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Adams L, Wyffels JT, Goodwin B, Munson R, LeBorgne L, Feldheim KA, Lyons K. Monitoring egg fertility, embryonic morbidity, and mortality in an oviparous elasmobranch using ultrasonography. Front Vet Sci 2024; 11:1410377. [PMID: 39139603 PMCID: PMC11319157 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2024.1410377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2024] [Accepted: 07/11/2024] [Indexed: 08/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Ultrasonography is widely used to monitor pregnancy in viviparous species, but it is underutilized as a tool to characterize embryonic development in oviparous species. Currently, a multi-institutional effort is underway to re-wild the endangered zebra shark (Stegostoma tigrinum) to locations where this species was previously extirpated by leveraging the reproductive efforts of aquarium sharks as a source of brood stock. Zebra sharks are oviparous and fecund, but a large percentage of their yolked eggs do not result in hatchlings. Therefore, ultrasonography represents a potential tool for distinguishing fertile eggs with developing embryos from degrading eggs, and to diagnose changes in early embryonic development predictive of poor outcomes. The objectives of the current study were to use ultrasonography to assess egg fertility, monitor early embryonic development, and identify morphological indicators that may be predictive of early embryonic mortality. Freshly laid eggs from four female zebra sharks were collected and inventoried daily at Aquarium of the Pacific. Eggs were incubated undisturbed for 2 to 4 weeks and subsequently examined weekly via ultrasound to assess fertility and monitor embryo development. Among 120 fertile eggs, embryos were identified as early as 8 days post-oviposition, with average (±SD) time to first observation at 30 ± 7 days. Morphological and behavioral abnormalities were observed for most embryos (n = 84, 70%) as early as 16 days and up to 95 days post-oviposition. Common abnormalities included: bent or curled tails, vesicle(s) at the base of the yolk stalk, and slow or weak movement. Only one embryo survived to hatch during the study and was genetically-confirmed parthenogenetic, suggesting hatching success for parthenotes is low (<1%). Ultrasonography was demonstrated to be an effective and non-invasive method to determine egg fertility, identify embryos with developmental abnormalities, and monitor embryo growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lance Adams
- Aquarium of the Pacific, Long Beach, CA, United States
| | - Jennifer T. Wyffels
- Ripley’s Aquariums, Orlando, FL, United States
- Delaware Biotechnology Institute, Center for Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, United States
| | | | - Rachel Munson
- Aquarium of the Pacific, Long Beach, CA, United States
| | | | - Kevin A. Feldheim
- Pritzker Laboratory for Molecular Systematics and Evolution, The Field Museum, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Kady Lyons
- Center for Species Survival, Georgia Aquarium, Atlanta, GA, United States
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Schwarzenberger F, Hermes R. Comparative analysis of gestation in three rhinoceros species (Diceros bicornis; Ceratotherium simum; Rhinoceros unicornis). Gen Comp Endocrinol 2023; 334:114214. [PMID: 36646327 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2023.114214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
This comparative analysis evaluated endocrine profiles and gestation length data of captive pregnant black rhinoceros (Diceros bicornis), white rhinoceros (Ceratotherium simum), and greater one-horned (GOH) rhinoceros (Rhinoceros unicornis). Hormone profiles were collected over three decades as part of pregnancy diagnoses. After the third month of gestation, the luteo-placental shift in progesterone production in pregnant rhinoceroses causes a significant increase in the concentration of faecal progesterone metabolites. We defined a laboratory-specific value of 1000 ng/g faeces as a threshold for incipient feto-placental progesterone production. Using this value allowed a comparison between species and revealed significant individual differences within a species. The mean ± SEM gestation days for reaching the 1000 ng/g faeces threshold were 89.5 ± 2.9 (range 56-138 days; n = 39) in black, 96.0 ± 2.6 (58-138; n = 39) in white, and 117.8 ± 5.3 (74-173; n = 19) in GOH rhinoceroses. For the calculations of gestation length, we complemented our results from three decades of reproductive monitoring with data from the literature, resulting in about 70 values for each species. Gestation length in the black, the white and the GOH rhinoceros was 460.6 ± 1.5 (range: 436 - 486), 503.8 ± 1.3 (range: 480 - 525) and 480.5 ± 1.1 (range: 453 - 505) days, respectively. Daylight length significantly affected gestation length, while the sex of offspring had no effect. On average, pregnancies with parturitions in spring and summer were one week shorter than those in autumn and winter. Although rhinoceroses are non-seasonal breeders, most parturitions in captivity occur in autumn and winter. We also analysed preconception endocrine profiles in the white rhinoceros. Conceptions in this species occurred after oestrous cycles of approximately 35 days (n = 18), 70 days (n = 3), 15 days (n = 1), after periods of ovarian inactivity (n = 5), and during a foal heat within one month after stillbirth parturition (n = 1). In conclusion, this study provides a comprehensive overview of gestational parameters in three rhinoceros species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franz Schwarzenberger
- Dept. of Biomed. Sci. - Physiology, Pathophysiology & Experimental Endocrinology, Vetmeduni Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Robert Hermes
- Dept. Reproduction Management, Leibnitz Institute for Zoo & Wildlife Research, Alfred-Kowalke-Str 17, 10315 Berlin, Germany.
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Curry E, Philpott ME, Wojtusik J, Haffey WD, Wyder MA, Greis KD, Roth TL. Label-Free Quantification (LFQ) of Fecal Proteins for Potential Pregnancy Detection in Polar Bears. Life (Basel) 2022; 12:life12060796. [PMID: 35743827 PMCID: PMC9225558 DOI: 10.3390/life12060796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Reliable pregnancy diagnostics would be beneficial for monitoring polar bear (Ursus maritimus) populations both in situ and ex situ, but currently there is no method of non-invasive pregnancy detection in this species. Recent reports in several carnivore species described the identification of fecal proteins that may serve as pregnancy biomarkers; however, repeatability has been limited. The objective of the current analysis was to utilize an unbiased, antibody-free, label-free method for the identification and quantification of fecal proteins to determine if differences associated with pregnancy are detectable in polar bears. Protein was extracted from fecal samples (n = 48) obtained from parturient (n = 6) and non-parturient (n = 6) profiles each at four timepoints: pre-breeding season, embryonic diapause, early placental pregnancy, and mid-placental pregnancy. Protein was prepared and analyzed on the Thermo Orbitrap Eclipse nanoLC-MS/MS system. A total of 312 proteins was identified and quantified; however, coefficients of variation (CV) were high for both abundance ratio variability (384.8 ± 61.0% SEM) and within group variability (86.8 ± 1.5%). Results of this study suggest that the inconsistencies in specific protein concentrations revealed previously by antibody-based assays may not be due to that methodology’s limitations, but rather, are reflective of true variation that exists among samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin Curry
- Center for Conservation and Research of Endangered Wildlife (CREW), Cincinnati Zoo & Botanical Garden, Cincinnati, OH 45220, USA; (M.E.P.); (J.W.); (T.L.R.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Megan E. Philpott
- Center for Conservation and Research of Endangered Wildlife (CREW), Cincinnati Zoo & Botanical Garden, Cincinnati, OH 45220, USA; (M.E.P.); (J.W.); (T.L.R.)
| | - Jessye Wojtusik
- Center for Conservation and Research of Endangered Wildlife (CREW), Cincinnati Zoo & Botanical Garden, Cincinnati, OH 45220, USA; (M.E.P.); (J.W.); (T.L.R.)
- Department of Reproductive Sciences, Omaha’s Henry Doorly Zoo and Aquarium, Omaha, NE 68107, USA
| | - Wendy D. Haffey
- UC Proteomics Laboratory, Department of Cancer Biology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA; (W.D.H.); (M.A.W.); (K.D.G.)
| | - Michael A. Wyder
- UC Proteomics Laboratory, Department of Cancer Biology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA; (W.D.H.); (M.A.W.); (K.D.G.)
| | - Kenneth D. Greis
- UC Proteomics Laboratory, Department of Cancer Biology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA; (W.D.H.); (M.A.W.); (K.D.G.)
| | - Terri L. Roth
- Center for Conservation and Research of Endangered Wildlife (CREW), Cincinnati Zoo & Botanical Garden, Cincinnati, OH 45220, USA; (M.E.P.); (J.W.); (T.L.R.)
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Pollock KE, O'Brien JK, Roth TL, Proudfoot J, Niederlander J, Micheas L, Robeck TR, Stoops MA. Anti-Müllerian hormone in managed African and Asian rhino species. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2020; 294:113487. [PMID: 32278883 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2020.113487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Revised: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Serum collected across the lifespan of four managed rhino species: black (Diceros bicornis, n = 16), white (Ceratotherium simum simum, n = 19), greater one-horned (GOH, Rhinoceros unicornis, n = 11) and Sumatran (Dicerorhinus sumatrensis, n = 6) were validated and analyzed in an anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) enzyme- linked immunoassay. Concentrations of AMH were examined over time, between sexes and throughout different reproductive states which included n = 3 female white rhinos immunocontracepted with porcine zona pellucida (pZP). Across species, males produced higher AMH concentrations compared to females. Among males, AMH concentrations varied by species aside from comparable values secreted between black and white rhinos. The GOH and Sumatran rhino secreted the highest and lowest male AMH concentrations, respectively. However, within each species, AMH concentrations were similar across male age categories. Preliminary insight into male AMH changes from birth to sexual maturity suggest its potential as a marker for onset of testicular maturation. Female black, GOH and Sumatran rhinos secreted comparable AMH concentrations which were higher than those in white rhino. Within each species, inter-individual variation in AMH secretion occurred among females of similar age. While AMH secretion did not differ across the ages sampled for female white (4->26 yr) and GOH (4-26 yr) rhinos, black and Sumatran rhinos >26 and <4 yr, respectively secreted lower AMH compared to conspecific females 7-26 yr of age. Two idiopathic infertility cases corresponded to low (outside species range) AMH values. The establishment of normative AMH concentrations in managed African and Asian rhinos provides an additional metric beyond traditional sex steroids to assess gonadal function. Further work is needed to determine if AMH can predict fertility potential in rhinos.
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Affiliation(s)
- K E Pollock
- Center for Conservation and Research of Endangered Wildlife, Cincinnati Zoo & Botanical Garden, 3400 Vine Street, Cincinnati, OH 45220, USA
| | - J K O'Brien
- SeaWorld and Busch Gardens Reproductive Research Center, SeaWorld Parks and Entertainment, 2595 Ingraham St, San Diego, CA 92109, USA
| | - T L Roth
- Center for Conservation and Research of Endangered Wildlife, Cincinnati Zoo & Botanical Garden, 3400 Vine Street, Cincinnati, OH 45220, USA
| | - J Proudfoot
- Indianapolis Zoo, 1200 W Washington St, Indianapolis, IN 46222, USA
| | | | - L Micheas
- University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - T R Robeck
- SeaWorld and Busch Gardens Reproductive Research Center, SeaWorld Parks and Entertainment, 2595 Ingraham St, San Diego, CA 92109, USA
| | - M A Stoops
- Center for Conservation and Research of Endangered Wildlife, Cincinnati Zoo & Botanical Garden, 3400 Vine Street, Cincinnati, OH 45220, USA.
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Parturition in white rhinoceros. Theriogenology 2020; 156:181-188. [PMID: 32755717 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2020.06.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Revised: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In captive rhinoceros stillbirth and perinatal death are recorded at a rate of 6-17% in the various species. At the same time there is a substantial lack of knowledge on rhinoceros parturition. Yet, predicting parameters for birth and progress of parturition are fundamental for the recognition of dystocia and perinatal problems. Therefore, we here intended to pay close attention to the Achilles heel of the 1.5-2.5 year reproduction cycle in rhinoceros, the parturition. For the prediction of parturition we recorded timelines for pre-birth udder development, genital swelling, milk production, behavioral unrest, and decrease of serum progesterone concentration and the gestational length in 19 white rhinoceros. First, second and third labour stage, foetal presentation and events in perinatal period were recorded to describe normal parturition and establish a guideline for better birth management in rhinoceros. Udder development and genital swelling were observed 3 and 2 weeks prior birth, respectively. Milk production was observed to start up to 3 weeks prior birth and increased significantly in the last week with most significant increase one day before parturition to 50.6 ± 45.4 mL (p < 0.006). Serum progesterone concentration started to decrease 7 days prior parturition and more significantly 48 h before parturition. While behavioral unrest and first stage labour was not observed reliably in all females the break of foetal waters and thus the start of second stage labour was unmistakably observed. Second stage labour, when foetal membranes had ruptured until the foetus was born, took 1:50 ± 0:20 h:min. Eighty-four percent of fetuses were born in anterior presentation (n = 16/19) and the final expulsion took <25 min suggesting that this is the normal presentation in white rhinoceros. In the less frequent posterior presentation final expulsion took up to 47 min. Overall, 95% of calves were born alive. Calves were standing and nursing in 0:55 ± 0:12 min and 3:32 ± 0:53 h:min, respectively. In 10.5% of births (n = 2/19) in anterior presentation perinatal complications occurred. Stillbirth occurred once (5.3% n = 1/19) when the foetus was born in posterior presentation. The recorded gestational length was 506 ± 2d. Delivering live offspring is of key importance to establish a new generation and secure long-term survival of a species. Various pre-birth changes, significant decrease of serum progesterone 48 h prior birth, different labour stages, foetal presentation and perinatal events described here add substantial knowledge on the understanding of normal rhinoceros parturition and may help diagnose dystocia and perinatal complications.
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Edwards KL, Pilgrim M, Brown JL, Walker SL. Irregular ovarian cyclicity is associated with adrenal activity in female eastern black rhinoceros (Diceros bicornis michaeli). Gen Comp Endocrinol 2020; 289:113376. [PMID: 31881202 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2019.113376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2019] [Revised: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 12/22/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
To achieve self-sustaining and genetically diverse populations ex situ, captive breeding programmes must ensure good overall rates of reproduction, and equal contribution across individuals. Previous research in the critically endangered eastern black rhinoceros (Diceros bicornis michaeli) revealed a high incidence of irregular oestrous cyclicity; in particular extended cycle duration among nulliparous females and acyclic periods in parous females that have not bred for several years. Irregular ovarian activity could play a role in reduced reproductive output; however, the mechanisms underlying these anomalies are poorly understood. The aim of this study was to measure faecal glucocorticoid metabolite (fGCM) concentrations and variability prior to and during periods of regular and irregular ovarian activity, and determine if adrenal activity influences the occurrence of different cycle types in this species. Faecal samples were collected every other day from parous (N = 6) and nulliparous (N = 12) females at eight European institutions for periods of 9-15 months. Concentration and variability in fGCM were compared between periods of regular and irregular cyclicity and between different cycle types (<20 days, 20-40 days, >40 days, acyclic) using generalized linear mixed models. Concentrations of fGCM were influenced by season and higher during the luteal than the follicular phase of the oestrous cycle. Taking this into account, fGCMs were increased during periods of irregular cyclicity (all types combined and during cycles >40 days in length) compared to 20-40 day cycles. This was predominantly driven by nulliparous females. The variation in fGCM concentration also differed between periods of regular and irregular cyclicity; higher standard deviation in fGCM preceded irregular cycles and >40 day cycles compared to 20-40 day cycles. These results suggest that although fGCM concentrations fluctuate across the oestrous cycle in this species, changes in adrenal activity at specific times could be one factor associated with irregular ovarian activity in the black rhinoceros.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie L Edwards
- North of England Zoological Society, Chester Zoo, Chester CH2 1LH, UK; Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZB, UK; Center for Species Survival, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, Front Royal, VA 22630, USA.
| | - Mark Pilgrim
- North of England Zoological Society, Chester Zoo, Chester CH2 1LH, UK
| | - Janine L Brown
- Center for Species Survival, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, Front Royal, VA 22630, USA
| | - Susan L Walker
- North of England Zoological Society, Chester Zoo, Chester CH2 1LH, UK
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Mayor P, Habner de Souza Pereira T, Andrade RDSD, González-Benavent E, Barros Monteiro FO, Bodmer R, Valsecchi J, El Bizri HR. Embryonic and fetal development of the red brocket deer (Mazama americana). Theriogenology 2019; 134:53-64. [PMID: 31132721 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2019.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2019] [Revised: 04/22/2019] [Accepted: 05/16/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The red brocket deer (Mazama americana), a medium-sized Neotropical ungulate, is one of the most hunted mammals in the Amazon. This study analyzes the intrauterine development in the red brocket deer through the description of the external and internal morphology in one embryo and 38 fetuses collected from animals hunted for subsistence in the Amazon. The chronological order of occurrence of external characteristics in relation to the total dorsal length (TDL) was: differentiated genitalia, limbs and eyelid buds (TDL = 3.9 cm), fusioned eyelids, outer ear and hooves (TDL ≥ 9.5 cm), skin (TDL ≥ 20.4 cm), tactile pelage and nasal pigmentation (TDL ≥ 21.5 cm), covering pelage and skin spots (TDL ≥ 31.3 cm), and teeth eruption and opened eyelids (TDL ≥ 34.2 cm). The formula of fetal age was ∛W = 0.072 (t - 42), with a high linear relationship between TDL and gestational age. Multiple linear and non-linear regressions showed strong positive associations between biometric measures and absolute visceral weights with TDL. The relative weight of the tubular gastrointestinal organs, spleen and thymus increased during the fetal development; in contrast, the liver and kidneys' relative weight diminished during the fetal development. Advanced fetuses (≥44.0 cm TDL) had lower proportion of liver and larger tubular gastrointestinal organs within the visceral weight than adults. The chronology of appearance of the main events of the fetal development suggests that the red brocket deer adopt some precocial features, such as the early development of the sensorial function, including the early development of eyelids, outer ear and tactile pelage, the early development of the covering pelage which acts in thermoregulation and the early teeth eruption which allows the early foraging. Nevertheless, the precocial level of the red brocket deer is apparently lower than other species more frequently predated by large felids, such as peccaries and the paca.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Mayor
- Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Departament de Sanitat i d'Anatomia Animals, Facultat de Veterinària, Barcelona, Spain; Museo de Culturas Indígenas Amazónicas, Iquitos, Loreto, Peru; ComFauna, Comunidad de Manejo de Fauna Silvestre en la Amazonía y en Latinoamérica, 332 Malecon Tarapaca, Iquitos, Peru; Rede de Pesquisa em Diversidade, Conservação e Uso da Fauna na Amazônia (REDEFAUNA), Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil; Federal Rural University of the Amazon (UFRA), Postgraduate Program in Animal Health and Production in Amazonia (PPGSPAA), Belém, Pará, Brazil.
| | - Thyago Habner de Souza Pereira
- Federal Rural University of the Amazon (UFRA), Postgraduate Program in Animal Health and Production in Amazonia (PPGSPAA), Belém, Pará, Brazil
| | - Rafael Dos Santos de Andrade
- Federal Rural University of the Amazon (UFRA), Postgraduate Program in Animal Health and Production in Amazonia (PPGSPAA), Belém, Pará, Brazil
| | - Elena González-Benavent
- Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Departament de Sanitat i d'Anatomia Animals, Facultat de Veterinària, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Frederico Ozanan Barros Monteiro
- Federal Rural University of the Amazon (UFRA), Postgraduate Program in Animal Health and Production in Amazonia (PPGSPAA), Belém, Pará, Brazil
| | - Richard Bodmer
- Museo de Culturas Indígenas Amazónicas, Iquitos, Loreto, Peru; ComFauna, Comunidad de Manejo de Fauna Silvestre en la Amazonía y en Latinoamérica, 332 Malecon Tarapaca, Iquitos, Peru; Rede de Pesquisa em Diversidade, Conservação e Uso da Fauna na Amazônia (REDEFAUNA), Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
| | - João Valsecchi
- ComFauna, Comunidad de Manejo de Fauna Silvestre en la Amazonía y en Latinoamérica, 332 Malecon Tarapaca, Iquitos, Peru; Rede de Pesquisa em Diversidade, Conservação e Uso da Fauna na Amazônia (REDEFAUNA), Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil; Mamirauá Sustainable Development Institute (IDSM), Tefé, Amazonas, Brazil
| | - Hani Rocha El Bizri
- ComFauna, Comunidad de Manejo de Fauna Silvestre en la Amazonía y en Latinoamérica, 332 Malecon Tarapaca, Iquitos, Peru; Rede de Pesquisa em Diversidade, Conservação e Uso da Fauna na Amazônia (REDEFAUNA), Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil; Mamirauá Sustainable Development Institute (IDSM), Tefé, Amazonas, Brazil; School of Science and the Environment, Manchester Metropolitan University, Oxford Road, M15 6BH, Manchester, United Kingdom
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Affiliation(s)
- Parker M. Pennington
- San Diego Zoo Global; Institute for Conservation Research; 15600 San Pasqual Valley Road Escondido CA 92027 USA
| | - Barbara S. Durrant
- San Diego Zoo Global; Institute for Conservation Research; 15600 San Pasqual Valley Road Escondido CA 92027 USA
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de Andrade RDS, Monteiro FOB, El Bizri HR, Pantoja L, Bodmer R, Valsecchi J, Mayor P. Embryonic and fetal development of the white-lipped peccary (Tayassu pecari). Theriogenology 2018; 119:163-174. [PMID: 30015145 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2018.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2018] [Revised: 07/04/2018] [Accepted: 07/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The white-lipped peccary (Tayassu pecari) is an endangered large-sized Neotropical ungulate that is one of the most hunted mammals in the Amazon. Here, we used two embryos and 102 white-lipped peccary fetuses originated from animals hunted for subsistence in the Peruvian and Brazilian Amazon to describe the intrauterine development of external and internal morphology of this Neotropical ungulate. Logistic regressions were used to estimate the probability of occurrence of main external characteristics in relation to the total dorsal length (TDL), while multiple linear and non-linear regressions were conducted to assess the relationship between external and visceral biometry with TDL. External characteristics appeared in the following chronological order: limbs, differentiated genitalia and opened eyelids (≥5.1 cm TDL), fused eyelids (≥6.2 cm TDL), hooves and outer ear (≥7.9 cm TDL), dorsal gland (≥9.4 cm TDL), skin (≥11.5 cm TDL); tactile pelage (≥13.8 cm TDL), covering pelage (≥20.9 cm TDL), tooth eruption (≥26.4 cm TDL) and opened eyelids (≥27.8 cm TDL). The formula of fetal age was ∛W = 0.084 (t - 31.80), with a high linear relationship between TDL and gestational age. All external biometric parameters and absolute volume of visceral organs showed strong positive relationship with TDL. Except for the liver, we found differences in the relative volume of most visceral organs between advanced fetuses (≥34.2 cm TDL) and adults. The most important events during the intrauterine development in the white-lipped peccary show that, in contrast with the domestic pig, it is a highly precocial species producing newborns with a high fetal growth velocity which allows newborns to achieve an early autonomous functionality. Our results are relevant to improve imaging techniques and assist the reproductive and clinical management for the white-lipped peccary both in captivity and in the wild.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Dos Santos de Andrade
- Federal Rural University of the Amazon (UFRA), Postgraduate Program in Animal Health and Production in Amazonia (PPGSPAA), Belém, PA, Brazil
| | - Frederico Ozanan Barros Monteiro
- Federal Rural University of the Amazon (UFRA), Postgraduate Program in Animal Health and Production in Amazonia (PPGSPAA), Belém, PA, Brazil
| | - Hani Rocha El Bizri
- Manchester Metropolitan University, School of Science and the Environment, Manchester, United Kingdom; Mamirauá Institute for Sustainable Development (IDSM), Tefé, AM, Brazil; ComFauna, Comunidad de Manejo de Fauna Silvestre en la Amazonía y en Latinoamérica, 332 Malecon Tarapaca, Iquitos, Peru
| | - Luciana Pantoja
- Federal Rural University of the Amazon (UFRA), Postgraduate Program in Animal Health and Production in Amazonia (PPGSPAA), Belém, PA, Brazil
| | - Richard Bodmer
- ComFauna, Comunidad de Manejo de Fauna Silvestre en la Amazonía y en Latinoamérica, 332 Malecon Tarapaca, Iquitos, Peru; FUNDAMAZONIA, Iquitos, Loreto, Peru
| | - João Valsecchi
- Mamirauá Institute for Sustainable Development (IDSM), Tefé, AM, Brazil; ComFauna, Comunidad de Manejo de Fauna Silvestre en la Amazonía y en Latinoamérica, 332 Malecon Tarapaca, Iquitos, Peru
| | - Pedro Mayor
- Federal Rural University of the Amazon (UFRA), Postgraduate Program in Animal Health and Production in Amazonia (PPGSPAA), Belém, PA, Brazil; ComFauna, Comunidad de Manejo de Fauna Silvestre en la Amazonía y en Latinoamérica, 332 Malecon Tarapaca, Iquitos, Peru; FUNDAMAZONIA, Iquitos, Loreto, Peru; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Departament de Sanitat i d'Anatomia Animals, Facultat de Veterinària, Barcelona, Spain.
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10
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Stoops MA, Winget GD, DeChant CJ, Ball RL, Roth TL. Early fetal sexing in the rhinoceros by detection of male-specific genes in maternal serum. Mol Reprod Dev 2018; 85:197-204. [PMID: 29437259 DOI: 10.1002/mrd.22953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2017] [Accepted: 12/31/2017] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Genetic sexing of animals with long gestation time benefits the management of captive populations. Here, X and Y chromosome-specific primers, based on equine gene sequencing data, were developed and tested on captive rhinoceroses (10 males, 20 females) representing four species (Diceros bicornis, Certaotherium simum simum, Rhinoceros unicornis, and Dicerorhinus sumatrensis). The Y chromosome-specific primer set targeted SRY (Sex-determining region Y), and amplified a 177-bp product following PCR of DNA extracted from males, but not females, of all species. A primer set based on the equine AMEL (Amelogenin) gene resulted in a 232-bp product following PCR of all rhinoceros species. These gene-specific primer sets were then evaluated for their ability to determine gender in cell-free DNA from rhinoceros serum. Modifications to the original extraction and PCR protocols were required to obtain sufficient DNA quantities from serum, and both DNA yield and PCR amplification were substantially reduced or absent following multiple freeze-thaw cycles of serum. When fresh serum from 14 pregnant rhinoceroses (ultimately bearing seven male and seven female calves), representing four species at different stages of gestation (Days 61-490), were probed in a PCR-based assay, an accuracy of 71% was achieved for male-specific gene detection of SRY, which improved to 100% by including a reamplification step into the protocol. Such early sex determination should be a valuable tool for current management practices as well as future assisted reproduction of rhinoceroses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica A Stoops
- Center for Conservation and Research of Endangered Wildlife, Cincinnati Zoo and Botanical Garden, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - G Douglas Winget
- Center for Conservation and Research of Endangered Wildlife, Cincinnati Zoo and Botanical Garden, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Christopher J DeChant
- Center for Conservation and Research of Endangered Wildlife, Cincinnati Zoo and Botanical Garden, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | | | - Terri L Roth
- Center for Conservation and Research of Endangered Wildlife, Cincinnati Zoo and Botanical Garden, Cincinnati, Ohio
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Roth TL, Schook MW, Stoops MA. Monitoring and controlling ovarian function in the rhinoceros. Theriogenology 2017; 109:48-57. [PMID: 29249327 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2017.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2017] [Accepted: 12/01/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Despite their size and potentially dangerous demeanor, the rhinoceros has been a preferred subject of wildlife reproductive scientists. Several factors contribute to this taxon's popularity including the ability to utilize insightful tools like non-invasive hormone metabolite monitoring and transrectal ultrasonography, the necessity for mate introductions to coincide with the female's estrus when breeding certain species or individuals, and the desire to develop assisted reproductive technologies to facilitate the genetic management and ultimate sustainability of small, managed populations in human care. The resulting profusion of rhinoceros reproductive studies has revealed significant species-specific characteristics and exposed the prevalence of aberrant reproductive activity within this taxon. Of equal importance, it has guided necessary intervention and enhanced our success in overcoming challenges associated with breeding rhinoceroses.
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Affiliation(s)
- T L Roth
- Center for Conservation and Research of Endangered Wildlife (CREW), Cincinnati Zoo & Botanical Garden, 3400 Vine Street, Cincinnati, OH 45220, USA.
| | - M W Schook
- Disney's Animal Kingdom, 1200 North Savannah Circle East Bay Lake, FL 32830, USA.
| | - M A Stoops
- Center for Conservation and Research of Endangered Wildlife (CREW), Cincinnati Zoo & Botanical Garden, 3400 Vine Street, Cincinnati, OH 45220, USA.
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Stoops MA, Campbell MK, DeChant CJ, Hauser J, Kottwitz J, Pairan RD, Shaffstall W, Volle K, Roth TL. Enhancing captive Indian rhinoceros genetics via artificial insemination of cryopreserved sperm. Anim Reprod Sci 2016; 172:60-75. [PMID: 27449405 DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2016.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2016] [Revised: 07/08/2016] [Accepted: 07/12/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to design an artificial insemination (AI) protocol using cryopreserved spermatozoa to obtain pregnancies in captive Indian rhinoceroses (Rhinoceros unicornis). Four methods developed varied by timing and approach, as follows; Method 1: females (n=2) were inseminated pre- and post-ovulation under general anesthesia, Method 2: females (n=2) were inseminated pre-ovulation without anesthetic via endoscopy, Method 3: females (n=1) were inseminated pre-ovulation without anesthetic via manual insertion of an insemination catheter, Method 4: females (n=2) were inseminated same as Method 3 with the addition of standing sedation. Semen deposition site varied as a result of changes in AI technology and experience. All females conceived following intrauterine AI using three methods. Four pregnancies (n=3 females) produced via Method 3 and 4 resulted in term births (n=2 male calves, n=2 female calves) at 481.8±12.8days post-AI. Unfortunately, two early pregnancy losses were documented in a fourth female conceiving via Method 2. Pregnancy rates were 0%, 22%, 17%, and 50% for Method 1-4, respectively. Method 3 and 4 rates improved to 29% and 67%, respectively when accounting for AI's conducted only on ovulatory estrous cycles. Spermatozoa (n=5 males) were cryopreserved 0.3-9.3 y prior to successful AI procedures. The lowest dose of frozen-thawed sperm resulting in conception was 500×10(6) motile sperm. Mean time from AI to ovulation in conceptive and non-conceptive cycles was 26±11.8h and 66±80.7h, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica A Stoops
- Center for Conservation and Research of Endangered Wildlife, 3400 Vine Street, Cincinnati Zoo & Botanical Garden, Cincinnati, OH 45220, USA.
| | - Mark K Campbell
- Center for Conservation and Research of Endangered Wildlife, 3400 Vine Street, Cincinnati Zoo & Botanical Garden, Cincinnati, OH 45220, USA
| | | | - Joe Hauser
- Buffalo Zoo, 300 Parkside Ave., Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Jack Kottwitz
- Auburn University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - Randal D Pairan
- Center for Conservation and Research of Endangered Wildlife, 3400 Vine Street, Cincinnati Zoo & Botanical Garden, Cincinnati, OH 45220, USA
| | - Wendy Shaffstall
- Center for Conservation and Research of Endangered Wildlife, 3400 Vine Street, Cincinnati Zoo & Botanical Garden, Cincinnati, OH 45220, USA
| | - Kurt Volle
- Buffalo Zoo, 300 Parkside Ave., Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Terri L Roth
- Center for Conservation and Research of Endangered Wildlife, 3400 Vine Street, Cincinnati Zoo & Botanical Garden, Cincinnati, OH 45220, USA
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Edwards KL, Shultz S, Pilgrim M, Walker SL. Irregular ovarian activity, body condition and behavioural differences are associated with reproductive success in female eastern black rhinoceros (Diceros bicornis michaeli). Gen Comp Endocrinol 2015; 214:186-94. [PMID: 25150145 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2014.07.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2014] [Revised: 07/26/2014] [Accepted: 07/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Ex situ populations of endangered species such as the black rhinoceros play an important role in global conservation strategies. However, the European captive population of eastern black rhinoceros is performing sub-optimally, with growth rates and genetic viability limited by low birth rates and high reproductive skew. We investigated several intrinsic differences between parous and nulliparous females that may underlie differences in reproductive success, including ovarian cyclicity, adrenal activity, behaviour and body condition. Faecal samples were collected from 39 females (17 parous, 15 nulliparous and 7 pre-reproductive) at 11 zoological institutions, every other day for between 4months and 6years. Progestagen metabolite concentration indicated that although all non-pregnant females exhibited ovarian activity, irregular cyclicity was common. Longer cycles (>40days) were more common in nulliparous females and periods of acyclicity observed more often in females that had not bred for at least 7years. Even when endocrine data indicated clear ovarian activity, overt behavioural signs of oestrus were not always apparent, particularly among nulliparous females. Faecal glucocorticoids did not differ between parous and nulliparous females, although did differ according to individual temperament. More unpredictable temperaments were associated with higher glucocorticoids, and nulliparous females tended to be rated as more unpredictable. Finally, nulliparous females had higher body condition scores than parous females. This is the first comprehensive survey of the reproductive physiology of this European captive population, and highlights a number of intrinsic differences related to parity, which may underlie differences in reproductive success among captive female black rhinoceros.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie L Edwards
- Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZB, UK; North of England Zoological Society, Chester Zoo, Chester CH2 1LH, UK.
| | - Susanne Shultz
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - Mark Pilgrim
- North of England Zoological Society, Chester Zoo, Chester CH2 1LH, UK
| | - Susan L Walker
- North of England Zoological Society, Chester Zoo, Chester CH2 1LH, UK
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Freeman EW, Meyer JM, Bird J, Adendorff J, Schulte BA, Santymire RM. Impacts of environmental pressures on the reproductive physiology of subpopulations of black rhinoceros (Diceros bicornis bicornis) in Addo Elephant National Park, South Africa. CONSERVATION PHYSIOLOGY 2014; 2:cot034. [PMID: 27293618 PMCID: PMC4732468 DOI: 10.1093/conphys/cot034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2013] [Revised: 11/20/2013] [Accepted: 11/27/2013] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Black rhinoceros are an icon for international conservation, yet little is known about their physiology due to their secretive nature. To overcome these challenges, non-invasive methods were used to monitor rhinoceros in two sections of Addo Elephant National Park, South Africa, namely Addo and Nyathi. These sections were separated by a public road, and the numbers of elephants, predators and tourists were higher in Addo. Faecal samples (n = 231) were collected (from July 2007 to November 2010) from known individuals and analysed for progestagen and androgen metabolite (FPM and FAM, respectively) concentrations. As biotic factors could impact reproduction, we predicted that demographics, FPM and FAM would vary between sections and with respect to season (calendar and wet/dry), climate and age of the rhinoceros. Mean FPM concentrations from pregnant females were seven times higher (P < 0.05) than samples from non-pregnant rhinoceros. Positive relationships were found between monthly temperatures and FPM from non-pregnant females (r (2) = 0.25, P = 0.03) and the percentage of calves born (r = 0.609, P = 0.04). Although FAM peaked in the spring, when the majority of calves (40%) were conceived, no seasonal patterns in male androgen concentrations were found with respect to month of conception and parturition. Females in Addo had a longer inter-calving interval and were less likely to be pregnant (P < 0.05) compared with those in Nyathi. The biotic stressors (e.g. predators and more competitors) within Addo section could be affecting the reproductive physiology of the rhinoceros negatively. Enhanced knowledge about how black rhinoceros populations respond to environmental stressors could guide management strategies for improving reproduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth W. Freeman
- New Century College, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, USA
- Corresponding author: George Mason University, 4400 University Drive, MS 5D3, Fairfax, VA 22030, USA. Tel: 703-993-9272.
| | - Jordana M. Meyer
- Department of Conservation and Science, Lincoln Park Zoo, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Jed Bird
- South African National Parks, Addo Elephant National Park, Addo, South Africa
| | - John Adendorff
- South African National Parks, Addo Elephant National Park, Addo, South Africa
| | - Bruce A. Schulte
- Department of Biology, Western Kentucky University, Bowling Green, KY, USA
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15
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Stoops MA, West GD, Roth TL, Lung NP. Use of urinary biomarkers of ovarian function and altrenogest supplementation to enhance captive breeding success in the Indian rhinoceros (Rhinoceros unicornis). Zoo Biol 2013; 33:83-8. [DOI: 10.1002/zoo.21106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2013] [Revised: 08/20/2013] [Accepted: 11/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Monica A. Stoops
- Center for Conservation and Research of Endangered Wildlife (CREW); Cincinnati Zoo & Botanical Garden; Cincinnati Ohio
| | | | - Terri L. Roth
- Center for Conservation and Research of Endangered Wildlife (CREW); Cincinnati Zoo & Botanical Garden; Cincinnati Ohio
| | - Nancy P. Lung
- Fort Worth Zoo; Department of Animal Health; Fort Worth Texas
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Sontakke S, Patil M, Lakshmikantan U, Shivaji S. Ultrasonographic characterization of ovarian follicular development in the Indian blackbuck antelope (Antilope cervicapra). Small Rumin Res 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2011.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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17
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Gamete rescue in the African black rhinoceros (Diceros bicornis). Theriogenology 2011; 76:1258-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2011.05.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2010] [Revised: 03/16/2011] [Accepted: 05/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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18
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Metrione LC, Harder JD. Fecal corticosterone concentrations and reproductive success in captive female southern white rhinoceros. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2011; 171:283-92. [PMID: 21354160 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2011.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2010] [Revised: 01/22/2011] [Accepted: 02/16/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Prolonged or frequent secretion of adrenal glucocorticoids in response to aversive stimuli can negatively impact reproduction. Because female southern white rhinoceros (Ceratotherium simum simum) reproduce poorly in captivity, we compared fecal corticosterone metabolite concentrations among parous, nulliparous, and adolescent females and examined social and physical aspects of the captive environment that might be related to differences in corticosterone metabolite concentrations. Aggression, dominance, sexual and play interactions, social group size and composition, enclosure size, and other housing characteristics were assessed though behavioral observations and review of historical and institution records. Concentrations of metabolized corticosterone in fecal samples were analyzed by enzyme immunoassay. The proportion of nulliparous females did not differ (p>0.05) between subordinate and dominant animals, and subordinates did not have a higher mean fecal corticosterone concentration than dominants (p>0.05). Of the behaviors examined, only the frequency of sexual play behaviors differed (p<0.05) between dominants and subordinates. Average corticosterone concentrations differed (p<0.05) across housing institutions but were not consistently elevated (p>0.05) for females housed in most of the environmental conditions assessed. Housing with a female companion known from adolescence, however, tended to be associated (p=0.06) with a lower mean corticosterone concentration than that when housing with a female companion introduced during adulthood or no female companion. Wild-caught females had a higher (p<0.05) average corticosterone concentration than captive-born females. Average corticosterone concentration did not differ (p>0.05) between acyclic and cycling, or nulliparous and parous females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara C Metrione
- Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Organismal Biology, The Ohio State University, 318 West 12th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
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19
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Miniature Ponies: Similarities and Differences from Larger Breeds in Follicles and Hormones during the Estrous Cycle. J Equine Vet Sci 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2008.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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20
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Hermes R, Göritz F, Streich W, Hildebrandt T. Assisted Reproduction in Female Rhinoceros and Elephants ? Current Status and Future Perspective. Reprod Domest Anim 2007; 42 Suppl 2:33-44. [PMID: 17688600 DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0531.2007.00924.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Over the last few decades, rhinoceroses and elephants became important icons in the saga of wildlife conservation. Recent surveys estimate the wild Asian (Elephas maximus) and African (Loxodonta africana) elephant populations to be, at most, 50 250 and 637 600 respectively. For the five rhinoceros species, black (Diceros bicornis), white (Ceratotherium simum), Indian (Rhinoceros unicornis), Javan (Rhinoceros sondaicus) and Sumatran rhinoceros (Dicerorhinus Sumatrensis), the population estimates of 3610, 11 330, 2400, 60 and 300, respectively, are of even greater concern. Protected against habitat loss, poaching and left undisturbed, rhinoceros and elephants reproduce well in the wild. But small and decreasing populations make successful captive management of these taxa increasingly important. In captivity, however, most populations face possible 'extinction' because of historically poor reproductive performance. From the first descriptions of the reproductive anatomy and the oestrous cycle (Laws 1969; Kassam and Lasley 1981; Balke et al. 1988a,b; Plotka et al. 1988; Godfrey et al. 1991) to the present use of advanced assisted reproduction technologies, researchers have strive to understand the function and dysfunction of the reproductive biology of these charismatic species. This paper reviewed the current knowledge on rhinoceros and elephant reproduction biology, reproductive cycle, gestation, dystocia, reproductive pathology, oestrous induction and artificial insemination, sperm sexing, IVF and contraception, and how this knowledge is or might be used to aid species conservation for maximal reproductive efficiency and enhancement of genetic management.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Hermes
- Department of Reproductive Management, Leibniz Institute for Zoo Biology and Wildlife Research, Berlin, Germany.
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SCHWARZENBERGER F. The many uses of non-invasive faecal steroid monitoring in zoo and wildlife species. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1748-1090.2007.00017.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Andrabi SMH, Maxwell WMC. A review on reproductive biotechnologies for conservation of endangered mammalian species. Anim Reprod Sci 2007; 99:223-43. [PMID: 16919407 DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2006.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2005] [Revised: 06/30/2006] [Accepted: 07/07/2006] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
This review describes the use of modern reproductive biotechnologies or assisted reproductive techniques (ART) including artificial insemination, embryo transfer/sexing, in vitro fertilization, gamete/embryo micromanipulation, semen sexing, genome resource banking, and somatic cell nuclear transfer (cloning) in conservation programs for endangered mammalian species. Such biotechnologies allow more offspring to be obtained from selected parents to ensure genetic diversity and may reduce the interval between generations. However, the application of reproductive biotechnologies for endangered free-living mammals is rarer than for endangered domestic breeds. Progress in ART for non-domestic species will continue at a slow pace due to limited resources, but also because the management and conservation of endangered species is biologically quite complex. In practice, current reproductive biotechnologies are species-specific or inefficient for many endangered animals because of insufficient knowledge on basic reproduction like estrous cycle, seasonality, structural anatomy, gamete physiology and site for semen deposition or embryo transfer of non-domestic species.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M H Andrabi
- MC Franklin Laboratory, Faculty of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Camden, NSW 2570, Australia.
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Hildebrandt TB, Hermes R, Walzer C, Sós E, Molnar V, Mezösi L, Schnorrenberg A, Silinski S, Streich J, Schwarzenberger F, Göritz F. Artificial insemination in the anoestrous and the postpartum white rhinoceros using GnRH analogue to induce ovulation. Theriogenology 2007; 67:1473-84. [PMID: 17451805 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2007.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2006] [Revised: 03/01/2007] [Accepted: 03/04/2007] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to develop AI and to achieve first time pregnancy in a nulliparous rhinoceros. For this, one 24-year-old irregular cycling female white rhinoceros was selected, which had never been mated. The endocrine function was monitored by faecal and serum pregnane analysis. Ultrasound determined the optimal day for AI by measuring follicle sizes of 2.0, 2.6, 3.0, 3.2 cm on days -6, -4, -1, 0 of the induced oestrous cycle, respectively. AI was performed and ovulation induced when a pre-ovulatory-sized follicle was present using GnRH analogue, deslorelin. Fresh semen was deposited in the uterine horn using a patented AI catheter overcoming the hymeneal membrane and torturous cervical folds non-surgically. Moreover, ultrasound monitoring of the uterine involution and ovarian activity on days 16, 26, 30 postpartum facilitated the induction of and the AI on the first postpartum oestrous in a rhinoceros using GnRH analogue. Two consecutive pregnancies were achieved by AI for the first time in the rhinoceros. Pregnancies were diagnosed by elevated serum and faecal 20-oxo-pregnane concentrations. In addition ultrasound measured biometric parameters of the two foetuses on days 86 and 133 of gestation. Two female calves were born after 490 and 502 days of gestation, yet one calf was stillborn. AI in rhinoceros might now be used as assisted reproduction technology tool to boost critically small captive rhinoceros populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- T B Hildebrandt
- Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, PF 601103, D-10252 Berlin, Germany
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24
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Santiago-Moreno J, González-Bulnes A, Gómez-Brunet A, Toledano-Diaz A, López-Sebastián A. Prediction of gestational age by transrectal ultrasonographic measurements in the mouflon (Ovis gmelini musimon). J Zoo Wildl Med 2007; 36:457-62. [PMID: 17312765 DOI: 10.1638/04-107.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Serial transrectal ultrasonographies were performed measuring different structures of mouflon (Ovis gmelini musimon) fetuses to establish their gestational age. Data were obtained from 14 mouflon ewes that became pregnant after estrous synchronization. From day 25 of gestation onward, the crown-rump length and the trunk diameter of the embryo were estimated. Later, when the fetal organs and structures could be distinguished, several measurements were done in the skull (occipito-snout length and biparietal and orbit diameters), the trunk (thoracic diameter and width of vertebrae), and the abdominal cavity (stomach and kidney longitudinal diameters); femur length was also determined. All fetal measurements were correlated with gestational age (P < 0.001), but the parameters showing the highest correlation with time (R2 up to 0.94) were the crown-rump and occipito-snout lengths and the thoracic and biparietal diameters. No significant differences were observed in pregnancies with one or two fetuses in the period studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Santiago-Moreno
- Departamento de Reproducción Animal, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA). Avenida Puerta de Hierro Km 5,9. 28040 Madrid, Spain
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25
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26
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Hermes R, Hildebrandt TB, Walzer C, Göritz F, Patton ML, Silinski S, Anderson MJ, Reid CE, Wibbelt G, Tomasova K, Schwarzenberger F. The effect of long non-reproductive periods on the genital health in captive female white rhinoceroses (Ceratotherium simum simum, C.s. cottoni). Theriogenology 2006; 65:1492-515. [PMID: 16213012 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2005.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2005] [Revised: 09/07/2005] [Accepted: 09/05/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
White rhinoceroses suffer from a low reproductive rate in captivity. Intensive efforts to propagate specifically the northern white rhinoceros have been very limited. The dismal outlook for this subspecies in the wild makes successful ex situ breeding programs paramount. In this context, this study examined 48 southern and 6 northern white rhinoceroses using ultrasound and faecal hormone analysis to elucidate causes for female reproductive failure and to determine whether long non-reproductive periods have a detrimental impact on genital health. Results showed that 76% of the nulliparous females had intact hymenal membrane indicating these females had never been bred, at an age when their wild counterparts have delivered multiple offspring. Fifty-six percent of the studied population had various reproductive pathology. Cystic endometrial hyperplasia; leiomyomas of the cervix, uterus and ovary, adenoma; para-ovarian cysts and hydromucometra represent the scope of lesions identified. The stages of the lesions in nulliparous females correlated with age (r = 0.4, P < 0.05). Due to the severity of the lesions, 28% of the study population was considered post-reproductive. Therefore, the reproductive life span in some individuals was 10-20 years shorter than expected. However, in parous females the incidence of pathological lesions was significantly lower (P < 0.0001). Seventy-eight percent females studied had erratic or absent luteal activity. The hormone data corresponded with two ultrasonographic levels of ovarian activity, active and inactive, occurring within an age range of 3-19 years and 15-38 years, respectively. This suggests the lack of ovarian activity by reproductive mid-life in non-reproducing females. The accuracy of the ultrasound findings was validated by necropsy in nine animals showing a strong positive correlation (r2 = 0.9, p < 0.001). Our data suggests that the development of reproductive pathology and ovarian inactivity in white rhinoceros is an age-related consequence of long non-reproductive periods. This asymmetric ageing process of the genital organs can be prevented with the achievement of at least one pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Hermes
- Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, PF 601103, D-10252 Berlin, Germany.
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27
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Mayor P, López-Gatius F, López-Béjar M. Integrating ultrasonography within the reproductive management of the collared peccary (Tayassu tajacu). Theriogenology 2005; 63:1832-43. [PMID: 15823342 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2004.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2004] [Revised: 07/27/2004] [Accepted: 08/17/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Ultrasound imaging has been used to elucidate certain aspects of the reproductive biology of wild or endangered species. However, to our knowledge, this tool has not been used for reproductive monitoring of the collared peccary (Tayassu tajacu). In this study, real-time ultrasonography was used in 16 collared peccary females to diagnose early pregnancy status and predict gestational age. Based on the detection of an embryo, the earliest pregnancy diagnosis was made on Day 18 after mating, with the mean time needed for diagnosis being 22 days. Overall accuracies on Days 22, 26 and 28 were 56, 93, and 100%, respectively. On Days 26 and 28, all pregnancy and non-pregnancy diagnoses, respectively, were correct. The fetal measurements that best correlated with gestational age were crown-rump-length (CRL) and the length and diameter of the thorax. CRL was considered the most practical measurement because, contrary to thoracic fetometry, it could be determined when the embryo was first detected. Our findings revealed real-time ultrasound scanning to be a very accurate method for early pregnancy diagnosis and prediction of gestational age in the collared peccary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Mayor
- Department of Animal Health and Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary, Autonomous University of Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
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Hermes R, Hildebrandt TB, Blottner S, Walzer C, Silinski S, Patton ML, Wibbelt G, Schwarzenberger F, Göritz F. Reproductive soundness of captive southern and northern white rhinoceroses (Ceratotherium simum simum, C.s. cottoni): evaluation of male genital tract morphology and semen quality before and after cryopreservation. Theriogenology 2005; 63:219-38. [PMID: 15589286 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2004.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2004] [Revised: 04/16/2004] [Accepted: 04/19/2004] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
White rhinoceroses suffer from a low rate of reproduction in captivity. This study examines the role of male reproductive function as a contributing factor. We used ultrasonography to image accessory sex glands, testis and epididymis. Electroejaculation provided 36 ejaculates from 21 rhinoceroses. Based on the percentage of progressively motile spermatozoa, semen was categorized in three groups, high (I: >75%), intermediate (II: 50-70%) or low (III: <50%) quality. Only 52% of the males showed high semen quality. Ejaculates in the high motility category also had the highest proportion of morphologically intact spermatozoa. Both semen parameters, sperm motility and morphology, were found to positively correlate with size of the accessory sex glands. The semen category was associated with group size suggesting that the social status influenced functional reproductive parameters. Change of territorial status (n = 1) improved semen quality. Testicular fibrosis was characterized as a sign of reproductive ageing in all males older than 15 years of age (n = 13); although, this ageing process did not notably affect semen parameters. Furthermore, for the benefit of assisted-reproduction and genetic banking programs protocols for the storage of cooled semen and the cryopreservation of spermatozoa were designed using different cryodiluents. This report provides basic data for the evaluation of reproductive components and of breeding management in male rhinoceros. Our results indicate that low rate of reproduction in captivity can be attributed to reduced male reproductive fitness. Changes in management of white rhinoceroses may positively affect male reproductive function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Hermes
- Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, PF 601103, 10252 Berlin, Germany.
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Roth T, Bateman H, Kroll J, Steinetz B, Reinhart P. Endocrine and ultrasonographic characterization of a successful pregnancy in a Sumatran rhinoceros (Dicerorhinus sumatrensis) supplemented with a synthetic progestin. Zoo Biol 2004. [DOI: 10.1002/zoo.10131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Presicce GA, Parmeggiani A, Senatore EM, Stecco R, Barile VL, De Mauro GJ, De Santis G, Maria Terzano G. Hormonal dynamics and follicular turnover in prepuberal Mediterranean Italian buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis). Theriogenology 2003; 60:485-93. [PMID: 12763162 DOI: 10.1016/s0093-691x(03)00034-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was the investigation of hormonal and ovarian follicular dynamics in prepuberal buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis) bred in Italy. Eleven 5-9-month old buffalo calves ranging in weight from 122 to 270kg, maintained under controlled nutritional and environmental conditions, underwent 50 days of ultrasonographic ovarian follicular monitoring in the months of October-December. Blood sampling for E(2) and FSH determination and ultrasonographic monitoring using a 7.5MHz linear probe and an ALOKA SSD-500 monitor were performed daily. No differences in any of the parameters under study were highlighted when calves were divided into two weight categories (<200 and >200kg) and thus data were pooled. In this study, values are reported as mean+/-S.D. A range of two-six regular follicular waves was reported among calves with an average of 4+/-1.1. Overall interval (days) between wave emergence was 9.9+/-2.8 and largest diameters (mm) of dominant and first subordinate follicles were 8.4+/-1.2 and 4.8+/-0.6, respectively (P<0.05). With the exception of one calf, some minor follicular waves (short waves or SWs; 1.6+/-1), lasting <10 days (6.1+/-1.2) were reported. They were monitored contemporaneously on the ovary contralateral (n=7) or ipsilateral (n=3) to the main follicular wave. Growth rate (mm per day) of dominant follicles (DF) was significantly faster than for corresponding subordinate follicles (SF) and follicles of SWs (1.08+/-0.2 versus 0.79+/-0.1 and 0.83+/-0.1, respectively, P<0.05). The static phase (days) lasted longer in DF compared to SF and SW (5.4+/-1.8 versus 2.4+/-1.2 and 2.6+/-1, respectively, P<0.05). The regressing phase (mm per day) was similar among DF, SF and SW (0.86+/-0.2, 0.94+/-0.2 and 0.84+/-0.1, respectively, P=0.09). Episodic spikes of E(2) and FSH were reported, corresponding to wave development throughout the course of investigation. In conclusion, the majority of buffalo calves displayed a typical pattern of regular follicular development in conjunction with a dynamic trend of ovarian and hypophyseal hormones. Some minor follicle turnover was reported with parallel main follicular waves.
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Place NJ, Weldele ML, Wahaj SA. Ultrasonic measurements of second and third trimester fetuses to predict gestational age and date of parturition in captive and wild spotted hyenas Crocuta crocuta. Theriogenology 2002; 58:1047-55. [PMID: 12212886 DOI: 10.1016/s0093-691x(02)00937-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Parturition in spotted hyenas (Crocuta crocuta) is a fascinating event to witness, as females of this species are highly masculinized and give birth through a penis-like clitoris. Furthermore, shortly after birth, a high rate of aggression occurs between littermates that can sometimes end in siblicide. To study these events thoroughly, an accurate estimate of the date of parturition is necessary. To this end, we performed transabdominal ultrasounds every 20-30 days in five captive spotted hyenas of known gestational age, beginning approximately 30 days after mating. We measured the femur length (FL), abdominal circumference (AC), and biparietal diameter (BPD) of eight fetuses from Days 42 to 100 of their 110 days of gestation. FL proved to be the most effective measurement, as it correlated well with gestational age and was easy to obtain consistently. The relationship between estimated gestational age (EGA) and FL is described by the equation: [EGA = 37.3 + (14.0 x FL)]. AC also correlated well with EGA, but was more difficult to measure than FL. Measuring BPD became increasingly difficult as pregnancies advanced beyond 70 days of gestation. Because gestational age is often not known in captive and free-ranging spotted hyenas, measuring fetal FL ultrasonographically is a rapid and reliable way to determine an approximate date of parturition. This technique proved invaluable when used to track and monitor a free-ranging spotted hyena during the days just before and after parturition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ned J Place
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley 94720-1650, USA.
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Brown JL, Bellem AC, Fouraker M, Wildt DE, Roth TL. Comparative analysis of gonadal and adrenal activity in the black and white rhinoceros in North America by noninvasive endocrine monitoring. Zoo Biol 2002. [DOI: 10.1002/zoo.10028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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