1
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Zhang W, Liu X, Xue W, Gao L, Li D, Jing C, Zhao J, Pan W. Permissive role of CTCF-Hoxb7a-Cdkn2a/b axis in the emergence of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells during zebrafish embryogenesis. J Genet Genomics 2024:S1673-8527(24)00125-5. [PMID: 38852666 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgg.2024.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2024] [Revised: 06/03/2024] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Wenjuan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China; CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health (SINH), University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Xiaofen Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health (SINH), University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Wenzhi Xue
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health (SINH), University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Lei Gao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health (SINH), University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Dantong Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health (SINH), University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Changbin Jing
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health (SINH), University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China.
| | - Jian Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China.
| | - Wenjun Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China; CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health (SINH), University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China.
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2
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Henke K, Farmer DT, Niu X, Kraus JM, Galloway JL, Youngstrom DW. Genetically engineered zebrafish as models of skeletal development and regeneration. Bone 2023; 167:116611. [PMID: 36395960 PMCID: PMC11080330 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2022.116611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Revised: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Zebrafish (Danio rerio) are aquatic vertebrates with significant homology to their terrestrial counterparts. While zebrafish have a centuries-long track record in developmental and regenerative biology, their utility has grown exponentially with the onset of modern genetics. This is exemplified in studies focused on skeletal development and repair. Herein, the numerous contributions of zebrafish to our understanding of the basic science of cartilage, bone, tendon/ligament, and other skeletal tissues are described, with a particular focus on applications to development and regeneration. We summarize the genetic strengths that have made the zebrafish a powerful model to understand skeletal biology. We also highlight the large body of existing tools and techniques available to understand skeletal development and repair in the zebrafish and introduce emerging methods that will aid in novel discoveries in skeletal biology. Finally, we review the unique contributions of zebrafish to our understanding of regeneration and highlight diverse routes of repair in different contexts of injury. We conclude that zebrafish will continue to fill a niche of increasing breadth and depth in the study of basic cellular mechanisms of skeletal biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Henke
- Department of Orthopaedics, Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
| | - D'Juan T Farmer
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
| | - Xubo Niu
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
| | - Jessica M Kraus
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030, USA.
| | - Jenna L Galloway
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
| | - Daniel W Youngstrom
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030, USA.
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3
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Chen J, Li G, Lian J, Ma N, Huang Z, Li J, Wen Z, Zhang W, Zhang Y. Slc20a1b is essential for hematopoietic stem/progenitor cell expansion in zebrafish. SCIENCE CHINA. LIFE SCIENCES 2021; 64:2186-2201. [PMID: 33751369 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-020-1878-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) are able to self-renew and can give rise to all blood lineages throughout their lifetime, yet the mechanisms regulating HSPC development have yet to be discovered. In this study, we characterized a hematopoiesis defective zebrafish mutant line named smu07, which was obtained from our previous forward genetic screening, and found the HSPC expansion deficiency in the mutant. Positional cloning identified that slc20a1b, which encodes a sodium phosphate cotransporter, contributed to the smu07 blood phenotype. Further analysis demonstrated that mutation of slc20a1b affects HSPC expansion through cell cycle arrest at G2/M phases in a cell-autonomous manner. Our study shows that slc20a1b is a vital regulator for HSPC proliferation in zebrafish early hematopoiesis and provides valuable insights into HSPC development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiakui Chen
- Department of Developmental Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Gaofei Li
- Division of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Junwei Lian
- Division of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Ning Ma
- Department of Developmental Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Zhibin Huang
- Division of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Jianchao Li
- Division of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Zilong Wen
- Division of Life Science, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
| | - Wenqing Zhang
- Division of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
| | - Yiyue Zhang
- Department of Developmental Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China.
- Division of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
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Wu S, Chen K, Xu T, Ma K, Gao L, Fu C, Zhang W, Jing C, Ren C, Deng M, Chen Y, Zhou Y, Pan W, Jia X. Tpr Deficiency Disrupts Erythroid Maturation With Impaired Chromatin Condensation in Zebrafish Embryogenesis. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:709923. [PMID: 34722501 PMCID: PMC8548687 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.709923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Vertebrate erythropoiesis involves nuclear and chromatin condensation at the early stages of terminal differentiation, which is a unique process to distinguish mature erythrocytes from erythroblasts. However, the underlying mechanisms of chromatin condensation during erythrocyte maturation remain elusive. Here, we reported a novel zebrafish mutant cas7 with erythroid maturation deficiency. Positional cloning showed that a single base mutation in tprb gene, which encodes nucleoporin translocated promoter region (Tpr), is responsible for the disrupted erythroid maturation and upregulation of erythroid genes, including ae1-globin and be1-globin. Further investigation revealed that deficient erythropoiesis in tprb cas7 mutant was independent on HIF signaling pathway. The proportion of euchromatin was significantly increased, whereas the percentage of heterochromatin was markedly decreased in tprb cas7 mutant. In addition, TPR knockdown in human K562 cells also disrupted erythroid differentiation and dramatically elevated the expression of globin genes, which suggests that the functions of TPR in erythropoiesis are highly conserved in vertebrates. Taken together, this study revealed that Tpr played vital roles in chromatin condensation and gene regulation during erythroid maturation in vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Wu
- Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Kai Chen
- Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Tao Xu
- Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Central Laboratory, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Ke Ma
- Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Lei Gao
- Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Cong Fu
- Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenjuan Zhang
- Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Changbin Jing
- Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Chunguang Ren
- Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Min Deng
- Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Medical Genomics, Shanghai Institute of Hematology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi Zhou
- Stem Cell Program, Hematology/Oncology Program at Children’s Hospital Boston, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Weijun Pan
- Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoe Jia
- Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Hypoxic Translational Medicine, Baotou Medical College, Baotou, China
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Liu X, Zhang W, Jing C, Gao L, Fu C, Ren C, Hao Y, Cao M, Ma K, Pan W, Li D. Mutation of Gemin5 Causes Defective Hematopoietic Stem/Progenitor Cells Proliferation in Zebrafish Embryonic Hematopoiesis. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:670654. [PMID: 33996826 PMCID: PMC8120239 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.670654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Fate determination and expansion of Hematopoietic Stem and Progenitor Cells (HSPCs) is tightly regulated on both transcriptional and post-transcriptional level. Although transcriptional regulation of HSPCs have achieved a lot of advances, its post-transcriptional regulation remains largely underexplored. The small size and high fecundity of zebrafish makes it extraordinarily suitable to explore novel genes playing key roles in definitive hematopoiesis by large-scale forward genetics screening. Here, we reported a novel zebrafish mutant line gemin5 cas008 with a point mutation in gemin5 gene obtained by ENU mutagenesis and genetic screening, causing an earlier stop codon next to the fifth WD repeat. Gemin5 is an RNA-binding protein with multifunction in post-transcriptional regulation, such as regulating the biogenesis of snRNPs, alternative splicing, stress response, and translation control. The mutants displayed specific deficiency in definitive hematopoiesis without obvious defects during primitive hematopoiesis. Further analysis showed the impaired definitive hematopoiesis was due to defective proliferation of HSPCs. Overall, our results indicate that Gemin5 performs an essential role in regulating HSPCs proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofen Liu
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenjuan Zhang
- Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Changbin Jing
- Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Lei Gao
- Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Cong Fu
- Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Chunguang Ren
- Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yimei Hao
- Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Mengye Cao
- Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Ke Ma
- Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Clinical Research and Translation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fujian, China
| | - Weijun Pan
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Dantong Li
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
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6
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Zeng R, Brown AD, Rogers LS, Lawrence OT, Clark JI, Sisneros JA. Age-related loss of auditory sensitivity in the zebrafish (Danio rerio). Hear Res 2021; 403:108189. [PMID: 33556775 DOI: 10.1016/j.heares.2021.108189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 01/10/2021] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Age-related hearing loss (ARHL), also known as presbycusis, is a widespread and debilitating condition impacting many older adults. Conventionally, researchers utilize mammalian model systems or human cadaveric tissue to study ARHL pathology. Recently, the zebrafish has become an effective and tractable model system for a wide variety of genetic and environmental auditory insults, but little is known about the incidence or extent of ARHL in zebrafish and other non-mammalian models. Here, we evaluated whether zebrafish exhibit age-related loss in auditory sensitivity. The auditory sensitivity of adult wild-type zebrafish (AB/WIK strain) from three adult age subgroups (13-month, 20-month, and 37-month) was characterized using the auditory evoked potential (AEP) recording technique. AEPs were elicited using pure tone stimuli (115-4500 Hz) presented via an underwater loudspeaker and recorded using shielded subdermal metal electrodes. Based on measures of sound pressure and particle acceleration, the mean AEP thresholds of 37-month-old fish [mean sound pressure level (SPL) = 122.2 dB ± 2.2 dB SE re: 1 μPa; mean particle acceleration level (PAL) = -27.5 ± 2.3 dB SE re: 1 ms-2] were approximately 9 dB higher than that of 20-month-old fish [(mean SPL = 113.1 ± 2.7 dB SE re: 1 μPa; mean PAL = -37.2 ± 2.8 dB re: 1 ms-2; p = 0.007)] and 6 dB higher than that of 13-month-old fish [(mean SPL = 116.3 ± 2.5 dB SE re: 1 μPa; mean PAL = -34.1 ± 2.6 dB SE re: 1 ms-2; p = 0.052)]. Lowest AEP thresholds for all three age groups were generally between 800 Hz and 1850 Hz, with no evidence for frequency-specific age-related loss. Our results suggest that zebrafish undergo age-related loss in auditory sensitivity, but the form and magnitude of loss is markedly different than in mammals, including humans. Future work is needed to further describe the incidence and extent of ARHL across vertebrate groups and to determine which, if any, ARHL mechanisms may be conserved across vertebrates to support meaningful comparative/translational studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiyu Zeng
- Department of Psychology, University of Washington, 413 Guthrie Hall, Box 351525, Seattle, WA 98195, United States.
| | - Andrew D Brown
- Department of Speech and Hearing Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105, United States; Virginia Merrill Bloedel Hearing Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, United States
| | - Loranzie S Rogers
- Department of Psychology, University of Washington, 413 Guthrie Hall, Box 351525, Seattle, WA 98195, United States
| | - Owen T Lawrence
- Department of Biological Structure, University of Washington, Seattle, 98195, United States
| | - John I Clark
- Department of Biological Structure, University of Washington, Seattle, 98195, United States; Department of Ophthalmology, University of Washington, Seattle, 98195, United States
| | - Joseph A Sisneros
- Department of Psychology, University of Washington, 413 Guthrie Hall, Box 351525, Seattle, WA 98195, United States; Virginia Merrill Bloedel Hearing Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, United States; Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, United States
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7
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VCAM-1 + macrophages guide the homing of HSPCs to a vascular niche. Nature 2018; 564:119-124. [PMID: 30455424 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-018-0709-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2017] [Accepted: 09/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Haematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) give rise to all blood lineages that support the entire lifespan of vertebrates1. After HSPCs emerge from endothelial cells within the developing dorsal aorta, homing allows the nascent cells to anchor in their niches for further expansion and differentiation2-5. Unique niche microenvironments, composed of various blood vessels as units of microcirculation and other niche components such as stromal cells, regulate this process6-9. However, the detailed architecture of the microenvironment and the mechanism for the regulation of HSPC homing remain unclear. Here, using advanced live imaging and a cell-labelling system, we perform high-resolution analyses of the HSPC homing in caudal haematopoietic tissue of zebrafish (equivalent to the fetal liver in mammals), and reveal the role of the vascular architecture in the regulation of HSPC retention. We identify a VCAM-1+ macrophage-like niche cell population that patrols the inner surface of the venous plexus, interacts with HSPCs in an ITGA4-dependent manner, and directs HSPC retention. These cells, named 'usher cells', together with caudal venous capillaries and plexus, define retention hotspots within the homing microenvironment. Thus, the study provides insights into the mechanism of HSPC homing and reveals the essential role of a VCAM-1+ macrophage population with patrolling behaviour in HSPC retention.
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Yin G, Du M, Li R, Li K, Huang X, Duan D, Ai X, Yao F, Zhang L, Hu Z, Wu B. Glia maturation factor beta is required for reactive gliosis after traumatic brain injury in zebrafish. Exp Neurol 2018; 305:129-138. [DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2018.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2017] [Revised: 03/22/2018] [Accepted: 04/11/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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9
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Hugo SE, Schlegel A. A Genetic Model to Study Increased Hexosamine Biosynthetic Flux. Endocrinology 2017; 158:2420-2426. [PMID: 28582574 PMCID: PMC5551556 DOI: 10.1210/en.2017-00359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2017] [Accepted: 05/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Recently, we identified harvest moon (hmn), a fully penetrant and expressive recessive zebrafish mutant with hepatic steatosis. Larvae showed increased triacylglycerol in the absence of other obvious defects. When we attempted to raise these otherwise normal-appearing mutants to adulthood, we observed a developmental arrest and death in the early juvenile period. In this study, we report the positional cloning of the hmn locus and characterization of the defects caused by the mutation. Using bulk segregant analysis and fine mapping, we find that hmn mutants harbor a point mutation in an invariant residue within the sugar isomerase 1 domain of the gene encoding the rate-limiting enzyme of the hexosamine biosynthetic pathway (HBP) glutamine-fructose-6-phosphate transamidase (Gfpt1). The mutated protein shows increased abundance. The HBP generates β-N-acetyl-glucosamine (GlcNAc) as a spillover pathway from glucose. GlcNAc can be O-linked to seryl and threonyl residues of diverse cellular proteins (O-GlcNAc modification). Although some of these O-GlcNAc modifications serve an essential structural role, many others are dynamically generated on signaling molecules, including several impacting insulin signaling. We find that gfpt1 mutants show global increase in O-GlcNAc modification, and, surprisingly, lower fasting blood glucose in males. Taken together with our previously reported work, the gfpt1 mutant we isolated demonstrates that global increase in O-GlcNAc modification causes some severe insulin resistance phenotypes (hepatic steatosis and runting) but does not cause hyperglycemia. This animal model will provide a platform for dissecting how O-GlcNAc modification alters insulin responsiveness in multiple tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E. Hugo
- University of Utah Molecular Medicine Program, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112
| | - Amnon Schlegel
- University of Utah Molecular Medicine Program, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112
- Department of Nutrition and Integrative Physiology, College of Health, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112
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10
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Mutation of kri1l causes definitive hematopoiesis failure via PERK-dependent excessive autophagy induction. Cell Res 2015; 25:946-62. [PMID: 26138676 PMCID: PMC4528055 DOI: 10.1038/cr.2015.81] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2015] [Revised: 05/03/2015] [Accepted: 05/28/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Dysregulation of ribosome biogenesis causes human diseases, such as Diamond-Blackfan anemia, del (5q-) syndrome and bone marrow failure. However, the mechanisms of blood disorders in these diseases remain elusive. Through genetic mapping, molecular cloning and mechanism characterization of the zebrafish mutant cas002, we reveal a novel connection between ribosomal dysfunction and excessive autophagy in the regulation of hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells (HSPCs). cas002 carries a recessive lethal mutation in kri1l gene that encodes an essential component of rRNA small subunit processome. We show that Kri1l is required for normal ribosome biogenesis, expansion of definitive HSPCs and subsequent lineage differentiation. Through live imaging and biochemical studies, we find that loss of Kri1l causes the accumulation of misfolded proteins and excessive PERK activation-dependent autophagy in HSPCs. Blocking autophagy but not inhibiting apoptosis by Bcl2 overexpression can fully rescue hematopoietic defects, but not the lethality of kri1lcas002 embryos. Treatment with autophagy inhibitors (3-MA and Baf A1) or PERK inhibitor (GSK2656157), or knockdown of beclin1 or perk can markedly restore HSPC proliferation and definitive hematopoietic cell differentiation. These results may provide leads for effective therapeutics that benefit patients with anemia or bone marrow failure caused by ribosome disorders.
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Gao L, Li D, Ma K, Zhang W, Xu T, Fu C, Jing C, Jia X, Wu S, Sun X, Dong M, Deng M, Chen Y, Zhu W, Peng J, Wan F, Zhou Y, Zon LI, Pan W. TopBP1 Governs Hematopoietic Stem/Progenitor Cells Survival in Zebrafish Definitive Hematopoiesis. PLoS Genet 2015; 11:e1005346. [PMID: 26131719 PMCID: PMC4488437 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1005346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2015] [Accepted: 06/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In vertebrate definitive hematopoiesis, nascent hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells (HSPCs) migrate to and reside in proliferative hematopoietic microenvironment for transitory expansion. In this process, well-established DNA damage response pathways are vital to resolve the replication stress, which is deleterious for genome stability and cell survival. However, the detailed mechanism on the response and repair of the replication stress-induced DNA damage during hematopoietic progenitor expansion remains elusive. Here we report that a novel zebrafish mutantcas003 with nonsense mutation in topbp1 gene encoding topoisomerase II β binding protein 1 (TopBP1) exhibits severe definitive hematopoiesis failure. Homozygous topbp1cas003 mutants manifest reduced number of HSPCs during definitive hematopoietic cell expansion, without affecting the formation and migration of HSPCs. Moreover, HSPCs in the caudal hematopoietic tissue (an equivalent of the fetal liver in mammals) in topbp1cas003 mutant embryos are more sensitive to hydroxyurea (HU) treatment. Mechanistically, subcellular mislocalization of TopBP1cas003 protein results in ATR/Chk1 activation failure and DNA damage accumulation in HSPCs, and eventually induces the p53-dependent apoptosis of HSPCs. Collectively, this study demonstrates a novel and vital role of TopBP1 in the maintenance of HSPCs genome integrity and survival during hematopoietic progenitor expansion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Gao
- Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences & Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Dantong Li
- Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences & Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ke Ma
- Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences & Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenjuan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences & Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Tao Xu
- Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences & Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Cong Fu
- Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences & Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Changbin Jing
- Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences & Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoe Jia
- Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences & Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Shuang Wu
- Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences & Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xin Sun
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Mei Dong
- Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences & Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Min Deng
- Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences & Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Medical Genomics, Shanghai Institute of Hematology, RuiJin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenge Zhu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The George Washington University Medical School, Washington, D.C., United States of America
| | - Jinrong Peng
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Fengyi Wan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Department of Oncology and The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Yi Zhou
- Stem Cell Program, Hematology/Oncology Program at Children's Hospital Boston and Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Leonard I. Zon
- Stem Cell Program, Hematology/Oncology Program at Children's Hospital Boston and Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Weijun Pan
- Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences & Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- * E-mail:
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12
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Peng X, Dong M, Ma L, Jia XE, Mao J, Jin C, Chen Y, Gao L, Liu X, Ma K, Wang L, Du T, Jin Y, Huang Q, Li K, Zon LI, Liu T, Deng M, Zhou Y, Xi X, Zhou Y, Chen S. A point mutation of zebrafish c-cbl gene in the ring finger domain produces a phenotype mimicking human myeloproliferative disease. Leukemia 2015; 29:2355-65. [PMID: 26104663 DOI: 10.1038/leu.2015.154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2015] [Revised: 05/09/2015] [Accepted: 05/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Controlled self-renewal and differentiation of hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells (HSPCs) are critical for vertebrate development and survival. These processes are tightly regulated by the transcription factors, signaling molecules and epigenetic factors. Impaired regulations of their function could result in hematological malignancies. Using a large-scale zebrafish N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea mutagenesis screening, we identified a line named LDD731, which presented significantly increased HSPCs in hematopoietic organs. Further analysis revealed that the cells of erythroid/myeloid lineages in definitive hematopoiesis were increased while the primitive hematopoiesis was not affected. The homozygous mutation was lethal with a median survival time around 14-15 days post fertilization. The causal mutation was located by positional cloning in the c-cbl gene, the human ortholog of which, c-CBL, is found frequently mutated in myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPN) or acute leukemia. Sequence analysis showed the mutation in LDD731 caused a histidine-to-tyrosine substitution of the amino acid codon 382 within the RING finger domain of c-Cbl. Moreover, the myeloproliferative phenotype in zebrafish seemed dependent on the Flt3 (fms-like tyrosine kinase 3) signaling, consistent with that observed in both mice and humans. Our study may shed new light on the pathogenesis of MPN and provide a useful in vivo vertebrate model of this syndrome for screening drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Peng
- State Key Laboratory for Medical Genomics, Shanghai Institute of Hematology, RuiJin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University (SJTU) School of Medicine, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Systems Biomedicine, SJTU, Shanghai, China
| | - M Dong
- Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences and Graduate University, Chinese Academy of Sciences & Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - L Ma
- State Key Laboratory for Medical Genomics, Shanghai Institute of Hematology, RuiJin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University (SJTU) School of Medicine, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Systems Biomedicine, SJTU, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Center for Systems Biomedicine, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Systems Biomedicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - X-E Jia
- Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences and Graduate University, Chinese Academy of Sciences & Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - J Mao
- State Key Laboratory for Medical Genomics, Shanghai Institute of Hematology, RuiJin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University (SJTU) School of Medicine, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Systems Biomedicine, SJTU, Shanghai, China
| | - C Jin
- Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences and Graduate University, Chinese Academy of Sciences & Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Y Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Medical Genomics, Shanghai Institute of Hematology, RuiJin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University (SJTU) School of Medicine, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Systems Biomedicine, SJTU, Shanghai, China
| | - L Gao
- Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences and Graduate University, Chinese Academy of Sciences & Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - X Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Medical Genomics, Shanghai Institute of Hematology, RuiJin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University (SJTU) School of Medicine, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Systems Biomedicine, SJTU, Shanghai, China
| | - K Ma
- Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences and Graduate University, Chinese Academy of Sciences & Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - L Wang
- Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences and Graduate University, Chinese Academy of Sciences & Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - T Du
- State Key Laboratory for Medical Genomics, Shanghai Institute of Hematology, RuiJin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University (SJTU) School of Medicine, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Systems Biomedicine, SJTU, Shanghai, China
| | - Y Jin
- State Key Laboratory for Medical Genomics, Shanghai Institute of Hematology, RuiJin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University (SJTU) School of Medicine, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Systems Biomedicine, SJTU, Shanghai, China
| | - Q Huang
- State Key Laboratory for Medical Genomics, Shanghai Institute of Hematology, RuiJin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University (SJTU) School of Medicine, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Systems Biomedicine, SJTU, Shanghai, China
| | - K Li
- State Key Laboratory for Medical Genomics, Shanghai Institute of Hematology, RuiJin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University (SJTU) School of Medicine, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Systems Biomedicine, SJTU, Shanghai, China
| | - L I Zon
- Stem Cell Program at Boston Children's Hospital, Hematology/Oncology Program at Children's Hospital and Dana Faber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - T Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Medical Genomics, Shanghai Institute of Hematology, RuiJin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University (SJTU) School of Medicine, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Systems Biomedicine, SJTU, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences and Graduate University, Chinese Academy of Sciences & Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - M Deng
- Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences and Graduate University, Chinese Academy of Sciences & Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Y Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences and Graduate University, Chinese Academy of Sciences & Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - X Xi
- State Key Laboratory for Medical Genomics, Shanghai Institute of Hematology, RuiJin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University (SJTU) School of Medicine, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Systems Biomedicine, SJTU, Shanghai, China
| | - Y Zhou
- Stem Cell Program at Boston Children's Hospital, Hematology/Oncology Program at Children's Hospital and Dana Faber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - S Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Medical Genomics, Shanghai Institute of Hematology, RuiJin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University (SJTU) School of Medicine, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Systems Biomedicine, SJTU, Shanghai, China
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13
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Liu X, Jia X, Yuan H, Ma K, Chen Y, Jin Y, Deng M, Pan W, Chen S, Chen Z, de The H, Zon LI, Zhou Y, Zhou J, Zhu J. DNA methyltransferase 1 functions through C/ebpa to maintain hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells in zebrafish. J Hematol Oncol 2015; 8:15. [PMID: 25886310 PMCID: PMC4372312 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-015-0115-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2014] [Accepted: 01/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background DNA methyltransferase 1 (Dnmt1) regulates expression of many critical genes through maintaining parental DNA methylation patterns on daughter DNA strands during mitosis. It is essential for embryonic development and diverse biological processes, including maintenance of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs). However, the precise molecular mechanism of how Dnmt1 is involved in HSPC maintenance remains unexplored. Methods An N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea (ENU)-based genetic screening was performed to identify putative mutants with defects in definitive HSPCs during hematopoiesis in zebrafish. The expression of hematopoietic markers was analyzed via whole mount in situ hybridization assay (WISH). Positional cloning approach was carried out to identify the gene responsible for the defective definitive hematopoiesis in the mutants. Analyses of the mechanism were conducted by morpholino-mediated gene knockdown, mRNA injection rescue assays, anti-phosphorylated histone H3 (pH3) immunostaining and TUNEL assay, quantitative real-time PCR, and bisulfite sequencing analysis. Results A heritable mutant line with impaired HSPCs of definitive hematopoiesis was identified. Positional cloning demonstrated that a stop codon mutation was introduced in dnmt1 which resulted in a predicted truncated Dnmt1 lacking the DNA methylation catalytic domain. Molecular analysis revealed that expression of CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein alpha (C/ebpa) was upregulated, which correlated with hypomethylation of CpG islands in the regulation regions of cebpa gene in Dnmt1 deficient HSPCs. Overexpression of a transcriptional repressive SUMO-C/ebpa fusion protein could rescue hematological defects in the dnmt1 mutants. Finally, dnmt1 and cebpa double null embryos exhibited no obvious abnormal hematopoiesis indicated that the HSPC defects triggered by dnmt1 mutation were C/ebpa dependent. Conclusions Dnmt1 is required for HSPC maintenance via cebpa regulation during definitive hematopoiesis in zebrafish. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13045-015-0115-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohui Liu
- CNRS-LIA124, Sino-French Research Center for Life Sciences and Genomics, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Rui Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China.
| | - Xiaoe Jia
- Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences & Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200031, China.
| | - Hao Yuan
- CNRS-LIA124, Sino-French Research Center for Life Sciences and Genomics, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Rui Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China.
| | - Ke Ma
- Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences & Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200031, China.
| | - Yi Chen
- Laboratory of Development and Diseases, State Key Laboratory for Medical Genomics, Shanghai Institute of Hematology, Rui Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China.
| | - Yi Jin
- Laboratory of Development and Diseases, State Key Laboratory for Medical Genomics, Shanghai Institute of Hematology, Rui Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China.
| | - Min Deng
- Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences & Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200031, China.
| | - Weijun Pan
- Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences & Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200031, China.
| | - Saijuan Chen
- CNRS-LIA124, Sino-French Research Center for Life Sciences and Genomics, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Rui Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China.
| | - Zhu Chen
- CNRS-LIA124, Sino-French Research Center for Life Sciences and Genomics, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Rui Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China.
| | - Hugues de The
- CNRS-LIA124, Sino-French Research Center for Life Sciences and Genomics, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Rui Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China. .,Equipe Labellisée No. 11 Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer, Hôpital St. Louis, Université de Paris 7/INSERM/CNRS UMR 944/7212, 75475, Paris, France.
| | - Leonard I Zon
- Stem Cell Program, Hematology/Oncology Program at Children's Hospital Boston, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, USA.
| | - Yi Zhou
- Stem Cell Program, Hematology/Oncology Program at Children's Hospital Boston, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, USA.
| | - Jun Zhou
- CNRS-LIA124, Sino-French Research Center for Life Sciences and Genomics, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Rui Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China.
| | - Jun Zhu
- CNRS-LIA124, Sino-French Research Center for Life Sciences and Genomics, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Rui Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China. .,Equipe Labellisée No. 11 Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer, Hôpital St. Louis, Université de Paris 7/INSERM/CNRS UMR 944/7212, 75475, Paris, France.
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14
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Geng FS, Abbas L, Baxendale S, Holdsworth CJ, Swanson AG, Slanchev K, Hammerschmidt M, Topczewski J, Whitfield TT. Semicircular canal morphogenesis in the zebrafish inner ear requires the function of gpr126 (lauscher), an adhesion class G protein-coupled receptor gene. Development 2013; 140:4362-74. [PMID: 24067352 PMCID: PMC4007713 DOI: 10.1242/dev.098061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Morphogenesis of the semicircular canal ducts in the vertebrate inner ear is a dramatic example of epithelial remodelling in the embryo, and failure of normal canal development results in vestibular dysfunction. In zebrafish and Xenopus, semicircular canal ducts develop when projections of epithelium, driven by extracellular matrix production, push into the otic vesicle and fuse to form pillars. We show that in the zebrafish, extracellular matrix gene expression is high during projection outgrowth and then rapidly downregulated after fusion. Enzymatic disruption of hyaluronan in the projections leads to their collapse and a failure to form pillars: as a result, the ears swell. We have cloned a zebrafish mutant, lauscher (lau), identified by its swollen ear phenotype. The primary defect in the ear is abnormal projection outgrowth and a failure of fusion to form the semicircular canal pillars. Otic expression of extracellular matrix components is highly disrupted: several genes fail to become downregulated and remain expressed at abnormally high levels into late larval stages. The lau mutations disrupt gpr126, an adhesion class G protein-coupled receptor gene. Expression of gpr126 is similar to that of sox10, an ear and neural crest marker, and is partially dependent on sox10 activity. Fusion of canal projections and downregulation of otic versican expression in a hypomorphic lau allele can be restored by cAMP agonists. We propose that Gpr126 acts through a cAMP-mediated pathway to control the outgrowth and adhesion of canal projections in the zebrafish ear via the regulation of extracellular matrix gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan-Suo Geng
- MRC Centre for Developmental and Biomedical Genetics and Department of Biomedical Science, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK
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15
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Varshney GK, Lu J, Gildea DE, Huang H, Pei W, Yang Z, Huang SC, Schoenfeld D, Pho NH, Casero D, Hirase T, Mosbrook-Davis D, Zhang S, Jao LE, Zhang B, Woods IG, Zimmerman S, Schier AF, Wolfsberg TG, Pellegrini M, Burgess SM, Lin S. A large-scale zebrafish gene knockout resource for the genome-wide study of gene function. Genome Res 2013; 23:727-35. [PMID: 23382537 PMCID: PMC3613589 DOI: 10.1101/gr.151464.112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
With the completion of the zebrafish genome sequencing project, it becomes possible to analyze the function of zebrafish genes in a systematic way. The first step in such an analysis is to inactivate each protein-coding gene by targeted or random mutation. Here we describe a streamlined pipeline using proviral insertions coupled with high-throughput sequencing and mapping technologies to widely mutagenize genes in the zebrafish genome. We also report the first 6144 mutagenized and archived F1's predicted to carry up to 3776 mutations in annotated genes. Using in vitro fertilization, we have rescued and characterized ∼0.5% of the predicted mutations, showing mutation efficacy and a variety of phenotypes relevant to both developmental processes and human genetic diseases. Mutagenized fish lines are being made freely available to the public through the Zebrafish International Resource Center. These fish lines establish an important milestone for zebrafish genetics research and should greatly facilitate systematic functional studies of the vertebrate genome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaurav K Varshney
- Developmental Genomics Section, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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16
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Li X, Lan Y, Xu J, Zhang W, Wen Z. SUMO1-activating enzyme subunit 1 is essential for the survival of hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells in zebrafish. Development 2013; 139:4321-9. [PMID: 23132242 DOI: 10.1242/dev.081869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In vertebrates, establishment of the hematopoietic stem/progenitor cell (HSPC) pool involves mobilization of these cells in successive developmental hematopoietic niches. In zebrafish, HSPCs originate from the ventral wall of the dorsal aorta (VDA), the equivalent of the mammalian aorta-gonad-mesonephros (AGM). The HSPCs subsequently migrate to the caudal hematopoietic tissue (CHT) for transitory expansion and differentiation during the larval stage, and they finally colonize the kidney, where hematopoiesis takes place in adult fish. Here, we report the isolation and characterization of a zebrafish mutant, tango(hkz5), which shows defects of definitive hematopoiesis. In tango(hkz5) mutants, HSPCs initiate normally in the AGM and subsequently colonize the CHT. However, definitive hematopoiesis is not sustained in the CHT owing to accelerated apoptosis and diminished proliferation of HSPCs. Positional cloning reveals that tango(hkz5) encodes SUMO1-activating enzyme subunit 1 (Sae1). A chimera generation experiment and biochemistry analysis reveal that sae1 is cell-autonomously required for definitive hematopoiesis and that the tango(hkz5) mutation produces a truncated Sae1 protein (ΔSae1), resulting in systemic reduction of sumoylation. Our findings demonstrate that sae1 is essential for the maintenance of HSPCs during fetal hematopoiesis in zebrafish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuling Li
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, Center of Systems Biology and Human Health, Division of Life Science, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, P. R. China
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17
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Jing CB, Chen Y, Dong M, Peng XL, Jia XE, Gao L, Ma K, Deng M, Liu TX, Zon LI, Zhu J, Zhou Y, Zhou Y. Phospholipase C gamma-1 is required for granulocyte maturation in zebrafish. Dev Biol 2012; 374:24-31. [PMID: 23220656 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2012.11.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2012] [Revised: 11/05/2012] [Accepted: 11/28/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The regulation of hematopoiesis is generally evolutionarily conserved from zebrafish to mammals, including hematopoietic stem cell formation and blood cell lineage differentiation. In zebrafish, primitive granulocytes originate at two distinct regions, the anterior lateral plate mesoderm (A-LPM) and the intermediate cell mass (ICM). Few studies in the zebrafish have examined genes specifically required for the granulocytic lineage. In this study, we identified the responsible gene for a zebrafish mutant that has relatively normal hematopoiesis, except decreased expression of the granulocyte-specific gene mpx. Positional cloning revealed that phospholipase C gamma-1 (plcg1) was mutated. Deficiency of plcg1 function specifically affected development of granulocytes, especially the maturation process. These results suggested that plcg1 functioned specifically in zebrafish ICM granulopoiesis for the first time. Our studies suggest that specific pathways regulate the differentiation of the hematopoietic lineages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Bin Jing
- Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, Laboratory of Development and Diseases, Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine & Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200025, People's Republic of China
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18
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Verduzco D, Dovey JS, Shukla AA, Kodym E, Skaug BA, Amatruda JF. Multiple isoforms of CDC25 oppose ATM activity to maintain cell proliferation during vertebrate development. Mol Cancer Res 2012; 10:1451-61. [PMID: 22986406 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-12-0072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The early development of vertebrate embryos is characterized by rapid cell proliferation necessary to support the embryo's growth. During this period, the embryo must maintain a balance between ongoing cell proliferation and mechanisms that arrest or delay the cell cycle to repair oxidative damage and other genotoxic stresses. The ataxia-telangiectasia mutated (ATM) kinase is a critical regulator of the response to DNA damage, acting through downstream effectors, such as p53 and checkpoint kinases (CHK) to mediate cell-cycle checkpoints in the presence of DNA damage. Mice and humans with inactivating mutations in ATM are viable but have increased susceptibility to cancers. The possible role of ATM in limiting cell proliferation in early embryos has not been fully defined. One target of ATM and CHKs is the Cdc25 phosphatase, which facilitates cell-cycle progression by removing inhibitory phosphates from cyclin-dependent kinases (CDK). We have identified a zebrafish mutant, standstill, with an inactivating mutation in cdc25a. Loss of cdc25a in the zebrafish leads to accumulation of cells in late G(2) phase. We find that the novel family member cdc25d is essential for early development in the absence of cdc25a, establishing for the first time that cdc25d is active in vivo in zebrafish. Surprisingly, we find that cell-cycle progression in cdc25a mutants can be rescued by chemical or genetic inhibition of ATM. Checkpoint activation in cdc25a mutants occurs despite the absence of increased DNA damage, highlighting the role of Cdc25 proteins to balance constitutive ATM activity during early embryonic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Verduzco
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, MC 8534, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
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19
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Prendergast A, Linbo TH, Swarts T, Ungos JM, McGraw HF, Krispin S, Weinstein BM, Raible DW. The metalloproteinase inhibitor Reck is essential for zebrafish DRG development. Development 2012; 139:1141-52. [PMID: 22296847 DOI: 10.1242/dev.072439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The neural crest is a migratory, multipotent cell lineage that contributes to myriad tissues, including sensory neurons and glia of the dorsal root ganglia (DRG). To identify genes affecting cell fate specification in neural crest, we performed a forward genetic screen for mutations causing DRG deficiencies in zebrafish. This screen yielded a mutant lacking all DRG, which we named sensory deprived (sdp). We identified a total of four alleles of sdp, all of which possess lesions in the gene coding for reversion-inducing cysteine-rich protein containing Kazal motifs (Reck). Reck is an inhibitor of metalloproteinases previously shown to regulate cell motility. We found reck function to be both necessary for DRG formation and sufficient to rescue the sdp phenotype. reck is expressed in neural crest cells and is required in a cell-autonomous fashion for appropriate sensory neuron formation. In the absence of reck function, sensory neuron precursors fail to migrate to the position of the DRG, suggesting that this molecule is crucial for proper migration and differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Prendergast
- Graduate Program in Neurobiology and Behavior, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195-7420, USA
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20
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Abstract
The pipid frog Xenopus tropicalis has emerged as a powerful new model system for combining genetic and genomic analysis of tetrapod development with robust embryological, molecular, and biochemical assays. Its early development closely resembles that of its well-understood relative X. laevis, from which techniques and reagents can be readily transferred. In contrast to the tetraploid X. laevis, X. tropicalis has a compact diploid genome with strong synteny to those of amniotes. Recently, advances in high-throughput sequencing together with solution-hybridization whole-exome enrichment technology offer powerful strategies for cloning novel mutations as well as reverse genetic identification of sequence lesions in specific genes of interest. Further advantages include the wide range of functional and molecular assays available, the large number of embryos/meioses produced, and the ease of haploid genetics and gynogenesis. The addition of these genetic tools to X. tropicalis provides a uniquely flexible platform for analysis of gene function in vertebrate development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy J. Geach
- National Institute for Medical Research, The Ridgeway, Mill Hill, London, NW7 1AA United Kingdom
| | | | - Lyle B. Zimmerman
- National Institute for Medical Research, The Ridgeway, Mill Hill, London, NW7 1AA United Kingdom
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21
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Hirata H, Wen H, Kawakami Y, Naganawa Y, Ogino K, Yamada K, Saint-Amant L, Low SE, Cui WW, Zhou W, Sprague SM, Asakawa K, Muto A, Kawakami K, Kuwada JY. Connexin 39.9 protein is necessary for coordinated activation of slow-twitch muscle and normal behavior in zebrafish. J Biol Chem 2011; 287:1080-9. [PMID: 22075003 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.308205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
In many tissues and organs, connexin proteins assemble between neighboring cells to form gap junctions. These gap junctions facilitate direct intercellular communication between adjoining cells, allowing for the transmission of both chemical and electrical signals. In rodents, gap junctions are found in differentiating myoblasts and are important for myogenesis. Although gap junctions were once believed to be absent from differentiated skeletal muscle in mammals, recent studies in teleosts revealed that differentiated muscle does express connexins and is electrically coupled, at least at the larval stage. These findings raised questions regarding the functional significance of gap junctions in differentiated muscle. Our analysis of gap junctions in muscle began with the isolation of a zebrafish motor mutant that displayed weak coiling at day 1 of development, a behavior known to be driven by slow-twitch muscle (slow muscle). We identified a missense mutation in the gene encoding Connexin 39.9. In situ hybridization found connexin 39.9 to be expressed by slow muscle. Paired muscle recordings uncovered that wild-type slow muscles are electrically coupled, whereas mutant slow muscles are not. The further examination of cellular activity revealed aberrant, arrhythmic touch-evoked Ca(2+) transients in mutant slow muscle and a reduction in the number of muscle fibers contracting in response to touch in mutants. These results indicate that Connexin 39.9 facilitates the spreading of neuronal inputs, which is irregular during motor development, beyond the muscle cells and that gap junctions play an essential role in the efficient recruitment of slow muscle fibers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiromi Hirata
- Center for Frontier Research, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima 411-8540, Japan.
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22
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Doll CA, Burkart JT, Hope KD, Halpern ME, Gamse JT. Subnuclear development of the zebrafish habenular nuclei requires ER translocon function. Dev Biol 2011; 360:44-57. [PMID: 21945073 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2011.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2011] [Revised: 08/01/2011] [Accepted: 09/05/2011] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The dorsal habenular nuclei (Dh) of the zebrafish are characterized by significant left-right differences in gene expression, anatomy, and connectivity. Notably, the lateral subnucleus of the Dh (LsDh) is larger on the left side of the brain than on the right, while the medial subnucleus (MsDh) is larger on the right compared to the left. A screen for mutations that affect habenular laterality led to the identification of the sec61a-like 1(sec61al1) gene. In sec61al1(c163) mutants, more neurons in the LsDh and fewer in the MsDh develop on both sides of the brain. Generation of neurons in the LsDh occurs more rapidly and continues for a longer time period in mutants than in WT. Expression of Nodal pathway genes on the left side of the embryos is unaffected in mutants, as is the left sided placement of the parapineal organ, which promotes neurogenesis in the LsDh of WT embryos. Ultrastructural analysis of the epithalamus indicates that ventricular precursor cells, which form an epithelium in WT embryos, lose apical-basal polarity in sec61al1(c163) mutants. Our results show that in the absence of sec61al1, an excess of precursor cells for the LsDh exit the ventricular region and differentiate, resulting in formation of bilaterally symmetric habenular nuclei.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caleb A Doll
- Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
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23
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Walsh GS, Grant PK, Morgan JA, Moens CB. Planar polarity pathway and Nance-Horan syndrome-like 1b have essential cell-autonomous functions in neuronal migration. Development 2011; 138:3033-42. [PMID: 21693519 PMCID: PMC3119310 DOI: 10.1242/dev.063842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Components of the planar cell polarity (PCP) pathway are required for the caudal tangential migration of facial branchiomotor (FBM) neurons, but how PCP signaling regulates this migration is not understood. In a forward genetic screen, we identified a new gene, nhsl1b, required for FBM neuron migration. nhsl1b encodes a WAVE-homology domain-containing protein related to human Nance-Horan syndrome (NHS) protein and Drosophila GUK-holder (Gukh), which have been shown to interact with components of the WAVE regulatory complex that controls cytoskeletal dynamics and with the polarity protein Scribble, respectively. Nhsl1b localizes to FBM neuron membrane protrusions and interacts physically and genetically with Scrib to control FBM neuron migration. Using chimeric analysis, we show that FBM neurons have two modes of migration: one involving interactions between the neurons and their planar-polarized environment, and an alternative, collective mode involving interactions between the neurons themselves. We demonstrate that the first mode of migration requires the cell-autonomous functions of Nhsl1b and the PCP components Scrib and Vangl2 in addition to the non-autonomous functions of Scrib and Vangl2, which serve to polarize the epithelial cells in the environment of the migrating neurons. These results define a role for Nhsl1b as a neuronal effector of PCP signaling and indicate that proper FBM neuron migration is directly controlled by PCP signaling between the epithelium and the migrating neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory S Walsh
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Division of Basic Science, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 1100 Fairview Avenue North, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
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24
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Developmental transition of touch response from slow muscle-mediated coilings to fast muscle-mediated burst swimming in zebrafish. Dev Biol 2011; 355:194-204. [PMID: 21554867 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2011.04.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2010] [Revised: 04/06/2011] [Accepted: 04/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
It is well known that slow and fast muscles are used for long-term sustained movement and short bursts of activity, respectively, in adult animal behaviors. However, the contribution of the slow and fast muscles in early animal movement has not been thoroughly explored. In wild-type zebrafish embryos, tactile stimulation induces coilings consisting of 1-3 alternating contractions of the trunk and tail at 24 hours postfertilization (hpf) and burst swimming at 48 hpf. But, embryos defective in flightless I homolog (flii), which encodes for an actin-regulating protein, exhibit normal coilings at 24 hpf that is followed by significantly slower burst swimming at 48 hpf. Interestingly, actin fibers are disorganized in mutant fast muscle but not in mutant slow muscle, suggesting that slower swimming at 48 hpf is attributable to defects of the fast muscle tissue. In fact, perturbation of the fast muscle contractions by eliminating Ca(2+) release only in fast muscle resulted in normal coilings at 24 hpf and slower burst swimming at 48 hpf, just as flii mutants exhibited. In contrast, specific inactivation of slow muscle by knockdown of the slow muscle myosin genes led to complete loss of coilings at 24 hpf, although normal burst swimming was retained by 48 hpf. These findings indicate that coilings at 24 hpf is mediated by slow muscle only, whereas burst swimming at 48 hpf is executed primarily by fast muscle. It is consistent with the fact that differentiation of fast muscle follows that of slow muscle. This is the first direct demonstration that slow and fast muscles have distinct physiologically relevant contribution in early motor development at different stages.
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25
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Du L, Xu J, Li X, Ma N, Liu Y, Peng J, Osato M, Zhang W, Wen Z. Rumba and Haus3 are essential factors for the maintenance of hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells during zebrafish hematopoiesis. Development 2011; 138:619-29. [DOI: 10.1242/dev.054536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The hallmark of vertebrate definitive hematopoiesis is the establishment of the hematopoietic stem/progenitor cell (HSPC) pool during embryogenesis. This process involves a defined ontogenic switching of HSPCs in successive hematopoietic compartments and is evolutionarily conserved from teleost fish to human. In zebrafish, HSPCs originate from the ventral wall of the dorsal aorta (VDA), from which they subsequently mobilize to an intermediate hematopoietic site known as the caudal hematopoietic tissue (CHT) and finally colonize the kidney for adult hematopoiesis. Despite substantial understanding of the ontogeny of HSPCs, the molecular basis governing migration, colonization and maintenance of HSPCs remains to be explored fully. Here, we report the isolation and characterization of two zebrafish mutants, rumbahkz1 and sambahkz2, that are defective in generating definitive hematopoiesis. We find that HSPC initiation in the VDA and subsequent homing to the CHT are not affected in these two mutants. However, the further development of HSPCs in the CHT is compromised in both mutants. Positional cloning reveals that Rumba is a novel nuclear C2H2 zinc-finger factor with unknown function and samba encodes an evolutionarily conserved protein that is homologous to human augmin complex subunit 3 (HAUS3). Furthermore, we show that these two factors independently regulate cell cycle progression of HSPCs and are cell autonomously required for HPSC development in the CHT. Our study identifies Rumba and Haus3 as two essential regulators of HSPC maintenance during zebrafish fetal hematopoiesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linsen Du
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, Department of Biochemistry, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, P.R. China
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Centre for Life Sciences, #02-07, 28 Medical Drive, Singapore 117456
| | - Jin Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, Department of Biochemistry, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, P.R. China
| | - Xiuling Li
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, Department of Biochemistry, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, P.R. China
| | - Ning Ma
- Department of Cell Biology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, P.R. China
| | - Yanmei Liu
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden 01307, Germany
- Laboratory of Experimental Diabetology, Carl Gustav Carus Medical School, Dresden University of Technology, Dresden 01307, Germany
| | - Jinrong Peng
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, 268 Kai Xuan Road, Hangzhou, 310029, P.R. China
| | - Motomi Osato
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Centre for Life Sciences, #02-07, 28 Medical Drive, Singapore 117456
| | - Wenqing Zhang
- Department of Cell Biology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, P.R. China
| | - Zilong Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, Department of Biochemistry, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, P.R. China
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26
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rnaset2 mutant zebrafish model familial cystic leukoencephalopathy and reveal a role for RNase T2 in degrading ribosomal RNA. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2011; 108:1099-103. [PMID: 21199949 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1009811107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
T2-family acidic endoribonucleases are represented in all genomes. A physiological role for RNase T2 has yet to be defined for metazoa. RNASET2 mutation in humans is linked with a leukoencephalopathy that arises in infancy characterized by cortical cysts and multifocal white matter lesions. We now show localization of RNASET2 within lysosomes. Further, we demonstrate that loss of rnaset2 in mutant zebrafish results in accumulation of undigested rRNA within lysosomes within neurons of the brain. Further, by using high field intensity magnetic resonance microimaging, we reveal white matter lesions in these animals comparable to those observed in RNASET2-deficient infants. This correlates with accumulation of Amyloid precursor protein and astrocytes at sites of neurodegeneration. Thus we conclude that familial cystic leukoencephalopathy is a lysosomal storage disorder in which rRNA is the best candidate for the noxious storage material.
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27
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Abstract
The diploid pipid frog Xenopus tropicalis has recently emerged as a powerful new model system for combining genetic and genomic analysis of tetrapod development with embryological and biochemical assays. Its early development closely resembles that of its well-understood tetraploid relative Xenopus laevis, from which techniques and reagents can be readily transferred, but its compact genome is highly syntenic with those of amniotes. Genetic approaches are facilitated by the large number of embryos produced and the ease of haploid genetics and gynogenesis.
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28
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Wühr M, Obholzer N, Megason S, Detrich H, Mitchison T. Live imaging of the cytoskeleton in early cleavage-stage zebrafish embryos. Methods Cell Biol 2011; 101:1-18. [PMID: 21550437 PMCID: PMC6551615 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-387036-0.00001-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The large and transparent cells of cleavage-stage zebrafish embryos provide unique opportunities to study cell division and cytoskeletal dynamics in very large animal cells. Here, we summarize recent progress, from our laboratories and others, on live imaging of the microtubule and actin cytoskeletons during zebrafish embryonic cleavage. First, we present simple protocols for extending the breeding competence of zebrafish mating ensembles throughout the day, which ensures a steady supply of embryos in early cleavage, and for mounting these embryos for imaging. Second, we describe a transgenic zebrafish line [Tg(bactin2:HsENSCONSIN17-282-3xEGFP)hm1] that expresses the green fluorescent protein (GFP)-labeled microtubule-binding part of ensconsin (EMTB-3GFP). We demonstrate that the microtubule-based structures of the early cell cycles can be imaged live, with single microtubule resolution and with high contrast, in this line. Microtubules are much more easily visualized using this tagged binding protein rather than directly labeled tubulin (injected Alexa-647-labeled tubulin), presumably due to lower background from probe molecules not attached to microtubules. Third, we illustrate live imaging of the actin cytoskeleton by injection of the actin-binding fragment of utrophin fused to GFP. Fourth, we compare epifluorescence-, spinning-disc-, laser-scanning-, and two-photon-microscopic modalities for live imaging of the microtubule cytoskeleton in early embryos of our EMTB-3GFP-expressing transgenic line. Finally, we discuss future applications and extensions of our methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Wühr
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - N.D. Obholzer
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - S.G. Megason
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - H.W. Detrich
- Department of Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - T.J. Mitchison
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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29
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Nakano Y, Fujita M, Ogino K, Saint-Amant L, Kinoshita T, Oda Y, Hirata H. Biogenesis of GPI-anchored proteins is essential for surface expression of sodium channels in zebrafish Rohon-Beard neurons to respond to mechanosensory stimulation. Development 2010; 137:1689-98. [PMID: 20392743 DOI: 10.1242/dev.047464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
In zebrafish, Rohon-Beard (RB) neurons are primary sensory neurons present during the embryonic and early larval stages. At 2 days post-fertilization (dpf), wild-type zebrafish embryos respond to mechanosensory stimulation and swim away from the stimuli, whereas mi310 mutants are insensitive to touch. During approximately 2-4 dpf, wild-type RB neurons undergo programmed cell death, which is caused by sodium current-mediated electrical activity, whereas mutant RB cells survive past 4 dpf, suggesting a defect of sodium currents in the mutants. Indeed, electrophysiological recordings demonstrated the generation of action potentials in wild-type RB neurons, whereas mutant RB cells failed to fire owing to the reduction of voltage-gated sodium currents. Labeling of dissociated RB neurons with an antibody against voltage-gated sodium channels revealed that sodium channels are expressed at the cell surface in wild-type, but not mutant, RB neurons. Finally, in mi310 mutants, we identified a mis-sense mutation in pigu, a subunit of GPI (glycosylphosphatidylinositol) transamidase, which is essential for membrane anchoring of GPI-anchored proteins. Taken together, biogenesis of GPI-anchored proteins is necessary for cell surface expression of sodium channels and thus for firings of RB neurons, which enable zebrafish embryos to respond to mechanosensory stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuri Nakano
- Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
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30
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Neumann JC, Dovey JS, Chandler GL, Carbajal L, Amatruda JF. Identification of a heritable model of testicular germ cell tumor in the zebrafish. Zebrafish 2010; 6:319-27. [PMID: 20047465 DOI: 10.1089/zeb.2009.0613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Germ cell tumors (GCTs) affect infants, children, and adults and are the most common cancer type in young men. Progress in understanding the molecular basis of GCTs has been hampered by a lack of suitable animal models. Here we report the identification of a zebrafish model of highly penetrant, heritable testicular GCT isolated as part of a forward genetic screen for cancer susceptibility genes. The mutant line develops spontaneous testicular tumors at a median age of 7 months, and pedigree analysis indicates dominant inheritance of the GCT susceptibility trait. The zebrafish model exhibits disruption of testicular tissue architecture and the accumulation of primitive, spermatogonial-like cells with loss of spermatocytic differentiation. Radiation treatment leads to apoptosis of the tumor cells and tumor regression. The GCT-susceptible line can serve as a model for understanding the mechanisms regulating germ cells in normal development and disease and as a platform investigating new therapeutic approaches for GCTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanie C Neumann
- Department of Pediatrics, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
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31
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Tobin DM, Vary JC, Ray JP, Walsh GS, Dunstan SJ, Bang ND, Hagge DA, Khadge S, King MC, Hawn TR, Moens CB, Ramakrishnan L. The lta4h locus modulates susceptibility to mycobacterial infection in zebrafish and humans. Cell 2010; 140:717-30. [PMID: 20211140 PMCID: PMC2907082 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2010.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 405] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2009] [Revised: 07/10/2009] [Accepted: 02/10/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Exposure to Mycobacterium tuberculosis produces varied early outcomes, ranging from resistance to infection to progressive disease. Here we report results from a forward genetic screen in zebrafish larvae that identify multiple mutant classes with distinct patterns of innate susceptibility to Mycobacterium marinum. A hypersusceptible mutant maps to the lta4h locus encoding leukotriene A(4) hydrolase, which catalyzes the final step in the synthesis of leukotriene B(4) (LTB(4)), a potent chemoattractant and proinflammatory eicosanoid. lta4h mutations confer hypersusceptibility independent of LTB(4) reduction, by redirecting eicosanoid substrates to anti-inflammatory lipoxins. The resultant anti-inflammatory state permits increased mycobacterial proliferation by limiting production of tumor necrosis factor. In humans, we find that protection from both tuberculosis and multibacillary leprosy is associated with heterozygosity for LTA4H polymorphisms that have previously been correlated with differential LTB(4) production. Our results suggest conserved roles for balanced eicosanoid production in vertebrate resistance to mycobacterial infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M. Tobin
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Box 357242, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Jay C. Vary
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Box 357242, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - John P. Ray
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Box 357242, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Gregory S. Walsh
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Division of Basic Science, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109
| | - Sarah J. Dunstan
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Hospital for Tropical Diseases, 190 Ben Ham Tu, Quan 5, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
- Centre for Tropical Medicine, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, Oxford University, OX3 7LJ, UK
| | - Nguyen D. Bang
- Pham Ngoc Thach Hospital for Tuberculosis and Lung Disease, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Deanna A. Hagge
- Mycobacterial Research Laboratory, Anandaban Hospital, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Saraswoti Khadge
- Mycobacterial Research Laboratory, Anandaban Hospital, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Mary-Claire King
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Box 357242, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Box 357242, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Thomas R. Hawn
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Box 357242, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Cecilia B. Moens
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Division of Basic Science, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109
| | - Lalita Ramakrishnan
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Box 357242, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Box 357242, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Box 357242, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
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32
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Snelson CD, Santhakumar K, Halpern ME, Gamse JT. Tbx2b is required for the development of the parapineal organ. Development 2008; 135:1693-702. [PMID: 18385257 DOI: 10.1242/dev.016576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Structural differences between the left and right sides of the brain exist throughout the vertebrate lineage. By studying the zebrafish pineal complex, which exhibits notable asymmetries, both the genes and the cell movements that result in left-right differences can be characterized. The pineal complex consists of the midline pineal organ and the left-sided parapineal organ. The parapineal is responsible for instructing the asymmetric architecture of the bilateral habenulae, the brain nuclei that flank the pineal complex. Using in vivo time-lapse confocal microscopy, we find that the cells that form the parapineal organ migrate as a cluster of cells from the pineal complex anlage to the left side of the brain. In a screen for mutations that disrupted brain laterality, we identified a nonsense mutation in the T-box2b (tbx2b) gene, which encodes a transcription factor expressed in the pineal complex anlage. The tbx2b mutant makes fewer parapineal cells, and they remain as individuals near the midline rather than migrating leftward as a group. The reduced number and incorrect placement of parapineal cells result in symmetric development of the adjacent habenular nuclei. We conclude that tbx2b functions to specify the correct number of parapineal cells and to regulate their asymmetric migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corey D Snelson
- Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, VU Station B, Box 35-1634, Nashville, TN 37235, USA
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33
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Baldessari D, Mione M. How to create the vascular tree? (Latest) help from the zebrafish. Pharmacol Ther 2008; 118:206-30. [PMID: 18439684 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2008.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2008] [Accepted: 02/19/2008] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The cardiovascular system provides oxygen, nutrients and hormones to organs, it directs traffic of metabolites and it maintains tissue homeostasis. It is one of the first organs assembled during vertebrate development and it is essential to life from early stages to adult. For these reasons, the process of vessel formation has being studied for more than a century, but it is only in the late eighties that there has been an explosion of research in the field with the employment of various in vitro and in vivo model systems. The zebrafish (Danio rerio) offers several advantages for in vivo studies; it played a fundamental role in new discoveries and helped to refine our knowledge of the vascular system. This review recapitulates the zebrafish data on vasculogenesis and angiogenesis, including the specification of the haemangioblasts from the mesoderm, their migration to form the vascular cord followed by axial vessels specification, the primary and secondary sprouting of intersomitic vessels, the formation of the lumen, the arterial versus venous specification and patterning. To emphasize the strengths of the zebrafish system in the vascular field, we summarize main tools, such as gene expression and mutagenesis screens, knock down technologies, transgenic lines and imaging, which played a major role in the development of the field and allowed significant discoveries, for instance the recent visualization of the lymphatic system in zebrafish. This information contributes to the prospective of drug discovery to cure human diseases linked to angiogenesis, not last tumours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danila Baldessari
- IFOM-IEO Campus (FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology Foundation-European Institute of Oncology), Via Adamello 16, 20139 Milan, Italy.
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34
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Miller MR, Atwood TS, Eames BF, Eberhart JK, Yan YL, Postlethwait JH, Johnson EA. RAD marker microarrays enable rapid mapping of zebrafish mutations. Genome Biol 2008; 8:R105. [PMID: 17553171 PMCID: PMC2394753 DOI: 10.1186/gb-2007-8-6-r105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2007] [Revised: 04/02/2007] [Accepted: 06/06/2007] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
A RAD marker microarray was constructed to facilitate rapid genetic mapping of zebrafish mutations and used to localize previously unmapped mutations to genomic regions just a few centiMorgans in length. We constructed a restriction site associated DNA (RAD) marker microarray to facilitate rapid genetic mapping of zebrafish mutations. Using these microarrays with a bulk segregant approach, we localized previously unmapped mutations to genomic regions just a few centiMorgans in length. Furthermore, we developed an approach to assay individual RAD markers in pooled populations and refined one region. The RAD approach is highly effective for genetic mapping in zebrafish and is an attractive option for mapping in other organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael R Miller
- Institute of Molecular Biology, University of Oregon, 1370 Franklin Blvd., Eugene, Oregon 97403, USA
- Institute of Neuroscience, University of Oregon, 1370 Franklin Blvd., Eugene, Oregon 97403, USA
| | - Tressa S Atwood
- Institute of Molecular Biology, University of Oregon, 1370 Franklin Blvd., Eugene, Oregon 97403, USA
- FloraGenex, Inc., 1370 Franklin Blvd., Eugene, Oregon 97403, USA
| | - B Frank Eames
- Institute of Neuroscience, University of Oregon, 1370 Franklin Blvd., Eugene, Oregon 97403, USA
| | - Johann K Eberhart
- Institute of Neuroscience, University of Oregon, 1370 Franklin Blvd., Eugene, Oregon 97403, USA
| | - Yi-Lin Yan
- Institute of Neuroscience, University of Oregon, 1370 Franklin Blvd., Eugene, Oregon 97403, USA
| | - John H Postlethwait
- Institute of Neuroscience, University of Oregon, 1370 Franklin Blvd., Eugene, Oregon 97403, USA
| | - Eric A Johnson
- Institute of Molecular Biology, University of Oregon, 1370 Franklin Blvd., Eugene, Oregon 97403, USA
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35
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Abstract
Danio rerio, commonly referred to as the zebrafish, is a powerful animal model for studying the formation of the vasculature. Zebrafish offer unique opportunities for in vivo analysis of blood and lymphatic vessels formation because of their accessibility to large-scale genetic and experimental analysis as well as the small size, optical clarity, and external development of zebrafish embryos and larvae. A wide variety of established techniques are available to study vessel formation in the zebrafish, from early endothelial cell differentiation to adult vessel patterning. In this chapter, we review methods used to functionally manipulate and visualize the vasculature in the zebrafish and illustrate how these methods have helped further understanding of the genetic components regulating formation and patterning of developing vessels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary C McKinney
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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36
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Hirata H, Watanabe T, Hatakeyama J, Sprague SM, Saint-Amant L, Nagashima A, Cui WW, Zhou W, Kuwada JY. Zebrafish relatively relaxed mutants have a ryanodine receptor defect, show slow swimming and provide a model of multi-minicore disease. Development 2007; 134:2771-81. [PMID: 17596281 DOI: 10.1242/dev.004531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Wild-type zebrafish embryos swim away in response to tactile stimulation. By contrast, relatively relaxed mutants swim slowly due to weak contractions of trunk muscles. Electrophysiological recordings from muscle showed that output from the CNS was normal in mutants, suggesting a defect in the muscle. Calcium imaging revealed that Ca2+ transients were reduced in mutant fast muscle. Immunostaining demonstrated that ryanodine and dihydropyridine receptors, which are responsible for Ca2+ release following membrane depolarization, were severely reduced at transverse-tubule/sarcoplasmic reticulum junctions in mutant fast muscle. Thus, slow swimming is caused by weak muscle contractions due to impaired excitation-contraction coupling. Indeed, most of the ryanodine receptor 1b(ryr1b) mRNA in mutants carried a nonsense mutation that was generated by aberrant splicing due to a DNA insertion in an intron of the ryr1b gene, leading to a hypomorphic condition in relatively relaxed mutants. RYR1 mutations in humans lead to a congenital myopathy,multi-minicore disease (MmD), which is defined by amorphous cores in muscle. Electron micrographs showed minicore structures in mutant fast muscles. Furthermore, following the introduction of antisense morpholino oligonucleotides that restored the normal splicing of ryr1b, swimming was recovered in mutants. These findings suggest that zebrafish relatively relaxed mutants may be useful for understanding the development and physiology of MmD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiromi Hirata
- Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan.
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37
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Wang D, Jao LE, Zheng N, Dolan K, Ivey J, Zonies S, Wu X, Wu K, Yang H, Meng Q, Zhu Z, Zhang B, Lin S, Burgess SM. Efficient genome-wide mutagenesis of zebrafish genes by retroviral insertions. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2007; 104:12428-33. [PMID: 17640903 PMCID: PMC1924792 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0705502104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Using a combination of techniques we developed, we infected zebrafish embryos using pseudotyped retroviruses and mapped the genomic locations of the proviral integrations in the F(1) offspring of the infected fish. From F(1) fish, we obtained 2,045 sequences representing 933 unique retroviral integrations. A total of 599 were mappable to the current genomic assembly (Zv6), and 233 of the integrations landed within genes. By inbreeding fish carrying proviral integrations in 25 different genes, we were able to demonstrate that in approximately 50% of the gene "hits," the mRNA transcript levels were reduced by >/=70%, with the highest probability for mutation occurring if the integration was in an exon or first intron. Based on these data, the mutagenic frequency for the retrovirus is nearly one in five integrations. In addition, a strong mutagenic effect is seen when murine leukemia virus integrates specifically in the first intron of genes but not in other introns. Three of 19 gene inactivation events had embryonic defects. Using the strategy we outlined, it is possible to identify 1 mutagenic event for every 30 sequencing reactions done on the F(1) fish. This is a 20- to 30-fold increase in efficiency when compared with the current resequencing approach [targeting induced local lesions in genomes (TILLING)] used in zebrafish for identifying mutations in genes. Combining this increase in efficiency with cryopreservation of sperm samples from the F(1) fish, it is now possible to create a stable resource that contains mutations in every known zebrafish gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongmei Wang
- *Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation, Center of Developmental Biology and Genetics, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Li-En Jao
- Genome Technology Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892-8004
| | - Naizhong Zheng
- *Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation, Center of Developmental Biology and Genetics, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Kyle Dolan
- Genome Technology Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892-8004
| | - Jessica Ivey
- Genome Technology Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892-8004
| | - Seth Zonies
- Genome Technology Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892-8004
| | - Xiaolin Wu
- Laboratory of Molecular Technology, National Cancer Institute, SAIC, Frederick, MD 21701; and
| | - Kangmai Wu
- *Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation, Center of Developmental Biology and Genetics, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Hongbo Yang
- *Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation, Center of Developmental Biology and Genetics, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Qingchao Meng
- *Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation, Center of Developmental Biology and Genetics, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Zuoyan Zhu
- *Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation, Center of Developmental Biology and Genetics, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Bo Zhang
- *Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation, Center of Developmental Biology and Genetics, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100871, China
- To whom correspondence may be addressed. E-mail: , , or
| | - Shuo Lin
- *Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation, Center of Developmental Biology and Genetics, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100871, China
- Department of Molecular, Cell, and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095
- To whom correspondence may be addressed. E-mail: , , or
| | - Shawn M. Burgess
- Genome Technology Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892-8004
- To whom correspondence may be addressed. E-mail: , , or
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Steffen LS, Guyon JR, Vogel ED, Howell MH, Zhou Y, Weber GJ, Zon LI, Kunkel LM. The zebrafish runzel muscular dystrophy is linked to the titin gene. Dev Biol 2007; 309:180-92. [PMID: 17678642 PMCID: PMC2063437 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2007.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2007] [Revised: 05/15/2007] [Accepted: 06/20/2007] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Titin (also called connectin) acts as a scaffold for signaling proteins in muscle and is responsible for establishing and maintaining the structure and elasticity of sarcomeres in striated muscle. Several human muscular dystrophies and cardiomyopathies have previously been linked to mutations in the titin gene. This study reports linkage of the runzel homozygous lethal muscular dystrophy in the zebrafish Danio rerio to a genomic interval containing the titin gene. Analysis of the genomic sequence suggests that zebrafish contain two adjacent titin loci. One titin locus lies within the genetic linkage interval and its expression is significantly reduced in runzel mutants by both immunofluorescence and protein electrophoresis. Morpholino downregulation of this same titin locus in wild-type embryos results in decreased muscle organization and mobility, phenocopying runzel mutants. Additional protein analysis demonstrates that, in wild-type zebrafish, titin isoform sizes are rapidly altered during the development of striated muscle, likely requiring a previously unrecognized need for vertebrate sarcomere remodeling to incorporate developmentally regulated titin isoforms. Decreases of affected titin isoforms in runzel mutants during this time correlate with a progressive loss of sarcomeric organization and suggest that the unaffected titin proteins are capable of sarcomerogenesis but not sarcomere maintenance. In addition, microarray analysis of the ruz transcriptome suggests a novel mechanism of dystrophy pathogenesis, involving mild increases in calpain-3 expression and upregulation of heat shock proteins. These studies should lead to a better understanding of titin's role in normal and diseased muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leta S Steffen
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, and Program in Genomics, Children's Hospital, 300 Longwood Ave., Boston, MA, USA.
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Iwashita M, Watanabe M, Ishii M, Chen T, Johnson SL, Kurachi Y, Okada N, Kondo S. Pigment pattern in jaguar/obelix zebrafish is caused by a Kir7.1 mutation: implications for the regulation of melanosome movement. PLoS Genet 2006; 2:e197. [PMID: 17121467 PMCID: PMC1657052 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.0020197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2006] [Accepted: 10/04/2006] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Many animals have a variety of pigment patterns, even within a species, and these patterns may be one of the driving forces of speciation. Recent molecular genetic studies on zebrafish have revealed that interaction among pigment cells plays a key role in pattern formation, but the mechanism of pattern formation is unclear. The zebrafish jaguar/obelix mutant has broader stripes than wild-type fish. In this mutant, the development of pigment cells is normal but their distribution is altered, making these fish ideal for studying the process of pigment pattern formation. Here, we utilized a positional cloning method to determine that the inwardly rectifying potassium channel 7.1 (Kir7.1) gene is responsible for pigment cell distribution among jaguar/obelix mutant fish. Furthermore, in jaguar/obelix mutant alleles, we identified amino acid changes in the conserved region of Kir7.1, each of which affected K+ channel activity as demonstrated by patch-clamp experiments. Injection of a bacterial artificial chromosome containing the wild-type Kir7.1 genomic sequence rescued the jaguar/obelix phenotype. From these results, we conclude that mutations in Kir7.1 are responsible for jaguar/obelix. We also determined that the ion channel function defect of melanophores expressing mutant Kir7.1 altered the cellular response to external signals. We discovered that mutant melanophores cannot respond correctly to the melanosome dispersion signal derived from the sympathetic neuron and that melanosome aggregation is constitutively activated. In zebrafish and medaka, it is well known that melanosome aggregation and subsequent melanophore death increase when fish are kept under constant light conditions. These observations indicate that melanophores of jaguar/obelix mutant fish have a defect in the signaling pathway downstream of the α2-adrenoceptor. Taken together, our results suggest that the cellular defect of the Kir7.1 mutation is directly responsible for the pattern change in the jaguar/obelix mutant. Animals display a variety of skin pigment patterns. How these often intricate patterns are formed, however, is the longstanding question. Zebrafish is the only model organism having a pigment pattern, and thus it provides a unique system in which to investigate the mechanism of pattern formation. The striped pigment pattern of zebrafish comprises two types of pigment cells, melanophores (black chromatophores) and xanthophores (yellow chromatophores), and defects in pigment cell differentiation cause abnormal pigment patterns. However, the mechanism(s) underlying the arrangement of pigmented cells during development is unclear. In this paper, the authors cloned and studied the zebrafish mutant gene jaguar/obelix and identified it as inwardly rectifying potassium channel 7.1 (Kir7.1). Although the development of pigment cells is normal in jaguar/obelix fish, they have abnormally wide body stripes; thus, cell positioning is altered, suggesting that the jaguar/obelix functions in the system that determines pigment patterning. The connection between the Kir7.1 channel and the pigment pattern remains unclear, but the mutant melanophores are defective in intracellular aggregation and dispersion of the melanosome (pigment) controlled by the sympathetic neuron, suggesting that the signaling pathway activated by the neuron is also related to pigment pattern formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Motoko Iwashita
- RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology, Kobe, Japan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Masakatsu Watanabe
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Masaru Ishii
- Department of Pharmacology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tim Chen
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Stephen L Johnson
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Yoshihisa Kurachi
- Department of Pharmacology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Norihiro Okada
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Shigeru Kondo
- RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology, Kobe, Japan
- Department of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
- * To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
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Bernardos RL, Raymond PA. GFAP transgenic zebrafish. Gene Expr Patterns 2006; 6:1007-13. [PMID: 16765104 DOI: 10.1016/j.modgep.2006.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 269] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2006] [Revised: 04/08/2006] [Accepted: 04/17/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
We have generated transgenic zebrafish that express green fluorescent protein (GFP) in glial cells driven by the zebrafish glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) regulatory elements. Transgenic lines Tg(gfap:GFP) were generated from three founders; the results presented here are from the mi2001 line. GFP expression was first visible in the living embryo at the tail bud-stage, then in the developing brain by the 5-somite-stage ( approximately 12 h post-fertilization, hpf) and then spreading posteriorly along the developing spinal cord by the 12-somite stage (approximately 15 hpf). At 24 hpf GFP-expressing cells were in the retina and lens. By 72 hpf GFP expression levels were strong and localized to the glia of the brain, neural retina, spinal cord, and ventral spinal nerves, with moderate expression in the enteric nervous system and weaker levels in the olfactory sensory placode and otic capsule. GFP expression in glia co-localized with anti-GFAP antibodies, but did not co-localize with the neuronal antibodies HuC/D or calretinin in mature neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca L Bernardos
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, 4402 Kresge III, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-0520, USA
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Abstract
The zebrafish (Danio rerio) has emerged as an ideal organism for the study of hematopoiesis, the process by which all the cellular elements of the blood are formed. These elements, including erythrocytes, granulocytes, monocytes, lymphocytes, and thrombocytes, are formed through complex genetic signaling pathways that are highly conserved throughout phylogeny. Large-scale forward genetic screens have identified numerous blood mutants in zebrafish, helping to elucidate specific signaling pathways important for hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) and the various committed blood cell lineages. Here we review both primitive and definitive hematopoiesis in zebrafish, discuss various genetic methods available in the zebrafish model for studying hematopoiesis, and describe some of the zebrafish blood mutants identified to date, many of which have known human disease counterparts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jill L O de Jong
- Stem Cell Program and Division of Hematology/Oncology, Children's Hospital Boston and Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.
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