1
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Cheng SY, Yi ZY, Zhang CH, Sun QY, Qian WP, Li J. Vinorelbine administration impedes the timely progression of meiotic maturation and induces aneuploidy in mouse oocytes. Reprod Toxicol 2024; 128:108634. [PMID: 38851359 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2024.108634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2024] [Revised: 05/29/2024] [Accepted: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 06/10/2024]
Abstract
Vinorelbine is a commonly used drug to treat various malignancies, such as breast cancer, non-small cell lung cancer, and metastatic pleural mesothelioma. Its side effects include severe neutropenia, local phlebitis, gastrointestinal reactions, and neurotoxicity. In view of the scarcity of research on vinorelbine's reproductive toxicity, this study evaluated the impact of vinorelbine ditartrate, a commonly used form of vinorelbine, on oocyte maturation in vitro. Our investigation revealed that vinorelbine ditartrate had no effect on oocyte meiotic resumption. However, it did reduce the rate of first polar body extrusion, suggesting that it could significantly impede the meiotic maturation of oocytes. Vinorelbine ditartrate exposure was found to disturb the regular spindle assembly and chromosome alignment, leading to the continuous activation of the spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC) and a delayed activation of the anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C), ultimately causing aneuploidy in oocytes. Consequently, the administration of vinorelbine is likely to result in oocyte aneuploidy, which can be helpful in providing a drug reference and fertility guidance in a clinical context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si-Yu Cheng
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zi-Yun Yi
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Chun-Hui Zhang
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Qing-Yuan Sun
- Fertility Preservation Lab, Reproductive Medicine Center, Guangdong Second Provincial General Hospital, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Wei-Ping Qian
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China.
| | - Jian Li
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China.
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2
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Bourouh M, Dhaliwal R, Rai R, Qureshi H, Swan A. Analysis of nondegradable cyclins reveals distinct roles of the mitotic cyclins in Drosophila meiosis. G3 (BETHESDA, MD.) 2024; 14:jkae066. [PMID: 38551147 DOI: 10.1093/g3journal/jkae066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/06/2024]
Abstract
Meiosis is a complex variant of the mitotic cell cycle, and as such relies on many of the same proteins involved in mitosis, but utilizes these in novel ways. As in mitosis, Cdk1 and its cyclin partners, Cyclin A, B, and B3 are required at multiple steps in meiosis. Here, we study the effect of stabilized forms of the three mitotic cyclins to study the consequences of failure to degrade the cyclins in meiosis. We find that stabilized Cyclin B3 promotes ectopic microtubule polymerization throughout the egg, dependent on APC/C activity and apparently due to the consequent destruction of Cyclin A and Cyclin B. We present data that suggests CycB, and possibly CycA, can also promote APC/C activity at specific stages of meiosis. We also present evidence that in meiosis APC/CCort and APC/CFzy are able to target Cyclin B via a novel degron. Overall, our findings highlight the distinct functions of the three mitotic Cdk-cyclin complexes in meiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Bourouh
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Windsor, Windsor, Ontario N9B 3P4, Canada
| | - Rajdeep Dhaliwal
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Windsor, Windsor, Ontario N9B 3P4, Canada
| | - Rajni Rai
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Windsor, Windsor, Ontario N9B 3P4, Canada
| | - Hafsah Qureshi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Windsor, Windsor, Ontario N9B 3P4, Canada
| | - Andrew Swan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Windsor, Windsor, Ontario N9B 3P4, Canada
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3
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Pati D. Role of chromosomal cohesion and separation in aneuploidy and tumorigenesis. Cell Mol Life Sci 2024; 81:100. [PMID: 38388697 PMCID: PMC10884101 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-024-05122-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Revised: 12/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
Cell division is a crucial process, and one of its essential steps involves copying the genetic material, which is organized into structures called chromosomes. Before a cell can divide into two, it needs to ensure that each newly copied chromosome is paired tightly with its identical twin. This pairing is maintained by a protein complex known as cohesin, which is conserved in various organisms, from single-celled ones to humans. Cohesin essentially encircles the DNA, creating a ring-like structure to handcuff, to keep the newly synthesized sister chromosomes together in pairs. Therefore, chromosomal cohesion and separation are fundamental processes governing the attachment and segregation of sister chromatids during cell division. Metaphase-to-anaphase transition requires dissolution of cohesins by the enzyme Separase. The tight regulation of these processes is vital for safeguarding genomic stability. Dysregulation in chromosomal cohesion and separation resulting in aneuploidy, a condition characterized by an abnormal chromosome count in a cell, is strongly associated with cancer. Aneuploidy is a recurring hallmark in many cancer types, and abnormalities in chromosomal cohesion and separation have been identified as significant contributors to various cancers, such as acute myeloid leukemia, myelodysplastic syndrome, colorectal, bladder, and other solid cancers. Mutations within the cohesin complex have been associated with these cancers, as they interfere with chromosomal segregation, genome organization, and gene expression, promoting aneuploidy and contributing to the initiation of malignancy. In summary, chromosomal cohesion and separation processes play a pivotal role in preserving genomic stability, and aberrations in these mechanisms can lead to aneuploidy and cancer. Gaining a deeper understanding of the molecular intricacies of chromosomal cohesion and separation offers promising prospects for the development of innovative therapeutic approaches in the battle against cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debananda Pati
- Texas Children's Cancer Center, Department of Pediatrics Hematology/Oncology, Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, 1102 Bates Avenue, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
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4
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Toyoda JH, Martino J, Speer RM, Meaza I, Lu H, Williams AR, Bolt AM, Kouokam JC, Aboueissa AEM, Wise JP. Hexavalent Chromium Targets Securin to Drive Numerical Chromosome Instability in Human Lung Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 25:256. [PMID: 38203427 PMCID: PMC10778806 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25010256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Hexavalent chromium [Cr(VI)] is a known human lung carcinogen with widespread exposure in environmental and occupational settings. Despite well-known cancer risks, the molecular mechanisms of Cr(VI)-induced carcinogenesis are not well understood, but a major driver of Cr(VI) carcinogenesis is chromosome instability. Previously, we reported Cr(VI) induced numerical chromosome instability, premature centriole disengagement, centrosome amplification, premature centromere division, and spindle assembly checkpoint bypass. A key regulator of these events is securin, which acts by regulating the cleavage ability of separase. Thus, in this study we investigated securin disruption by Cr(VI) exposure. We exposed human lung cells to a particulate Cr(VI) compound, zinc chromate, for acute (24 h) and prolonged (120 h) time points. We found prolonged Cr(VI) exposure caused marked decrease in securin levels and function. After prolonged exposure at the highest concentration, securin protein levels were decreased to 15.3% of control cells, while securin mRNA quantification was 7.9% relative to control cells. Additionally, loss of securin function led to increased separase activity manifested as enhanced cleavage of separase substrates; separase, kendrin, and SCC1. These data show securin is targeted by prolonged Cr(VI) exposure in human lung cells. Thus, a new mechanistic model for Cr(VI)-induced carcinogenesis emerges with centrosome and centromere disruption as key components of numerical chromosome instability, a key driver in Cr(VI) carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer H. Toyoda
- Wise Laboratory for Environmental and Genetic Toxicology, University of Louisville, 500 S Preston Street, Building 55A, Room 1422, Louisville, KY 40292, USA (R.M.S.); (H.L.); (J.C.K.)
| | - Julieta Martino
- Wise Laboratory for Environmental and Genetic Toxicology, University of Louisville, 500 S Preston Street, Building 55A, Room 1422, Louisville, KY 40292, USA (R.M.S.); (H.L.); (J.C.K.)
| | - Rachel M. Speer
- Wise Laboratory for Environmental and Genetic Toxicology, University of Louisville, 500 S Preston Street, Building 55A, Room 1422, Louisville, KY 40292, USA (R.M.S.); (H.L.); (J.C.K.)
| | - Idoia Meaza
- Wise Laboratory for Environmental and Genetic Toxicology, University of Louisville, 500 S Preston Street, Building 55A, Room 1422, Louisville, KY 40292, USA (R.M.S.); (H.L.); (J.C.K.)
| | - Haiyan Lu
- Wise Laboratory for Environmental and Genetic Toxicology, University of Louisville, 500 S Preston Street, Building 55A, Room 1422, Louisville, KY 40292, USA (R.M.S.); (H.L.); (J.C.K.)
| | - Aggie R. Williams
- Wise Laboratory for Environmental and Genetic Toxicology, University of Louisville, 500 S Preston Street, Building 55A, Room 1422, Louisville, KY 40292, USA (R.M.S.); (H.L.); (J.C.K.)
| | - Alicia M. Bolt
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of New Mexico College of Pharmacy, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA;
| | - Joseph Calvin Kouokam
- Wise Laboratory for Environmental and Genetic Toxicology, University of Louisville, 500 S Preston Street, Building 55A, Room 1422, Louisville, KY 40292, USA (R.M.S.); (H.L.); (J.C.K.)
| | | | - John Pierce Wise
- Wise Laboratory for Environmental and Genetic Toxicology, University of Louisville, 500 S Preston Street, Building 55A, Room 1422, Louisville, KY 40292, USA (R.M.S.); (H.L.); (J.C.K.)
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5
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Sorensen Turpin CG, Sloan D, LaForest M, Klebanow LU, Mitchell D, Severson AF, Bembenek JN. Securin Regulates the Spatiotemporal Dynamics of Separase. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.12.12.571338. [PMID: 38168402 PMCID: PMC10760073 DOI: 10.1101/2023.12.12.571338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Separase is a key regulator of the metaphase to anaphase transition with multiple functions. Separase cleaves cohesin to allow chromosome segregation and localizes to vesicles to promote exocytosis in mid-anaphase. The anaphase promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C) activates separase by ubiquitinating its inhibitory chaperone, securin, triggering its degradation. How this pathway controls the exocytic function of separase has not been investigated. During meiosis I, securin is degraded over several minutes, while separase rapidly relocalizes from kinetochore structures at the spindle and cortex to sites of action on chromosomes and vesicles at anaphase onset. The loss of cohesin coincides with the relocalization of separase to the chromosome midbivalent at anaphase onset. APC/C depletion prevents separase relocalization, while securin depletion causes precocious separase relocalization. Expression of non-degradable securin inhibits chromosome segregation, exocytosis, and separase localization to vesicles but not to the anaphase spindle. We conclude that APC/C mediated securin degradation controls separase localization. This spatiotemporal regulation will impact the effective local concentration of separase for more precise targeting of substrates in anaphase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher G. Sorensen Turpin
- Current Address: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, C.S. Mott Center for Human Growth and Development, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Dillon Sloan
- Current Address: Department of Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Marian LaForest
- Current Address: Columbia University, Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, NYC, New York, United States of America
| | | | - Diana Mitchell
- Current Address: Department of Biological Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho, United States of America
| | - Aaron F. Severson
- Current Address: Center for Gene Regulation in Health and Disease and Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, Cleveland State University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Joshua N. Bembenek
- Current Address: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, C.S. Mott Center for Human Growth and Development, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, United States of America
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6
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Abdel-Salam GMH, Hellmuth S, Gradhand E, Käseberg S, Winter J, Pabst AS, Eid MM, Thiele H, Nürnberg P, Budde BS, Toliat MR, Brecht IB, Schroeder C, Gschwind A, Ossowski S, Häuser F, Rossmann H, Abdel-Hamid MS, Hegazy I, Mohamed AG, Schneider DT, Bertoli-Avella A, Bauer P, Pearring JN, Pfundt R, Hoischen A, Gilissen C, Strand D, Zechner U, Tashkandi SA, Faqeih EA, Stemmann O, Strand S, Bolz HJ. Biallelic MAD2L1BP (p31comet) mutation is associated with mosaic aneuploidy and juvenile granulosa cell tumors. JCI Insight 2023; 8:e170079. [PMID: 37796616 PMCID: PMC10721328 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.170079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023] Open
Abstract
MAD2L1BP-encoded p31comet mediates Trip13-dependent disassembly of Mad2- and Rev7-containing complexes and, through this antagonism, promotes timely spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC) silencing, faithful chromosome segregation, insulin signaling, and homology-directed repair (HDR) of DNA double-strand breaks. We identified a homozygous MAD2L1BP nonsense variant, R253*, in 2 siblings with microcephaly, epileptic encephalopathy, and juvenile granulosa cell tumors of ovary and testis. Patient-derived cells exhibited high-grade mosaic variegated aneuploidy, slowed-down proliferation, and instability of truncated p31comet mRNA and protein. Corresponding recombinant p31comet was defective in Trip13, Mad2, and Rev7 binding and unable to support SAC silencing or HDR. Furthermore, C-terminal truncation abrogated an identified interaction of p31comet with tp53. Another homozygous truncation, R227*, detected in an early-deceased patient with low-level aneuploidy, severe epileptic encephalopathy, and frequent blood glucose elevations, likely corresponds to complete loss of function, as in Mad2l1bp-/- mice. Thus, human mutations of p31comet are linked to aneuploidy and tumor predisposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghada M. H. Abdel-Salam
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Human Genetics and Genome Research Institute, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
| | | | - Elise Gradhand
- Senckenberg Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Stephan Käseberg
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Jennifer Winter
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Ann-Sophie Pabst
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Maha M. Eid
- Human Cytogenetics Department, Human Genetics and Genome Research Institute, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
| | | | - Peter Nürnberg
- Cologne Center for Genomics and
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, University Hospital of Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | | | | | - Ines B. Brecht
- Paediatric Haematology/Oncology, Department of Paediatrics, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Christopher Schroeder
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics, Eberhard-Karls University, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Axel Gschwind
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics, Eberhard-Karls University, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Stephan Ossowski
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics, Eberhard-Karls University, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Friederike Häuser
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Heidi Rossmann
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Mohamed S. Abdel-Hamid
- Medical Molecular Department, Human Genetics and Genome Research Institute, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ibrahim Hegazy
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Human Genetics and Genome Research Institute, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ahmed G. Mohamed
- Pediatrics Department, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | | | | | | | - Jillian N. Pearring
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences and
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Rolph Pfundt
- Department of Human Genetics and Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences and
| | - Alexander Hoischen
- Department of Human Genetics and Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences and
- Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Christian Gilissen
- Department of Human Genetics and Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences and
| | - Dennis Strand
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Ulrich Zechner
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany
- Senckenberg Centre for Human Genetics, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Soha A. Tashkandi
- Cytogenetics Laboratory, Pathology and Clinical Laboratory Medicine Administration (PCLMA), King Fahad Medical City, Second Central Healthcare Cluster (C2), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Eissa A. Faqeih
- Section of Medical Genetics, Children’s Specialist Hospital, King Fahad Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Olaf Stemmann
- Chair of Genetics, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Susanne Strand
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Hanno J. Bolz
- Senckenberg Centre for Human Genetics, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital of Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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7
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Kim HM, Kang MK, Seong SY, Jo JH, Kim MJ, Shin EK, Lee CG, Han SJ. Meiotic Cell Cycle Progression in Mouse Oocytes: Role of Cyclins. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:13659. [PMID: 37686466 PMCID: PMC10487953 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241713659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Revised: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
All eukaryotic cells, including oocytes, utilize an engine called cyclin-dependent kinase (Cdk) to drive the cell cycle. Cdks are activated by a co-factor called cyclin, which regulates their activity. The key Cdk-cyclin complex that regulates the oocyte cell cycle is known as Cdk1-cyclin B1. Recent studies have elucidated the roles of other cyclins, such as B2, B3, A2, and O, in oocyte cell cycle regulation. This review aims to discuss the recently discovered roles of various cyclins in mouse oocyte cell cycle regulation in accordance with the sequential progression of the cell cycle. In addition, this review addresses the translation and degradation of cyclins to modulate the activity of Cdks. Overall, the literature indicates that each cyclin performs unique and redundant functions at various stages of the cell cycle, while their expression and degradation are tightly regulated. Taken together, this review provides new insights into the regulatory role and function of cyclins in oocyte cell cycle progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye Min Kim
- Department of Biological Science, Inje University, Gimhae 50834, Republic of Korea; (H.M.K.); (E.K.S.)
- Department of Research Center, Dongnam Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Busan 46033, Republic of Korea; (M.K.K.); (C.G.L.)
| | - Min Kook Kang
- Department of Research Center, Dongnam Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Busan 46033, Republic of Korea; (M.K.K.); (C.G.L.)
| | - Se Yoon Seong
- Institute for Digital Antiaging Healthcare, Inje University, Gimhae 50834, Republic of Korea; (S.Y.S.); (J.H.J.); (M.J.K.)
| | - Jun Hyeon Jo
- Institute for Digital Antiaging Healthcare, Inje University, Gimhae 50834, Republic of Korea; (S.Y.S.); (J.H.J.); (M.J.K.)
| | - Min Ju Kim
- Institute for Digital Antiaging Healthcare, Inje University, Gimhae 50834, Republic of Korea; (S.Y.S.); (J.H.J.); (M.J.K.)
| | - Eun Kyeong Shin
- Department of Biological Science, Inje University, Gimhae 50834, Republic of Korea; (H.M.K.); (E.K.S.)
- Department of Research Center, Dongnam Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Busan 46033, Republic of Korea; (M.K.K.); (C.G.L.)
| | - Chang Geun Lee
- Department of Research Center, Dongnam Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Busan 46033, Republic of Korea; (M.K.K.); (C.G.L.)
| | - Seung Jin Han
- Department of Biological Science, Inje University, Gimhae 50834, Republic of Korea; (H.M.K.); (E.K.S.)
- Institute for Digital Antiaging Healthcare, Inje University, Gimhae 50834, Republic of Korea; (S.Y.S.); (J.H.J.); (M.J.K.)
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Inje University, Gimhae 50834, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Basic Science, Inje University, Gimhae 50834, Republic of Korea
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8
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Milletti G, Colicchia V, Cecconi F. Cyclers' kinases in cell division: from molecules to cancer therapy. Cell Death Differ 2023; 30:2035-2052. [PMID: 37516809 PMCID: PMC10482880 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-023-01196-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Revised: 07/08/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Faithful eucaryotic cell division requires spatio-temporal orchestration of multiple sequential events. To ensure the dynamic nature of these molecular and morphological transitions, a swift modulation of key regulatory pathways is necessary. The molecular process that most certainly fits this description is phosphorylation, the post-translational modification provided by kinases, that is crucial to allowing the progression of the cell cycle and that culminates with the separation of two identical daughter cells. In detail, from the early stages of the interphase to the cytokinesis, each critical step of this process is tightly regulated by multiple families of kinases including the Cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs), kinases of the Aurora, Polo, Wee1 families, and many others. While cell-cycle-related CDKs control the timing of the different phases, preventing replication machinery errors, the latter modulate the centrosome cycle and the spindle function, avoiding karyotypic abnormalities typical of chromosome instability. Such chromosomal abnormalities may result from replication stress (RS) and chromosome mis-segregation and are considered a hallmark of poor prognosis, therapeutic resistance, and metastasis in cancer patients. Here, we discuss recent advances in the understanding of how different families of kinases concur to govern cell cycle, preventing RS and mitotic infidelity. Additionally, considering the growing number of clinical trials targeting these molecules, we review to what extent and in which tumor context cell-cycle-related kinases inhibitors are worth exploiting as an effective therapeutic strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giacomo Milletti
- DNA Replication and Cancer Group, Danish Cancer Institute, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark.
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology and of Cell and Gene Therapy, IRCCS Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, Rome, Italy.
| | - Valeria Colicchia
- Department of Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
- IRBM S.p.A., Via Pontina Km 30.60, 00070, Pomezia, Italy
| | - Francesco Cecconi
- Cell Stress and Survival Group, Center for Autophagy, Recycling and Disease (CARD), Danish Cancer Institute, Copenhagen, Denmark.
- Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore and Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy.
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9
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Yu J, Morgan DO, Boland A. The molecular mechanisms of human separase regulation. Biochem Soc Trans 2023:233012. [PMID: 37140261 DOI: 10.1042/bst20221400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Revised: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Sister chromatid segregation is the final irreversible step of mitosis. It is initiated by a complex regulatory system that ultimately triggers the timely activation of a conserved cysteine protease named separase. Separase cleaves the cohesin protein ring that links the sister chromatids and thus facilitates their separation and segregation to the opposite poles of the dividing cell. Due to the irreversible nature of this process, separase activity is tightly controlled in all eukaryotic cells. In this mini-review, we summarize the latest structural and functional findings on the regulation of separase, with an emphasis on the regulation of the human enzyme by two inhibitors, the universal inhibitor securin and the vertebrate-specific inhibitor CDK1-cyclin B. We discuss the two fundamentally different inhibitory mechanisms by which these inhibitors block separase activity by occluding substrate binding. We also describe conserved mechanisms that facilitate substrate recognition and point out open research questions that will guide studies of this fascinating enzyme for years to come.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Yu
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Geneva, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - David O Morgan
- Department of Physiology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, U.S.A
| | - Andreas Boland
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Geneva, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland
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10
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Zhong Y, Zheng C, Zhang W, Wu H, Wang M, Zhang Q, Feng H, Wang G. Pan-Cancer analysis and experimental validation identify the oncogenic nature of ESPL1: Potential therapeutic target in colorectal cancer. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1138077. [PMID: 37006282 PMCID: PMC10060535 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1138077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
IntroductionExtra spindle pole bodies like 1 (ESPL1) are required to continue the cell cycle, and its primary role is to initiate the final segregation of sister chromatids. Although prior research has revealed a link between ESPL1 and the development of cancer, no systematic pan-cancer analysis has been conducted. Combining multi-omics data with bioinformatics, we have thoroughly described the function of ESPL1 in cancer. In addition, we examined the impact of ESPL1 on the proliferation of numerous cancer cell lines. In addition, the connection between ESPL1 and medication sensitivity was verified using organoids obtained from colorectal cancer patients. All these results confirm the oncogene nature of ESPL1.MethodsHerein, we downloaded raw data from numerous publicly available databases and then applied R software and online tools to explore the association of ESPL1 expression with prognosis, survival, tumor microenvironment, tumor heterogeneity, and mutational profiles. To validate the oncogene nature of ESPL1, we have performed a knockdown of the target gene in various cancer cell lines to verify the effect of ESPL1 on proliferation and migration. In addition, patients’ derived organoids were used to verify drug sensitivity.ResultsThe study found that ESPL1 expression was markedly upregulated in tumorous tissues compared to normal tissues, and high expression of ESPL1 was significantly associated with poor prognosis in a range of cancers. Furthermore, the study revealed that tumors with high ESPL1 expression tended to be more heterogeneous based on various tumor heterogeneity indicators. Enrichment analysis showed that ESPL1 is involved in mediating multiple cancer-related pathways. Notably, the study found that interference with ESPL1 expression significantly inhibited the proliferation of tumor cells. Additionally, the higher the expression of ESPL1 in organoids, the greater the sensitivity to PHA-793887, PAC-1, and AZD7762.DiscussionTaken together, our study provides evidence that ESPL1 may implicate tumorigenesis and disease progression across multiple cancer types, highlighting its potential utility as both a prognostic indicator and therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuchen Zhong
- Cancer Center/Department of Colorectal Cancer Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
- Department of Colorectal Cancer Surgery, The Cancer Hospital of University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Zhejiang Cancer Hospital), Institute of Basic Medicine and Cancer (IBMC), Chinese Academy of Science, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Chaojing Zheng
- Cancer Center/Department of Colorectal Cancer Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Weiyuan Zhang
- Cancer Center/Department of Colorectal Cancer Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Hongyu Wu
- Department of Colorectal Cancer Surgery, The Cancer Hospital of University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Zhejiang Cancer Hospital), Institute of Basic Medicine and Cancer (IBMC), Chinese Academy of Science, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Meng Wang
- Department of Colorectal Cancer Surgery, The Cancer Hospital of University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Zhejiang Cancer Hospital), Institute of Basic Medicine and Cancer (IBMC), Chinese Academy of Science, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Qian Zhang
- Department of Colorectal Cancer Surgery, The Cancer Hospital of University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Zhejiang Cancer Hospital), Institute of Basic Medicine and Cancer (IBMC), Chinese Academy of Science, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Haiyang Feng
- Department of Colorectal Cancer Surgery, The Cancer Hospital of University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Zhejiang Cancer Hospital), Institute of Basic Medicine and Cancer (IBMC), Chinese Academy of Science, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- *Correspondence: Haiyang Feng, ; Guiyu Wang,
| | - Guiyu Wang
- Cancer Center/Department of Colorectal Cancer Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
- *Correspondence: Haiyang Feng, ; Guiyu Wang,
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11
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Konecna M, Abbasi Sani S, Anger M. Separase and Roads to Disengage Sister Chromatids during Anaphase. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24054604. [PMID: 36902034 PMCID: PMC10003635 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24054604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2023] [Revised: 02/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Receiving complete and undamaged genetic information is vital for the survival of daughter cells after chromosome segregation. The most critical steps in this process are accurate DNA replication during S phase and a faithful chromosome segregation during anaphase. Any errors in DNA replication or chromosome segregation have dire consequences, since cells arising after division might have either changed or incomplete genetic information. Accurate chromosome segregation during anaphase requires a protein complex called cohesin, which holds together sister chromatids. This complex unifies sister chromatids from their synthesis during S phase, until separation in anaphase. Upon entry into mitosis, the spindle apparatus is assembled, which eventually engages kinetochores of all chromosomes. Additionally, when kinetochores of sister chromatids assume amphitelic attachment to the spindle microtubules, cells are finally ready for the separation of sister chromatids. This is achieved by the enzymatic cleavage of cohesin subunits Scc1 or Rec8 by an enzyme called Separase. After cohesin cleavage, sister chromatids remain attached to the spindle apparatus and their poleward movement on the spindle is initiated. The removal of cohesion between sister chromatids is an irreversible step and therefore it must be synchronized with assembly of the spindle apparatus, since precocious separation of sister chromatids might lead into aneuploidy and tumorigenesis. In this review, we focus on recent discoveries concerning the regulation of Separase activity during the cell cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marketa Konecna
- Department of Genetics and Reproduction, Veterinary Research Institute, 621 00 Brno, Czech Republic
- Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, Czech Academy of Science, 277 21 Libechov, Czech Republic
- Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, 602 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Soodabeh Abbasi Sani
- Department of Genetics and Reproduction, Veterinary Research Institute, 621 00 Brno, Czech Republic
- Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, 602 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Anger
- Department of Genetics and Reproduction, Veterinary Research Institute, 621 00 Brno, Czech Republic
- Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, Czech Academy of Science, 277 21 Libechov, Czech Republic
- Correspondence:
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12
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Shindo N, Kumada K, Iemura K, Yasuda J, Fujimori H, Mochizuki M, Tamai K, Tanaka K, Hirota T. Autocleavage of separase suppresses its premature activation by promoting binding to cyclin B1. Cell Rep 2022; 41:111723. [PMID: 36450246 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Revised: 09/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Accurate chromosome segregation requires timely activation of separase, a protease that cleaves cohesin during the metaphase-to-anaphase transition. However, the mechanism that maintains the inactivity of separase prior to this event remains unclear. We provide evidence that separase autocleavage plays an essential role in this process. We show that the inhibition of separase autocleavage results in premature activity before the onset of anaphase, accompanied by the formation of chromosomal bridges and spindle rocking. This deregulation is attributed to the reduced binding of cyclin B1 to separase that occurs during the metaphase-to-anaphase transition. Furthermore, when separase is mutated to render the regulation by cyclin B1 irrelevant, which keeps separase in securin-binding form, the deregulation induced by autocleavage inhibition is rescued. Our results reveal a physiological role of separase autocleavage in regulating separase, which ensures faithful chromosome segregation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norihisa Shindo
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, Miyagi Cancer Center Research Institute, Natori, Japan.
| | - Kazuki Kumada
- Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Kenji Iemura
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Jun Yasuda
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, Miyagi Cancer Center Research Institute, Natori, Japan
| | - Haruna Fujimori
- Division of Cancer Stem Cell, Miyagi Cancer Center Research Institute, Natori, Japan
| | - Mai Mochizuki
- Division of Cancer Stem Cell, Miyagi Cancer Center Research Institute, Natori, Japan
| | - Keiichi Tamai
- Division of Cancer Stem Cell, Miyagi Cancer Center Research Institute, Natori, Japan
| | - Kozo Tanaka
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Toru Hirota
- Division of Experimental Pathology, Cancer Institute of the Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research (JFCR), Tokyo, Japan
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13
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Wassmann K. Separase Control and Cohesin Cleavage in Oocytes: Should I Stay or Should I Go? Cells 2022; 11:3399. [PMID: 36359795 PMCID: PMC9656630 DOI: 10.3390/cells11213399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Revised: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The key to gametogenesis is the proper execution of a specialized form of cell division named meiosis. Prior to the meiotic divisions, the recombination of maternal and paternal chromosomes creates new genetic combinations necessary for fitness and adaptation to an ever-changing environment. Two rounds of chromosome segregation -meiosis I and II- have to take place without intermediate S-phase and lead to the creation of haploid gametes harboring only half of the genetic material. Importantly, the segregation patterns of the two divisions are fundamentally different and require adaptation of the mitotic cell cycle machinery to the specificities of meiosis. Separase, the enzyme that cleaves Rec8, a subunit of the cohesin complex constituting the physical connection between sister chromatids, has to be activated twice: once in meiosis I and immediately afterwards, in meiosis II. Rec8 is cleaved on chromosome arms in meiosis I and in the centromere region in meiosis II. This step-wise cohesin removal is essential to generate gametes of the correct ploidy and thus, embryo viability. Hence, separase control and Rec8 cleavage must be perfectly controlled in time and space. Focusing on mammalian oocytes, this review lays out what we know and what we still ignore about this fascinating mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja Wassmann
- Institut Jacques Monod, Université Paris Cité, CNRS, 75013 Paris, France
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14
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Archambault V, Li J, Emond-Fraser V, Larouche M. Dephosphorylation in nuclear reassembly after mitosis. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:1012768. [PMID: 36268509 PMCID: PMC9576876 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.1012768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In most animal cell types, the interphase nucleus is largely disassembled during mitotic entry. The nuclear envelope breaks down and chromosomes are compacted into separated masses. Chromatin organization is also mostly lost and kinetochores assemble on centromeres. Mitotic protein kinases play several roles in inducing these transformations by phosphorylating multiple effector proteins. In many of these events, the mechanistic consequences of phosphorylation have been characterized. In comparison, how the nucleus reassembles at the end of mitosis is less well understood in mechanistic terms. In recent years, much progress has been made in deciphering how dephosphorylation of several effector proteins promotes nuclear envelope reassembly, chromosome decondensation, kinetochore disassembly and interphase chromatin organization. The precise roles of protein phosphatases in this process, in particular of the PP1 and PP2A groups, are emerging. Moreover, how these enzymes are temporally and spatially regulated to ensure that nuclear reassembly progresses in a coordinated manner has been partly uncovered. This review provides a global view of nuclear reassembly with a focus on the roles of dephosphorylation events. It also identifies important open questions and proposes hypotheses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Archambault
- Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Département de Biochimie et Médecine Moléculaire, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
- *Correspondence: Vincent Archambault,
| | - Jingjing Li
- Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Département de Biochimie et Médecine Moléculaire, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Virginie Emond-Fraser
- Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Département de Biochimie et Médecine Moléculaire, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Myreille Larouche
- Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
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15
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Fuertes M, Elguero B, Gonilski-Pacin D, Herbstein F, Rosmino J, Ciancio del Giudice N, Fiz M, Falcucci L, Arzt E. Impact of RSUME Actions on Biomolecular Modifications in Physio-Pathological Processes. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:864780. [PMID: 35528020 PMCID: PMC9068994 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.864780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The small RWD domain-containing protein called RSUME or RWDD3 was cloned from pituitary tumor cells with increasing tumorigenic and angiogenic proficiency. RSUME expression is induced under hypoxia or heat shock and is upregulated, at several pathophysiological stages, in tissues like pituitary, kidney, heart, pancreas, or adrenal gland. To date, several factors with essential roles in endocrine-related cancer appear to be modulated by RWDD3. RSUME regulates, through its post-translational (PTM) modification, pituitary tumor transforming gene (PTTG) protein stability in pituitary tumors. Interestingly, in these tumors, another PTM, the regulation of EGFR levels by USP8, plays a pathogenic role. Furthermore, RSUME suppresses ubiquitin conjugation to hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) by blocking VHL E3-ubiquitin ligase activity, contributing to the development of von Hippel-Lindau disease. RSUME enhances protein SUMOylation of specific targets involved in inflammation such as IkB and the glucocorticoid receptor. For many of its actions, RSUME associates with regulatory proteins of ubiquitin and SUMO cascades, such as the E2-SUMO conjugase Ubc9 or the E3 ubiquitin ligase VHL. New evidence about RSUME involvement in inflammatory and hypoxic conditions, such as cardiac tissue response to ischemia and neuropathic pain, and its role in several developmental processes, is discussed as well. Given the modulation of PTMs by RSUME in neuroendocrine tumors, we focus on its interactors and its mode of action. Insights into functional implications and molecular mechanisms of RSUME action on biomolecular modifications of key factors of pituitary adenomas and renal cell carcinoma provide renewed information about new targets to treat these pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Fuertes
- Instituto de Investigación en Biomedicina de Buenos Aires (IBioBA) - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET) - Partner Institute of the Max Planck Society, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Belén Elguero
- Instituto de Investigación en Biomedicina de Buenos Aires (IBioBA) - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET) - Partner Institute of the Max Planck Society, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - David Gonilski-Pacin
- Instituto de Investigación en Biomedicina de Buenos Aires (IBioBA) - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET) - Partner Institute of the Max Planck Society, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Florencia Herbstein
- Instituto de Investigación en Biomedicina de Buenos Aires (IBioBA) - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET) - Partner Institute of the Max Planck Society, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Josefina Rosmino
- Instituto de Investigación en Biomedicina de Buenos Aires (IBioBA) - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET) - Partner Institute of the Max Planck Society, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Nicolas Ciancio del Giudice
- Instituto de Investigación en Biomedicina de Buenos Aires (IBioBA) - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET) - Partner Institute of the Max Planck Society, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Manuel Fiz
- Instituto de Investigación en Biomedicina de Buenos Aires (IBioBA) - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET) - Partner Institute of the Max Planck Society, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Lara Falcucci
- Instituto de Investigación en Biomedicina de Buenos Aires (IBioBA) - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET) - Partner Institute of the Max Planck Society, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Eduardo Arzt
- Instituto de Investigación en Biomedicina de Buenos Aires (IBioBA) - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET) - Partner Institute of the Max Planck Society, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Departamento de Fisiología y Biología Molecular y Celular, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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16
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Cdc48 influence on separase levels is independent of mitosis and suggests translational sensitivity of separase. Cell Rep 2022; 38:110554. [PMID: 35320724 PMCID: PMC8995007 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.110554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Revised: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Cdc48 (p97/VCP) is a AAA-ATPase that can extract ubiquitinated proteins from their binding partners and can cooperate with the proteasome for their degradation. A fission yeast cdc48 mutant (cdc48-353) shows low levels of the cohesin protease, separase, and pronounced chromosome segregation defects in mitosis. Separase initiates chromosome segregation when its binding partner securin is ubiquitinated and degraded. The low separase levels in the cdc48-353 mutant have been attributed to a failure to extract ubiquitinated securin from separase, resulting in co-degradation of separase along with securin. If true, Cdc48 would be important in mitosis. In contrast, we show here that low separase levels in the cdc48-353 mutant are independent of mitosis. Moreover, we find no evidence of enhanced separase degradation in the mutant. Instead, we suggest that the cdc48-353 mutant uncovers specific requirements for separase translation. Our results highlight a need to better understand how this key mitotic enzyme is synthesized.
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17
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Raia P, Yu J, Boland A. Deciphering the modes of human separase inhibition by securin and CDK1-CCNB1. Mol Cell Oncol 2021; 8:1975473. [PMID: 34616878 DOI: 10.1080/23723556.2021.1975473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Accurate chromosome segregation depends on tight regulation of the protease separase, which cleaves the ring-shaped cohesin complex that entraps the two sister chromatids. We recently reported structures of human separase bound to its inhibitors securin or the cyclin-dependent kinase 1 (CDK1)-cyclin B1 (CCNB1)-cyclin-dependent kinases regulatory subunit 1 (CKS1) complex and discovered an array of molecular mechanisms that block cohesin-cleavage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Raia
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Jun Yu
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Andreas Boland
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
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18
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Yu J, Raia P, Ghent CM, Raisch T, Sadian Y, Cavadini S, Sabale PM, Barford D, Raunser S, Morgan DO, Boland A. Structural basis of human separase regulation by securin and CDK1-cyclin B1. Nature 2021; 596:138-142. [PMID: 34290405 PMCID: PMC8482764 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-021-03764-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
In early mitosis, the duplicated chromosomes are held together by the ring-shaped cohesin complex1. Separation of chromosomes during anaphase is triggered by separase-a large cysteine endopeptidase that cleaves the cohesin subunit SCC1 (also known as RAD212-4). Separase is activated by degradation of its inhibitors, securin5 and cyclin B6, but the molecular mechanisms of separase regulation are not clear. Here we used cryogenic electron microscopy to determine the structures of human separase in complex with either securin or CDK1-cyclin B1-CKS1. In both complexes, separase is inhibited by pseudosubstrate motifs that block substrate binding at the catalytic site and at nearby docking sites. As in Caenorhabditis elegans7 and yeast8, human securin contains its own pseudosubstrate motifs. By contrast, CDK1-cyclin B1 inhibits separase by deploying pseudosubstrate motifs from intrinsically disordered loops in separase itself. One autoinhibitory loop is oriented by CDK1-cyclin B1 to block the catalytic sites of both separase and CDK19,10. Another autoinhibitory loop blocks substrate docking in a cleft adjacent to the separase catalytic site. A third separase loop contains a phosphoserine6 that promotes complex assembly by binding to a conserved phosphate-binding pocket in cyclin B1. Our study reveals the diverse array of mechanisms by which securin and CDK1-cyclin B1 bind and inhibit separase, providing the molecular basis for the robust control of chromosome segregation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Yu
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Pierre Raia
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Chloe M Ghent
- Department of Physiology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Tobias Raisch
- Department of Structural Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Yashar Sadian
- Bioimaging Center, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Simone Cavadini
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Pramod M Sabale
- Department of Organic Chemistry, NCCR Chemical Biology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | - Stefan Raunser
- Department of Structural Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Dortmund, Germany
| | - David O Morgan
- Department of Physiology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Andreas Boland
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
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19
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Thomas C, Wetherall B, Levasseur MD, Harris RJ, Kerridge ST, Higgins JMG, Davies OR, Madgwick S. A prometaphase mechanism of securin destruction is essential for meiotic progression in mouse oocytes. Nat Commun 2021; 12:4322. [PMID: 34262048 PMCID: PMC8280194 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-24554-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Successful cell division relies on the timely removal of key cell cycle proteins such as securin. Securin inhibits separase, which cleaves the cohesin rings holding chromosomes together. Securin must be depleted before anaphase to ensure chromosome segregation occurs with anaphase. Here we find that in meiosis I, mouse oocytes contain an excess of securin over separase. We reveal a mechanism that promotes excess securin destruction in prometaphase I. Importantly, this mechanism relies on two phenylalanine residues within the separase-interacting segment (SIS) of securin that are only exposed when securin is not bound to separase. We suggest that these residues facilitate the removal of non-separase-bound securin ahead of metaphase, as inhibiting this period of destruction by mutating both residues causes the majority of oocytes to arrest in meiosis I. We further propose that cellular securin levels exceed the amount an oocyte is capable of removing in metaphase alone, such that the prometaphase destruction mechanism identified here is essential for correct meiotic progression in mouse oocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Thomas
- Biosciences Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK. .,Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Gottingen, Germany.
| | - Benjamin Wetherall
- Biosciences Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Mark D Levasseur
- Biosciences Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Rebecca J Harris
- Biosciences Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Scott T Kerridge
- Biosciences Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Jonathan M G Higgins
- Biosciences Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Owen R Davies
- Biosciences Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.,Institute of Cell Biology, University of Edinburgh, Michael Swann Building, Max Born Crescent, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Suzanne Madgwick
- Biosciences Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.
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20
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Garcia YA, Velasquez EF, Gao LW, Gholkar AA, Clutario KM, Cheung K, Williams-Hamilton T, Whitelegge JP, Torres JZ. Mapping Proximity Associations of Core Spindle Assembly Checkpoint Proteins. J Proteome Res 2021; 20:3414-3427. [PMID: 34087075 PMCID: PMC8256817 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.0c00941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC) is critical for sensing defective microtubule-kinetochore attachments and tension across the kinetochore and functions to arrest cells in prometaphase to allow time to repair any errors before proceeding into anaphase. Dysregulation of the SAC leads to chromosome segregation errors that have been linked to human diseases like cancer. Although much has been learned about the composition of the SAC and the factors that regulate its activity, the proximity associations of core SAC components have not been explored in a systematic manner. Here, we have taken a BioID2-proximity-labeling proteomic approach to define the proximity protein environment for each of the five core SAC proteins BUB1, BUB3, BUBR1, MAD1L1, and MAD2L1 in mitotic-enriched populations of cells where the SAC is active. These five protein association maps were integrated to generate a SAC proximity protein network that contains multiple layers of information related to core SAC protein complexes, protein-protein interactions, and proximity associations. Our analysis validated many known SAC complexes and protein-protein interactions. Additionally, it uncovered new protein associations, including the ELYS-MAD1L1 interaction that we have validated, which lend insight into the functioning of core SAC proteins and highlight future areas of investigation to better understand the SAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yenni A. Garcia
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry,
University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095,
United States
| | - Erick F. Velasquez
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry,
University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095,
United States
| | - Lucy W. Gao
- Pasarow Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, The Jane and
Terry Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, David Geffen School of
Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California
90095, United States
| | - Ankur A. Gholkar
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry,
University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095,
United States
| | - Kevin M. Clutario
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry,
University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095,
United States
| | - Keith Cheung
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry,
University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095,
United States
| | - Taylor Williams-Hamilton
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry,
University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095,
United States
| | - Julian P. Whitelegge
- Pasarow Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, The Jane and
Terry Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, David Geffen School of
Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California
90095, United States
- Molecular Biology Institute, University of
California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United
States
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center,
University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095,
United States
| | - Jorge Z. Torres
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry,
University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095,
United States
- Molecular Biology Institute, University of
California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United
States
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center,
University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095,
United States
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21
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Mengoli V, Jonak K, Lyzak O, Lamb M, Lister LM, Lodge C, Rojas J, Zagoriy I, Herbert M, Zachariae W. Deprotection of centromeric cohesin at meiosis II requires APC/C activity but not kinetochore tension. EMBO J 2021; 40:e106812. [PMID: 33644894 PMCID: PMC8013787 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2020106812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Revised: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Genome haploidization involves sequential loss of cohesin from chromosome arms and centromeres during two meiotic divisions. At centromeres, cohesin's Rec8 subunit is protected from separase cleavage at meiosis I and then deprotected to allow its cleavage at meiosis II. Protection of centromeric cohesin by shugoshin-PP2A seems evolutionarily conserved. However, deprotection has been proposed to rely on spindle forces separating the Rec8 protector from cohesin at metaphase II in mammalian oocytes and on APC/C-dependent destruction of the protector at anaphase II in yeast. Here, we have activated APC/C in the absence of sister kinetochore biorientation at meiosis II in yeast and mouse oocytes, and find that bipolar spindle forces are dispensable for sister centromere separation in both systems. Furthermore, we show that at least in yeast, protection of Rec8 by shugoshin and inhibition of separase by securin are both required for the stability of centromeric cohesin at metaphase II. Our data imply that related mechanisms preserve the integrity of dyad chromosomes during the short metaphase II of yeast and the prolonged metaphase II arrest of mammalian oocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Mengoli
- Laboratory of Chromosome BiologyMax Planck Institute of BiochemistryMartinsriedGermany
- Present address:
Institute for Research in BiomedicineUniversità della Svizzera ItalianaBellinzonaSwitzerland
| | - Katarzyna Jonak
- Laboratory of Chromosome BiologyMax Planck Institute of BiochemistryMartinsriedGermany
| | - Oleksii Lyzak
- Laboratory of Chromosome BiologyMax Planck Institute of BiochemistryMartinsriedGermany
| | - Mahdi Lamb
- Biosciences InstituteCentre for LifeTimes SquareNewcastle UniversityNewcastle upon TyneUK
| | - Lisa M Lister
- Biosciences InstituteCentre for LifeTimes SquareNewcastle UniversityNewcastle upon TyneUK
| | - Chris Lodge
- Biosciences InstituteCentre for LifeTimes SquareNewcastle UniversityNewcastle upon TyneUK
| | - Julie Rojas
- Laboratory of Chromosome BiologyMax Planck Institute of BiochemistryMartinsriedGermany
| | - Ievgeniia Zagoriy
- Laboratory of Chromosome BiologyMax Planck Institute of BiochemistryMartinsriedGermany
- Present address:
EMBL HeidelbergHeidelbergGermany
| | - Mary Herbert
- Biosciences InstituteCentre for LifeTimes SquareNewcastle UniversityNewcastle upon TyneUK
| | - Wolfgang Zachariae
- Laboratory of Chromosome BiologyMax Planck Institute of BiochemistryMartinsriedGermany
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22
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Li J, Zhang HY, Wang F, Sun QY, Qian WP. The Cyclin B2/CDK1 Complex Conservatively Inhibits Separase Activity in Oocyte Meiosis II. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:648053. [PMID: 33777955 PMCID: PMC7993350 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.648053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, we have reported that the cyclin B2/CDK1 complex regulates homologous chromosome segregation through inhibiting separase activity in oocyte meiosis I, which further elucidates the compensation of cyclin B2 on cyclin B1’s function in meiosis I. However, whether cyclin B2/CDK1 complex also negatively regulates separase activity during oocyte meiosis II remains unknown. In the present study, we investigated the function of cyclin B2 in meiosis II of oocyte. We found that stable cyclin B2 expression impeded segregation of sister chromatids after oocyte parthenogenetic activation. Consistently, stable cyclin B2 inhibited separase activation, while introduction of non-phosphorylatable separase mutant rescued chromatid separation in the stable cyclin B2-expressed oocytes. Therefore, the cyclin B2/CDK1 complex conservatively regulates separase activity via inhibitory phosphorylation of separase in both meiosis I and meiosis II of mouse oocyte.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Li
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen Peking University-The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Medical Center, Shenzhen, China
| | - Hong-Yong Zhang
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen Peking University-The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Medical Center, Shenzhen, China.,State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Feng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Fertility Preservation Lab, Reproductive Medicine Center, Guangdong Second Provincial General Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qing-Yuan Sun
- Fertility Preservation Lab, Reproductive Medicine Center, Guangdong Second Provincial General Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wei-Ping Qian
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen Peking University-The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Medical Center, Shenzhen, China.,Guangdong Key Laboratory of Male Reproductive Medicine and Genetics, Institute of Urology, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen PKU-HKUST Medical Center, Shenzhen, China
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23
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Abstract
Separase is a large cysteine protease in eukaryotes and has crucial roles in many cellular processes, especially chromosome segregation during mitosis and meiosis, apoptosis, DNA damage repair, centrosome disengagement and duplication, spindle stabilization and elongation. It dissolves the cohesion between sister chromatids by cleaving one of the subunits of the cohesin ring for chromosome segregation. The activity of separase is tightly controlled at many levels, through direct binding of inhibitory proteins as well as posttranslational modification. Dysregulation of separase activity is linked to cancer and genome instability, making it a target for drug discovery. One of the best-known inhibitors of separase is securin, which has been identified in yeast, plants, and animals. Securin forms a tight complex with separase and potently inhibits its catalytic activity. Recent structures of the separase-securin complex have revealed the molecular mechanism for the inhibitory activity of securin. A segment of securin is bound in the active site of separase, thereby blocking substrate binding. Securin itself is not cleaved by separase as its binding mode is not compatible with catalysis. Securin also has extensive interactions with separase outside the active site, consistent with its function as a chaperone to stabilize this enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shukun Luo
- Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Liang Tong
- Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA.
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24
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Molecular basis of reproductive senescence: insights from model organisms. J Assist Reprod Genet 2020; 38:17-32. [PMID: 33006069 DOI: 10.1007/s10815-020-01959-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Reproductive decline due to parental age has become a major barrier to fertility as couples have delayed having offspring into their thirties and forties. Advanced parental age is also associated with increased incidence of neurological and cardiovascular disease in offspring. Thus, elucidating the etiology of reproductive decline is of clinical importance. METHODS Deciphering the underlying processes that drive reproductive decline is particularly challenging in women in whom a discrete oocyte pool is established during embryogenesis and may remain dormant for tens of years. Instead, our understanding of the processes that drive reproductive senescence has emerged from studies in model organisms, both vertebrate and invertebrate, that are the focus of this literature review. CONCLUSIONS Studies of reproductive aging in model organisms not only have revealed the detrimental cellular changes that occur with age but also are helping identify major regulator proteins controlling them. Here, we discuss what we have learned from model organisms with respect to the molecular mechanisms that maintain both genome integrity and oocyte quality.
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25
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Cyclin A1 in Oocytes Prevents Chromosome Segregation And Anaphase Entry. Sci Rep 2020; 10:7455. [PMID: 32366979 PMCID: PMC7198627 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-64418-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
In several species, including Xenopus, mouse and human, two members of cyclin A family were identified. Cyclin A2, which is ubiquitously expressed in dividing cells and plays role in DNA replication, entry into mitosis and spindle assembly, and cyclin A1, whose function is less clear and which is expressed in spermatocytes, leukemia cells and in postmitotic multiciliated cells. Deletion of the gene showed that cyclin A1 is essential for male meiosis, but nonessential for female meiosis. Our results revealed, that the cyclin A1 is not only dispensable in oocytes, we show here that its expression is in fact undesirable in these cells. Our data demonstrate that the APC/C and proteasome in oocytes are unable to target sufficiently cyclin A1 before anaphase, which leads into anaphase arrest and direct inhibition of separase. The cyclin A1-induced cell cycle arrest is oocyte-specific and the presence of cyclin A1 in early embryos has no effect on cell cycle progression or chromosome division. Cyclin A1 is therefore not only an important cell cycle regulator with biased expression in germline, being essential for male and damaging for female meiosis, its persistent expression during anaphase in oocytes shows fundamental differences between APC/C function in oocytes and in early embryos.
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26
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Separase-triggered apoptosis enforces minimal length of mitosis. Nature 2020; 580:542-547. [PMID: 32322059 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-020-2187-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Prolonged mitosis often results in apoptosis1. Shortened mitosis causes tumorigenic aneuploidy, but it is unclear whether it also activates the apoptotic machinery2. Separase, a cysteine protease and trigger of all eukaryotic anaphases, has a caspase-like catalytic domain but has not previously been associated with cell death3,4. Here we show that human cells that enter mitosis with already active separase rapidly undergo death in mitosis owing to direct cleavage of anti-apoptotic MCL1 and BCL-XL by separase. Cleavage not only prevents MCL1 and BCL-XL from sequestering pro-apoptotic BAK, but also converts them into active promoters of death in mitosis. Our data strongly suggest that the deadliest cleavage fragment, the C-terminal half of MCL1, forms BAK/BAX-like pores in the mitochondrial outer membrane. MCL1 and BCL-XL are turned into separase substrates only upon phosphorylation by NEK2A. Early mitotic degradation of this kinase is therefore crucial for preventing apoptosis upon scheduled activation of separase in metaphase. Speeding up mitosis by abrogation of the spindle assembly checkpoint results in a temporal overlap of the enzymatic activities of NEK2A and separase and consequently in cell death. We propose that NEK2A and separase jointly check on spindle assembly checkpoint integrity and eliminate cells that are prone to chromosome missegregation owing to accelerated progression through early mitosis.
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27
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Hellmuth S, Gómez-H L, Pendás AM, Stemmann O. Securin-independent regulation of separase by checkpoint-induced shugoshin-MAD2. Nature 2020; 580:536-541. [PMID: 32322060 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-020-2182-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Separation of eukaryotic sister chromatids during the cell cycle is timed by the spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC) and ultimately triggered when separase cleaves cohesion-mediating cohesin1-3. Silencing of the SAC during metaphase activates the ubiquitin ligase APC/C (anaphase-promoting complex, also known as the cyclosome) and results in the proteasomal destruction of the separase inhibitor securin1. In the absence of securin, mammalian chromosomes still segregate on schedule, but it is unclear how separase is regulated under these conditions4,5. Here we show that human shugoshin 2 (SGO2), an essential protector of meiotic cohesin with unknown functions in the soma6,7, is turned into a separase inhibitor upon association with SAC-activated MAD2. SGO2-MAD2 can functionally replace securin and sequesters most separase in securin-knockout cells. Acute loss of securin and SGO2, but not of either protein individually, resulted in separase deregulation associated with premature cohesin cleavage and cytotoxicity. Similar to securin8,9, SGO2 is a competitive inhibitor that uses a pseudo-substrate sequence to block the active site of separase. APC/C-dependent ubiquitylation and action of the AAA-ATPase TRIP13 in conjunction with the MAD2-specific adaptor p31comet liberate separase from SGO2-MAD2 in vitro. The latter mechanism facilitates a considerable degree of sister chromatid separation in securin-knockout cells that lack APC/C activity. Thus, our results identify an unexpected function of SGO2 in mitotically dividing cells and a mechanism of separase regulation that is independent of securin but still supervised by the SAC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Laura Gómez-H
- Molecular Mechanisms Program, Centro de Investigación del Cáncer and Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular del Cáncer (CSIC-Universidad de Salamanca), Salamanca, Spain
| | - Alberto M Pendás
- Molecular Mechanisms Program, Centro de Investigación del Cáncer and Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular del Cáncer (CSIC-Universidad de Salamanca), Salamanca, Spain
| | - Olaf Stemmann
- Chair of Genetics, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany.
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28
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Zhang N, Sarkar AK, Li F, Demerzhan SA, Gilbertson SR, Pati D. Stability and pharmacokinetics of separase inhibitor-Sepin-1 in Sprague-Dawley rats. Biochem Pharmacol 2020; 174:113808. [PMID: 31930961 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2020.113808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Separase, a sister chromatid cohesion-resolving enzyme, is an oncogene and overexpressed in many human cancers. Sepin-1 (2,2-dimethyl-5-nitro-2H-benzimidazole-1,3-dioxide) is a potent separase inhibitor that impedes cancer cell growth, cell migration, and wound healing, suggesting that Sepin-1 possesses a great potential to target separase-overexpressing tumors. As a part of the IND-enabling studies to bring Sepin-1 to clinic, herein we report the results from a 28-day repeat-dose pharmacokinetic study of Sepin-1 in rats. Sepin-1 was intravenously administered to Sprague-Dawley rats once daily for 28 days at three different (5, 10, and 20 mg/kg) doses. Blood samples were collected after administration of doses on days 1 and 28. Sepin-1 is unstable and isomerizes in basic solutions, but it is stable in acidic buffer such as citrate-buffered saline (pH 4.0). UHPLC-MS analysis indicated Sepin-1 was rapidly metabolized in vivo. One of the major metabolites was an amine adduct of 2,2-dimethyl-5-nitro-2H-benzimidazole (named Sepin-1.55). The concentration of Sepin-1.55 in blood samples was Sepin-1 dose-dependent and used for pharmacokinetic analysis of Sepin-1. Tmax was approximately 5-15 min. The data suggest that no Sepin-1 accumulation occurred from daily repeat dosing and similar exposures on the first and final day of dosing. Data also suggest a gender difference, namely that female rats have more exposure and slower clearance than male rats. The data support that Sepin-1 is a potential drug candidate that can be further developed to treat Separase-overexpressing human tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nenggang Zhang
- Texas Children's Cancer Center, Departments of Pediatrics and Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Asis K Sarkar
- Texas Children's Cancer Center, Departments of Pediatrics and Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Feng Li
- Center for Drug Discovery, Departments of Pathology and Immunology, Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | | | - Debananda Pati
- Texas Children's Cancer Center, Departments of Pediatrics and Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.
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29
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Pathogenic Pathways in Early-Onset Autosomal Recessive Parkinson's Disease Discovered Using Isogenic Human Dopaminergic Neurons. Stem Cell Reports 2020; 14:75-90. [PMID: 31902706 PMCID: PMC6962705 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2019.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Revised: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a complex and highly variable neurodegenerative disease. Familial PD is caused by mutations in several genes with diverse and mostly unknown functions. It is unclear how dysregulation of these genes results in the relatively selective death of nigral dopaminergic neurons (DNs). To address this question, we modeled PD by knocking out the PD genes PARKIN (PRKN), DJ-1 (PARK7), and ATP13A2 (PARK9) in independent isogenic human pluripotent stem cell (hPSC) lines. We found increased levels of oxidative stress in all PD lines. Increased death of DNs upon differentiation was found only in the PARKIN knockout line. Using quantitative proteomics, we observed dysregulation of mitochondrial and lysosomal function in all of the lines, as well as common and distinct molecular defects caused by the different PD genes. Our results suggest that precise delineation of PD subtypes will require evaluation of molecular and clinical data. CRISPR knockin of reporter in TH locus allows live tracking and isolation of DNs Large-scale 3D midbrain DN differentiation using spinner flask culture Phenotypic comparison of isogenic DNs harboring knockouts of PARKIN, DJ-1, or ATP13A2 Transcriptomics and quantitative proteomics studies determine common and distinct PD pathways
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30
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Li J, Ouyang YC, Zhang CH, Qian WP, Sun QY. The cyclin B2/CDK1 complex inhibits separase activity in mouse oocyte meiosis I. Development 2019; 146:dev.182519. [PMID: 31704793 DOI: 10.1242/dev.182519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Chromosome segregation is driven by separase, activity of which is inhibited by binding to securin and cyclin B1/CDK1. In meiosis, premature separase activity will induce aneuploidy or abolish chromosome segregation owing to the untimely destruction of cohesin. Recently, we have proved that cyclin B2 can compensate for cyclin B1 in CDK1 activation for the oocyte meiosis G2/M transition. In the present study, we identify an interaction between cyclin B2/CDK1 and separase in mouse oocytes. We find that cyclin B2 degradation is required for separase activation during the metaphase I-anaphase I transition because the presence of stable cyclin B2 leads to failure of homologous chromosome separation and to metaphase I arrest, especially in the simultaneous absence of securin and cyclin B1. Moreover, non-phosphorylatable separase rescues the separation of homologous chromosomes in stable cyclin B2-arrested cyclin B1-null oocytes. Our results indicate that cyclin B2/CDK1 is also responsible for separase inhibition via inhibitory phosphorylation to regulate chromosome separation in oocyte meiosis, which may not occur in other cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Li
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen Peking University-The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Medical Center, 518036 Shenzhen, China.,State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100101 Beijing, China
| | - Ying-Chun Ouyang
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100101 Beijing, China
| | - Chun-Hui Zhang
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen Peking University-The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Medical Center, 518036 Shenzhen, China
| | - Wei-Ping Qian
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen Peking University-The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Medical Center, 518036 Shenzhen, China
| | - Qing-Yuan Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100101 Beijing, China .,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100101 Beijing, China
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31
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Rosen LE, Klebba JE, Asfaha JB, Ghent CM, Campbell MG, Cheng Y, Morgan DO. Cohesin cleavage by separase is enhanced by a substrate motif distinct from the cleavage site. Nat Commun 2019; 10:5189. [PMID: 31729382 PMCID: PMC6858450 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-13209-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Chromosome segregation begins when the cysteine protease, separase, cleaves the Scc1 subunit of cohesin at the metaphase-to-anaphase transition. Separase is inhibited prior to metaphase by the tightly bound securin protein, which contains a pseudosubstrate motif that blocks the separase active site. To investigate separase substrate specificity and regulation, here we develop a system for producing recombinant, securin-free human separase. Using this enzyme, we identify an LPE motif on the Scc1 substrate that is distinct from the cleavage site and is required for rapid and specific substrate cleavage. Securin also contains a conserved LPE motif, and we provide evidence that this sequence blocks separase engagement of the Scc1 LPE motif. Our results suggest that rapid cohesin cleavage by separase requires a substrate docking interaction outside the active site. This interaction is blocked by securin, providing a second mechanism by which securin inhibits cohesin cleavage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura E Rosen
- Department of Physiology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Joseph E Klebba
- Department of Physiology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Jonathan B Asfaha
- Department of Physiology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Chloe M Ghent
- Department of Physiology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Melody G Campbell
- Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Yifan Cheng
- Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - David O Morgan
- Department of Physiology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA.
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32
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Toxicity study of separase inhibitor-Sepin-1 in Sprague-Dawley rats. Pathol Res Pract 2019; 216:152730. [PMID: 31784093 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2019.152730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Revised: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 11/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Sepin-1 is a small compound that inhibits enzymatic activity of Separase and growth of cancer cells. As part of the IND-enabling studies to develop Sepin-1 as a chemotherapeutic agent, herein we have profiled the toxicity of Sepin-1 in Sprague-Dawley rats in a good laboratory practice (GLP) setting. The maximum tolerated dose (MTD) of Sepin-1 in rats is 40 mg/kg in single dose study and 20 mg/kg in the study dosed for 7 consecutive days. The toxicity study consists of two parts-Main Study and Recovery Study. Sepin-1 with 0 (control), 5 (low dose), 10 (median dose), and 20 (high dose) mg/kg was administered by bolus intravenous injection to rats once daily for 28 consecutive days. The animals in the Main Study were euthanized on Day 29, whereas animals in the Recovery Study were allowed to recover for 28 days following the 28-day Sepin-1 dose before they were euthanized on Day 29 of the off-dose period. Although the effects of Sepin-1 at low and median doses are minimal, hematological analysis shows that high-dose Sepin-1 is associated with decrease of red blood cells and hemoglobin, and increase in the number of reticulocytes and platelets as well as mean corpuscular volume. Clinical chemistry indicates that Sepin-1 causes increase of total bilirubin and decrease of creatine kinase. Histopathology analysis indicates Sepin-1 results in minimal bone marrow erythroid hyperplasia, minimal to moderate splenic extramedullary hematopoiesis, minimal splenic lymphoid depletion, minimal to mild thymic lymphoid depletion, and minimal to mild mandibular lymph node lymphoid hyperplasia in male and female rats in the Main Study. Those abnormal changes are Sepin-1 dose-dependent and mostly reversible after a 28-day recovery period in animals from the Recovery Study. Based on our results, we conclude that Sepin-1 at pharmacologic doses (5-10 mg/kg) is well tolerable, with no significant rates of mortality or morbidity, and can further be developed as a potential new drug to treat Separase-overexpressed tumors.
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33
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Henschke L, Frese M, Hellmuth S, Marx A, Stemmann O, Mayer TU. Identification of Bioactive Small Molecule Inhibitors of Separase. ACS Chem Biol 2019; 14:2155-2159. [PMID: 31553567 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.9b00661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Separase, a cysteine protease of the CD clan, triggers chromosome segregation during mitosis by cleaving the cohesin ring entrapping the two sister chromatids. Deregulated separase activity is associated with aneuploidy, a hallmark of most human cancers. In fact, separase is highly overexpressed in many solid cancers, making it an attractive chemotherapeutic target. To identify small molecules capable of inhibiting separase in its complex cellular environment, we established a highly sensitive assay to quantify separase activity in cells and screened a 51 009-member library for separase inhibitors. In vitro assays confirmed that the identified compounds efficiently inhibited separase, while not affecting caspase-1, another CD-clan protease structurally related to separase. Importantly, HeLa cells with compromised separase activity displayed severe chromosome segregation defects upon compound treatment, confirming that the identified inhibitors are bioactive in tumor tissue culture cells. Structure-activity relationship studies succeeded in the optimization of the most promising inhibitor. Overall, this study demonstrates the feasibility of identifying separase-specific inhibitors, which serve as promising lead compounds for the development of clinically relevant separase inhibiting drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars Henschke
- Department of Biology and Konstanz Research School Chemical-Biology (KoRS-CB), University of Konstanz, Universitätsstraße 10, 78467 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Matthias Frese
- Department of Chemistry and Konstanz Research School Chemical-Biology (KoRS-CB), University of Konstanz, Universitätsstraße 10, 78467 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Susanne Hellmuth
- Chair of Genetics, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstraße 30, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Andreas Marx
- Department of Chemistry and Konstanz Research School Chemical-Biology (KoRS-CB), University of Konstanz, Universitätsstraße 10, 78467 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Olaf Stemmann
- Chair of Genetics, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstraße 30, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Thomas U. Mayer
- Department of Biology and Konstanz Research School Chemical-Biology (KoRS-CB), University of Konstanz, Universitätsstraße 10, 78467 Konstanz, Germany
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34
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Holder J, Poser E, Barr FA. Getting out of mitosis: spatial and temporal control of mitotic exit and cytokinesis by PP1 and PP2A. FEBS Lett 2019; 593:2908-2924. [PMID: 31494926 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.13595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2019] [Revised: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Here, we will review the evidence showing that mitotic exit is initiated by regulated proteolysis and then driven by the PPP family of phosphoserine/threonine phosphatases. Rapid APC/CCDC20 and ubiquitin-dependent proteolysis of cyclin B and securin initiates sister chromatid separation, the first step of mitotic exit. Because proteolysis of Aurora and Polo family kinases dependent on APC/CCDH1 is relatively slow, this creates a new regulatory state, anaphase, different to G2 and M-phase. We will discuss how the CDK1-counteracting phosphatases PP1 and PP2A-B55, together with Aurora and Polo kinases, contribute to the temporal regulation and order of events in the different stages of mitotic exit from anaphase to cytokinesis. For PP2A-B55, these timing properties are created by the ENSA-dependent inhibitory pathway and differential recognition of phosphoserine and phosphothreonine. Finally, we will discuss how Aurora B and PP2A-B56 are needed for the spatial regulation of anaphase spindle formation and how APC/C-dependent destruction of PLK1 acts as a timer for abscission, the final event of cytokinesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Holder
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, UK
| | - Elena Poser
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, UK
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Zhou C, Hancock JL, Khanna KK, Homer HA. First meiotic anaphase requires Cep55-dependent inhibitory cyclin-dependent kinase 1 phosphorylation. J Cell Sci 2019; 132:jcs.233379. [PMID: 31427428 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.233379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 08/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
During mitosis, anaphase is triggered by anaphase-promoting complex (APC)-mediated destruction of securin and cyclin B1, which leads to inactivation of cyclin-dependent kinase 1 (Cdk1). By regulating APC activity, the mitotic spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC) therefore has robust control over anaphase timing to prevent chromosome mis-segregation. Mammalian oocytes are prone to aneuploidy, the reasons for which remain obscure. In mitosis, Cep55 is required post-anaphase for the final steps of cytokinesis. We found that Cep55-depleted mouse oocytes progress normally through early meiosis I, but that anaphase I fails as a result of persistent Cdk1 activity. Unexpectedly, Cdk1 inactivation was compromised following Cep55 depletion, despite on-time SAC silencing and intact APC-mediated proteolysis. We found that impaired Cdk1 inactivation was caused by inadequate inhibitory Cdk1 phosphorylation consequent upon failure to suppress Cdc25 phosphatase, identifying a proteolysis-independent step necessary for anaphase I. Thus, the SAC in oocytes does not exert exclusive control over anaphase I initiation, providing new insight into vulnerability to error.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenxi Zhou
- The Christopher Chen Oocyte Biology Research Laboratory, UQ Centre for Clinical Research, The University of Queensland, Herston 4029, QLD, Australia
| | - Janelle L Hancock
- Signal Transduction Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, QLD, Australia
| | - Kum Kum Khanna
- Signal Transduction Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, QLD, Australia
| | - Hayden A Homer
- The Christopher Chen Oocyte Biology Research Laboratory, UQ Centre for Clinical Research, The University of Queensland, Herston 4029, QLD, Australia
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Hayward D, Alfonso-Pérez T, Gruneberg U. Orchestration of the spindle assembly checkpoint by CDK1-cyclin B1. FEBS Lett 2019; 593:2889-2907. [PMID: 31469407 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.13591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2019] [Revised: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
In mitosis, the spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC) monitors the formation of microtubule-kinetochore attachments during capture of chromosomes by the mitotic spindle. Spindle assembly is complete once there are no longer any unattached kinetochores. Here, we will discuss the mechanism and key components of spindle checkpoint signalling. Unattached kinetochores bind the principal spindle checkpoint kinase monopolar spindle 1 (MPS1). MPS1 triggers the recruitment of other spindle checkpoint proteins and the formation of a soluble inhibitor of anaphase, thus preventing exit from mitosis. On microtubule attachment, kinetochores become checkpoint silent due to the actions of PP2A-B56 and PP1. This SAC responsive period has to be coordinated with mitotic spindle formation to ensure timely mitotic exit and accurate chromosome segregation. We focus on the molecular mechanisms by which the SAC permissive state is created, describing a central role for CDK1-cyclin B1 and its counteracting phosphatase PP2A-B55. Furthermore, we discuss how CDK1-cyclin B1, through its interaction with MAD1, acts as an integral component of the SAC, and actively orchestrates checkpoint signalling and thus contributes to the faithful execution of mitosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Hayward
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, UK
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Channaveerappa D, Ngounou Wetie AG, Darie CC. Bottlenecks in Proteomics: An Update. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1140:753-769. [PMID: 31347083 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-15950-4_45] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Abstract
Mass spectrometry (MS) is the core for advanced methods in proteomic experiments. When effectively used, proteomics may provide extensive information about proteins and their post-translational modifications, as well as their interaction partners. However, there are also many problems that one can encounter during a proteomic experiment, including, but not limited to sample preparation, sample fractionation, sample analysis, data analysis & interpretation and biological significance. Here we discuss some of the problems that researchers should be aware of when performing a proteomic experiment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devika Channaveerappa
- Biochemistry and Proteomics Group, Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Clarkson University, Potsdam, NY, USA
| | - Armand G Ngounou Wetie
- Biochemistry and Proteomics Group, Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Clarkson University, Potsdam, NY, USA
| | - Costel C Darie
- Biochemistry and Proteomics Group, Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Clarkson University, Potsdam, NY, USA.
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Interplay between Phosphatases and the Anaphase-Promoting Complex/Cyclosome in Mitosis. Cells 2019; 8:cells8080814. [PMID: 31382469 PMCID: PMC6721574 DOI: 10.3390/cells8080814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Revised: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 08/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Accurate division of cells into two daughters is a process that is vital to propagation of life. Protein phosphorylation and selective degradation have emerged as two important mechanisms safeguarding the delicate choreography of mitosis. Protein phosphatases catalyze dephosphorylation of thousands of sites on proteins, steering the cells through establishment of the mitotic phase and exit from it. A large E3 ubiquitin ligase, the anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C) becomes active during latter stages of mitosis through G1 and marks hundreds of proteins for destruction. Recent studies have revealed the complex interregulation between these two classes of enzymes. In this review, we highlight the direct and indirect mechanisms by which phosphatases and the APC/C mutually influence each other to ensure accurate spatiotemporal and orderly progression through mitosis, with a particular focus on recent insights and conceptual advances.
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Absolute Quantitation of Proteins by Acid Hydrolysis Combined with Amino Acid Detection by Mass Spectrometry. Methods Mol Biol 2019. [PMID: 31347106 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9639-1_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
Abstract
Amino acid analysis is among the most accurate methods for absolute quantification of proteins and peptides. Here we combine acid hydrolysis with the addition of isotopically labeled standard amino acids and analysis by mass spectrometry for accurate and sensitive protein quantitation. Quantitation of less than 10 fmol of protein standards with errors below 10% has been demonstrated using this method.
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40
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CDC20 and its downstream genes: potential prognosis factors of osteosarcoma. Int J Clin Oncol 2019; 24:1479-1489. [PMID: 31278532 DOI: 10.1007/s10147-019-01500-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2018] [Accepted: 06/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We investigated the microarray data GSE42352 to identify genes that can be used as prognosis factors in osteosarcoma. METHODS Gene Ontology (GO) biological process analysis and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analysis of Cytoscape ClueGo were used in verifying the function of different genes. Realtime-PCR were used to confirm the microarray results. 83 patient samples were collected and underwent Kaplan-Meier survival analysis and multivariate analysis to predict the prospect of genes using as prognosis factors. RESULTS After analyzing the microarray data GSE42352, mitosis metaphase to anaphase-related genes CDC20, securin, cyclin A2 and cyclin B2 were found to be overexpressed in osteosarcoma cell lines. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis showed that overexpression of these genes can predict poor prognosis outcomes in osteosarcoma patients. Furthermore, any combination of the four genes seems to be more effective in predicting osteosarcoma outcomes than any of these genes alone. CONCLUSIONS CDC20 and its downstream substracts securin, cyclin A2 and cyclin B2 are good factors that can predict prognosis outcomes in osteosarcoma. Any two combination of these four genes are more effective to be used as osteosarcoma prognosis factors.
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Ravi M, Ramanathan S, Krishna K. Factors, mechanisms and implications of chromatin condensation and chromosomal structural maintenance through the cell cycle. J Cell Physiol 2019; 235:758-775. [PMID: 31264212 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.29038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2019] [Accepted: 06/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
A series of well-orchestrated events help in the chromatin condensation and the formation of chromosomes. Apart from the formation of chromosomes, maintenance of their structure is important, especially for the cell division. The structural maintenance of chromosome (SMC) proteins, the non-SMC proteins and the SMC complexes are critical for the maintenance of chromosome structure. While condensins have roles for the DNA compaction, organization, and segregation, the cohesin functions in a cyclic manner through the cell cycle, as a "cohesin cycle." Specific mechanisms maintain the architecture of the centromere, the kinetochore and the telomeres which are in tandem with the cell cycle checkpoints. The presence of chromosomal territories and compactness differences through the length of the chromosomes might have implications on selective susceptibility of specific chromosomes for induced genotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maddaly Ravi
- Department of Human Genetics, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Technology and Research, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research, Porur, Chennai, India
| | - Srishti Ramanathan
- Department of Human Genetics, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Technology and Research, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research, Porur, Chennai, India
| | - Krupa Krishna
- Department of Human Genetics, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Technology and Research, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research, Porur, Chennai, India
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Masnadi-Shirazi M, Maurya MR, Pao G, Ke E, Verma IM, Subramaniam S. Time varying causal network reconstruction of a mouse cell cycle. BMC Bioinformatics 2019; 20:294. [PMID: 31142274 PMCID: PMC6542064 DOI: 10.1186/s12859-019-2895-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Biochemical networks are often described through static or time-averaged measurements of the component macromolecules. Temporal variation in these components plays an important role in both describing the dynamical nature of the network as well as providing insights into causal mechanisms. Few methods exist, specifically for systems with many variables, for analyzing time series data to identify distinct temporal regimes and the corresponding time-varying causal networks and mechanisms. Results In this study, we use well-constructed temporal transcriptional measurements in a mammalian cell during a cell cycle, to identify dynamical networks and mechanisms describing the cell cycle. The methods we have used and developed in part deal with Granger causality, Vector Autoregression, Estimation Stability with Cross Validation and a nonparametric change point detection algorithm that enable estimating temporally evolving directed networks that provide a comprehensive picture of the crosstalk among different molecular components. We applied our approach to RNA-seq time-course data spanning nearly two cell cycles from Mouse Embryonic Fibroblast (MEF) primary cells. The change-point detection algorithm is able to extract precise information on the duration and timing of cell cycle phases. Using Least Absolute Shrinkage and Selection Operator (LASSO) and Estimation Stability with Cross Validation (ES-CV), we were able to, without any prior biological knowledge, extract information on the phase-specific causal interaction of cell cycle genes, as well as temporal interdependencies of biological mechanisms through a complete cell cycle. Conclusions The temporal dependence of cellular components we provide in our model goes beyond what is known in the literature. Furthermore, our inference of dynamic interplay of multiple intracellular mechanisms and their temporal dependence on one another can be used to predict time-varying cellular responses, and provide insight on the design of precise experiments for modulating the regulation of the cell cycle. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12859-019-2895-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Masnadi-Shirazi
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering and Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Mano R Maurya
- Department of Bioengineering and San Diego Supercomputer center, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Gerald Pao
- Salk institute for Biological Studies, 10010 N Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Eugene Ke
- Salk institute for Biological Studies, 10010 N Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Inder M Verma
- Salk institute for Biological Studies, 10010 N Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Shankar Subramaniam
- Department of Bioengineering, Departments of Computer Science and Engineering, Cellular and Molecular Medicine, and the Graduate Program in Bioinformatics, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA.
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Mirkovic M, Oliveira RA. Centromeric Cohesin: Molecular Glue and Much More. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR AND SUBCELLULAR BIOLOGY 2019; 56:485-513. [PMID: 28840250 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-58592-5_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Sister chromatid cohesion, mediated by the cohesin complex, is a prerequisite for faithful chromosome segregation during mitosis. Premature release of sister chromatid cohesion leads to random segregation of the genetic material and consequent aneuploidy. Multiple regulatory mechanisms ensure proper timing for cohesion establishment, concomitant with DNA replication, and cohesion release during the subsequent mitosis. Here we summarize the most important phases of the cohesin cycle and the coordination of cohesion release with the progression through mitosis. We further discuss recent evidence that has revealed additional functions for centromeric localization of cohesin in the fidelity of mitosis in metazoans. Beyond its well-established role as "molecular glue", centromeric cohesin complexes are now emerging as a scaffold for multiple fundamental processes during mitosis, including the formation of correct chromosome and kinetochore architecture, force balance with the mitotic spindle, and the association with key molecules that regulate mitotic fidelity, particularly at the chromosomal inner centromere. Centromeric chromatin may be thus seen as a dynamic place where cohesin ensures mitotic fidelity by multiple means.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mihailo Mirkovic
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Rua da Quinta Grande, 2780-156, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Raquel A Oliveira
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Rua da Quinta Grande, 2780-156, Oeiras, Portugal.
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Bisht JS, Tomschik M, Gatlin JC. Induction of a Spindle-Assembly-Competent M Phase in Xenopus Egg Extracts. Curr Biol 2019; 29:1273-1285.e5. [PMID: 30930041 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2019.02.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2018] [Revised: 01/12/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Normal mitotic spindle assembly is a prerequisite for faithful chromosome segregation and unperturbed cell-cycle progression. Precise functioning of the spindle machinery relies on conserved architectural features, such as focused poles, chromosome alignment at the metaphase plate, and proper spindle length. These morphological requirements can be achieved only within a compositionally distinct cytoplasm that results from cell-cycle-dependent regulation of specific protein levels and specific post-translational modifications. Here, we used cell-free extracts derived from Xenopus laevis eggs to recapitulate different phases of the cell cycle in vitro and to determine which components are required to render interphase cytoplasm spindle-assembly competent in the absence of protein translation. We found that addition of a nondegradable form of the master cell-cycle regulator cyclin B1 can indeed induce some biochemical and phenomenological characteristics of mitosis, but cyclin B1 alone is insufficient and actually deleterious at high levels for normal spindle assembly. In contrast, addition of a phosphomimetic form of the Greatwall-kinase effector Arpp19 with a specific concentration of nondegradable cyclin B1 rescued spindle bipolarity but resulted in larger-than-normal bipolar spindles with a misalignment of chromosomes. Both were corrected by the addition of exogenous Xkid (Xenopus homolog of human Kid/KIF22), indicating a role for this chromokinesin in regulating spindle length. These observations suggest that, of the many components degraded at mitotic exit and then replenished during the subsequent interphase, only a few are required to induce a cell-cycle transition that produces a spindle-assembly-competent cytoplasm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jitender S Bisht
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Wyoming, 1000 E. University Ave., Laramie, WY 82071, USA; Marine Biological Laboratory, Cell Division and Organization Group, 7 MBL Street, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA
| | - Miroslav Tomschik
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Wyoming, 1000 E. University Ave., Laramie, WY 82071, USA
| | - Jesse C Gatlin
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Wyoming, 1000 E. University Ave., Laramie, WY 82071, USA; Marine Biological Laboratory, Cell Division and Organization Group, 7 MBL Street, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA.
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45
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Woods AG, Sokolowska I, Ngounou Wetie AG, Channaveerappa D, Dupree EJ, Jayathirtha M, Aslebagh R, Wormwood KL, Darie CC. Mass Spectrometry for Proteomics-Based Investigation. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1140:1-26. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-15950-4_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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46
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Hellmuth S, Gutiérrez-Caballero C, Llano E, Pendás AM, Stemmann O. Local activation of mammalian separase in interphase promotes double-strand break repair and prevents oncogenic transformation. EMBO J 2018; 37:embj.201899184. [PMID: 30305303 DOI: 10.15252/embj.201899184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Revised: 09/17/2018] [Accepted: 09/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Separase halves eukaryotic chromosomes in M-phase by cleaving cohesin complexes holding sister chromatids together. Whether this essential protease functions also in interphase and/or impacts carcinogenesis remains largely unknown. Here, we show that mammalian separase is recruited to DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) where it is activated to locally cleave cohesin and facilitate homology-directed repair (HDR). Inactivating phosphorylation of its NES, arginine methylation of its RG-repeats, and sumoylation redirect separase from the cytosol to DSBs. In vitro assays suggest that DNA damage response-relevant ATM, PRMT1, and Mms21 represent the corresponding kinase, methyltransferase, and SUMO ligase, respectively. SEPARASE heterozygosity not only debilitates HDR but also predisposes primary embryonic fibroblasts to neoplasia and mice to chemically induced skin cancer. Thus, tethering of separase to DSBs and confined cohesin cleavage promote DSB repair in G2 cells. Importantly, this conserved interphase function of separase protects mammalian cells from oncogenic transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Elena Llano
- Centro de Investigación del Cáncer (CSIC-Universidad de Salamanca), Salamanca, Spain.,Departamento de Fisiología, Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Alberto M Pendás
- Centro de Investigación del Cáncer (CSIC-Universidad de Salamanca), Salamanca, Spain
| | - Olaf Stemmann
- Chair of Genetics, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
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Wei Z, Greaney J, Zhou C, A Homer H. Cdk1 inactivation induces post-anaphase-onset spindle migration and membrane protrusion required for extreme asymmetry in mouse oocytes. Nat Commun 2018; 9:4029. [PMID: 30279413 PMCID: PMC6168559 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-06510-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2018] [Accepted: 08/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Female meiotic divisions are extremely asymmetric, producing large oocytes and small polar bodies (PBs). In mouse oocytes, the spindle relocates to the cortex before anaphase of meiosis I (MI). It is presumed that by displacing the future midzone, pre-anaphase spindle repositioning alone ensures asymmetry. But how subsequent anaphase events might contribute to asymmetric PB extrusion (PBE) is unknown. Here, we find that inactivation of cyclin-dependent kinase 1 (Cdk1) induces anaphase and simultaneously triggers cytoplasmic formin-mediated F-actin polymerisation that propels the spindle into the cortex causing it to protrude while anaphase progresses. Significantly, if post-anaphase-onset spindle migration fails, protrusion and asymmetry are severely threatened even with intact pre-anaphase migration. Conversely, post-anaphase migration can completely compensate for failed pre-anaphase migration. These data identify a cell-cycle-triggered phase of spindle displacement occurring after anaphase-onset, which, by inducing protrusion, is necessary for extreme asymmetry in mouse oocytes and uncover a pathway for maximising unequal division.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Wei
- The Christopher Chen Oocyte Biology Research Laboratory, Centre for Clinical Research, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Herston, QLD, 4029, Australia
| | - Jessica Greaney
- The Christopher Chen Oocyte Biology Research Laboratory, Centre for Clinical Research, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Herston, QLD, 4029, Australia
| | - Chenxi Zhou
- The Christopher Chen Oocyte Biology Research Laboratory, Centre for Clinical Research, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Herston, QLD, 4029, Australia
| | - Hayden A Homer
- The Christopher Chen Oocyte Biology Research Laboratory, Centre for Clinical Research, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Herston, QLD, 4029, Australia.
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Anifandis G, Michopoulos A, Daponte A, Chatzimeletiou K, Simopoulou M, Messini CI, Polyzos NP, Vassiou K, Dafopoulos K, Goulis DG. Artificial oocyte activation: physiological, pathophysiological and ethical aspects. Syst Biol Reprod Med 2018; 65:3-11. [DOI: 10.1080/19396368.2018.1516000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- George Anifandis
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, ART Unit, University of Thessaly, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Larisa, Greece
| | - Alexandros Michopoulos
- Unit of Reproductive Endocrinology, 1st Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Alexandros Daponte
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, ART Unit, University of Thessaly, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Larisa, Greece
| | - Katerina Chatzimeletiou
- Unit of Human Reproduction, 1st Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Aristotle University Medical School, Papageorgiou General Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Mara Simopoulou
- Department of Physiology, Kapodistrian University of Athens, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Athens, Greece
| | - Christina I. Messini
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, ART Unit, University of Thessaly, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Larisa, Greece
| | - Nikolas P. Polyzos
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
- Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Katerina Vassiou
- Department of Anatomy, University of Thessaly, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Larisa, Greece
| | - Konstantinos Dafopoulos
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, ART Unit, University of Thessaly, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Larisa, Greece
| | - Dimitrios G. Goulis
- Unit of Reproductive Endocrinology, 1st Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
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Jylhä A, Nättinen J, Aapola U, Mikhailova A, Nykter M, Zhou L, Beuerman R, Uusitalo H. Comparison of iTRAQ and SWATH in a clinical study with multiple time points. Clin Proteomics 2018; 15:24. [PMID: 30069167 PMCID: PMC6065059 DOI: 10.1186/s12014-018-9201-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Advances in mass spectrometry have accelerated biomarker discovery in many areas of medicine. The purpose of this study was to compare two mass spectrometry (MS) methods, isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantitation (iTRAQ) and sequential window acquisition of all theoretical fragment ion spectra (SWATH), for analytical efficiency in biomarker discovery when there are multiple methodological constraints such as limited sample size and several time points for each patient to be analyzed. Methods A total of 140 tear samples were collected from 28 glaucoma patients at 5 time points in a glaucoma drug switch study. Samples were analyzed with iTRAQ and SWATH methods using NanoLC-MSTOF mass spectrometry. Results We discovered that even though iTRAQ is faster than SWATH with respect to analysis time per sample, it loses in sensitivity, reliability and robustness. While SWATH analysis yielded complete data of 456 proteins in all samples, with iTRAQ we were able to quantify 477 proteins in total but on average only 125 proteins were quantified in a sample. 283 proteins were common in the datasets produced by the two methods. Repeatability of the methods was assessed by calculating percent relative standard deviation (% RSD) between replicate MS analyses: SWATH was more repeatable (56% of proteins < 20% RSD), compared to iTRAQ (43% of proteins < 20% RSD). Despite the overall benefits of SWATH, both methods showed less than 1 log fold change difference in the expression of 74% common proteins. In addition, comparison to MS/MS peptide results using 8 isotopically labeled peptide standards, SWATH and iTRAQ showed similar results in terms of accuracy. Moreover, both methods detected similar trends in a longitudinal analysis of protein expression of two known tear biomarkers. Conclusions Overall, we conclude that SWATH should be preferred for biomarker discovery studies when analyzing limited volumes of clinical samples collected at multiple time points. Trial Registeration The study was approved by the Ethics Committee at Tampere University Hospital and was registered in EU clinical trials register (EudraCT Number: 2010-021039-14).
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Affiliation(s)
- Antti Jylhä
- 1Department of Ophthalmology, SILK, The Centre for Proteomics and Personalized Medicine (PPM), Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Tampere, Arvo Ylpön katu 34, ARVO, PL 100, 33014 Tampere, Finland.,2BioMediTech, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
| | - Janika Nättinen
- 1Department of Ophthalmology, SILK, The Centre for Proteomics and Personalized Medicine (PPM), Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Tampere, Arvo Ylpön katu 34, ARVO, PL 100, 33014 Tampere, Finland.,2BioMediTech, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
| | - Ulla Aapola
- 1Department of Ophthalmology, SILK, The Centre for Proteomics and Personalized Medicine (PPM), Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Tampere, Arvo Ylpön katu 34, ARVO, PL 100, 33014 Tampere, Finland.,2BioMediTech, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
| | - Alexandra Mikhailova
- 1Department of Ophthalmology, SILK, The Centre for Proteomics and Personalized Medicine (PPM), Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Tampere, Arvo Ylpön katu 34, ARVO, PL 100, 33014 Tampere, Finland.,2BioMediTech, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
| | - Matti Nykter
- 2BioMediTech, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
| | - Lei Zhou
- 3Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore, Singapore.,4Duke-NUS SRP NBD, Singapore, Singapore.,5Department of Ophthalmology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,6Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences Academic Clinical Research Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Roger Beuerman
- 1Department of Ophthalmology, SILK, The Centre for Proteomics and Personalized Medicine (PPM), Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Tampere, Arvo Ylpön katu 34, ARVO, PL 100, 33014 Tampere, Finland.,3Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore, Singapore.,4Duke-NUS SRP NBD, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Hannu Uusitalo
- 1Department of Ophthalmology, SILK, The Centre for Proteomics and Personalized Medicine (PPM), Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Tampere, Arvo Ylpön katu 34, ARVO, PL 100, 33014 Tampere, Finland.,2BioMediTech, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland.,7Tays Eye Center, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
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Li F, Zhang N, Gorantla S, Gilbertson SR, Pati D. The Metabolism of Separase Inhibitor Sepin-1 in Human, Mouse, and Rat Liver Microsomes. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:313. [PMID: 29867452 PMCID: PMC5949348 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.00313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Separase, a known oncogene, is widely overexpressed in numerous human tumors of breast, bone, brain, blood, and prostate. Separase is an emerging target for cancer therapy, and separase enzymatic inhibitors such as sepin-1 are currently being developed to treat separase-overexpressed tumors. Drug metabolism plays a critical role in the efficacy and safety of drug development, as well as possible drug–drug interactions. In this study, we investigated the in vitro metabolism of sepin-1 in human, mouse, and rat liver microsomes (RLM) using metabolomic approaches. In human liver microsomes (HLM), we identified seven metabolites including one cysteine–sepin-1 adduct and one glutathione–sepin-1 adduct. All the sepin-1 metabolites in HLM were also found in both mouse and RLM. Using recombinant CYP450 isoenzymes, we demonstrated that multiple enzymes contributed to the metabolism of sepin-1, including CYP2D6 and CYP3A4 as the major metabolizing enzymes. Inhibitory effects of sepin-1 on seven major CYP450s were also evaluated using the corresponding substrates recommended by the US Food and Drug Administration. Our studies indicated that sepin-1 moderately inhibits CYP1A2, CYP2C19, and CYP3A4 with IC50 < 10 μM but weakly inhibits CYP2B6, CYP2C8/9, and CYP2D6 with IC50 > 10 μM. This information can be used to optimize the structures of sepin-1 for more suitable pharmacological properties and to predict the possible sepin-1 interactions with other chemotherapeutic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Li
- Center for Drug Discovery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States.,Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States.,Advance Technology Core, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Nenggang Zhang
- Texas Children's Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States.,Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Siddharth Gorantla
- Texas Children's Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States.,Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Scott R Gilbertson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Debananda Pati
- Center for Drug Discovery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States.,Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States.,Texas Children's Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States.,Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
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