspases and induces cell death, which is not observed in the presence of ephrinB3. Following trauma, infusion of pre-clustered ephrinB3-Fc molecules (eB3-Fc) into the contralateral ventricle reduced cortical infarct volume and TUNEL staining in the cortex, dentate gyrus and CA3 hippocampus of wild-type and ephrinB3(-/-) mice, but not EphB3(-/-) mice. Similarly, application of eB3-Fc improved motor functions after CCI injury. We conclude that EphB3 mediates cell death in the adult cortex through a novel dependence receptor-mediated cell death mechanism in the injured adult cortex and is attenuated following ephrinB3 stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M H Theus
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, 215 Duck Pond Drive, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - J Ricard
- Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, 1095 NW 14th Terrace, R-48, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - S J Glass
- Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, 1095 NW 14th Terrace, R-48, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - L G Travieso
- Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, 1095 NW 14th Terrace, R-48, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - D J Liebl
- Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, 1095 NW 14th Terrace, R-48, Miami, FL 33136, USA
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Neuroprotective effect of allicin against traumatic brain injury via Akt/endothelial nitric oxide synthase pathway-mediated anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative activities. Neurochem Int 2014; 68:28-37. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2014.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2013] [Revised: 12/31/2013] [Accepted: 01/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Yilmaz ER, Kertmen H, Gürer B, Kanat MA, Arikok AT, Ergüder BI, Hasturk AE, Ergil J, Sekerci Z. The protective effect of 2-mercaptoethane sulfonate (MESNA) against traumatic brain injury in rats. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 2013; 155:141-9; discussion 149. [PMID: 23053276 DOI: 10.1007/s00701-012-1501-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2012] [Accepted: 09/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The agent, 2-mercaptoethane sulfonate (MESNA), is a synthetic small molecule, widely used as a systemic protective agent against chemotherapy toxicity, but is primarily used to reduce hemorrhagic cystitis induced by cyclophosphamide. Because MESNA has potential antioxidant and cytoprotective effects, so we hypothesized that MESNA may protect the brain against traumatic injury. METHOD Thirty-two rats were randomized into four groups of eight animals each; Group 1 (sham), Group 2 (trauma), Group 3 (150 mg/kg MESNA), Group 4 (30 mg/kg methylprednisolone). Only skin incision was performed in the sham group. In all the other groups, the traumatic brain injury model was created by an object weighing 450 g falling freely from a height of 70 cm through a copper tube on to the metal disc over the skull. The drugs were administered immediately after the injury. The animals were killed 24 h later. Brain tissues were extracted for analysis, where levels of tissue malondialdehyde, caspase-3, glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, nitric oxide, nitric oxide synthetase and xanthine oxidase were analyzed. Also, histopathological evaluation of the tissues was performed. RESULTS After head trauma, tissue malondialdehyde levels increased; these levels were significantly decreased by MESNA administration. Caspase-3 levels were increased after trauma, but no effect of MESNA was determined in caspase-3 activity. Following trauma, both glutathione peroxidase and superoxide dismutase levels were decreased; MESNA increased the activity of both these antioxidant enzymes. Also, after trauma, nitric oxide, nitric oxide synthetase and xanthine oxidase levels were increased; administration of MESNA significantly decreased the levels of nitric oxide, nitric oxide synthetase and xanthine oxidase, promising an antioxidant activity. Histopathological analysis showed that MESNA protected the brain tissues well from injury. CONCLUSIONS Although further studies considering different dose regimens and time intervals are required, MESNA was shown to be at least as effective as methylprednisolone in the traumatic brain injury model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erdal Resit Yilmaz
- Neurosurgery Clinic, Diskapi Yildirim Beyazit Education and Research Hospital, Ministry of Health, Ankara, Turkey
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Tanguy M, Seguin P, Laviolle B, Bleichner JP, Morandi X, Malledant Y. Cerebral Microdialysis Effects of Propofol versus Midazolam in Severe Traumatic Brain Injury. J Neurotrauma 2012; 29:1105-10. [DOI: 10.1089/neu.2011.1817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Michèle Tanguy
- Département d'Anesthésie-Réanimation 1, Hôpital de Pontchaillou, Cedex, France
| | - Philippe Seguin
- Département d'Anesthésie-Réanimation 1, Hôpital de Pontchaillou, Cedex, France
| | - Bruno Laviolle
- Service de Pharmacologie et Centre d'Investigation Clinique, Université Rennes 1, Inserm U991, Service de Réanimation Chirurgicale, Hôpital de Pontchaillou, Cedex, France
| | - Jean-Paul Bleichner
- Département d'Anesthésie-Réanimation 1, Hôpital de Pontchaillou, Cedex, France
| | - Xavier Morandi
- Service de Neurochirurgie, Hôpital de Pontchaillou, Cedex, France
| | - Yannick Malledant
- Département d'Anesthésie-Réanimation 1, Hôpital de Pontchaillou, Cedex, France
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He Y, Qu S, Wang J, He X, Lin W, Zhen H, Zhang X. Neuroprotective effects of osthole pretreatment against traumatic brain injury in rats. Brain Res 2011; 1433:127-36. [PMID: 22153917 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2011.11.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2011] [Revised: 10/22/2011] [Accepted: 11/09/2011] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Osthole, a coumarin compound isolated from the plant-derived herb Cnidium monnieri, has been the subject of considerable interest because of its broad spectrum of pharmacological properties. The aim of this study was to investigate the potential protective effects of osthole in adult rats in the setting of traumatic brain injury (TBI). We employed Feeney's weight-drop model to ascertain whether intraperitoneal administration of osthole (10mg/kg, 20mg/kg and 40 mg/kg) 30 min before TBI could reduce the severity of neurological deficits, cerebral edema, and hippocampal neuron loss. The levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) and glutathione (GSH), the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD), the expressions of Bcl-2, Bax, and active caspase-3, and the number of terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL)-positive apoptotic cells were also measured to characterize the antioxidative and antiapoptotic properties. A significant reduction of neurological deficits, cerebral edema and hippocampal neuron loss was observed in the osthole pretreatment groups (20mg/kg and 40 mg/kg, but not 10mg/kg) by 24h after TBI compared with the TBI group. Furthermore, pretreatment with osthole (40 mg/kg) significantly increased the activity of SOD, the level of GSH, and the ratio of Bcl-2/Bax, and also reduced the level of MDA, the expression of active caspase-3, and the number of apoptotic cells at 24h after TBI. In summary, these results suggested that osthole had a neuroprotective effect against TBI, and the protection may be associated with its antioxidative and antiapoptotic functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yalong He
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xijing Institute of Clinical Neuroscience, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, No. 127, Changle Western Road, Xi'an, Shanxi 710032, China
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Bains M, Hall ED. Antioxidant therapies in traumatic brain and spinal cord injury. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2011; 1822:675-84. [PMID: 22080976 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2011.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 306] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2011] [Accepted: 10/28/2011] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Free radical formation and oxidative damage have been extensively investigated and validated as important contributors to the pathophysiology of acute central nervous system injury. The generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) is an early event following injury occurring within minutes of mechanical impact. A key component in this event is peroxynitrite-induced lipid peroxidation. As discussed in this review, peroxynitrite formation and lipid peroxidation irreversibly damages neuronal membrane lipids and protein function, which results in subsequent disruptions in ion homeostasis, glutamate-mediated excitotoxicity, mitochondrial respiratory failure and microvascular damage. Antioxidant approaches include the inhibition and/or scavenging of superoxide, peroxynitrite, or carbonyl compounds, the inhibition of lipid peroxidation and the targeting of the endogenous antioxidant defense system. This review covers the preclinical and clinical literature supporting the role of ROS and RNS and their derived oxygen free radicals in the secondary injury response following acute traumatic brain injury (TBI) and spinal cord injury (SCI) and reviews the past and current trends in the development of antioxidant therapeutic strategies. Combinatorial treatment with the suggested mechanistically complementary antioxidants will also be discussed as a promising neuroprotective approach in TBI and SCI therapeutic research. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Antioxidants and antioxidant treatment in disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona Bains
- Spinal Cord & Brain Injury Research Center, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, USA
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Kalayci M, Unal MM, Gul S, Acikgoz S, Kandemir N, Hanci V, Edebali N, Acikgoz B. Effect of coenzyme Q10 on ischemia and neuronal damage in an experimental traumatic brain-injury model in rats. BMC Neurosci 2011; 12:75. [PMID: 21801363 PMCID: PMC3160960 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2202-12-75] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2011] [Accepted: 07/29/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Head trauma is one of the most important clinical issues that not only can be fatal and disabling, requiring long-term treatment and care, but also can cause heavy financial burden. Formation or distribution of free oxygen radicals should be decreased to enable fixing of poor neurological outcomes and to prevent neuronal damage secondary to ischemia after trauma. Coenzyme Q₁₀ (CoQ₁₀), a component of the mitochondrial electron transport chain, is a strong antioxidant that plays a role in membrane stabilization. In this study, the role of CoQ₁₀ in the treatment of head trauma is researched by analyzing the histopathological and biochemical effects of CoQ₁₀ administered after experimental traumatic brain injury in rats. A traumatic brain-injury model was created in all rats. Trauma was inflicted on rats by the free fall of an object of 450 g weight from a height of 70 cm on the frontoparietal midline onto a metal disc fixed between the coronal and the lambdoid sutures after a midline incision was carried out. RESULTS In the biochemical tests, tissue malondialdehyde (MDA) levels were significantly higher in the traumatic brain-injury group compared to the sham group (p < 0.05). Administration of CoQ₁₀ after trauma was shown to be protective because it significantly lowered the increased MDA levels (p < 0.05). Comparing the superoxide dismutase (SOD) levels of the four groups, trauma + CoQ₁₀ group had SOD levels ranging between those of sham group and traumatic brain-injury group, and no statistically significant increase was detected. Histopathological results showed a statistically significant difference between the CoQ₁₀ and the other trauma-subjected groups with reference to vascular congestion, neuronal loss, nuclear pyknosis, nuclear hyperchromasia, cytoplasmic eosinophilia, and axonal edema (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION Neuronal degenerative findings and the secondary brain damage and ischemia caused by oxidative stress are decreased by CoQ₁₀ use in rats with traumatic brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murat Kalayci
- Department of Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine, Zonguldak Karaelmas University, 67600, Kozlu, Zonguldak/Turkey.
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Proteomic identification of hippocampal proteins vulnerable to oxidative stress in excitotoxin-induced acute neuronal injury. Neurobiol Dis 2011; 43:706-14. [PMID: 21669285 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2011.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2011] [Revised: 05/02/2011] [Accepted: 05/28/2011] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Excitotoxicity is involved in seizure-induced acute neuronal death, hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy, and chronic neurodegenerative conditions such as Alzheimer's disease. Although oxidative stress has been implicated in excitotoxicity, the target proteins of oxidative damage during the course of excitotoxic cell death are still unclear. In the present study, we performed 2D-oxyblot analysis and mass spectrometric amino acid sequencing to identify proteins that were vulnerable to oxidative damage in the rat hippocampus during kainic acid (KA)-induced status epilepticus. We first investigated the time course in which oxidative protein damage occurred using immunohistochemistry. Carbonylated proteins, a manifestation of protein oxidation, were detected in hippocampal neurons as early as 3h after KA administration. Immunoreactivity for 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) was also elevated at the same time point. The increase in oxidative damage to proteins and DNA occurred concomitantly with the early morphological changes in KA-treated rat hippocampus, i.e., changes in chromatin distribution and swelling of rough endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria, which preceded the appearance of morphological features of neuronal death such as pyknotic nuclei and hypereosinophilic cytoplasm. Proteomic analysis revealed that several hippocampal proteins were consistently carbonylated at this time point, including heat shock 70kDa protein 4, valosin-containing protein, mitochondrial inner membrane protein (mitofilin), α-internexin, and tyrosine 3-monooxygenase/tryptophan 5-monooxygenase activation protein (14-3-3 protein). We propose that oxidative damage to these proteins may be one of the upstream events in the molecular pathway leading to excitotoxic cell death in KA-treated rat hippocampus, and these proteins may be targets of therapeutic intervention for seizure-induced neuronal death.
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Massaad CA, Klann E. Reactive oxygen species in the regulation of synaptic plasticity and memory. Antioxid Redox Signal 2011; 14:2013-54. [PMID: 20649473 PMCID: PMC3078504 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2010.3208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 399] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The brain is a metabolically active organ exhibiting high oxygen consumption and robust production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). The large amounts of ROS are kept in check by an elaborate network of antioxidants, which sometimes fail and lead to neuronal oxidative stress. Thus, ROS are typically categorized as neurotoxic molecules and typically exert their detrimental effects via oxidation of essential macromolecules such as enzymes and cytoskeletal proteins. Most importantly, excessive ROS are associated with decreased performance in cognitive function. However, at physiological concentrations, ROS are involved in functional changes necessary for synaptic plasticity and hence, for normal cognitive function. The fine line of role reversal of ROS from good molecules to bad molecules is far from being fully understood. This review focuses on identifying the multiple sources of ROS in the mammalian nervous system and on presenting evidence for the critical and essential role of ROS in synaptic plasticity and memory. The review also shows that the inability to restrain either age- or pathology-related increases in ROS levels leads to opposite, detrimental effects that are involved in impairments in synaptic plasticity and memory function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia A Massaad
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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Iwasaki Y, Hirasawa T, Maruyama Y, Ishii Y, Ito R, Saito K, Umemura T, Nishikawa A, Nakazawa H. Effect of interaction between phenolic compounds and copper ion on antioxidant and pro-oxidant activities. Toxicol In Vitro 2011; 25:1320-7. [PMID: 21600975 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2011.04.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2010] [Revised: 01/05/2011] [Accepted: 04/26/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Phenolic compounds are widely used in food and cosmetics to prevent undesirable oxidation. On the other hand, phenolic compounds are also strong reducing agents and under in vitro conditions and in the presence of copper ion, they can act as pro-oxidants. In this study, we conducted electron spin resonance (ESR) measurements for the increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS) in relation to their structure and interaction with transition metals. Moreover, the antioxidant activity was assessed with the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay, and the pro-oxidant effect of phenolic compounds on DNA damage was assessed by measuring 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG), which is effectively formed during oxidative damage. In conclusion, ortho-dihydroxyl groups that can chelate with Cu(2+) induce the greatest pro-oxidant activity. Moreover, the interaction between phenolic compounds and copper induced to H(2)O(2). The obtained results indicated that ROS participated in oxidative DNA damage induced by phenolic compounds in the presence of Cu(2+).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Iwasaki
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hoshi University, 2-4-41 Ebara, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 142-8501, Japan
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Hall ED, Vaishnav RA, Mustafa AG. Antioxidant therapies for traumatic brain injury. Neurotherapeutics 2010; 7:51-61. [PMID: 20129497 PMCID: PMC2818465 DOI: 10.1016/j.nurt.2009.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 272] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2009] [Accepted: 10/19/2009] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Free radical-induced oxidative damage reactions, and membrane lipid peroxidation (LP), in particular, are among the best validated secondary injury mechanisms in preclinical traumatic brain injury (TBI) models. In addition to the disruption of the membrane phospholipid architecture, LP results in the formation of cytotoxic aldehyde-containing products that bind to cellular proteins and impair their normal functions. This article reviews the progress of the past three decades in regard to the preclinical discovery and attempted clinical development of antioxidant drugs designed to inhibit free radical-induced LP and its neurotoxic consequences via different mechanisms including the O(2)(*-) scavenger superoxide dismutase and the lipid peroxidation inhibitor tirilazad. In addition, various other antioxidant agents that have been shown to have efficacy in preclinical TBI models are briefly presented, such as the LP inhibitors U83836E, resveratrol, curcumin, OPC-14177, and lipoic acid; the iron chelator deferoxamine and the nitroxide-containing antioxidants, such as alpha-phenyl-tert-butyl nitrone and tempol. A relatively new antioxidant mechanistic strategy for acute TBI is aimed at the scavenging of aldehydic LP byproducts that are highly neurotoxic with "carbonyl scavenging" compounds. Finally, it is proposed that the most effective approach to interrupt posttraumatic oxidative brain damage after TBI might involve the combined treatment with mechanistically complementary antioxidants that simultaneously scavenge LP-initiating free radicals, inhibit LP propagation, and lastly remove neurotoxic LP byproducts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward D Hall
- Spinal Cord & Brain Injury Research Center, University of Kentucky Medical Center, Lexington, Kentucky 40536, USA.
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Katada R, Nishitani Y, Honmou O, Okazaki S, Houkin K, Matsumoto H. Prior Ethanol Injection Promotes Brain Edema after Traumatic Brain Injury. J Neurotrauma 2009; 26:2015-25. [DOI: 10.1089/neu.2008.0552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ryuichi Katada
- Department of Legal Medicine and Molecular Alcohology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Yoko Nishitani
- Department of Legal Medicine and Molecular Alcohology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Osamu Honmou
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Shunichiro Okazaki
- Department of Legal Medicine and Molecular Alcohology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Kiyohiro Houkin
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Matsumoto
- Department of Legal Medicine and Molecular Alcohology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
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Rael LT, Bar-Or R, Mains CW, Slone DS, Levy AS, Bar-Or D. Plasma Oxidation-Reduction Potential and Protein Oxidation in Traumatic Brain Injury. J Neurotrauma 2009; 26:1203-11. [DOI: 10.1089/neu.2008.0816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Leonard T. Rael
- Trauma Research Laboratory, Swedish Medical Center, Englewood, Colorado
| | - Raphael Bar-Or
- Trauma Research Laboratory, Swedish Medical Center, Englewood, Colorado
| | | | | | - A. Stewart Levy
- Department of Neurosurgery, St. Anthony Central Hospital, Denver, Colorado
| | - David Bar-Or
- Trauma Research Laboratory, Swedish Medical Center, Englewood, Colorado
- Emergency Department, Swedish Medical Center, Englewood, Colorado
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Kumamoto K, Hirai T, Kishioka S, Iwahashi H. Identification of a radical formed in the reaction mixture of rat brain homogenate with a ferrous ion/ascorbic acid system using HPLC–EPR and HPLC–EPR–MS. Free Radic Res 2009; 41:650-4. [PMID: 17516237 DOI: 10.1080/10715760701236758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Identification of a free radical is performed for the reaction mixture of rat brain homogenate with a ferrous ion/ascorbic acid system using EPR, high performance liquid chromatography-electron paramagnetic resonance spectrometry (HPLC-EPR) and high performance liquid chromatography-electron paramagnetic resonance-mass spectrometry (HPLC-EPR-MS). EPR measurements of the reaction mixtures showed prominent signals with hyperfine coupling constants (alpha(N) = 1.58 mT and alpha(H)beta = 0.26 mT). No EPR spectrum was detectable without rat brain homogenate, suggesting that the radical is derived from rat brain homogenate. An HPLC-EPR analysis of the reaction mixture showed a peak with retention time of 33.7 min. An HPLC-EPR-MS analysis of the peak gave two ions at m/z 224 and 137, suggesting that alpha-(4-pyridyl-1-oxide)-N-tert-butylnitrone (4-POBN)/ethyl radical adduct forms in the reaction mixture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazumasa Kumamoto
- Department of Pharmacology, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan
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Rael LT, Bar-Or R, Mains CW, Slone DS, Levy AS, Bar-Or D. PLASMA OXIDATION-REDUCTION POTENTIAL AND PROTEIN OXIDATION IN TRAUMATIC BRAIN INJURY. J Neurotrauma 2009. [DOI: 10.1089/neu.2008-0816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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40
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Vagnozzi R, Signoretti S, Tavazzi B, Floris R, Ludovici A, Marziali S, Tarascio G, Amorini AM, Di Pietro V, Delfini R, Lazzarino G. TEMPORAL WINDOW OF METABOLIC BRAIN VULNERABILITY TO CONCUSSION. Neurosurgery 2008; 62:1286-95; discussion 1295-6. [DOI: 10.1227/01.neu.0000333300.34189.74] [Citation(s) in RCA: 219] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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41
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Vagnozzi R, Signoretti S, Tavazzi B, Floris R, Ludovici A, Marziali S, Tarascio G, Amorini AM, Di Pietro V, Delfini R, Lazzarino G. TEMPORAL WINDOW OF METABOLIC BRAIN VULNERABILITY TO CONCUSSION. Neurosurgery 2008. [DOI: 10.1227/01.neu.0000316421.58568.ad] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE
In the present study, the occurrence of the temporal window of brain vulnerability was evaluated in concussed athletes by measuring N-acetylaspartate (NAA) using proton magnetic resonance (1H-MR) spectroscopy.
METHODS
Thirteen nonprofessional athletes who had a sport-related concussive head injury were examined for NAA determination by means of 1H-MR spectroscopy at 3, 15, and 30 days postinjury. All athletes but three suspended their physical activity. Those who continued their training had a second concussive event and underwent further examination at 45 days from the initial injury. The single case of one professional boxer, who was studied before the match and 4, 7, 15, and 30 days after a knockout, is also presented. Before each magnetic resonance examination, patients were asked for symptoms of mild traumatic brain injury, including physical, cognitive, emotional, and sleep disturbances. Data for 1H-MR spectroscopy recorded in five normal, age-matched, control volunteers, who were previously screened to exclude previous head injuries, were used for comparison. Semiquantitative analysis of NAA relative to creatine (Cr)- and choline (Cho)-containing compounds was performed from proton spectra obtained with a 3-T magnetic resonance system.
RESULTS
Regarding the values of the NAA-to-Cr ratio (2.21 ± 0.11) recorded in control patients, singly concussed athletes, at 3 days after the concussion, showed a decrease of 18.5% (1.80 ± 0.04; P < 0.001). Only a modest 3% recovery was observed at 15 days (1.88 ± 0.1; P < 0.001); at 30 days postinjury, the NAA-to-Cr ratio was 2.15 ± 0.1, revealing full metabolic recovery with values not significantly different from those of control patients. These patients declared complete resolution of symptoms at the time of the 3-day study. The three patients who had a second concussive injury before the 15-day study showed an identical decrease of the NAA-to-Cr ratio at 3 days (1.78 ± 0.08); however, at 15 days after the second injury, a further diminution of the NAA-to-Cr ratio occurred (1.72 ± 0.07; P < 0.05 with respect to singly concussed athletes). At 30 days, the NAA-to-Cr ratio was 1.82 ± 0.1, and at 45 days postinjury, the NAA-to-Cr ratio showed complete recovery (2.07 ± 0.1; not significant with respect to control patients). This group of patients declared a complete resolution of symptoms at the time of the 30-day study.
CONCLUSION
Results of this pilot study carried out in a cohort of singly and doubly concussed athletes, examined by 1H-MR spectroscopy for their NAA cerebral content at different time points after concussive events, demonstrate that also in humans, concussion opens a temporal window of brain metabolic imbalance, the closure of which does not coincide with resolution of clinical symptoms. The recovery of brain metabolism is not linearly related to time. A second concussive event prolonged the time of NAA normalization by 15 days. Although needing confirmation in a larger group of patients, these results show that NAA measurement by 1H-MR spectroscopy is a valid tool in assessing the full cerebral metabolic recovery after concussion, thereby suggesting its use in helping to decide when to allow athletes to return to play after a mild traumatic brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Vagnozzi
- Department of Neurosciences, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Barbara Tavazzi
- Institute of Biochemistry and Clinical Biochemistry, Catholic University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Roberto Floris
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging and Interventional Radiology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Ludovici
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging and Interventional Radiology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Simone Marziali
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging and Interventional Radiology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Angela M. Amorini
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Laboratory of Biochemistry, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Valentina Di Pietro
- Institute of Biochemistry and Clinical Biochemistry, Catholic University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Roberto Delfini
- Department of Neurological Sciences–Neurosurgery, University of Rome La Sapienza, Rome, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Lazzarino
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Laboratory of Biochemistry, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
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42
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Oztürk E, Demirbilek S, Köroğlu A, But A, Begeç ZO, Gülec M, Akyol O, Ersoy MO. Propofol and erythropoietin antioxidant properties in rat brain injured tissue. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2008; 32:81-6. [PMID: 17764798 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2007.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2006] [Revised: 07/13/2007] [Accepted: 07/13/2007] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
So far, several treatment modalities have been attempted to brain protection in cases such as brain trauma, stroke or brain hemorrhage. However, a treatment method that the effect begins immediately and definitely helpful has not been discovered yet. In this study, we aimed to compare the effects of propofol and erythropoietin (Epo) on brain injury caused by oxidative stress and antioxidant properties of these agents after closed head injury (CHI) in rats. For this study, female Wistar Albino rats were divided into five groups: non-traumatic control group, trauma performed group CHI, trauma with propofol (100 mg/kg) intraperitoneally (i.p.), trauma with Epo (5000 U/kg) i.p. and trauma with propofol and Epo performed study groups. Twenty-four hours after CHI, rats were sacrificed and the brains were removed. Superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), xanthine oxidase (XO), nitric oxide (NO), and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels were measured in brain tissue. MDA and NO levels were decreased significantly in Groups Epo, Propofol and Epo+Propofol than Group CHI (p<0.01). XO activity was significantly lower in Group Epo than Group CHI (p<0.05). Epo and propofol decreased oxidative stress by decreasing MDA and NO level in brain tissue after CHI. However, combination of Epo and propofol has no significant beneficial advantage than Epo or propofol alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erdoğan Oztürk
- Inonu University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, Turkey.
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43
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Kerkweg U, Petrat F, Korth HG, de Groot H. Disruption of skeletal myocytes initiates superoxide release: contribution of NADPH oxidase. Shock 2007; 27:552-8. [PMID: 17438461 DOI: 10.1097/01.shk.0000245027.39483.e4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) as an early local reaction to muscle crush injury has frequently been predicted. However, although it is known that severe inflammatory reactions occurring after major muscle trauma originate mainly from early local incidents within the injured tissue, no detailed studies exist on the local generation of ROS in response to myocyte destruction thus far. Therefore, in this study, ROS formation after lethal mechanical damage was examined using a model of scraping injury to cultured C2C12 skeletal myocytes and superoxide detection by lucigenin chemiluminescence, nitrotetrazolium blue chloride reduction, or electron spin resonance spectroscopy. Mechanical rupture of myocytes resulted in an immediate release of superoxide from the damaged cells that could be substantially blocked by the superoxide scavengers superoxide dismutase (51%), tiron (95%), and MAMA/NO (93%) and by hypoxia (83% inhibition). Superoxide generation was primarily confined to the myocytes' membrane fraction and 7- to 8-fold enhanced by the addition of NADH or NADPH. The NADPH-enhanced superoxide generation could largely be diminished by the NAD(P)H oxidase inhibitors diphenyleneiodonium and apocynin in cell lysates (97% and 35% inhibition, respectively) and in isolated membrane fractions (61% and 63% inhibition). We thus conclude that immediately after myocyte damage, large amounts of superoxide are formed that predominantly originate from membrane-bound electron-transferring enzymes, especially NAD(P)H oxidase. This suggests a decisive role of ROS in the pathogenesis of tissue trauma, with superoxide being an initiator of the signaling mechanism from injured myocytes to the surrounding tissue and, potentially, to the whole body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uta Kerkweg
- Institut für Physiologische Chemie, Universitätsklinikum, Hufelandstr. 55, D-45122 Essen, Germany
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44
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Deng Y, Thompson BM, Gao X, Hall ED. Temporal relationship of peroxynitrite-induced oxidative damage, calpain-mediated cytoskeletal degradation and neurodegeneration after traumatic brain injury. Exp Neurol 2007; 205:154-65. [PMID: 17349624 PMCID: PMC1950332 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2007.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2006] [Revised: 12/19/2006] [Accepted: 01/25/2007] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
We assessed the temporal and spatial characteristics of PN-induced oxidative damage and its relationship to calpain-mediated cytoskeletal degradation and neurodegeneration in a severe unilateral controlled cortical impact (CCI) traumatic brain injury (TBI) model. Quantitative temporal time course studies were performed to measure two oxidative damage markers: 3-nitrotyrosine (3NT) and 4-hydroxynonenal (4HNE) at 30 min, 1, 3, 6, 12, 24, 48, 72 h and 7 days after injury in ipsilateral cortex of young adult male CF-1 mice. Secondly, the time course of Ca(++)-activated, calpain-mediated proteolysis was also analyzed using quantitative western-blot measurement of breakdown products of the cytoskeletal protein alpha-spectrin. Finally, the time course of neurodegeneration was examined using de Olmos silver staining. Both oxidative damage markers increased in cortical tissue immediately after injury (30 min) and elevated for the first 3-6 h before returning to baseline. In the immunostaining study, the PN-selective marker, 3NT, and the lipid peroxidation marker, 4HNE, were intense and overlapping in the injured cortical tissue. alpha-Spectrin breakdown products, which were used as biomarker for calpain-mediated cytoskeletal degradation, were also increased after injury, but the time course lagged behind the peak of oxidative damage and did not reach its maximum until 24 h post-injury. In turn, cytoskeletal degradation preceded the peak of neurodegeneration which occurred at 48 h post-injury. These studies have led us to the hypothesis that PN-mediated oxidative damage is an early event that contributes to a compromise of Ca(++) homeostatic mechanisms which causes a massive Ca(++) overload and calpain activation which is a final common pathway that results in post-traumatic neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Deng
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, University of Kentucky Chandler Medical Center, Lexington, KY 40536-0509, USA
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45
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Smith MP, Cass WA. GDNF reduces oxidative stress in a 6-hydroxydopamine model of Parkinson's disease. Neurosci Lett 2006; 412:259-63. [PMID: 17125923 PMCID: PMC1847408 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2006.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2006] [Revised: 10/19/2006] [Accepted: 11/07/2006] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Many current theories of Parkinson's disease (PD) suggest that oxidative stress is involved in the neurodegenerative process. Potential neuroprotective agents could protect neurons through inherent antioxidant properties or through the upregulation of the brain's antioxidant defenses. Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) has been shown to protect and restore dopamine neurons in experimental models of PD and to improve motor function in human patients. This study was designed to investigate GDNF's effect on oxidative stress in a model of PD. GDNF or vehicle was injected into the right striatum of male Fischer-344 rats. Three days later 6-OHDA or saline was injected into the same striatum. The striatum and substantia nigra from both sides of the brain were removed 24h after 6-OHDA or saline injection and analyzed for the oxidative stress markers protein carbonyls and 4-hydroxynonenal. Both markers were significantly reduced in GDNF+6-OHDA treated animals compared to vehicle+6-OHDA treated animals. In addition, in animals allowed to recover for 3.5-4 weeks after the 6-OHDA administration, the GDNF led to significant protection against loss of striatal and nigral tissue levels of dopamine. These results suggest that the protective effects of GDNF against 6-OHDA involve a reduction in oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael P Smith
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, MN-225 Chandler Medical Center, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, Kentucky 40536-0298, USA
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46
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Robertson CL, Soane L, Siegel ZT, Fiskum G. The potential role of mitochondria in pediatric traumatic brain injury. Dev Neurosci 2006; 28:432-46. [PMID: 16943666 DOI: 10.1159/000094169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2006] [Accepted: 04/03/2006] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria play a central role in cerebral energy metabolism, intracellular calcium homeostasis and reactive oxygen species generation and detoxification. Following traumatic brain injury (TBI), the degree of mitochondrial injury or dysfunction can be an important determinant of cell survival or death. Literature would suggest that brain mitochondria from the developing brain are very different from those from mature animals. Therefore, aspects of developmental differences in the mitochondrial response to TBI can make the immature brain more vulnerable to traumatic injury. This review will focus on four main areas of secondary injury after pediatric TBI, including excitotoxicity, oxidative stress, alterations in energy metabolism and cell death pathways. Specifically, we will describe what is known about developmental differences in mitochondrial function in these areas, in both the normal, physiologic state and the pathologic state after pediatric TBI. The ability to identify and target aspects of mitochondrial dysfunction could lead to novel neuroprotective therapies for infants and children after severe TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Courtney L Robertson
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
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47
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Ates O, Cayli S, Gurses I, Yucel N, Iraz M, Altinoz E, Kocak A, Yologlu S. Effect of pinealectomy and melatonin replacement on morphological and biochemical recovery after traumatic brain injury. Int J Dev Neurosci 2006; 24:357-63. [PMID: 16959465 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2006.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2006] [Revised: 07/26/2006] [Accepted: 08/01/2006] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Numerous studies showed that melatonin, a free radical scavenger, is neuroprotective. In this study, we investigated the effect of pinealectomy and administration of exogenous melatonin on oxidative stress and morphological changes after experimental brain injury. The animals were divided into six groups, each having 12 rats. Group 1 underwent craniotomy alone. Group 2 underwent craniotomy followed by brain trauma and received no medication. Group 3 underwent craniotomy followed by brain trauma and received melatonin. Group 4 underwent pinealectomy and craniotomy alone. Group 5 underwent pinealectomy and craniotomy followed by brain injury and received no medication. Group 6 underwent pinealectomy and craniotomy followed by brain trauma and received melatonin. Melatonin (100 mg/kg) was given intraperitoneally immediately after trauma to the rats in Groups 3 and 6. Pinealectomy caused a significant increase in the malondialdehyde (MDA), nitric oxide (NO), glutathione (GSH), and xanthine oxidase (XO) levels, and a decrease in GSH levels as compared to the control group. Trauma to pinealectomized rats causes significantly higher oxidative stress. Exogeneous melatonin administration significantly reduced MDA, XO and NO levels, increased GSH levels, and attenuated tissue lesion area. These findings suggest that reduction in endogenous melatonin after pinealectomy makes the rats more vulnerable to trauma, and exogenous melatonin administration has an important neuroprotective effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ozkan Ates
- Inonu University, School of Medicine, Department of Neurosurgery, Turgut Ozal Medical Center, 44069 Malatya, Turkey.
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48
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Ates O, Cayli S, Altinoz E, Gurses I, Yucel N, Sener M, Kocak A, Yologlu S. Neuroprotection by resveratrol against traumatic brain injury in rats. Mol Cell Biochem 2006; 294:137-44. [PMID: 16924419 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-006-9253-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2006] [Accepted: 06/01/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress after traumatic brain injury may contribute to many of the pathophysiologic changes. Resveratrol, naturally present at high concentration in grape skin, seeds, and red wine, has significant antioxidant properties in a variety of in vitro and in vivo models. In this study, we investigate the effect of resveratrol on oxidative stress after traumatic brain injury in rat model.A total of 54 adult Wistar albino male rats weighing 250-300 g were used. The rats were allocated into three groups. The first group was control (sham-operated) group in which only a craniotomy was performed, the others were trauma and resveratrol groups. A 100 mg/kg single dose of resveratrol, freshly prepared by dissolving in 50% ethanol and diluted in physiological saline (2%), for resveratrol group, and 1 ml ethanol (2%) for trauma group, was administered intraperitoneally immediately after trauma. Weight-drop method was used for achieving head trauma. Then, all groups were separated into three subgroups for biochemical analysis, brain water content and histopathological assessment following trauma. Twenty-four hours after trauma brain water content and malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione (GSH), nitric oxide (NO), xanthine oxidase (XO) levels of traumatic hemisphere were evaluated. Quantitative histopathological analysis was performed on 14th day postinjury. Trauma caused a significant increase in MDA, XO, NO levels and decrease in GSH level as compared to control group. Resveratrol administration significantly reduced MDA, XO and NO levels, increased GSH level, and also attenuated tissue lesion area. Our results indicate that treatment with resveratrol immediately after traumatic brain injury reduce oxidative stress and lesion volume. Future studies involving different doses and the dose-response relationship could promise better results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ozkan Ates
- School of Medicine, Department of Neurosurgery, Inonu University, Malatya, Turkey.
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49
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Shao C, Roberts KN, Markesbery WR, Scheff SW, Lovell MA. Oxidative stress in head trauma in aging. Free Radic Biol Med 2006; 41:77-85. [PMID: 16781455 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2006.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2005] [Revised: 03/06/2006] [Accepted: 03/10/2006] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative damage is proposed as a key mediator of exacerbated morphological responses and deficits in behavioral recovery in aged subjects with traumatic brain injury (TBI). In the present study, we show exacerbated loss of tissue in middle aged (12 months) and aged (22 months) Fisher-344 rats compared to young animals (3 months) subjected to moderate TBI. Analysis of 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE) and acrolein, neurotoxic by-products of lipid peroxidation, shows significant (P < 0.05) age-dependent increases in ipsilateral (IP) hippocampus 1 and 7 days post injury. In IP cortex, 4-HNE was significantly elevated 1 day post injury in all age groups, and both 4-HNE and acrolein were elevated in middle aged and aged animals 7 days post injury. Comparison of antioxidant enzyme activities shows significant (P < 0.05) age-dependent decreases of manganese superoxide dismutase in IP hippocampus and cortex 1 and 7 days post injury. Glutathione reductase activity also showed an age-dependent decrease. Overall, our data show increased levels of oxidative damage, diminished antioxidant capacities, and increased tissue loss in TBI in aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changxing Shao
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
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50
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Vagnozzi R, Signoretti S, Tavazzi B, Cimatti M, Amorini AM, Donzelli S, Delfini R, Lazzarino G. Hypothesis of the postconcussive vulnerable brain: experimental evidence of its metabolic occurrence. Neurosurgery 2006; 57:164-71; discussion 164-71. [PMID: 15987552 DOI: 10.1227/01.neu.0000163413.90259.85] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2004] [Accepted: 02/10/2005] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We evaluated the effects of two consecutive concussive injuries on brain energy metabolism and N-acetylaspartate (NAA) to investigate how the temporal interval between traumatic events influences overall injury severity. METHODS Rats were injured to induce diffuse traumatic brain injury (TBI) (mild, 450 g/1 m; severe, 450 g/2 m). In two groups, two mild TBIs were delivered in 3- or 5-day intervals. Three additional animal groups were used: single mild TBI, single severe TBI, and sham. All animals were killed 48 hours postinjury. Adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP), adenosine diphosphate, and NAA concentrations were analyzed with high-performance liquid chromatography on deproteinized whole brain extracts. RESULTS In control animals, the NAA concentration was 9.17 +/- 0.38 micromol/g wet weight, the ATP concentration was 2.25 +/- 0.21 micromol/g wet weight, and the ATP-to-adenosine diphosphate ratio was 9.38 +/- 1.23. These concentrations decreased to 6.68 +/- 1.12 micromol/g wet weight, 1.68 +/- 0.24 micromol/g wet weight, and 6.10 +/- 1.21 micromol/g wet weight, respectively, in rats that received two mild TBIs at a 5-day interval (P < 0.01; not different from results in rats with single mild TBI). When a second TBI was delivered after 3 days, the NAA concentration was 3.86 +/- 0.53 micromol/g wet weight, the ATP concentration was 1.11 +/- 0.18 micromol/g wet weight, and the ATP-to-adenosine diphosphate ratio was 2.64 +/- 0.43 (P < 0.001 versus both controls and 3-day interval; not different from rats receiving a single severe TBI). CONCLUSION The biochemical modification severity in double TBI is dependent on the interval between traumatic events, which demonstrates the metabolic state of the vulnerable brain after mild TBI. These data support the hypothesis of the application of proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy to measure NAA as a possible tool to monitor the full recovery of brain metabolic functions in the clinical setting, particularly in sports medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Vagnozzi
- Department of Neurosciences, Sport Neurotraumatology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
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