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Cheung MR, Kang J, Ouyang D, Yeung V. Association between Urinary Cadmium and All Cause, All Cancer and Prostate Cancer Specific Mortalities for Men: an Analysis of National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III) Data. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2014; 15:483-8. [DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2014.15.1.483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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Caggia S, Libra M, Malaponte G, Cardile V. Modulation of YY1 and p53 expression by transforming growth factor-β3 in prostate cell lines. Cytokine 2011; 56:403-10. [PMID: 21807531 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2011.06.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2011] [Revised: 06/27/2011] [Accepted: 06/28/2011] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) is the prototype of a family of secreted polypeptide growth factors. These cytokines play very important roles during development, as well as in normal physiological and disease processes, by regulating a wide array of cellular processes, such as cell growth, differentiation, migration, apoptosis, and extracellular matrix production. TGF-β utilizes a multitude of intracellular signalling pathways in addition to Smads with actions that are dependent on circumstances, including dose, target cell type, and context. The aims of this research were (i) to verify the effects of dose-dependent TGF-β3 treatment on YY1 and p53 expression, in BPH-1 cell line, human benign prostate hyperplasia, and two prostate cancer cell lines, LNCaP, which is androgen-sensitive, and DU-145, which is androgen-non responsive, (ii) establish a correlation between p53 and YY1 and (iii) determine the expression of a number of important intracellular signalling pathways in TGF-β3-treated prostate cell lines. The expression of YY1, p53, PI3K, AKT, pAKT, PTEN, Bcl-2, Bax, and iNOS was evaluated through Western blot analysis on BPH-1, LNCaP, and DU-145 cultures treated with 10 and 50 ng/ml of TGF-β3 for 24 h. The production of nitric oxide (NO) was determined by Griess reagent and cell viability through MTT assay. The results of this research demonstrated profound differences in the responses of the BPH-1, LNCaP, and DU-145 cell lines to TGF-β3 stimulation. We believe that the findings could be important because of the clinical relevance that they may assume and the therapeutic implications for TGF-β treatment of prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Caggia
- Department of Bio-Medical Sciences, University of Catania, V.le A. Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy.
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Konrad L, Scheiber JA, Schwarz L, Schrader AJ, Hofmann R. TGF-β1 and TGF-β2 strongly enhance the secretion of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 and matrix metalloproteinase-9 of the human prostate cancer cell line PC-3. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 155:28-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.regpep.2009.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2007] [Revised: 06/06/2008] [Accepted: 04/29/2009] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Wu YY, Li H, Lv XY, Wei Q, Li X, Liu XY, Zhou Q, Wei YQ. Overexpression of JKTBP1 induces androgen-independent LNCaP cell proliferation through activation of epidermal growth factor-receptor (EGF-R). Cell Biochem Funct 2008; 26:467-77. [DOI: 10.1002/cbf.1468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Konrad L, Scheiber JA, Völck-Badouin E, Keilani MM, Laible L, Brandt H, Schmidt A, Aumüller G, Hofmann R. Alternative splicing of TGF-betas and their high-affinity receptors T beta RI, T beta RII and T beta RIII (betaglycan) reveal new variants in human prostatic cells. BMC Genomics 2007; 8:318. [PMID: 17845732 PMCID: PMC2075524 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-8-318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2007] [Accepted: 09/11/2007] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The transforming growth factors (TGF)-β, TGF-β1, TGF-β2 and TGF-β3, and their receptors [TβRI, TβRII, TβRIII (betaglycan)] elicit pleiotropic functions in the prostate. Although expression of the ligands and receptors have been investigated, the splice variants have never been analyzed. We therefore have analyzed all ligands, the receptors and the splice variants TβRIB, TβRIIB and TGF-β2B in human prostatic cells. Results Interestingly, a novel human receptor transcript TβRIIC was identified, encoding additional 36 amino acids in the extracellular domain, that is expressed in the prostatic cancer cells PC-3, stromal hPCPs, and other human tissues. Furthermore, the receptor variant TβRIB with four additional amino acids was identified also in human. Expression of the variant TβRIIB was found in all prostate cell lines studied with a preferential localization in epithelial cells in some human prostatic glands. Similarly, we observed localization of TβRIIC and TGF-β2B mainly in the epithelial cells with a preferential localization of TGF-β2B in the apical cell compartment. Whereas in the androgen-independent hPCPs and PC-3 cells all TGF-β ligands and receptors are expressed, the androgen-dependent LNCaP cells failed to express all ligands. Additionally, stimulation of PC-3 cells with TGF-β2 resulted in a significant and strong increase in secretion of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) with a major participation of TβRII. Conclusion In general, expression of the splice variants was more heterogeneous in contrast to the well-known isoforms. The identification of the splice variants TβRIB and the novel isoform TβRIIC in man clearly contributes to the growing complexity of the TGF-β family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lutz Konrad
- Department of Urology, Medical Faculty, 35033 Marburg, Germany
| | | | - Elke Völck-Badouin
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Medical Faculty, 35033 Marburg, Germany
| | | | - Leslie Laible
- Department of Urology, Medical Faculty, 35033 Marburg, Germany
| | - Heidrun Brandt
- Department of Urology, Medical Faculty, 35033 Marburg, Germany
| | - Ansgar Schmidt
- Department of Pathology, Medical Faculty, 35033 Marburg, Germany
| | - Gerhard Aumüller
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Medical Faculty, 35033 Marburg, Germany
| | - Rainer Hofmann
- Department of Urology, Medical Faculty, 35033 Marburg, Germany
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Cho K, Ishiwata T, Uchida E, Nakazawa N, Korc M, Naito Z, Tajiri T. Enhanced expression of keratinocyte growth factor and its receptor correlates with venous invasion in pancreatic cancer. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2007; 170:1964-74. [PMID: 17525264 PMCID: PMC1899460 DOI: 10.2353/ajpath.2007.060935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Keratinocyte growth factor (KGF) and KGF receptor (KGFR) have been implicated in cancer growth as well as tissue development and repair. In this study, we examined whether KGF and KGFR have a role in human pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). KGFR mRNA was expressed in eight pancreatic cancer cell lines, whereas the KGF mRNA was detected in seven of the cell lines and was absent in MIA PaCa-2 cells. KGFR and KGF immunoreactivity were localized in the cancer cells in 41.5 and 34.0% of patients, respectively. There was a significant correlation between KGFR or KGF immunoreactivity and venous invasion and a significant correlation between the presence of both markers and venous invasion, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-A expression, and poor prognosis. Exogenous KGF increased VEGF-A expression and release in MIA PaCa-2 cells, and PANC-1 cells stably transfected to overexpress KGF-exhibited increased VEGF-A expression. Moreover, short hairpin-KGFR transfection in MIA PaCa-2 cells reduced the stimulatory effect of exogenous KGF on VEGF-A expression. Short hairpin-KGF transfection in KLM-1 cells reduced VEGF-A expression in the cells. KGFR and KGF may act to promote venous invasion and tumor angiogenesis in PDAC, raising the possibility that they may serve as novel therapeutic targets in anti-angiogenic strategies in PDAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazumitsu Cho
- Department of Integrative Pathology, Graduate School of Medicine, Nippon Medical School, 1-1-5 Sendagi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8602, Japan
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Heitzer MD, DeFranco DB. Hic-5/ARA55: a prostate stroma-specific AR coactivator. Steroids 2007; 72:218-20. [PMID: 17166536 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2006.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2006] [Revised: 11/09/2006] [Accepted: 11/10/2006] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Growth factors and cytokines mediate communication between the epithelial and stromal compartments of the prostate. In prostate cancer (PCa), changes in the spatial arrangements of the two compartments (i.e. basement membrane invasion), DNA mutations, or cellular dedifferentiation (i.e. myofibroblasts) leads to significant changes in gene expression within both compartments. This results in altered cytokine and/or growth factor signaling in PCa. Recently, a stromal-specific androgen receptor (AR) coactivator, Hic-5/ARA55, has been identified that may play a role in regulating expression of the growth factor and/or cytokine expression in the prostate. Specifically, Hic-5/ARA55 expression influences androgen-induced keratinocyte growth factor (KGF) expression in WPMY-1 prostate stromal cells. Because Hic-5/ARA55's expression is also altered in PCa, it may play a role in the differential cellular signaling events that occur during tumor progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marjet D Heitzer
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 200 Lothrop St., Pittsburgh, PA 15261, United States
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Heitzer MD, DeFranco DB. Hic-5/ARA55, a LIM Domain–Containing Nuclear Receptor Coactivator Expressed in Prostate Stromal Cells. Cancer Res 2006; 66:7326-33. [PMID: 16849583 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-05-2379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Prostate gland development and growth requires both androgen action and epithelial-stromal communications. In fact, androgen signaling through the androgen receptor (AR) may be important in both stromal and epithelial cells of the prostate. Because interaction of AR with the coactivator, Hic-5/ARA55, results in enhanced androgen-induced transcription, we analyzed Hic-5/ARA55 expression in prostate tissue sections from normal human donors and prostate cancer patients. In each sample, Hic-5/ARA55 expression was confined to the stromal compartment of the prostate. Furthermore, a prostate stromal cell line, WPMY-1 cells, expresses Hic-5/ARA55, which is localized both at focal adhesion complexes and within the soluble cytoplasmic compartment. The ability of Hic-5/ARA55 to shuttle between the nuclear and cytoplasmic compartments was revealed on inhibition of nuclear export with leptomycin B. Small interfering RNA ablation experiments established endogenous Hic-5/ARA55 as a coactivator for both viral and endogenous cellular AR-regulated genes. Finally, the mechanism of Hic-5/ARA55 coactivator activity in WPMY-1 cells was revealed by chromatin immunoprecipitation analysis that showed its androgen-dependent recruitment to the promoter of the stromal androgen-responsive keratinocyte growth factor gene. These data provide the first demonstration of a stromal-specific AR coactivator that has an effect on an androgen-regulated growth factor that is essential for stromal/epithelial cell communication in the prostate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marjet D Heitzer
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, USA
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Finch PW, Rubin JS. Keratinocyte growth factor expression and activity in cancer: implications for use in patients with solid tumors. J Natl Cancer Inst 2006; 98:812-24. [PMID: 16788155 DOI: 10.1093/jnci/djj228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Keratinocyte growth factor (KGF) is a locally acting epithelial mitogen that is produced by cells of mesenchymal origin and has an important role in protecting and repairing epithelial tissues. Use of recombinant human KGF (palifermin) in patients with hematologic malignancies reduces the incidence and duration of severe oral mucositis experienced after intensive chemoradiotherapy. These results suggest that KGF may be useful in the treatment of patients with other kinds of tumors, including those of epithelial origin. However, its application in this context raises issues that were not pertinent to its use in hematologic cancer because epithelial tumor cells, unlike blood cells, often express the KGF receptor (FGFR2b). Thus, it is important to examine whether KGF could promote the growth of epithelial tumors or protect such tumor cells from the effects of chemotherapy agents. Analyses of KGF and FGFR2b expression in tumor specimens and of KGF activity on transformed cells in vitro and in vivo do not indicate a definitive role for KGF in tumorigenesis. On the contrary, restoring FGFR2b expression to certain malignant cells can induce cell differentiation or apoptosis. However, other observations suggest that, in specific situations, KGF may contribute to epithelial tumorigenesis. Thus, further studies are warranted to examine the nature and extent of KGF involvement in these settings. In addition, clinical trials in patients with solid tumors are underway to assess the potential benefits of using KGF to protect normal tissue from the adverse effects of chemoradiotherapy and its possible impact on clinical outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul W Finch
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, National Cancer Institute, Building 37, Room 2042, 37 Convent Drive, MSC 4256, Bethesda, MD 20892-4256, USA
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Obara K, Bilim V, Suzuki K, Kobayashi K, Hara N, Kasahara T, Nishiyama T, Takahashi K. Transforming growth factor-beta1 regulates cell growth and causes downregulation of SMemb/non-muscle myosin heavy chain B mRNA in human prostate stromal cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 39:366-71. [PMID: 16257837 DOI: 10.1080/00365590500192918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES SMemb/non-muscle myosin heavy chain B (SMemb/NMMHC-B) is most abundantly expressed in proliferating smooth muscle cells and correlates with phenotypic changes from a contractive to a proliferative type. The stromal cells of the prostate play a crucial role in the regulation of prostatic growth and function. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of the multifunctional cytokine transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-beta1) on SMemb/NMMHC-B mRNA expression and stromal cell growth. The expression of the SM2 isoform of smooth muscle myosin heavy chain (SMMHC) mRNA was also examined. MATERIAL AND METHODS Primary cultures of prostate stromal cells were established by means of an explant method from eight normal prostates. The effects of TGF-beta1 on stromal cell growth were determined by means of a 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide conversion assay. SMemb/NMMHC-B and SM2 mRNA expression were analyzed quantitatively by means of real-time polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS In the absence of TGF-beta1, cells expressed alpha-smooth muscle actin and vimentin. After TGF-beta1 treatment, the expression of alpha-smooth muscle actin increased and cells also expressed desmin. TGF-beta1 at concentrations of 1.0, 5.0 and 10 ng/ml suppressed cell growth by 72%, 62% and 56%, respectively, downregulated SMemb/NMMHC-B mRNA expression by 71%, 52% and 38%, respectively and upregulated SM2 mRNA expression 2.1-, 3.0- and 5.3-fold, respectively. CONCLUSIONS These results demonstrate that TGF-beta1 modulates the smooth muscle cell phenotype from a proliferative to a contractile type and that the inhibitory effects of TGF-beta1 on stromal cell growth correlate with downregulation of the SMemb/NMMHC-B gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Obara
- Department of Regenerative and Transplant Medicine, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan.
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Meng X, Riordan NH. Cancer is a functional repair tissue. Med Hypotheses 2005; 66:486-90. [PMID: 16290925 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2005.09.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2005] [Revised: 09/24/2005] [Accepted: 09/27/2005] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
When a wound occurs, growth and repair genes (GR genes, such as oncogenes, proto-oncogenes, etc.) in surrounding cells are activated and secretion of growth and repair factors (GR factors, such as growth, stem cell, and stimulating factors, etc.) is induced to heal the wound. However, if the wound is persistent due to chronic physical (radiation, electromagnetic field, trauma, particles, etc.), chemical (carcinogens, toxic chemicals, heavy metals etc.) or biological (aging, free radicals, inflammation, nutrient deficiency, bacteria and virus infections, stress, etc.) damage, amplification of GR gene activation in surrounding cells may lead to a clinical cancer. Based on the commonalities between cancer and wound healing, a new hypothesis of cancer is presented: malignancies are not passive mutated useless masses; rather, they are functional tissues produced by GR gene activation to secrete GR factors in an effort to heal persistent wounds in the body. Based on the hypothesis, current cancer treatments aimed at killing cancer cells only may be misguided. The logical extension of the hypothesis is that cancer treatment focused on wound healing by limiting causes of persistent wounds, providing repair cells, GR factors, and substrates required by repair cells may yield more fruitful results than treatments focused on killing cancer cells alone. Spontaneous regressions of cancer, although rare, may be successful examples of serendipitous spontaneous wound healing. Standard therapies aimed at killing cancer cells, should be limited to adjuvant status for limiting symptoms or buying time for completion of the wound healing process. Attempts to destroy cancer cells without healing underlying persistent wounds will allow for eventual recurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolong Meng
- Bio-Communications Research Institute, 3100 N. Hillside, Wichita, KS 67219, USA.
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Fina F, Muracciole X, Rocchi P, Nanni-Métellus I, Delfino C, Daniel L, Dussert C, Ouafik L'H, Martin PM. Molecular profile of androgen-independent prostate cancer xenograft LuCaP 23.1. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2005; 96:355-65. [PMID: 16043352 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2005.04.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2004] [Accepted: 04/26/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
After castration or therapeutic hormone deprivation, most cancer of the prostate (CaP) cells develop androgen-independent (AI) growth. In this work, we studied the effect of androgen depletion (castration) on the growth of experimental model LuCaP 23.1 xenograft. A total of 101 nude mice were implanted and analysed for their growth profile before experimental period 1 (11 weeks) and after castration experimental period 2 (15 weeks). For specific periods, tumors were harvested and assessed for molecular marker expression specific for CaP. Taking into account tumor dynamic growth, prior to castration we found 37 fast growing (FG) tumors (948.9+/-76.9 mm3) and 63 slow growing (SG) tumors (229.6+/-18.4 mm3). Real-time quantitative RT-PCR showed that in comparison to SGs, FGs contained elevated expression of epidermal growth factor receptor type 1 (HER1), urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA), thymidine phosphorylase (TP) and thymidilate synthase (TS) mRNAs expression and low levels of 5alpha-reductase 2 (5alpha-R2) mRNA. After castration all FG tumors progressed rapidly (by 5 weeks) to AI growth (FG-P). In SG castrated tumors, 66% of tumors showed retarded progression (by 12 weeks) to AI (SG-P), whereas 34% responded to castration (SG-R). Molecular analysis demonstrated distinct molecular profiles integrating different pathways associated with AI progression. The progressive tumors FG-P, and some tumors of SG-P subgroup, presented significantly high levels of HER1, epidermal growth factor receptor type 2 (HER2), TS, uPA, TP, tumor necrosis factor superfamily member 6 (FAS) and peptidylglycine alpha-amidating mono-oxygenase (PAM) mRNA all of which correlated with androgen receptor (AR) mRNA. The second subgroup of SG-P tumors showed a high expression of the anti-apoptotic gene Bcl-2. A third subgroup of SG-P tumors showed significant expression of hypoxia-related genes such as adrenomedullin (AM) after castration. LuCaP 23.1 xenograft represent a useful dynamic model to study pre-clinically new therapeutic molecules and evaluate non-randomized therapeutics protocols combining different target inhibition specific to each AI pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Fina
- Université de la Méditerranée, Aix-Marseille II, Laboratoire de Transfert d'Oncologie Biologique, Assistance Publique--Hôpitaux de Marseille (AP-HM), Faculté de Médecine Secteur nord, Bd Pierre Dramard, 13916 Marseille Cedex, France
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Rocchi P, Muracciole X, Fina F, Mulholland DJ, Karsenty G, Palmari J, Ouafik L, Bladou F, Martin PM. Molecular analysis integrating different pathways associated with androgen-independent progression in LuCaP 23.1 xenograft. Oncogene 2004; 23:9111-9. [PMID: 15489889 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1208154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
After therapeutic hormone deprivation, most prostate cancer (PrCa) cells develop androgen-independent (AI) growth. PrCa is highly heterogeneous and multifocal, suggesting that several molecular processes or pathways may be contributing to AI. The human LuCaP 23.1 xenograft model retains clinical hallmarks of PrCa, including heterogeneous growth, PSA production, androgen-responsiveness and progression to AI. In this work, we studied the effect of androgen depletion (castration) on the growth of LuCaP 23.1 xenografts. A total of 100 nude mice were implanted and analysed for their growth profiles before and after castration. By 11 and 15 weeks, tumours were harvested and assessed for molecular marker expression specific for PrCa. Prior to castration we found 37 fast growing (FG) tumours (948.9+/-76.9 mm(3)) and 63 slow growing (SG) tumours (229.6+/-18.4 mm(3)), a previously undescribed result for this PrCa model. Quantitative RT-PCR showed that in comparison to SGs, FGs contained high HER1, uPA and thymidilate synthetase (TS) expression with low levels of 5alpha-reductase 2 mRNA. All FG tumours progressed rapidly to AI growth 5 weeks after castration (FG-P). In SG castrated tumours, 66% of tumours (SG-P) showed retarded progression (by 12 weeks) to AI, whereas 34% responded to castration (SG-R). Molecular analysis permitted us to define distinct molecular profiles integrating different pathways associated with AI progression. FG-P, and a subgroup of SG-P tumours, presented significantly high levels of peptidylglycine alpha-amidating monooxygenase (PAM), HER1, HER2, TS, and uPA mRNA, all of which correlated with AR expression. The second subgroup of SG-P tumours showed overexpression of the antiapoptotic gene Bcl-2. A third subgroup of SG-P tumours showed significant expression of hypoxia-related gene (adrenomedullin) after castration. This work permitted to define distinct molecular profiles related to different AI growth in the LuCaP 23.1 xenograft.
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Affiliation(s)
- Palma Rocchi
- Laboratoire de Cancérologie Expérimentale EMI 0359/Laboratoire de Transfert d'Oncologie Biologique, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille IFR Jean Roche, Faculté de Médecine de Marseille, France.
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Assikis VJ, Do KA, Wen S, Wang X, Cho-Vega JH, Brisbay S, Lopez R, Logothetis CJ, Troncoso P, Papandreou CN, McDonnell TJ. Clinical and biomarker correlates of androgen-independent, locally aggressive prostate cancer with limited metastatic potential. Clin Cancer Res 2004; 10:6770-8. [PMID: 15501953 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-04-0275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE We have identified a subset of patients exhibiting extended survival with metastases from androgenindependent prostate cancer of which the principal site of progression was the tumor primary. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the expression of selected biomarkers to characterize this subset of prostate cancer patients. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN A 105 core tissue microarray was constructed from primary tumor samples from 16 patients, with matched lymph node metastases in 5 cases. Immunohistochemistry was used to evaluate selected biomarkers associated with prostate cancer progression. Standard statistical methodologies were used to compute the distribution of time to progression and overall survival associations between pairs of biomarkers. Hierarchical clustering was done between groups of biomarkers, and we devised new methods to assess homogeneity of biomarker expression. RESULTS The median interval from diagnosis to salvage surgery was 65 months. The profile of biomarker expression was notable for virtual absence of neuroendocrine features, high CD10, low matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9, high E-cadherin expression, and high membranous beta-catenin. The mean proliferative index was 12.1 +/- 10.1%, and the mean apoptotic index was 3.48 +/- 2.22%, and there was a significant correlation between these indices. Expression of the epidermal growth factor receptor was associated with phospho-AKT and proliferative index but inversely associated with phospho-STAT3. CONCLUSIONS The cohort of prostate cancer patients, characterized by locally aggressive disease rather than lethal metastatic progression, was associated with a distinctive biomarker signature. The biomarker profile was, in general, more consistent with low-grade prostate cancer exhibiting local growth rather than metastatic progression. Ongoing studies will establish whether this unique subset of patients can be identified prospectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasily J Assikis
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, The University of Texas, M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
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Shi XB, Ma AH, Tepper CG, Xia L, Gregg JP, Gandour-Edwards R, Mack PC, Kung HJ, deVere White RW. Molecular alterations associated with LNCaP cell progression to androgen independence. Prostate 2004; 60:257-71. [PMID: 15176055 DOI: 10.1002/pros.20039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is no effective therapy currently available for androgen-independent (AI) prostate cancer (CaP). This is largely due to lack of information about the molecular mechanisms by which androgen-dependent tumor cells progress to androgen independence. In this study, we investigated molecular alterations occurring in AI LNCaP cells. METHODS We established and characterized three AI LNCaP sublines that exhibited a wide range of cytogenetic alterations. In order to understand why androgen-sensitive LNCaP cells can survive in an androgen-deprived environment, we analyzed the expression of signaling proteins associated with proliferation and survival of AI cells. In addition, gene expression profiling was performed to gain insight into molecular alterations in these LNCaP sublines. RESULTS These LNCaP sublines exhibited heightened levels of androgen receptor (AR), HER2, MAPK, serine 473-phosphorylated Akt, and Bcl-2, implicating these proteins as mediators of AI growth. Gene expression profiling identified a common set of 66 genes that were differentially expressed in all three sublines compared to the parental LNCaP cells. Of these, 32 were apparently androgen regulated, while the remainder comprised an expression signature specific for androgen independence. CONCLUSION We have developed AI LNCaP cell models and identified several genes that are specifically expressed in these models. Elucidating the relative importance of these genetic changes will help define the molecular mechanism by which CaP progresses to androgen independence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu-Bao Shi
- Department of Urology, University of California, Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento, California 95817, USA
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Tsunemi Y, Ihn H, Saeki H, Tamaki K. A case of lichen sclerosus et atrophicus with marked fibrosis in the dermis: analysis of fibrogenetic cytokines by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction. J Dermatol 2004; 31:142-5. [PMID: 15160873 DOI: 10.1111/j.1346-8138.2004.tb00526.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Zhao H, Patra A, Tanaka Y, Li LC, Dahiya R. Transforming growth factor-beta(s) and their receptors in aging rat prostate. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2002; 294:464-9. [PMID: 12051734 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-291x(02)00484-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
We hypothesize that rat fetal urogenital sinus mesenchyme (UGM) can induce prostatic growth of growth quiescent adult rat prostate through modulations of TGFbetas and their receptors. To test this hypothesis, prostatic ducts from aging rat prostate (4, 12, 17, 22, and 27 months) were combined with fetal rat UGM and grafted under renal capsule of athymic nude mice. At 1, 3, and 5 months the tissue recombinants were harvested from renal capsule and analyzed for their growth. The gene and protein expression of TGFbeta1, 2, 3 and their receptors, TbetaR-I and TbetaR-II, were analyzed by RT-PCR and immunohistochemistry, respectively. The results of these experiments demonstrate that prostate ducts when combined with rat UGM formed larger grafts as compared to control (prostatic ducts without UGM). The older rat prostate recombinants (17, 22, and 27 months) formed larger grafts (159 mg/graft) as compared to younger rat prostate (4 and 12 months) grafts (51 mg/graft). The mRNA and protein expression for TbetaR-I and TbetaR-II in 22 and 27 months rat prostate tissue recombinants were significantly lower than 4, 12, and 17 month tissue recombinants. However, mRNA expression for TGFbeta1, TGFbeta2, and TGFbeta3 did not change with aging rat tissue recombinants. The protein expression for TGFbeta1 was significantly up-regulated whereas TGFbeta2 and TGFbeta3 were down-regulated with aging prostate tissue recombinants. The present study demonstrates for the first time that rat fetal UGM differentially induces growth of aging rat prostate in a tissue recombinant model. The mechanisms of induction may be through up-regulation of TGFbeta1 and down-regulation of TGFbeta2, and TGFbeta3. However, the action of TGFbetas may be through TbetaR-I and TbetaR-II independent pathways since these receptors were lacking or low in older rat prostate tissue recombinants. These findings are important in understanding the mechanisms of UGM mediated prostatic growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Zhao
- Department of Urology, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94121, USA
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19
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Wilson MJ, Sellers RG, Wiehr C, Melamud O, Pei D, Peehl DM. Expression of matrix metalloproteinase-2 and -9 and their inhibitors, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 and -2, in primary cultures of human prostatic stromal and epithelial cells. J Cell Physiol 2002; 191:208-16. [PMID: 12064464 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.10092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The production of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) by prostatic epithelial and/or neighboring stromal cells is considered to be a property that gives cells the capability to penetrate extracellular matrix barriers in normal or neoplastic growth. In order to examine the role of MMPs in the prostate, we evaluated the expression of MMP-2 and -9 and the tissue inhibitors of matrix metalloproteinases (TIMP)-1 and -2 in primary cultures of prostatic stromal and epithelial cells. These cells were isolated from normal tissues of the different zones of the prostate, from benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and from cancer. Stromal cells, regardless of tissue of origin, secreted the 72-kDa proenzyme form of MMP-2, whereas conditioned media (CM) from epithelial cells demonstrated little/no pro-MMP-2 as examined by zymography. Either type of cell did not secrete MMP-9. RT-PCR evaluation showed stromal cells expressed transcripts for MMP-2, but not for MMP-9. Transcripts for MMP-9 were detected in epithelial cells, although no MMP-9 activity was detected in their CM. Treatment of stromal cells with 1 or 10 ng/ml of transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) moderately increased secretion of pro-MMP-2 protein with little change in MMP-2 RNA. However, treatment of epithelial cells with TGF-beta induced expression and secretion of both MMP-2 and-9. The effect of TGF-beta on expression of MMPs by epithelial cells was not duplicated or affected by treatment with insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-1, epidermal growth factor (EGF), platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), or basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF). Stromal cells expressed transcripts of both TIMP-1 and -2. Epithelial cells expressed TIMP-1, but little TIMP-2. TGF-beta did not regulate the expression of TIMP-1 or -2 in either stromal or epithelial cells. Our results suggest that the elevated levels of MMP-2 and -9 observed in prostate development and cancer may be due to the elevated TGF-beta associated with these tissues.
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20
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Zhao H, Patra A, Yeh CC, Tanaka Y, Oh BR, Dahiya R. Effects of aging on growth factors gene and protein expression in the dorsal and ventral lobes of rat prostate. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2002; 292:482-91. [PMID: 11906188 DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.2002.6660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We hypothesize that various growth factors and their receptors gene and protein are modulated in dorsal and ventral lobes of aging prostate. To test this hypothesis, TGFbeta1, TGFbeta2 TGFbeta3, TGFbetaR-I, TGFbetaR-II, TGFalpha, EGF, EGFR, KGF and KGFR gene and protein expression were analyzed in dorsal and ventral lobes of aging rat prostates (1, 3, 6, 9, 12, 18, 24, and 28/30 months). KGF gene expression was very weak or absent in 1, 3, and 6 month old rat dorsal and ventral lobes of prostate whereas it re-expressed in 9, 12, 18, 24 and 30 month old rat prostate. All growth factors and their receptors expect KGF and EGFR were mainly localized in epithelium of ventral and dorsal lobes of aging rat prostates. EGF, TGFalpha, TGFbeta1, and TGFbetaR-I protein expression was lacking in stroma of dorsal and ventral lobes of 1, 3, 6, 9, 12/18 months old rat prostates. However, EGF, TGFbeta1 and TGFbetaR-I proteins re-expressed in stroma of 24 and 28 months old rat prostates. KGF protein expression was lacking in epithelium of dorsal and ventral lobes of all aging rat prostates. This is the first report to demonstrate differential gene and protein expression of growth factors in dorsal and ventral lobes is associated with aging rat prostate, suggesting their role in pathogenesis of prostatic diseases with aging.
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MESH Headings
- Aging
- Animals
- Epidermal Growth Factor
- ErbB Receptors/biosynthesis
- ErbB Receptors/genetics
- ErbB Receptors/immunology
- Fibroblast Growth Factor 7
- Fibroblast Growth Factors/biosynthesis
- Fibroblast Growth Factors/genetics
- Fibroblast Growth Factors/immunology
- Growth Substances/biosynthesis
- Growth Substances/genetics
- Immunohistochemistry
- Kinetics
- Male
- Prostate/anatomy & histology
- Prostate/metabolism
- Prostate/physiology
- RNA, Messenger/biosynthesis
- Rats
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Receptor, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Type 2
- Receptors, Fibroblast Growth Factor/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Fibroblast Growth Factor/genetics
- Receptors, Fibroblast Growth Factor/immunology
- Receptors, Transforming Growth Factor beta/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Transforming Growth Factor beta/genetics
- Receptors, Transforming Growth Factor beta/immunology
- Transcription, Genetic
- Transforming Growth Factor alpha/biosynthesis
- Transforming Growth Factor alpha/genetics
- Transforming Growth Factor alpha/immunology
- Transforming Growth Factor beta/biosynthesis
- Transforming Growth Factor beta/genetics
- Transforming Growth Factor beta/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Zhao
- Department of Urology, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, University of California, San Francisco, California 94121, USA
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21
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Crescioli C, Maggi M, Luconi M, Vannelli GB, Salerno R, Sinisi AA, Bonaccorsi L, Ferruzzi P, Barni T, Forti G, Serio M. Vitamin D3 analogue inhibits keratinocyte growth factor signaling and induces apoptosis in human prostate cancer cells. Prostate 2002; 50:15-26. [PMID: 11757032 DOI: 10.1002/pros.10028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prostate cancer is a worldwide significant health care problem, due to its high incidence and mortality. In particular, androgen-independent tumors have the worst prognosis, because they are refractory to almost all kinds of available therapy. Hence, there is the need of new treatment opportunities targeting androgen-independent, growth factor-mediated, tumor signaling. One of these new promising opportunities is vitamin D3 and its related analogues. METHODS We investigated the effect of a vitamin D3 analogue, analogue (V), on proliferation of several human prostate cancer cells in basal condition and after treatment with KGF, one of the intraprostatic growth factors that might participate in the progression of prostate cancer. In addition, in the androgen-independent cell line DU 145, we also studied the effect of analogue (V), KGF, and their mutual interaction on protein tyrosine phosphorylation, bcl-2 expression and apoptosis. RESULTS Overall, we found that analogue (V) dose-dependently decreased basal and KGF-induced prostate cancer cell growth, although to a different extent. Maximal effect was obtained in DU 145 cells. In these cells, KGF stimulated tyrosine phosphorylation of a protein corresponding to its receptor, induced bcl-2 expression, and prolonged cell survival. Analogue (V) not only counteracted all these KGF-mediated events, but also decreased basal bcl-2 expression, therefore, allowing DU 145 cells to undergo an apoptotic program. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicated that in prostate cancer cells analogue (V) decreased basal and KGF-induced cell proliferation. This effect, at least in DU 145 cells, is in part mediated by negative interactions with cell survival and KGF signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara Crescioli
- Department of Clinical Physiopathology, Endocrinology Unit, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
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22
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Gabor F, Klausegger U, Wirth M. The interaction between wheat germ agglutinin and other plant lectins with prostate cancer cells Du-145. Int J Pharm 2001; 221:35-47. [PMID: 11397565 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-5173(01)00650-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The bioadhesive properties of fluorescein-labeled plant lectins with different carbohydrate specificities were investigated by flow cytometry at 4 and 37 degrees C using Du-145 prostate cancer cells. At both temperatures the lectin association rate increased following the order: Dolichos biflorus agglutinin (DBA)<peanut agglutinin<Ulex europaeus isoagglutinin I<Lens culinaris agglutinin<Solanum tuberosum lectin << wheat germ agglutinin (WGA), reflecting the glycosylation pattern of Du-145 cells. Both, the BSA-binding capacity of the cells referring to nonspecific binding and inhibition studies using the complementary carbohydrate, assured specificity of the lectin-cell interactions except for DBA. The WGA-association rate of Du-145 cells was dependent on temperature indicative for cellular uptake of membrane-bound WGA. Intracellular enrichment of WGA was confirmed by confocal microscopy. As resulted from experiments in presence of ouabain active transport mechanisms were involved in cellular uptake of WGA. Equilibration of the intracellular pH with monensin pointed to accumulation of intracellular located WGA within acidic compartments of Du-145 cells such as the lysosomes or the trans-Golgi complex. Consequently the interaction of WGA with Du-145 cells at 37 degrees C is a one way process due to immediate active transport of membrane-bound lectin into acidic compartments of prostate cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Gabor
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, The University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
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23
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Jaramillo A, Naziruddin B, Zhang L, Reznik SI, Smith MA, Aloush AA, Trulock EP, Patterson GA, Mohanakumar T. ACTIVATION OF HUMAN AIRWAY EPITHELIAL CELLS BY NON-HLA ANTIBODIES DEVELOPED AFTER LUNG TRANSPLANTATION: A POTENTIAL ETIOLOGICAL FACTOR FOR BRONCHIOLITIS OBLITERANS SYNDROME1. Transplantation 2001; 71:966-76. [PMID: 11349733 DOI: 10.1097/00007890-200104150-00023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The main cause of morbidity and mortality after lung transplantation (LT) is bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome (BOS). Anti-HLA antibodies development after LT has been shown to play an important role in BOS pathogenesis. However, the nature of non-HLA antibodies developed after LT and their role in BOS pathogenesis have not been determined. METHODS Sera from 16 BOS+ patients and 11 BOS- patients were collected at 12, 24, 36, and 48 months after LT. Anti-HLA class I and class II antibodies were absorbed with pooled human platelets and pooled human lymphoblastoid cell lines, respectively. Then, the presence of non-HLA antibodies against several cell lines from different origin was determined by flow cytometric analysis. Antibody-positive samples were tested for induction of proliferation and growth factor production in two selected airway epithelial cell (AEC) lines. RESULTS Five of 16 BOS+ patients (31.2%) and 0 of 11 BOS- patients (0%) developed anti-AEC antibodies after LT (P=0.05). No reactivity against endothelial cells, lymphocytes, monocytes, or granulocytes was detected. Further analysis of two selected sera demonstrated the development of reactivity against a 60-kDa antigen expressed by 60% of AEC lines and only 12% of cell lines from other tissues. Antibody binding to this antigen induced intracellular Ca++ influx, tyrosine phosphorylation, proliferation, and up-regulation of transforming growth factor-beta and heparin-binding epidermal growth factor mRNA transcription in AECs. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that anti-AEC antibodies may play a role in the immunopathogenesis of BOS in the absence of anti-HLA antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Jaramillo
- Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110-1093, USA
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24
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Wallace PK, Tsang KY, Goldstein J, Correale P, Jarry TM, Schlom J, Guyre PM, Ernstoff MS, Fanger MW. Exogenous antigen targeted to FcgammaRI on myeloid cells is presented in association with MHC class I. J Immunol Methods 2001; 248:183-94. [PMID: 11223078 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-1759(00)00351-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Vaccine therapy is attractive for prostate cancer patients because the tumor is slow growing (allowing time to augment host responses) and occurs in an older population less likely to tolerate more toxic treatments. We have constructed an expression vector based on a monoclonal antibody (mAb) that targets the high affinity receptor for IgG (FcgammaRI, CD64) which is exclusively expressed on myeloid cells including dendritic cells (DC). The heavy chain of mAb H22 CH2 and CH3 domains were removed and replaced with the gene for prostate specific antigen (PSA). Using that vector, we have constructed and purified FPH22.PSA, a fusion protein that targets PSA to FcgammaRI on antigen presenting cells (APC). This fusion protein has an apparent molecular mass of 80-83 kDa, binds to FcgammaRI with high affinity and expresses PSA. We demonstrate that FPH22.PSA targeted PSA was internalized and processed by the human myeloid THP-1 cell line resulting in presentation of MHC class I-associated PSA peptides and lysis of THP-1 by PSA-specific human CTL. Moreover, pretreatment of THP-1 cells with antibodies to block either FcgammaRI or MHC class I, blocked lysis indicating that targeting to FcgammaRI results in presentation of exogenous antigen on MHC class I molecules. These data demonstrate that FPH22.PSA was processed in such a manner by the myeloid cell line to allow for presentation of immunodominant peptides in MHC class I molecules and suggests that uptake of antigen via FcgammaRI results in cross-priming.
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Affiliation(s)
- P K Wallace
- Department of Microbiology, HB7556, Dartmouth Medical School, 1 Medical Center Drive, Lebanon, NH 03756, USA.
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25
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Tuohimaa P, Lyakhovich A, Aksenov N, Pennanen P, Syvälä H, Lou YR, Ahonen M, Hasan T, Pasanen P, Bläuer M, Manninen T, Miettinen S, Vilja P, Ylikomi T. Vitamin D and prostate cancer. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2001; 76:125-34. [PMID: 11384870 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-0760(00)00141-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Our recent epidemiological study (Ahonen et al., Cancer Causes Control 11(2000) (847-852)) suggests that vitamin D deficiency may increase the risk of initiation and progression of prostate cancer. The nested case-control study was based on a 13-year follow-up of about 19000 middle-aged men free of clinically verified prostate cancer. More than one-half of the serum samples had 25OH-vitamin D (25-VD) levels below 50 nmol/l, suggesting VD deficiency. Prostate cancer risk was highest among the group of younger men (40-51 years) with low serum 25-VD, whereas low serum 25-VD appeared not to increase the risk of prostate cancer in older men (>51 years). This suggests that VD has a protective role against prostate cancer only before the andropause, when serum androgen concentrations are higher. The lowest 25-VD concentrations in the younger men were associated with more aggressive prostate cancer. Furthermore, the high 25-VD levels delayed the appearance of clinically verified prostate cancer by 1.8 years. Since these results suggest that vitamin D has a protective role against prostate cancer, we tried to determine whether full spectrum lighting (FSL) during working hours could increase serum 25-VD concentrations. After 1-month exposure, there was no significant increase in the serum 25-VD level, although there was a bias towards slightly increasing values in the test group as opposed to decreasing values in controls. There was no significant change in the skin urocanic acid production. The possibility to use FSL in cancer prevention is discussed. In order to clarify the mechanism of VD action on cell proliferation and differentiation, we performed studies with the rat and human prostates as well prostate cancer cell lines. It is possible that 25-VD may have a direct role in the host anticancer defence activity, but the metabolism of vitamin D in the prostate may also play an important role in its action. We raised antibodies against human 1alpha-hydroxylase and 24-hydroxylase. Our preliminary results suggest that vitamin D is actively metabolised in the prostate. Vitamin D appears to upregulate androgen receptor expression, whereas androgens seem to upregulate vitamin D receptor (VDR). This may at least partially explain the androgen dependence of VD action. VD alone or administered with androgen causes a suppression of epithelial cell proliferation. VD can activate mitogen-activated kinases, erk-1 and erk-2, within minutes and p38 within hours. Also, auto/paracrine regulation might be involved, since keratinocyte growth factor (mRNA and protein) was clearly induced by VD. Based on these studies, a putative model for VD action on cell proliferation and differentiation is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Tuohimaa
- Medical School, University of Tampere, 33014, Tampere, Finland.
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26
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Lyakhovich A, Aksenov N, Pennanen P, Miettinen S, Ahonen MH, Syvälä H, Ylikomi T, Tuohimaa P. Vitamin D induced up-regulation of keratinocyte growth factor (FGF-7/KGF) in MCF-7 human breast cancer cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2000; 273:675-80. [PMID: 10873663 DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.2000.2998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Keratinocyte growth factor (FGF-7/KGF) is a secreted member of the fibroblast growth factor family, which functions primarily as an important paracrine mediator of cell growth and differentiation. Inhibitory pathways of vitamin D may also involve participation of some growth factors. To determine whether vitamin D may play a role in the expression of FGF-7, we investigated FGF-7 expression in human breast cancer cells treated with 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3, which inhibited the growth of the cells. By means of cDNA microarray, RT-PCR, and Western blot analysis, we have shown an increase in expression of FGF-7 on both mRNA and protein levels after vitamin D exposure. This is the first demonstration of vitamin D regulation of FGF-7 expression and its possible involvement in mediating growth and differentiation by vitamin D.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Lyakhovich
- Tampere University Medical School, Tampere, 33101, Finland.
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27
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De Angeli S, Buoro S, Fandella A, Anselmo G, Palù G, Mingrino R, Parnigotto PP. Production of epidermal growth factor in human prostatic cells cultured in vitro. Ann Anat 2000; 182:249-58. [PMID: 10836098 DOI: 10.1016/s0940-9602(00)80030-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The Epidermal Growth Factor (EGF) plays an important role in the regulation of in vitro growth of prostate cells inducing a strong mitogenic effect. Nevertheless in our previous study we observed that the treatment of human hypertrophic prostate cell line U285 with exogenous EGF produces a restricted effect on the cellular growth rate. This phenomenon could be due to the capacity of the cells to produce EGF. In this study we aimed to verify this hypothesis by evaluating the presence of mRNA of EGF and EGF receptor (EGF-R) and of their translation products in U285 cells, before and after the treatment with suramin and exogenous EGF. Moreover we studied the effects exerted by these substances on the proliferative rate of the cells U285 after different treatment protocols. The presence in the cells of mRNA for EGF and EGF-R and of their translation products was demonstrated by means of reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and immunocytochemical methods respectively. The modification of growth rate induced by these drugs was studied by FRAME Cytotoxicity Test. The operative modalities adopted to carry out these growth assays tended to 1) focus the effects of suramin in relation to in vitro cellular growth phase; 2) verify the reversibility of its effects; 3) ascertain if it was possible to antagonize the action of suramin by adding exogenous EGF. The results obtained from the RT-PCR showed the presence, in the control cells and in the treated ones, of mRNA coding for EGF and EGF-R. The immunocytochemical analysis indicated that 20% of the control cells are EGF positive, and 83% are EGF-R positive, confirming the results obtained with RT-PCR. Moreover, these stainings showed that the treatment with EGF does not significantly modify the percentage of cells marked by the anti-EGF antibody, while treatments with suramin and suramin plus EGF double this percentage. None of the treatments modifies the percentage of EGF-R positive cells. The growth assays showed that the exposition to highest doses of suramin in the first 24 h of cultures causes a decrease (p < 0.05) of the cellular proliferation during the following 48 h and 72 h and that these effects are irreversible. Moreover, a contemporaneous exposition of the cells to EGF and suramin at seeding strengthens the cytotoxic action of the last drug. To sum up, the demonstration of the presence in the U285 cells of mRNA coding for EGF and EGF-R and of the corresponding proteins, confirms the hypothesis that these cells can produce EGF. Moreover, the cytotoxicity experiments allowed a focusing of the role of the endogenous EGF in the regulation of the U285 cells proliferation and confirmed the importance of biological events that take place in U285 cells during the first 24 h of culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- S De Angeli
- Cell Culture Laboratory of the Transfusion Center, Hospital of Treviso, Italy
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28
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Oka A, Tanji N, Toshino A, Miyauchi Y, Yokoyama M. Expression of growth factors after the release of ureteral obstruction in the rat kidney. Int J Urol 1999; 6:607-15. [PMID: 10609543 DOI: 10.1046/j.1442-2042.1999.00121.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Little is known about the mechanisms underlying recovery from hydronephrosis. Using a rat kidney model, we investigated the possible contribution of growth factors during regeneration after hydronephrosis. METHODS After the unilateral ureteral obstruction for 7 days, the obstruction was released by ureterocystostomy. Epidermal growth factor (EGF), hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) and transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-beta1) were studied using immunohistochemistry and semiquantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). RESULTS The immunoreaction of EGF in the medulla of both obstructed and contralateral kidneys increased after releasing the obstruction. The release of ureteral obstruction brought further increased immunoreaction of HGF to both the cortex and the medulla of the contralateral kidney. The immunoreaction of TGF-beta1 also increased in the interstitium especially around the blood vessels in the post-obstructed kidney. The expression of HGF and EGF mRNA in both kidneys and TGF-beta1 mRNA in the obstructed kidney were increased after releasing the obstruction. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that various growth factors may be involved in the post-obstructive tubular recovery and interstitial damage in the rat kidney.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Oka
- Department of Urology, Ehime University Medical School, Japan
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29
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Klingler HC, Bretland AJ, Reid SV, Chapple CR, Eaton CL. Regulation of prostatic stromal cell growth and function by transforming growth factor beta (TGFbeta). Prostate 1999; 41:110-20. [PMID: 10477907 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-0045(19991001)41:2<110::aid-pros5>3.0.co;2-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The majority of the overgrowth in benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) specimens is comprised of connective tissue. Factors that control stromal growth in the prostate are poorly understood; however, members of the transforming growth factor beta (TGFbeta) family may be of particular importance in the etiology of BPH. METHODS Thirty-two low-passage stromal cultures were generated from human prostatectomy specimens. Their stromal origin was confirmed and expression of TGFbetas analyzed by duplex reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Challenge experiments were designed to study the effects of exogenous TGFbeta1 on stromal cell growth and synthesis of extracellular matrix components. RESULTS The expression of TGFbetas 1, 2, and 3 was demonstrated in all 32 cell strains. The stromal origin of the cell lines was confirmed. Exogenous TGFbeta1 added to stromal cultures resulted in inhibition of cell growth and increased production of type I collagen. CONCLUSIONS The prostatic stromal cell strains we have developed are a reliable mod- el for investigating prostatic connective tissue biology. The challenge experiments with TGFbeta1 provide further evidence for the involvement of TGFbetas in prostatic enlargement, as modulators of the extracellular matrix in the absence of growth stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- H C Klingler
- Department of Urology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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30
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EL-SAKKA AHMEDI, HASSAN MAQSOODU, SELPH CATHERINE, PERINCHERY GEETHA, DAHIYA RAJVIR, LUE TOMF. EFFECT OF CAVERNOUS NERVE FREEZING ON PROTEIN AND GENE EXPRESSION OF NITRIC OXIDE SYNTHASE IN THE RAT PENIS AND PELVIC GANGLIA. J Urol 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-5347(01)62304-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- AHMED I. EL-SAKKA
- From the Department of Urology, University of California School of Medicine, San Francisco, California
| | - MAQSOOD U. HASSAN
- From the Department of Urology, University of California School of Medicine, San Francisco, California
| | - CATHERINE SELPH
- From the Department of Urology, University of California School of Medicine, San Francisco, California
| | - GEETHA PERINCHERY
- From the Department of Urology, University of California School of Medicine, San Francisco, California
| | - RAJVIR DAHIYA
- From the Department of Urology, University of California School of Medicine, San Francisco, California
| | - TOM F. LUE
- From the Department of Urology, University of California School of Medicine, San Francisco, California
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31
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El-Sakka AI, Hassan MU, Selph C, Perinchery G, Dahiya R, Lue TF. Effect of cavernous nerve freezing on protein and gene expression of nitric oxide synthase in the rat penis and pelvic ganglia. J Urol 1998; 160:2245-52. [PMID: 9817378 DOI: 10.1097/00005392-199812010-00094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Cryoablation of the prostate has been reported to induce impotence as a result of cavernous nerve injury. This study is designed to investigate the early and late effects of cavernosal nerve cryoablation on erectile function and nitric oxide synthase (NOS) containing nerves in the rat penis and pelvic ganglia. MATERIALS AND METHODS Forty male rats were divided into two groups (n = 20 each). The first group underwent unilateral cavernous nerve freezing (experimental group). Before their euthanization at 1 and 3 months (10 rats each), erectile function was assessed by electrostimulation of the cavernous nerves. The second group served as a control and was euthanized at the same time points. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) diaphorase staining was used to identify NOS in the penile nerve fibers of the mid-shaft segment and neurons of the pelvic ganglia. Western blot, RT-PCR and immunostaining techniques were used to identify protein and gene expression of eNOS, iNOS, and nNOS. RESULTS One month after unilateral cavernosal nerve freezing, there was a significant decrease in NOS-containing nerve fibers in the dorsal and intracavernosal nerves and ipsilateral pelvic ganglia as compared with the intact side. At three months, the number of NOS containing nerve fibers in the above-mentioned nerves and ganglia showed a significant increase on the frozen side but not the intact side. Electrostimulation of the frozen nerve after three months revealed a significantly higher maximal intracavernosal pressure and a shorter latency period than the one-month group. At three months, immunoblot showed up-regulation of eNOS and nNOS protein expression in the penile tissue. RT-PCR showed up-regulation of nNOS gene expression in the pelvic ganglia of the frozen side. Immunostaining confirmed the results of western blot and showed significant increase of the nNOS positive staining in the frozen side of the penile tissue after three months. There was no difference in iNOS after three months between both sides. Our repeated eNOS immunostaining was not successful. CONCLUSIONS The results show that intracavernous pressure response to neurostimulation markedly decreased at one month and then partially recovered three months after cavernosal nerve freezing. A similar pattern of changes of the NOS-containing nerve fibers in dorsal nerves, intracavernosal nerves, and pelvic ganglia were observed. This alteration in erectile function and NOS-containing nerves was associated with differential gene and protein expression of the three subtypes of NOS.
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Affiliation(s)
- A I El-Sakka
- Department of Urology, University of California School of Medicine, San Francisco 94143-0738, USA
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El-Sakka A, Hassan MU, Bakircioglu ME, Pillarisetty RJ, Dahiya R, Lue TF. Possible molecular mechanisms of cryoablation-induced impotence in a rat model. Urology 1998; 52:1144-50. [PMID: 9836574 DOI: 10.1016/s0090-4295(98)00407-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Cryoablation of the prostate has been reported to induce impotence as a consequence of cavernosal nerve injury. This study is designed to investigate the early and late effects of cavernosal nerve cryoablation on growth factor expression and erectile function in a rat model. METHODS Forty male rats were divided into two groups (n=20 each). The first group underwent unilateral cavernosal nerve freezing (experimental group). Before their euthanization at 1 and 3 months (10 rats each), erectile function was assessed by electrostimulation of the cavernous nerves. The second group served as the control and was killed at the same time points. Western blot and reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) techniques were used to identify protein and gene expression of nerve growth factor (NGF), transforming growth factor-alpha (TGF-alpha), epidermal growth factor (EGF), and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) in the rat penis and pelvic ganglia. RESULTS Electrostimulation of the frozen nerve after 3 months revealed a significantly higher maximal intracavernosal pressure and a shorter latency period than in the 1-month group. At 3 months, immunoblot showed upregulation of NGF, TGF-alpha, and the precursor form of IGF-1 protein expression in the penile tissue; RT-PCR showed downregulation of NGF gene expression in the pelvic ganglia of the frozen side. CONCLUSIONS The results show that erectile function decreased at 1 month and then partially recovered 3 months after cavernosal nerve freezing. This alteration in erectile function was associated with differential gene and protein expression of the growth factors (NGF, TGF-alpha, EGF, and IGF-1). Further studies are required to elucidate the potential role of these growth factors in the prevention and treatment of cryoablation-induced impotence.
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Affiliation(s)
- A El-Sakka
- Department of Urology, University of California School of Medicine, San Francisco 94143-0738, USA
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Ul-Hasan M, El-Sakka AI, Lee C, Yen TS, Dahiya R, Lue TF. Expression of TGF-beta-1 mRNA and ultrastructural alterations in pharmacologically induced prolonged penile erection in a canine model. J Urol 1998; 160:2263-6. [PMID: 9817381 DOI: 10.1097/00005392-199812010-00097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta) is known to induce fibrosis. Our objective was to study the role of TGF-beta as a possible mediator of fibrosis that may follow prolonged penile erection. MATERIALS AND METHODS Prolonged penile erection was induced in seven adult male mongrel dogs by intracavernosal injection of papaverine into one of the corpora cavernosa while the other was used as a control. Intracavernosal pressure measurements were carried out prior to administration of papaverine and at the end of the procedure. Penile tissue was collected from anesthetized animals prior to euthanasia for histological and electron microscopic (EM) studies. RT-PCR was carried out for detection of mRNA on same tissue samples. RESULTS The light microscopy showed stasis of blood in the cavernosal sinusoids. EM studies revealed sporadic endothelial defects, loss of plasma membrane integrity and cytoplasmic condensation. There was expression of TGF-beta1 mRNA in 66.7% of the experimental group compared with 16.7% of the control group. CONCLUSIONS Pharmacologically induced low flow prolonged penile erection in canine models is associated with histomorphological changes in relatively short periods of time, suggesting that early therapeutic intervention is desirable. The gene expression for TGF-beta1 may be a mediator of fibrosis; therefore the use of anti-TGF-beta agents presents a possible tool for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Ul-Hasan
- Department of Urology, University of California, San Francisco 94143-0738, USA
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UL-HASAN MAQSOOD, EL-SAKKA AHMED, LEE CELESTE, YEN TIENSZE, DAHIYA RAJVIR, LUE TOM. EXPRESSION OF TGF-beta-1 mRNA AND ULTRASTRUCTURAL ALTERATIONS IN PHARMACOLOGICALLY INDUCED PROLONGED PENILE ERECTION IN A CANINE MODEL. J Urol 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-5347(01)62307-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- MAQSOOD UL-HASAN
- From the Department of Urology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143-0738
| | - AHMED EL-SAKKA
- From the Department of Urology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143-0738
| | - CELESTE LEE
- From the Department of Urology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143-0738
| | - TIEN-SZE YEN
- From the Department of Urology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143-0738
| | - RAJVIR DAHIYA
- From the Department of Urology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143-0738
| | - TOM LUE
- From the Department of Urology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143-0738
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Abstract
The molecular mechanisms that control prostate development have been intensely studied in recent years due to the emergence of prostatic cancer as a major health concern. Several recent studies have led to the identification of numerous genes that are required for prostate organogenesis, many of which also contribute to prostate carcinogenesis. These genes fall into several categories, including proto-oncogenes, transcription factors, homeobox genes, growth factors and cell adhesion molecules. This review focuses on those genes which have been implicated in prostate growth and development, and which exhibit deregulated expression in prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- P J Sciavolino
- Center for Advanced Biotechnology and Medicine and Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway 08854-5638, USA
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Schwartz S, Caceres C, Morote J, De Torres I, Rodriguez-Vallejo JM, Gonzalez J, Reventos J. Over-expression of epidermal growth factor receptor and c-erbB2/neu but not of int-2 genes in benign prostatic hyperplasia by means of semi-quantitative PCR. Int J Cancer 1998; 76:464-7. [PMID: 9590118 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-0215(19980518)76:4<464::aid-ijc3>3.0.co;2-p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
It is well established that activation of cellular genes may trigger uncontrolled cell growth and cancer development. Previous reports suggest that the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFr), c-erbB2/neu and int-2, fibroblast growth factor-3, may be implicated in the development of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). Using the polymerase chain reaction technique, we have assessed the amplification and expression of these molecular markers in 30 prostate samples from patients with BPH as well as from 5 normal donors. We detected mRNA over-expression of EGFr and c-erbB2/neu in 36% and 63%, respectively, of the BPH samples, but no gene amplification was found. No amplification or over-expression of int-2 was detected in any of the samples analyzed, suggesting that int-2 is not involved in BPH. Our results thus suggest a role for EGFr and c-erbB2/neu but not for int-2 in the development of BPH.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Schwartz
- Unitat de Recerca Biomèdica, Centre d'Investigacions en Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Barcelona, Spain.
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El-Sakka AI, Hassoba HM, Chui RM, Bhatnagar RS, Dahiya R, Lue TF. An animal model of Peyronie's-like condition associated with an increase of transforming growth factor beta mRNA and protein expression. J Urol 1997; 158:2284-90. [PMID: 9366377 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-5347(01)68236-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta) is involved in numerous vital processes including tissue fibrosis. Our objective was to study the role of TGF-beta in the induction of a Peyronie's-like condition and to produce an animal model for the further study of Peyronie's disease. MATERIALS AND METHODS Twenty-four adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into two groups. Different concentrations of cytomodulin, a synthetic heptopeptide with TGF-beta-like activity, were injected into the tunica of each rat from the first group (n = 18). Rats in the second group (n = 6) received saline injections as a control. The tunical tissues were taken after 3 days, 2 weeks, and 6 weeks and were examined using Hart and Trichrome stains. In the same tissue samples, TGF-beta mRNA and protein expression were studied. RESULTS Histological alterations were observed in 15 out of 18 cytomodulin-injected rats, especially in tissue examined after 6 weeks. The most prominent changes were chronic cellular infiltration, focal and diffuse elastosis, thickening, disorganization and clumping of the collagen bundles. Results from immunoblot revealed remarkable TGF-beta1 protein expression in all the cytomodulin-injected rats only after 2 and 6 weeks. No remarkable TGF-beta2 or TGF-beta3 protein expression was observed. TGF-beta1 mRNA expression in the cytomodulin-injected rats was noticed in rats injected with higher concentrations after 3 days, while it was expressed in all rats after 2 weeks. There was no expression in the control group after either 3 days or 2 weeks. CONCLUSIONS Cytomodulin can induce Peyronie's-like condition in the rat penis, which may explain the role of TGF-beta in the pathogenesis of Peyronie's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- A I El-Sakka
- Department of Urology, University of California School of Medicine, San Francisco 94143-0738, USA
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