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Kaiser M, Dahl J, Jacobsen S, Jacobson M, Andersen PH, Bækbo P, Escribano D, Cerón JJ, Tecles F. Changes of adenosine deaminase activity in serum and saliva around parturition in sows with and without postpartum dysgalactia syndrome. BMC Vet Res 2021; 17:352. [PMID: 34794425 PMCID: PMC8600890 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-021-03067-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Postpartum dysgalactia syndrome (PDS) is associated with a significantly higher activation of the inflammatory and stress response at parturition than in the healthy sow. Therefore, reliable and possibly non-invasive biomarkers for substantial increases of inflammation are searched to support the PDS diagnosis. This report studies the possible changes of the inflammatory marker enzyme adenosine deaminase (ADA) in serum and saliva of 38 PDS positive sows (PDS+) and 38 healthy sows (PDS-). Sampling was performed every 24 h from 60 h before to 36 h after parturition. Isoenzyme 1 (ADA1) and isoenzyme 2 (ADA2), as well as total ADA (tADA), were measured and their statistical association with several serum and saliva biomarkers of inflammation and stress was investigated. RESULTS Compared to a baseline (60 to 36h prepartum), salivary activities of ADA1, ADA2 and tADA increased significantly over time in both PDS+ and PDS- sows, reaching their peaks after parturition. In serum from PDS- sows, no changes were observed over time in either ADA1, ADA2 or tADA. In PDS+ sows, serum ADA2 activity decreased temporarily after parturition followed by a significant increase compared to baseline. ADA1, ADA2 and tADA were all significantly associated with several inflammatory biomarkers and ADA1 in serum was associated with serum cortisol. Although serum activity was higher in PDS+ than in PDS- sows, the differences were not statistically significant. Further, no difference was noted between the groups in the analyses of saliva. CONCLUSIONS Salivary ADA1 and ADA2 increased in all sows after parturition, potentially as a response to the postpartum inflammation. However, no difference in the activity of ADA1, ADA2 and tADA were found between PDS+ and PDS- sows indicating inability to diagnose PDS under the conditions described in this report.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianne Kaiser
- Department of Animal Science, Aarhus University, Blichers Allé 20, 8830 Tjele, Denmark
| | - Jan Dahl
- Danish Agriculture and Food Council, Axelborg, Axeltorv 3, 1709 Copenhagen V, Denmark
| | - Stine Jacobsen
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Agrovej 8, 2630 Taastrup, Denmark
| | - Magdalena Jacobson
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, P.O. Box 7054, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Pia Haubro Andersen
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, P.O. Box 7054, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Poul Bækbo
- SEGES, Danish Pig Research Centre, Agro Food Park 15, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - Damián Escribano
- Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, Regional “Campus of Excellence Mare Nostrum”, University of Murcia, 30100 Espinardo, Murcia, Spain
| | - José Joaquín Cerón
- Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, Regional “Campus of Excellence Mare Nostrum”, University of Murcia, 30100 Espinardo, Murcia, Spain
| | - Fernando Tecles
- Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, Regional “Campus of Excellence Mare Nostrum”, University of Murcia, 30100 Espinardo, Murcia, Spain
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Patra MK, De UK, Kent Y, Rungsung S, Krishnaswamy N, Deka BC. Influence of seasonal variation on post-farrowing dysgalactia syndrome (PFDS) and serum biochemistry profiles in the periparturient sow. Trop Anim Health Prod 2021; 53:346. [PMID: 34091765 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-021-02793-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 05/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of seasonal variation on the frequency of post-farrowing dysgalactia syndrome (PFDS), sow body condition score (BCS), piglet survival, and weaning to estrus interval under intensive management systems. In addition, the effects of PFDS on litter characteristics and serum biochemistry, oxidative stress indices, thyroid, and cortisol profile were examined in order to identify potential biomarkers in the pre-farrowing stage. The study was conducted in summer and winter seasons in Nagaland, India, on 50 sows from 30 days before farrowing until weaning at 45 days. Sows were classified retrospectively into PFDS and non-PFDS. Although statistically, no significant difference was noted in the occurrence of PFDS between the seasons, the proportion of PFDS development was substantially higher in winter than summer (37.5 vs. 26.9%). In winter, the incidence of piglet stillbirth and sow weaning to estrus period was significantly higher (p < 0.05) and the mean litter size at weaning was significantly lower (p < 0.01). At weaning, the mean litter weight and average daily weight gain were decreased (p < 0.05) in both summer and winter, and the total number of piglets died in each litter was increased in sows afflicted with PFDS compared with healthy sows. A significant interaction effect of peripartum days and PFDS was observed in the changes of blood glucose, albumin (p < 0.05), and HDL-cholesterol (p = 0.07) concentration. Mean T3 and T4 concentration was influenced by peripartum days in both the season and a consistently lower T3 concentration was detected in PFDS sows before farrowing. It is concluded that PFDS sows exhibited an increased incidence of stillbirth and scouring of neonatal piglets during the winter. A pronounced drop in mean circulating T3 concentration in sows from 30 days before farrowing to 3 days after farrowing reflects endocrine-mediated metabolic dysfunction. Further research is warranted with more number of sows to identify the critical values of serum T3 concentration in the immediate pre-farrowing period for prediction of sows developing PFDS after farrowing.
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Affiliation(s)
- M K Patra
- Livestock Production and Management Section, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar-243122, Bareilly, UP, India. .,ICAR Research Complex for North Eastern Hill Region, Nagaland Centre, Medziphema, Nagaland, 797 106, India.
| | - U K De
- Division of Medicine, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar-243122, Bareilly, UP, India
| | - Y Kent
- ICAR Research Complex for North Eastern Hill Region, Nagaland Centre, Medziphema, Nagaland, 797 106, India.,Department of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Services, Govt. of Nagaland, Kohima, Nagaland, India
| | - S Rungsung
- ICAR Research Complex for North Eastern Hill Region, Nagaland Centre, Medziphema, Nagaland, 797 106, India.,College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Central Agricultural University, Jalukie, Peren, Nagaland, 797 110, India
| | - N Krishnaswamy
- ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Hebbal, Bengaluru, 560024, India
| | - B C Deka
- ICAR Research Complex for North Eastern Hill Region, Nagaland Centre, Medziphema, Nagaland, 797 106, India.,Assam Agricultural University, Jorhat, Assam, 785013, India
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Changes in saliva analytes during pregnancy, farrowing and lactation in sows: A sialochemistry approach. Vet J 2021; 273:105679. [PMID: 34148602 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2021.105679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Revised: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Salivary biomarkers were studied in 17 healthy Large White sows from early gestation to the end of lactation. Saliva samples were obtained at 34 ± 3 days from insemination (G30), 24 ± 4 days before farrowing (G90), within the first 24 h after farrowing (L1) and at the end of a lactation period of 21 days (L21). The measurements in saliva included stress-related biomarkers (cortisol, chromogranin A, α-amylase, butyrylcholinesterase [BChE] and lipase [Lip]), inflammatory biomarkers (adenosine deaminase isoenzymes 1 [ADA1] and 2 [ADA2], and haptoglobin [Hp]) and oxidative stress biomarkers (cupric reducing antioxidant capacity, trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity, ferric reducing ability, uric acid, advanced oxidation protein products [AOPP] and hydrogen peroxide [H2O2]), as well as routine biochemistry analytes (aspartate aminotransferase [AST], alkaline phosphatase [ALP], γ-glutamine transferase [GGT], lactate dehydrogenase [LDH], creatine kinase [CK], urea, creatinine, triglycerides, lactate, calcium and phosphorus). The main changes were observed at farrowing, with increases in biomarkers of stress (cortisol and BChE), inflammation (ADA isoenzymes and Hp) and oxidative stress (AOPP and H2O2), as well as muscle and hepatic enzymes (CK, AST, ALP, GGT and LDH). Lactate and triglycerides increased at the end of gestation and remained at high concentrations until the end of lactation. Lip was higher in gestation than at lactation. Thus, changes in biomarkers of stress, immune function, oxidative stress, hepatic and muscle integrity, and energy mobilization occur in sow saliva during pregnancy, farrowing and lactation. These changes, caused by physiological conditions, should be taken into consideration when these biomarkers are used for the evaluation of sow health and welfare.
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Huang PF, Mou Q, Yang Y, Li JM, Xu ML, Huang J, Li JZ, Yang HS, Liang XX, Yin YL. Effects of supplementing sow diets during late gestation with Pennisetum purpureum on antioxidant indices, immune parameters and faecal microbiota. Vet Med Sci 2021; 7:1347-1358. [PMID: 33620158 PMCID: PMC8294372 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2020] [Revised: 11/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of adding Pennisetum purpureum (P. purpureum, also known as Napier grass or elephant grass) to the diets of late gestation on the antioxidant indexes, immune indexes and faecal microbiota of sows. At the 90 days of gestation, 300 healthy sows were randomly divided into three groups, and they received the basic commercial diet or added 5% P. purpureum and 10% P. purpureum, respectively. The experiment started from 90 days of gestation to parturition. The results showed that the total antioxidant capacity, immunoglobulins and serum equol concentrations of sows on 100 days of gestation and at parturition increased linearly (p < .05) with the increase of the content of P. purpureum in the gestation diet. The 5% P. purpureum increased the relative abundance of Bacteroidetes (p = .027) and Actinobacteria (p < .001) at phylum level, Coriobacteriaceae (p < .001) at family level and Prevotellaceae_UCG_001 (p = .004) at genus level, and decreased the relative abundance of Escherichia_Shigella (p < .001) at genus level. In summary, this study shows that the additive of P. purpureum can increase the concentration of serum equol, improve the antioxidant capacity and immune function of sow in late gestation. In addition, the additive of 5% P. purpureum in the diet might change the composition of intestinal microbiota of sows, particularly the relative abundance of Coriobacteriaceae (p < .001) increased.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng-Fei Huang
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Intestinal Function and Regulation, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, P. R. China
| | - Qi Mou
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Intestinal Function and Regulation, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, P. R. China
| | - Ying Yang
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Intestinal Function and Regulation, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, P. R. China
| | - Jia-Ming Li
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Intestinal Function and Regulation, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, P. R. China
| | - Ming-Lang Xu
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Intestinal Function and Regulation, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, P. R. China
| | - Jing Huang
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Intestinal Function and Regulation, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, P. R. China
| | - Jian-Zhong Li
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Intestinal Function and Regulation, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, P. R. China
| | - Huan-Sheng Yang
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Intestinal Function and Regulation, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, P. R. China
| | - Xiao-Xiao Liang
- Henan Ground Biological Science & Technology Co., Ltd, Zhengzhou, Hena, P. R. China
| | - Yu-Long Yin
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Intestinal Function and Regulation, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, P. R. China.,Henan Ground Biological Science & Technology Co., Ltd, Zhengzhou, Hena, P. R. China
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Kemper N. Update on postpartum dysgalactia syndrome in sows. J Anim Sci 2020; 98:S117-S125. [PMID: 32810252 PMCID: PMC7433910 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skaa135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Kemper
- Institute of Animal Hygiene, Animal Welfare and Farm Animal Behavior, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
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Choi Y, Min Y, Kim Y, Jeong Y, Kim D, Kim J, Jung H. Effects of loose farrowing facilities on reproductive performance in primiparous sows. JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2020; 62:218-226. [PMID: 32292929 PMCID: PMC7142289 DOI: 10.5187/jast.2020.62.2.218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2020] [Revised: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The present study investigated the effects of loose farrowing type during gestation and after farrowing on reproductive performance and of lactating sows. A total of 22 primiparous sows (Landrace; average initial body weights [BW], 228.54 ± 12.79 kg) were allotted to one of two treatments on the basis of body weight. Sows were divided into two experimental groups, conventional farrowing crates (CON), and loosed-farrowing pens (LFP). The experiment duration was around 38 days ranging from 10 days before parturition to 28 days after parturition. Gestating sows at the age of 105 d were placed in gestational stalls (group housing). All the sows were fed a common diet according to the National Research Council requirements for lactation. Cross-fostering was performed within 1 day of parturition. From 1 day after weaning, estrus detection was performed twice-daily (0900 and 1730 h) for 10 min by boar exposure. There were significant effects of LFP housing type on the farrowing duration, and farrowing interval. At the farrowing time, none of the litter parameters including total born, stillborn, mummy, born alive piglets and total litter weight and piglet weight were affected. There were no effects of housing type on the mortality of piglets at d 1, 3, 7, 21, and 28. In conclusion, the result of this study showed that there is no performance difference between the crated or LFP sows, which indicate that the LFP housing has the potential to be used as an alternative to the crated house without any detrimental effects in reproduction performance of lactating sows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yohan Choi
- Swine Science Division, National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, Cheonan 31000, Korea
| | - Yejin Min
- Swine Science Division, National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, Cheonan 31000, Korea
| | - Younghwa Kim
- Swine Science Division, National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, Cheonan 31000, Korea
| | - Yongdae Jeong
- Swine Science Division, National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, Cheonan 31000, Korea
| | - Doowan Kim
- Swine Science Division, National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, Cheonan 31000, Korea
| | - Joeun Kim
- Swine Science Division, National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, Cheonan 31000, Korea
| | - Hyunjung Jung
- Swine Science Division, National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, Cheonan 31000, Korea
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7
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Kaiser M, Jacobsen S, Andersen PH, Bækbo P, Cerón JJ, Dahl J, Escribano D, Theil PK, Jacobson M. Hormonal and metabolic indicators before and after farrowing in sows affected with postpartum dysgalactia syndrome. BMC Vet Res 2018; 14:334. [PMID: 30404636 PMCID: PMC6223068 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-018-1649-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Postpartum dysgalactia syndrome (PDS) in sows is difficult to diagnose and the pathogenesis is obscure. Hormonal changes related to the disease are often difficult to distinguish from those found in the normal transition period from gestation to lactation. The study aimed to investigate metabolic and hormonal changes related to PDS with the goal of identifying potential biomarkers in sows suffering from PDS (PDS+). Selected biomarkers were examined by comparing 38 PDS+ sows with 38 PDS negative (PDS-) sows. The sows were sampled every 24 h from 60 h ante partum (a.p.) to 36 h post partum (p.p.). RESULTS Compared to the baseline (60 to 36 h a.p.), cortisol in serum and saliva and fasting blood glucose concentrations increased in PDS+ as well as PDS- sows. C-peptide decreased relative to the baseline in PDS+ sows, and prolactin and 8-epi prostaglandin F2 alpha (8-epi-PGF2α) decreased in PDS- sows. Concentrations of cortisol in serum and saliva, salivary chromogranin A (CgA), fasting blood glucose, C-peptide, and 8-epi-PGF2α differed significantly between PDS+ and PDS- sows, with levels of cortisol in serum and saliva, salivary CgA, and 8-epi-PGF2α in serum being different in the two groups already before parturition. Concentrations of salivary CgA were significantly lower in PDS- sows than in PDS+ sows during the entire study period. CONCLUSIONS The results suggest that salivary CgA, cortisol and serum 8-epi-PGF2α may potentially serve as early diagnostic indicators for PDS. The consistently higher salivary CgA concentration in PDS+ sows compared to PDS- sows may indicate that homeostatic disturbances are present between 36 to 60 h before parturition in sows developing PDS. The higher serum and saliva cortisol concentration in PDS+ sows compared to PDS- sows could reflect an early sign of inflammation or stress. The significantly lower C-peptide in PDS+ sows compared to PDS- sows may reflect a lower food intake. Our results contribute to the understanding of the pathogenesis of PDS, and the homeostatic disturbances detected before parturition warrants further investigation. The diagnostic potential of the markers identified in this study should be investigated further in a larger population of sows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianne Kaiser
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Agrovej 8, 2630 Taastrup, Denmark
| | - Stine Jacobsen
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Agrovej 8, 2630 Taastrup, Denmark
| | - Pia Haubro Andersen
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, P.O. Box 7054, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Poul Bækbo
- SEGES, Danish Pig Research Centre, Agro Food Park 15, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - José Joaquin Cerón
- Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, Regional “Campus of Excellence Mare Nostrum”, University of Murcia, Espinardo, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Jan Dahl
- Danish Agriculture and Food Council, Axelborg, Axeltorv 3, 1709 Copenhagen V, Denmark
| | - Damián Escribano
- Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, Regional “Campus of Excellence Mare Nostrum”, University of Murcia, Espinardo, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Peter Kappel Theil
- Department of Animal Science - Molecular nutrition and reproduction, Aarhus University, Blichers Allé 20, 8830 Tjele, Denmark
| | - Magdalena Jacobson
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, P.O. Box 7054, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
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Kaiser M, Jacobson M, Andersen PH, Bækbo P, Cerón JJ, Dahl J, Escribano D, Jacobsen S. Inflammatory markers before and after farrowing in healthy sows and in sows affected with postpartum dysgalactia syndrome. BMC Vet Res 2018. [PMID: 29530043 PMCID: PMC5848515 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-018-1382-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The pathogenesis of postpartum dysgalactia syndrome (PDS) in sows is not fully elucidated and affected sows often present vague clinical signs. Accurate and timely diagnosis is difficult, and PDS is often recognized with a delay once piglets begin to starve. Increased rectal temperature of the sow is an important diagnostic parameter, but it may also be influenced by a number of other parameters and is thus difficult to interpret. Inflammatory markers may be important adjuncts to the clinical assessment of sows with PDS, but such markers have only been studied to a limited extent. The objective was to characterize the inflammatory response in healthy sows and in sows suffering from PDS, and to identify biomarkers that may assist in early identification of PDS-affected sows. Results Thirty-eight PDS-affected (PDS+) and 38 healthy (PDS-) sows underwent clinical examination and blood sampling every 24 h, from 60 h before the first piglet was born to 36 h after parturition. In both groups, inflammatory markers changed in relation to parturition. Most inflammatory markers changed 12-36 h after parturition [white blood cell counts (WBC), neutrophil counts, lymphocyte counts, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interleukin 6 (IL-6), serum amyloid A (SAA), C-reactive protein (CRP), haptoglobin (Hp), iron (Fe) and albumin (ALB)]. Changes in neutrophil counts, lymphocyte counts, CRP, Fe and ALB were observed -12 to 0 h before parturition. WBC, neutrophil and lymphocyte counts, serum concentrations of TNF-α, IL-6, Hp and Fe differed between PDS+ and PDS- sows. These differences were mainly apparent 12 to 36 h after parturition, but already at 12 h before parturition, PDS+ sows had lower lymphocyte counts than PDS- sows. Conclusions Parturition itself caused significant inflammatory changes, but PDS+ sows showed a more severe response than PDS- sows. WBC, neutrophil and lymphocyte counts, and concentrations of TNF-α, IL-6, Hp and Fe can be potential biomarkers for PDS. Lymphocyte counts may be used to detect PDS at pre-partum. To assess their diagnostic potential, these markers must be investigated further and most likely combined with assessment of clinical parameters and other biomarkers for improved identification of sows at risk of developing PDS. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12917-018-1382-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianne Kaiser
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Copenhagen University, Højbakkegård Alle 5, 2630, Taastrup, Denmark.
| | - Magdalena Jacobson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, p.o. Box 7054, SE-750 07, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Pia Haubro Andersen
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, p.o. Box 7054, SE-750 07, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Poul Bækbo
- SEGES, Danish Pig Research Center, Danish Agriculture & Food Council, Agro Food Park 15, 8200, Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - José Joaquin Cerón
- Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, Regional "Campus of Excellence Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, 30100 Espinardo, Murcia, Spain
| | - Jan Dahl
- Danish Agriculture and Food Council, Axelborg, Axeltorv 3, 1709, Copenhagen V, Denmark
| | - Damián Escribano
- Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, Regional "Campus of Excellence Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, 30100 Espinardo, Murcia, Spain
| | - Stine Jacobsen
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Copenhagen University, Højbakkegård Alle 5, 2630, Taastrup, Denmark
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Peltoniemi O, Björkman S, Oliviero C. Parturition effects on reproductive health in the gilt and sow. Reprod Domest Anim 2017; 51 Suppl 2:36-47. [PMID: 27762056 DOI: 10.1111/rda.12798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
In this review, we address significant characteristics of parturition in the pig and their connection to post-partum reproductive health and fertility. We discuss the normal physiology and behaviour around parturition and the effect of the second phase (expulsion of foetuses) on the third phase of parturition (expulsion of foetal membranes). In addition, we intend to cover retained placenta, and the connection to post-partum uterine health and fertility in the contemporary prolific sow. We also explore factors that support successful parturition or can cause potential problems. Successful parturition in the pig includes the possibility to express adequate maternal behaviour, rapid expulsion of the piglets, complete expulsion of the placenta, neonatal activity and colostrum intake. Abnormal incidents during any phase of parturition can cause subsequent problems. Duration of the expulsion phase of foetuses can be used as a simple measure of whether parturition is considered successful. Prolonged parturition can impair health of the sow and piglet and fertility after weaning. New insights, such as adding more fibre to sow diets during pregnancy, and especially during the period prior to farrowing, may prevent constipation, increase water intake of the sow around parturition and increase milk intake and performance of piglets. Maternal characteristics, including maternal behaviour, ease of parturition, colostrum production and piglet quality parameters, may be utilized to improve success rate of reproductive management during farrowing and early lactation. Additionally, we share some of the recent developments in methods, including ultrasonography in evaluation of post-partum uterine health. In conclusion, successful farrowing is of the greatest importance for reproductive health of the sow and survival of the piglets. We suggest connections exist among prolonged farrowing and yield of colostrum, retained placenta, development of PDS, and impaired involution of the uterus and reduced subsequent fertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oat Peltoniemi
- Department Production Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
| | - S Björkman
- Department Production Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - C Oliviero
- Department Production Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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10
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Hair cortisol determination in sows in two consecutive reproductive cycles. Reprod Biol 2014; 14:218-23. [PMID: 25152520 DOI: 10.1016/j.repbio.2014.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2013] [Revised: 05/12/2014] [Accepted: 06/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Hair analysis has been proposed as a minimally invasive technique capable of furnishing information regarding the stress response during medium- and long-term periods. Bristle samples were collected from the rump region of sows at three key physiological phases (before delivery - BD; weaning time - WT; pregnancy diagnosis - PD) during consecutive reproductive cycles in order to test swine hair as a reliable matrix of cortisol evaluation. Cortisol was extracted from the bristles and assayed using radioimmunoassay. The highest mean hair cortisol concentrations were demonstrated (p<0.001) at the PD time points (20.1±.95 and 16.29±2.15 pg/mg). Moreover, cortisol was significantly higher (p<0.001) at BD2 (10.48±0.96 pg/mg) as compared to BD1 (5.17±0.51 pg/mg) and WT1 (6.01±0.47 pg/mg). The various physiological phases had a significant effect on cortisol concentration (p<0.00001) with a higher cortisol concentration found during late pregnancy and lactation than in early-mid pregnancy. This could be due not only to the physiological hormonal status, but also to the different housing conditions (single crates vs. group housing). The season of the year was also observed to have an effect (p<0.005), with the lowest cortisol concentration recorded during the hot season.
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Frankshun AL, Chen J, Barron LA, Ho TY, Miller DJ, Rahman KM, Bartol FF, Bagnell CA. Nursing during the first two days of life is essential for the expression of proteins important for growth and remodeling of the neonatal porcine cervix. Endocrinology 2012; 153:4511-21. [PMID: 22778228 DOI: 10.1210/en.2012-1329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The neonatal porcine cervix is sensitive to hormones, including relaxin (RLX), from birth. Whether nursing is required to establish the cervical developmental program or to determine cervical developmental trajectory is unknown. The objective of study 1 was to determine effects of age and nursing on expression of molecular markers and mediators of porcine cervical growth and remodeling from birth to postnatal day (PND) 2 and to document effects of RLX treatment during this period on expression of targeted gene products in nursed vs. replacer-fed gilts. Study 2 was conducted to determine effects of age at first nursing and duration of nursing from birth on expression of targeted transcripts or proteins at PND 14. Nursing supported cervical estrogen receptor-α, vascular endothelial growth factor, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)9, and antiapoptotic B-cell lymphoma-2 protein expression on PND 2. These proteins were undetectable in replacer-fed gilts. Returning replacer-fed gilts to nursing after PND 2 did not restore cervical expression of these proteins by PND 14. RLX increased (P < 0.05) cervical estrogen receptor-α, vascular endothelial growth factor, and B-cell lymphoma-2 protein in nursed gilts, MMP2 protein in nursed and replacer-fed gilts, and decreased (P < 0.05) pro-MMP9 protein in nursed gilts, and RXFP1 mRNA levels in nursed and replacer-fed gilts at PND 2. Replacer feeding for 2 wk from birth increased (P < 0.05) RXFP1 mRNA levels on PND 14. Results support the lactocrine hypothesis for maternal programming of neonatal tissues. Nursing from birth is required to establish the neonatal cervical developmental program and to maintain cervical developmental trajectory to PND 14.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy-Lynn Frankshun
- Department of Animal Sciences, Endocrinology and Animal Biosciences Program, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 84 Lipman Drive, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901, USA
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12
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Jakovac-Strajn B, Ihan A, Kopitar AN, Malovrh T. Phagocytic activity in blood and proliferation of peripheral blood lymphocytes during the perinatal period in primiparous sows. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2010; 95:328-34. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0396.2010.01058.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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13
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Damgaard BM, Malmkvist J, Pedersen LJ, Jensen KH, Thodberg K, Jørgensen E, Juul-Madsen HR. The effects of floor heating on body temperature, water consumption, stress response and immune competence around parturition in loose-housed sows. Res Vet Sci 2008; 86:136-45. [PMID: 18572210 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2008.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2007] [Revised: 03/27/2008] [Accepted: 05/01/2008] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to study whether floor heating from 12h after onset of nest building until 48 h after birth of the first piglet had any effect on measures related to body temperature, water consumption, stress response and immune competence in loose-housed sows (n=23). In conclusion, the present results indicate that floor heating for a limited period around parturition did not compromise physiological and immunological parameters, water intake and body temperature in loose-housed sows. The water intake peaked the day before parturition and the body temperature peaked on the day of parturition. A cortisol peak at parturition, a transient rise in the number of leucocytes and neutrophils and a transient reduction in the number of lymphocytes, erythrocytes and in the PCV value were observed. Around and after parturition some non-specific immunological variables seemed to be stimulated while others seemed to be compromised.
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Affiliation(s)
- B M Damgaard
- Department of Animal Health, Welfare and Nutrition, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Aarhus University, P.O. Box 50, DK-8830 Tjele, Denmark.
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14
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Oliviero C, Heinonen M, Valros A, Hälli O, Peltoniemi OAT. Effect of the environment on the physiology of the sow during late pregnancy, farrowing and early lactation. Anim Reprod Sci 2007; 105:365-77. [PMID: 17449206 DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2007.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2007] [Revised: 03/15/2007] [Accepted: 03/23/2007] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the effect of two types of housing on the duration of farrowing and the physiology of sows before and after farrowing. We assigned 20 sows (PEN) to farrowing pens (210 cm x 335 cm) enriched with straw bedding and 18 sows (CRATE) were placed in farrowing crates (80 cm x 210 cm) with no bedding material. We sampled the animals during period A (from day -5 before farrowing to day +1 of lactation) and during period B (from days +2 to +5 of lactation). We took daily venous blood samples for progesterone measurements and four salivary samples per day (at 09:00, 11:00, 13:00 and 15:00) for cortisol determination. In addition, intensive blood sampling was performed in 18 catheterised sows (9 PEN and 9 CRATE) to determine the level of oxytocin during farrowing. The treatment had no effect on litter size, piglet mortality at birth and weaning, growth of the piglets between days 1 and 5 of life. We found no significant difference in the cortisol concentration between the two groups during period A (p=0.36). Significant difference was found in period B, where the CRATE group had a higher concentration of cortisol than the PEN group (p=0.03). Progesterone concentration did not differ between the two groups (p=0.80). The duration of farrowing was on average 93 min longer in the CRATE sows (n=15), with a mean of 311+/-35 min (mean+/-S.D.), than in the PEN sows (n=19), with a mean of 218+/-24 min (p=0.03). In addition, the mean interval between each piglet expulsion was longer in the CRATE group (n=11), with a mean of 25+/-4 min, than in the PEN group (n=15) with a mean of 16+/-2 min (p=0.05). During farrowing, the post-expulsion oxytocin pulses average tended to be higher in the PEN group (77.6+/-47.6 ng/ml) than in the CRATE group (38.1+/-24.6 pg/ml) (p=0.08). The concentration of oxytocin strongly affected the duration of farrowing (p<0.001). In conclusion, this study showed that the environment influences the physiology of the sow during farrowing and early lactation.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Oliviero
- Department of Production Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Pohjoinen Pikatie 800, Saarentaus, Finland.
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15
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Niekamp SR, Sutherland MA, Dahl GE, Salak-Johnson JL. Photoperiod influences the immune status of multiparous pregnant sows and their piglets1. J Anim Sci 2006; 84:2072-82. [PMID: 16864867 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2005-597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Manipulation of photoperiod may provide a noninvasive, easily implemented, effective method to improve immune status and enhance the efficiency of production. The objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of manipulation of photoperiod on endocrine and immune responses of pregnant sows and their offspring. At d 83 of gestation, sows were moved to gestation stalls and kept on a photoperiod of 12 h of light:12 h of dark until d 90, when sows were assigned to a long day (LD; 16 h of light/d) or a short day (SD; 8 h of light/d) treatment. During farrowing and lactation, one-half of the sows remained on their initial photoperiod (LD:LD or SD:SD), whereas one-half were switched to the opposite treatment (LD:SD or SD:LD). Blood samples were collected from sows at d 0, 7, 14, and 21 posttreatment, 24-h postfarrowing, and the end of lactation (approximately d 21 postfarrowing). Piglets were bled at 7 and 21 d of age for immune measures. Relative to sows on LD, sows on SD had greater concanavalin A- (P = 0.003) and lipopolysaccharide- (P = 0.02) induced proliferative responses at d 7 but reduced responses at d 14. Compared with SD, sows on LD had a greater (P < 0.05) percentage of neutrophils and fewer (P < 0.05) lymphocytes at d 7, resulting in a greater (P = 0.05) neutrophil:lymphocyte ratio. Neutrophil phagocytosis was greater at d 21 in sows kept on LD. Cortisol concentrations tended to be greatest (P = 0.10) in sows on SD:SD at 24-h postfarrowing and throughout lactation. At 7 d of age, piglets on LD:SD had greater (P = 0.001) total white blood cells (WBC) and plasma cortisol (P = 0.001) relative to those on the other photoperiod treatments. Plasma immunoglobulin G was less (P = 0.001) in piglets from sows kept on SD:LD compared with the other photoperiod treatments. Piglets from sows kept on LD:LD tended to have lower total WBC (P = 0.08) at 21 d of age. Piglets from sows kept on SD:SD had greater concanavalin A- (P < 0.001) and lipopolysaccharide-induced (P < or = 0.10) proliferation responses and cortisol (P = 0.05). Phagocytosis was greater (P < 0.003) in piglets from sows that were kept on LD:LD. Cortisol (P = 0.02), WBC (P = 0.003), and immunoglobulin G (P = 0.001) were all influenced by gestational photoperiod treatment. These data indicate that photoperiod influences the immune status and endocrine response of piglets from dams that have been kept on a defined photoperiod. We conclude that photoperiod effects on piglets may be programmed in utero and can last throughout lactation.
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Affiliation(s)
- S R Niekamp
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana 61801, USA
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Zhu Y, Osterlundh I, Hultén F, Magnusson U. Tumor necrosis factor-, interleukin-6, serum amyloid A, haptoglobin, and cortisol concentrations in sows following intramammary inoculation of Escherichia coli. Am J Vet Res 2004; 65:1434-9. [PMID: 15524332 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.2004.65.1434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine whether concentrations of proinflammatory cytokines, acute-phase proteins, and cortisol differ at parturition among 3 categories of sows (noninoculated, clinically affected and nonaffected following intramammary inoculation with Escherichia coll). ANIMALS 16 sows. PROCEDURE Sows were allocated to inoculated (n = 12) or noninoculated (4) groups. Inoculated sows received intramammary administration of E coli (serotype O127) during the 24-hour period preceding parturition. Blood samples were collected from noninoculated and inoculated sows for 3 consecutive days within 3 to 11 days before farrowing and inoculation. Samples were also collected 0, 24, 48, 72, and 96 hours after farrowing and inoculation. Inoculated sows were further categorized as affected (4 sows) or nonaffected (8 sows) based on clinical signs of disease. Serum tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, plasma interleukin (IL)-6, and serum amyloid A (SAA) concentrations were measured by use of ELISA; serum haptoglobin concentration was assayed by use of a hemoglobin-binding method; and plasma cortisol concentration was determined by use of radioimmunoassay. RESULTS Plasma or serum concentrations of TNF-alpha, IL-6, and SAA of both categories of inoculated sows were significantly increased by 24 hours after intramammary inoculation of E coli, compared with concentrations in noninoculated sows. Concentrations of serum TNF-alpha and plasma IL-6 were significantly higher in inoculated sows that developed clinical mastitis than in nonaffected inoculated sows. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Concentrations of TNF-alpha and IL-6 are promising markers for the identification of periparturient sows with subclinical coliform mastitis. Identification of such sows should help improve the health and survival of piglets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaohong Zhu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Centre for Reproductive Biology in Uppsala, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, PO Box 7039, SE-75 007 Uppsala, Sweden
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Osterlundh I, Hultén F, Johannisson A, Magnusson U. Sows intramammarily inoculated with Escherichia coli at parturition: I. Functional capacity of granulocytes in sows affected or non-affected by clinical mastitis. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2002; 90:35-44. [PMID: 12406653 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-2427(02)00204-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to investigate if occurrence of clinical disease was related to granulocyte traits in sows. Functional capacity of granulocytes and plasma steroid hormone concentrations were assessed before inoculation with Escherichia coli in the mammary glands in sows at parturition. Blood samples were taken for 3 days approximately 1 week before parturition, and granulocyte migration, phagocytic capacity and expression of CD 18 adhesion molecules were determined. Inoculation was done within 36 h before partus. Thereafter, daily thorough clinical examinations were performed including udder health, habitus, appetite and rectal temperature, to assess the severity of disease. Based on the clinical findings four sows were classified as affected and eight as non-affected by clinical mastitis within 48 h after parturition.No difference (p>0.10) in pre-inoculation chemotaxis, phagocytosis or CD 18 expression was found between granulocytes from the sows resisting and developing clinical mastitis, respectively. However, there was an effect by the individual sow (p=0.001) on the numbers of granulocytes and white blood cells, and on plasma concentrations of estradiol-17beta and progesterone. In conclusion, these data does not suggest that impaired chemotaxis or phagocytosis by blood granulocytes contribute to the development of clinical coliform mastitis in the periparturient sow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingrid Osterlundh
- Department of Obstetric and Gynecology, Centre for Reproductive Biology in Uppsala, SLU, P O Box 7039, SE-750 07, Uppsala, Sweden.
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18
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Magnusson U, Pedersen Mörner A, Persson A, Karlstam E, Sternberg S, Kindahl H. Sows intramammarily inoculated with Escherichia coli influence of time of infection, hormone concentrations and leucocyte numbers on development of disease. JOURNAL OF VETERINARY MEDICINE. B, INFECTIOUS DISEASES AND VETERINARY PUBLIC HEALTH 2001; 48:501-12. [PMID: 11666032 DOI: 10.1046/j.1439-0450.2001.00469.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to identify factors that influence the development of disease in sows inoculated with Escherichia coli in the mammary gland. Ten cross-bred primiparous sows were intramammarily inoculated with living E. coli bacteria at different time points before parturition: seven sows within 48 h before parturition and three sows approximately 96 h before parturition. Before and after inoculation, blood samples and mammary gland biopsy specimens were collected and clinical observations were made. All seven sows inoculated close to parturition developed a rectal temperature of >39.5 degrees C during the first 48 h post-partum and two of them also showed other signs of clinical disease. In the sows inoculated 4 days before parturition, the rectal temperature never exceeded 39.5 degrees C during the first 48 h post-partum and none of them showed any other sign of clinical discase. There was a tendency (P < 0.1) that histological signs of mastitis were more frequent in the sows inoculated close to parturition. There were no overall differences between the two groups of sows in plasma concentrations of cortisol, oestradiol-17beta and 15-ketodihydro-PGF2alpha before inoculation. Before inoculation, the number of neutrophils in the blood was overall higher (P < 0.05) in the group of sows that were inoculated close to parturition. In comparison, the number of lymphocytes before inoculation had a tendency (P < 0.1) to be lower in that group. The data suggest that the time of infection of the mammary gland relative to parturition and the number of circulating neutrophils at the time of infection influence the development of chinical coliform mastitis in the sow.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Magnusson
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Centre for Reproductive Biology in Uppsala
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19
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Osterlundh I, Holst H, Magnusson U. Effect of mammary secretions on functions of polymorphonuclear leukocytes in pigs. Am J Vet Res 2001; 62:1250-4. [PMID: 11497446 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.2001.62.1250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the effects of porcine mammary secretions on polymorphonuclear (PMN) leukocyte function and to relate concentrations of estradiol-17beta and cortisol in mammary secretions to PMN cell function. SAMPLE POPULATION Mammary secretions from 10 healthy sows and blood PMN leukocytes from 27 healthy sows. PROCEDURE Mammary secretions were collected within 24 hours after parturition (colostrum) and 12 to 13 days later (milk). Chemoattractant properties were assessed by use of a cell migration assay. Phagocytic capacity of PMN cells in colostrum and milk was assessed by recording chemiluminescence following phagocytosis of Escherichia coli or zymosan. Estradiol-17beta and cortisol concentrations were determined by use of radioimmunoassays. RESULTS Chemoattractant properties of colostrum and milk were significantly greater than that of zymosan-activated serum. However, chemoattractant properties did not differ significantly between the 2 types of secretions. The capacity of PMN cells in colostrum to phagocytose either zymosan or E. coli was less, compared with cells in milk, and the ability of cells in either type of mammary secretion to phagocytose E. coli was greater than the ability to phagocytose zymosan. Concentrations of estradiol-17beta and cortisol were greater in colostrum, compared with milk. No clear relation was evident between PMN cell activity and hormone concentrations in mammary secretions. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Although chemoattractant properties of colostrum and milk did not differ, the phagocytic capacity of PMN cells in colostrum was significantly less than that of cells in milk. This may predispose sows to coliform mastitis during the early postparturient period.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Osterlundh
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Centre for Reproductive Biology, Uppsala, Sweden
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20
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Magnusson U. Immune Status Around Parturition. Reprod Domest Anim 1998. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0531.1998.tb01337.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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