1
|
Tanaka Y, Tamai M, Taguchi N, Niyazi A, Ueno M, Nagasao T. Spontaneously generated large adipose flaps in vivo tissue engineering chambers. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg 2020; 73:1889-1896. [PMID: 32576455 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjps.2020.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Revised: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/09/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
AIM Previous experiments using our in vivo tissue engineering chamber (TEC) model demonstrated that adipose flap was spontaneously generated without the need for adipocyte or stem cell implantation. The purposes of the present study are to clarify 1) the reproducibility of this method to create adipose flaps, 2) the time-course of adipogenesis, and 3) the long-term stability of the adipose flap generated. METHODS The chambers that afforded a protected space for tissue growth were implanted into the groins of rabbits. A vascular pedicle as the vascular source of newly formed tissue, a collagen sponge as a scaffold, and platelet-rich plasma (PRP) and fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) as growth factors were contained within the chamber. There were three experimental groups according to the implantation period of the chamber; Group 4 w, Group 8 w, and Group 12 w (n = 5 in each group). RESULTS The percent volumes of the combined adipose/pedicle tissue compared with the total volume of the generated tissue were 14.8% (0.437 cm3/2.96 cm3), 47% (0.87 cm3/1.85 cm3) and 80% (1.82 cm3/2.27 cm3) in Groups 4 w, 8 w, and 12 w, respectively. When a 12-week adipose flap was transferred outside the chamber on its vascular pedicle and retained for a further five months, it became more like mature adipose tissue and had increased fat density. CONCLUSION Adipose flaps were spontaneously generated in vivo in TECs at 12 weeks with reproducibility and showed long-term stability outside the chamber following pedicle transfer. The tissue-engineered adipose flap will contribute to breast reconstruction and augmentation without donor-site morbidity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yoshio Tanaka
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Kagawa University, Kagawa, Japan.
| | - Motogi Tamai
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Kagawa University, Kagawa, Japan; Department of Inflammation Pathology, Kagawa University, Kagawa, Japan
| | - Noriyuki Taguchi
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Kagawa University, Kagawa, Japan
| | - Aizezi Niyazi
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Kagawa University, Kagawa, Japan
| | - Masaki Ueno
- Department of Inflammation Pathology, Kagawa University, Kagawa, Japan
| | - Tomohisa Nagasao
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Kagawa University, Kagawa, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Ren B, Chen X, Ma Y, Du S, Qian S, Xu Y, Yan Z, Li J, Jia Y, Tan H, Ling Z, Chen Y, Hu X. Dynamical release nanospheres containing cell growth factor from biopolymer hydrogel via reversible covalent conjugation. JOURNAL OF BIOMATERIALS SCIENCE-POLYMER EDITION 2018; 29:1344-1359. [PMID: 29609508 DOI: 10.1080/09205063.2018.1460140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
For practical adipose regeneration, the challenge is to dynamically deliver the key adipogenic insulin-like growth factors in hydrogels to induce adipogenesis. In order to achieve dynamic release, smart hydrogels to sense the change in the blood glucose concentration is required when glucose concentration increases. In this study, a heparin-based hydrogel has been developed for use in dynamic delivery of heparin nanospheres containing insulin-like growth factor. The gel scaffold was facilely prepared in physiological conditions by the formation of boronate-maltose ester cross-links between boronate and maltose groups of heparin derivatives. Due to its intrinsic glucose-sensitivity, the exposure of gel scaffold to glucose induces maltose functionalized nanospheres dissociation off hydrogel network and thereby could dynamically move into the microenvironment. The potential of the hydrogel as a cell scaffold was demonstrated by encapsulation of human adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs) within the gel matrix in vitro. Cell culture showed that this dynamic hydrogel could support survival and proliferation of ASCs. This biocompatible coupling chemistry has the advantage that it introduces no potentially cytotoxic groups into injectable gel scaffolds formed and can create a more biomimetic microenvironment for drug and cell delivery, rendering them more suitable for potential in vivo biomedical applications. All these results indicate that this biocompatible gel scaffold can render the formulation of a therapeutically effective platform for diabetes treatment and adipose regeneration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bowen Ren
- a School of Materials Science and Engineering , Nanjing University of Science and Technology , Nanjing , China
| | - Xueyun Chen
- a School of Materials Science and Engineering , Nanjing University of Science and Technology , Nanjing , China
| | - Ye Ma
- a School of Materials Science and Engineering , Nanjing University of Science and Technology , Nanjing , China
| | - Shoukang Du
- a School of Materials Science and Engineering , Nanjing University of Science and Technology , Nanjing , China
| | - Saibo Qian
- a School of Materials Science and Engineering , Nanjing University of Science and Technology , Nanjing , China
| | - Yongjie Xu
- a School of Materials Science and Engineering , Nanjing University of Science and Technology , Nanjing , China
| | - Zhilin Yan
- a School of Materials Science and Engineering , Nanjing University of Science and Technology , Nanjing , China
| | - Jianliang Li
- a School of Materials Science and Engineering , Nanjing University of Science and Technology , Nanjing , China
| | - Yang Jia
- a School of Materials Science and Engineering , Nanjing University of Science and Technology , Nanjing , China
| | - Huaping Tan
- a School of Materials Science and Engineering , Nanjing University of Science and Technology , Nanjing , China
| | - Zhonghua Ling
- b Department of Orthopaedics , Jinling Hospital , Nanjing , China
| | - Yong Chen
- b Department of Orthopaedics , Jinling Hospital , Nanjing , China
| | - Xiaohong Hu
- c School of Material Engineering , Jinling Institute of Technology , Nanjing , China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Brett E, Chung N, Leavitt WT, Momeni A, Longaker MT, Wan DC. A Review of Cell-Based Strategies for Soft Tissue Reconstruction. TISSUE ENGINEERING PART B-REVIEWS 2017; 23:336-346. [PMID: 28372485 DOI: 10.1089/ten.teb.2016.0455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Soft tissue reconstruction to restore volume to damaged or deficient tissue beneath the skin remains a challenging endeavor. Current techniques are centered around autologous fat transfer, or the use of synthetic substitutes, however, a great deal of scientific inquiry has been made into both the molecular mechanisms involved in, and limitations of, de novo adipogenesis, that is, the formation of new adipose tissue from precursor cells. To best comprehend these mechanisms, an understanding of defined markers for adipogenic differentiation, and knowledge of both commercially available and primary cell lines that enable in vitro and in vivo studies is necessary. We review the growth factors, proteins, cytokines, drugs, and molecular pathways that have shown promise in enhancing adipogenesis and vasculogenesis, in addition to the multitude of scaffolds that act as delivery vehicles to support these processes. While progress continues on these fronts, equally important is how researchers are optimizing clinically employed strategies such as autologous fat transfer through cell-based intervention, and the potential to augment this approach through isolation of preferentially adipogenic or angiogenic precursor subpopulations, which exists on the horizon. This review will highlight the novel molecular and synthetic modifications currently being studied for inducing adipose tissue regeneration on a cellular level, which will expand our arsenal of techniques for approaching soft tissue reconstruction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Brett
- 1 Hagey Laboratory for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Division, Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine , Stanford, California
| | - Natalie Chung
- 1 Hagey Laboratory for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Division, Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine , Stanford, California
| | - William Tripp Leavitt
- 1 Hagey Laboratory for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Division, Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine , Stanford, California
| | - Arash Momeni
- 1 Hagey Laboratory for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Division, Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine , Stanford, California
| | - Michael T Longaker
- 1 Hagey Laboratory for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Division, Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine , Stanford, California.,2 Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University , Stanford, California
| | - Derrick C Wan
- 1 Hagey Laboratory for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Division, Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine , Stanford, California
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Huang S, Zhao W, Wang Z, Tao K, Liu X, Chang P. Potential drawbacks in cell-assisted lipotransfer: A systematic review of existing reports (Review). Mol Med Rep 2015; 13:1063-9. [PMID: 26677061 PMCID: PMC4732852 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2015.4682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2015] [Accepted: 11/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell-assisted lipotransfer (CAL) has been widely used in various clinical applications, including breast augmentation following mammectomy, soft-tissue reconstruction and wound healing. However, the clinical application of CAL has been restricted due to the transplanted fat tissues being readily liquefied and absorbed. The present review examines 57 previously published studies involving CAL, including fat grafting or fat transfer with human adipose-stem cells in all known databases. Of these 57 articles, seven reported the clinical application of CAL. In the 57 studies, the majority of the fat tissues were obtained from the abdomen via liposuction of the seven clinical studies, four were performed in patients requiring breast augmentation, one in a patient requiring facial augmentation, one in a patient requiring soft tissue augmentation/reconstruction and one in a patient requiring fat in their upper arms. Despite the potential risks, there has been an increased demand for CAL in in cosmetic or aesthetic applications. Thus, criteria and guidelines are necessary for the clinical application of CAL technology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Huang
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, General Hospital of Shenyang Military Area Command, Shenyang, Liaoning 110840, P.R. China
| | - Weiliang Zhao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200003, P.R. China
| | - Zihua Wang
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, General Hospital of Shenyang Military Area Command, Shenyang, Liaoning 110840, P.R. China
| | - Kai Tao
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, General Hospital of Shenyang Military Area Command, Shenyang, Liaoning 110840, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoyan Liu
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, General Hospital of Shenyang Military Area Command, Shenyang, Liaoning 110840, P.R. China
| | - Peng Chang
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, General Hospital of Shenyang Military Area Command, Shenyang, Liaoning 110840, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Brown CFC, Yan J, Han TTY, Marecak DM, Amsden BG, Flynn LE. Effect of decellularized adipose tissue particle size and cell density on adipose-derived stem cell proliferation and adipogenic differentiation in composite methacrylated chondroitin sulphate hydrogels. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [PMID: 26225549 DOI: 10.1088/1748-6041/10/4/045010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
An injectable composite scaffold incorporating decellularized adipose tissue (DAT) as a bioactive matrix within a hydrogel phase capable of in situ polymerization would be advantageous for adipose-derived stem cell (ASC) delivery in the filling of small or irregular soft tissue defects. Building on previous work, the current study investigates DAT milling methods and the effects of DAT particle size and cell seeding density on the response of human ASCs encapsulated in photo-cross-linkable methacrylated chondroitin sulphate (MCS)-DAT composite hydrogels. DAT particles were generated by milling lyophilized DAT and the particle size was controlled through the processing conditions with the goal of developing composite scaffolds with a tissue-specific 3D microenvironment tuned to enhance adipogenesis. ASC proliferation and adipogenic differentiation were assessed in vitro in scaffolds incorporating small (average diameter of 38 ± 6 μm) or large (average diameter of 278 ± 3 μm) DAT particles in comparison to MCS controls over a period of up to 21 d. Adipogenic differentiation was enhanced in the composites incorporating the smaller DAT particles and seeded at the higher density of 5 × 10(5) ASCs/scaffold, as measured by glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GPDH) enzyme activity, semi-quantitative analysis of perilipin expression and oil red O staining of intracellular lipid accumulation. Overall, this study demonstrates that decellularized tissue particle size can impact stem cell differentiation through cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions, providing relevant insight towards the rational design of composite biomaterial scaffolds for adipose tissue engineering.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cody F C Brown
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5C1, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Gugerell A, Neumann A, Kober J, Tammaro L, Hoch E, Schnabelrauch M, Kamolz L, Kasper C, Keck M. Adipose-derived stem cells cultivated on electrospun l-lactide/glycolide copolymer fleece and gelatin hydrogels under flow conditions – aiming physiological reality in hypodermis tissue engineering. Burns 2015; 41:163-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.burns.2014.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2014] [Revised: 05/03/2014] [Accepted: 06/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
7
|
Toward reconstruction of the subcutaneous fat layer with the use of adipose-derived stromal cell–seeded collagen matrices. Cytotherapy 2014; 16:1700-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcyt.2014.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2014] [Revised: 06/04/2014] [Accepted: 06/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
8
|
Kelmendi-Doko A, Marra KG, Vidic N, Tan H, Rubin JP. Adipogenic factor-loaded microspheres increase retention of transplanted adipose tissue. Tissue Eng Part A 2014; 20:2283-90. [PMID: 24593222 PMCID: PMC4161055 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2012.0701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2012] [Accepted: 02/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to develop and test a controlled delivery system of two adipogenic factors (insulin and dexamethasone [Dex]), to generate stable adipose tissue when mixed with disaggregated human fat. Both drugs were encapsulated in poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid), (PLGA) microspheres (MS) and mixed with human lipoaspirate to induce adipogenesis in vivo. It was hypothesized that the slow release of insulin and Dex would enhance both adipogenesis and angiogenesis, thus retaining the fat graft volume in a nude mouse model. Insulin/Dex-loaded PLGA MS (Insulin/Dex MS) were prepared using both single and double emulsion/solvent extraction techniques. The bioactivity of the drugs was assessed by mixing the MS with human lipoaspirate and injecting subcutaneously into the dorsal aspect of an athymic mouse. Five doses of the drugs were examined and samples were analyzed grossly and histologically after 5 weeks in vivo. Mass and volume of the grafts were measured with the microsphere-containing samples, demonstrating increased mass and volume with increasing drug doses. Histological analysis, including H&E and CD31, indicated increased vascularization within the insulin/Dex MS-containing samples compared with the lipoaspirate-only samples. This study demonstrates that the controlled delivery of adipogenic factors such as insulin and Dex through polymer MS can significantly enhance tissue formation and vascularization, therefore presenting a potentially clinically relevant model of adipose retention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arta Kelmendi-Doko
- Department of Plastic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Kacey G. Marra
- Department of Plastic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Natasa Vidic
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Huaping Tan
- Department of Plastic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - J. Peter Rubin
- Department of Plastic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Gugerell A, Kober J, Laube T, Walter T, Nürnberger S, Grönniger E, Brönneke S, Wyrwa R, Schnabelrauch M, Keck M. Electrospun poly(ester-Urethane)- and poly(ester-Urethane-Urea) fleeces as promising tissue engineering scaffolds for adipose-derived stem cells. PLoS One 2014; 9:e90676. [PMID: 24594923 PMCID: PMC3942471 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0090676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2013] [Accepted: 02/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
An irreversible loss of subcutaneous adipose tissue in patients after tumor removal or deep dermal burns makes soft tissue engineering one of the most important challenges in biomedical research. The ideal scaffold for adipose tissue engineering has yet not been identified though biodegradable polymers gained an increasing interest during the last years. In the present study we synthesized two novel biodegradable polymers, poly(ε-caprolactone-co-urethane-co-urea) (PEUU) and poly[(L-lactide-co-ε-caprolactone)-co-(L-lysine ethyl ester diisocyanate)-block-oligo(ethylene glycol)-urethane] (PEU), containing different types of hydrolytically cleavable bondings. Solutions of the polymers at appropriate concentrations were used to fabricate fleeces by electrospinning. Ultrastructure, tensile properties, and degradation of the produced fleeces were evaluated. Adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs) were seeded on fleeces and morphology, viability, proliferation and differentiation were assessed. The biomaterials show fine micro- and nanostructures composed of fibers with diameters of about 0.5 to 1.3 µm. PEUU fleeces were more elastic, which might be favourable in soft tissue engineering, and degraded significantly slower compared to PEU. ASCs were able to adhere, proliferate and differentiate on both scaffolds. Morphology of the cells was slightly better on PEUU than on PEU showing a more physiological appearance. ASCs differentiated into the adipogenic lineage. Gene analysis of differentiated ASCs showed typical expression of adipogenetic markers such as PPARgamma and FABP4. Based on these results, PEUU and PEU meshes show a promising potential as scaffold materials in adipose tissue engineering.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alfred Gugerell
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- * E-mail:
| | - Johanna Kober
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | | | - Sylvia Nürnberger
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Experimental and Clinical Traumatology, Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Traumatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Elke Grönniger
- Research Department Applied Skin Biology, Beiersdorf AG, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Simone Brönneke
- Research Department Applied Skin Biology, Beiersdorf AG, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ralf Wyrwa
- Biomaterials Department, INNOVENT e. V., Jena, Germany
| | | | - Maike Keck
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Lequeux C, Oni G, Wong C, Damour O, Rohrich R, Mojallal A, Brown SA. Subcutaneous fat tissue engineering using autologous adipose-derived stem cells seeded onto a collagen scaffold. Plast Reconstr Surg 2013. [PMID: 23190805 DOI: 10.1097/prs.0b013e31826d100e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This pilot study examined the efficacy of 5-bromo-2-deoxyuridine-labeled autologous adipose-derived stem cells seeded onto collagen scaffolds to augment and/or regenerate the fat-enriched hypodermal tissue in an acute porcine wound model. METHODS Porcine autologous adipose-derived stem cells were isolated and cultured. At passage 2, the cells were labeled with 5-bromo-2-deoxyuridine, seeded onto a three-dimensional collagen scaffold, and cultured for 10 days. Scaffolds were implanted subcutaneously in adult pigs with two adipose-derived stem cell scaffolds and two control scaffolds. Animals were euthanized at 2, 4, 8, and 12 weeks; all scaffold conditions were explanted for histology and immunohistochemistry analyses. RESULTS For all time points, adipose-derived stem cell scaffolds had increased connective tissue matrix within the subcutaneous tissue compared with scaffold alone and untreated porcine skin (p < 0.01). The neosynthesized connective tissue was vascularized and composed of small cells within an abundant extracellular matrix organized in layers. 5-Bromo-2-deoxyuridine cells were detectable only up to 4 weeks and mature adipocytes were absent. Levels of collagen types I, III, and VI differed among the experimental groups, with increased extracellular matrix associated with the presence of adipose-derived stem cells. CONCLUSIONS The authors' data clearly show the efficacy of adipose-derived stem cells for soft-tissue repair and skin aging because it induces a significant increase of the dermis thickness. Moreover, the authors' results demonstrate the interest of their acute wound model and allowed them to show the skin thickness variation over time of the experiment, which is one of the challenges with which clinicians struggle in fat grafting.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Lequeux
- Dallas, Texas; and Lyon, France From the Department of Plastic Surgery, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center; Banque de Tissus et de Cellules, Hôpital Edouard Herriot; and the Department of Plastic Surgery, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Yao R, Zhang R, Lin F, Luan J. Biomimetic injectable HUVEC-adipocytes/collagen/alginate microsphere co-cultures for adipose tissue engineering. Biotechnol Bioeng 2012; 110:1430-43. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.24784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2012] [Revised: 10/30/2012] [Accepted: 10/31/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
|
12
|
Sun J, Xiao C, Tan H, Hu X. Covalently crosslinked hyaluronic acid-chitosan hydrogel containing dexamethasone as an injectable scaffold for soft tissue engineering. J Appl Polym Sci 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/app.38779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
|
13
|
Yao R, Zhang R, Lin F, Luan J. Injectable cell/hydrogel microspheres induce the formation of fat lobule-like microtissues and vascularized adipose tissue regeneration. Biofabrication 2012; 4:045003. [PMID: 23075755 DOI: 10.1088/1758-5082/4/4/045003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, we demonstrated that collagen/alginate microspheres could be generated by a non-contact microfabrication device and serve as excellent cell embedding and delivery devices as they were porous, injectable and able to provide growth- and differentiation-supporting matrix for human adipose-derived stem cells (hASCs). The microsphere matrix demonstrated highly porous structure and mechanical stability for as long as 90 days. hASCs demonstrated high viability after microsphere formation as well as higher proliferation and more mature adipocytes induction compared to two-dimensional culture. After four weeks culture in adipogenic differentiation medium, adipocytes/collagen/alginate microspheres highly mimicking natural fat lobules were obtained and injected subcutaneously into the head of node mice. The in vivo study demonstrated vascularized adipose tissue formation in four weeks. The regenerated vasculature among the transplantation showed functional anastomosis with host vasculature, suggesting that these cell/hydrogel microspheres present injectable adipocytes delivery devices capable of generating vascularized adipose tissue in vivo and thus suitable for cell transplantation and tissue regeneration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rui Yao
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People's Republic of China.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Flynn L, Woodhouse KA. Adipose tissue engineering with cells in engineered matrices. Organogenesis 2012; 4:228-35. [PMID: 19337402 DOI: 10.4161/org.4.4.7082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2008] [Accepted: 09/29/2008] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue engineering has shown promise for the development of constructs to facilitate large volume soft tissue augmentation in reconstructive and cosmetic plastic surgery. This article reviews the key progress to date in the field of adipose tissue engineering. In order to effectively design a soft tissue substitute, it is critical to understand the native tissue environment and function. As such, the basic physiology of adipose tissue is described and the process of adipogenesis is discussed. In this article, we have focused on tissue engineering using a cell-seeded scaffold approach, where engineered extracellular matrix substitutes are seeded with exogenous cells that may contribute to the regenerative response. The strengths and limitations of each of the possible cell sources for adipose tissue engineering, including adipose-derived stem cells, are detailed. We briefly highlight some of the results from the major studies to date, involving a range of synthetic and naturally derived scaffolds. While these studies have shown that adipose tissue regeneration is possible, more research is required to develop optimized constructs that will facilitate safe, predictable and long-term augmentation in clinical applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lauren Flynn
- Department of Chemical Engineering; Queen's University; Ontario Canada
| | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Tan H, Hu X. Injectablein situforming glucose-responsive dextran-based hydrogels to deliver adipogenic factor for adipose tissue engineering. J Appl Polym Sci 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/app.36737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
|
16
|
Adipose tissue engineering: three different approaches to seed preadipocytes on a collagen-elastin matrix. Ann Plast Surg 2012; 67:484-8. [PMID: 21956145 DOI: 10.1097/sap.0b013e31822f9946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Millions of plastic and reconstructive surgical procedures are performed each year to repair soft-tissue defects that result from significant burns, tumor resections, or congenital defects. Tissue-engineering strategies have been investigated to develop methods for generating soft-tissue. Preadipocytes represent a promising autologous cell source for adipose tissue engineering. These immature precursor cells, which are located between the mature adipocytes in the adipose tissue, are much more resistant to mechanical stress and ischemic conditions than mature adipocytes. To use preadipocytes for tissue-engineering purposes, cells were isolated from human adipose tissue and seeded onto scaffolds. Once processed, preadipocytes become subject to the human tissue act and require handling under much tighter regulations. Therefore, we intended to identify any influence caused by processing of preadipocytes prior to seeding on the reconstructed adipose tissue formation. MATERIAL AND METHOD Human preadipocytes were isolated from subcutaneous adipose tissue obtained from discarded tissue during abdominoplasties of healthy men and women. Preadipocytes were divided into 3 groups. Cells of group I were seeded onto the scaffold directly after isolation, cells of group II were proliferated for 4 days before seeding, and cells of group III were proliferated and induced to differentiate before seeded onto the scaffold. A 3-dimensional scaffold (Matriderm, Dr. Otto Suwelack Skin and Health Care GmbH, Billerbeck, Germany) containing bovine collagen and elastin served as a carrier. Fourteen days after isolation, all scaffolds were histologically evaluated, using hematoxylin and eosin, anti-Ki-67 antibody, as well as immunofluorescence labeling with Pref-1 antibody (DLK (C-19), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma antibody, and DAPI (4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole). RESULTS Cells of all groups adhered to the scaffolds on day 21 after isolation. Cells of groups I (freshly isolated preadipocytes) and II (proliferated preadipocytes) adhered well and penetrated into deeper layers of the matrix. In group III (induced preadipocytes), penetration of cells was primarily observed to the surface area of the scaffold. DISCUSSION/CONCLUSION : The collagen-elastin matrix serves as a useful scaffold for adipose tissue engineering. Freshly isolated preadipocytes as well as proliferated preadipocytes showed good penetration into deeper layers of the scaffold, whereas induced preadipocytes attached primarily to the surface of the matrix. We conclude that there might be different indications for each approach.
Collapse
|
17
|
Long-term stability of adipose tissue generated from a vascularized pedicled fat flap inside a chamber. Plast Reconstr Surg 2011; 127:2283-2292. [PMID: 21617462 DOI: 10.1097/prs.0b013e3182131c3e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Numerous studies demonstrate the generation and short-term survival of adipose tissue; however, long-term persistence remains elusive. This study evaluates long-term survival and transferability of de novo adipose constructs based on a ligated vascular pedicle and tissue engineering chamber combination. METHODS Defined adipose tissue flaps were implanted into rats in either intact or perforated domed chambers. In half of the groups, the chambers were removed after 10 weeks and the constructs transferred on their vascular pedicle to a new site, where they were observed for a further 10 weeks. In the remaining groups, the tissue construct was observed for 20 weeks inside the chamber. Tissue volume was assessed using magnetic resonance imaging and histologic measures, and constructs were assessed for stability and necrosis. Sections were assessed histologically and for proliferation using Ki-67. RESULTS At 20 weeks, volume analysis revealed an increase in adipose volume from 0.04 ± 0.001 ml at the time of insertion into the chambers to 0.27 ± 0.004 ml in the closed and 0.44 ± 0.014 ml in the perforated chambers. There was an additional increase of approximately 10 to 15 percent in tissue volume in flaps that remained in chambers for 20 weeks, whereas the volume of the transferred tissue not in chambers remained unaltered. Histomorphometric assessment of the tissues documented no signs of hypertrophy, fat necrosis, or atypical changes of the newly generated tissue. CONCLUSION This study presents a promising new method of generating significant amounts of mature, vascularized, stable, and transferable adipose tissue for permanent autologous soft-tissue replacement.
Collapse
|
18
|
Keck M, Haluza D, Lumenta DB, Burjak S, Eisenbock B, Kamolz LP, Frey M. Construction of a multi-layer skin substitute: Simultaneous cultivation of keratinocytes and preadipocytes on a dermal template. Burns 2011; 37:626-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.burns.2010.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2010] [Revised: 07/28/2010] [Accepted: 07/31/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
|
19
|
Tan H, Rubin JP, Marra KG. Injectable in situ forming biodegradable chitosan-hyaluronic acid based hydrogels for adipose tissue regeneration. Organogenesis 2011; 6:173-80. [PMID: 21197220 DOI: 10.4161/org.6.3.12037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2010] [Accepted: 04/12/2010] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
An injectable, biodegradable and glucose-responsive hydrogel derived from natural polysaccharide derivatives was synthesized to deliver adipogenic factor of insulin in vitro for adipose tissue engineering. The biodegradable hydrogel based N-succinyl-chitosan (SCS) and aldehyde hyaluronic acid (AHA) with covalently conjugated glucose oxidase and catalase. The gelation is attributed to the Schiff-base reaction between amino and aldehyde groups of SCS and AHA, respectively. The morphologies and compressive modulus of the freeze-dried hydrogels demonstrated that the incorporated insulin and enzymes results in the formation of a tighter network structure in composite hydrogels. The immobilized enzymes triggered conversion of glucose reduces the pH value of the microenvironment, and results in hydrolysis and increasing swelling of the network basing on Schiff-base cross-linking. The pH inside the hydrogel, kept in PBS solution at pH 7.4 and 37°C, linearly dropped from 7.40 to 7.17 during 4 h of initial period, then slowly increased to 7.36 after 24 h. Correspondingly, the swelling ratio increased from 20.8 to 28.6 at 37°C in PBS with 500 mg/dL glucose. In PBS buffer with 500 mg/dL glucose, about 10.8% of insulin was released from the hydrogel after 8 h of incubation while upon observation. The results demonstrated that the adipogenic factor of insulin would be released from this biodegradable hydrogel device into the local microenvironment in a controlled fashion by the swelling of hydrogel network. These preliminary studies indicate that the biodegradable and glucose-responsive hydrogel may have potential uses in adipose tissue engineering applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huaping Tan
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Abstract
The potential of adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs) in clinical applications of soft tissue regeneration is immense. This chapter discusses the isolation and characterization of human ASCs, expansion in vitro, and relevant in vivo models for adipose tissue engineering.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Peter Rubin
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Tissue Engineering Generation of adipose tissue: an overview of current standards and possibilities. Eur Surg 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s10353-010-0548-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
|
22
|
Dolderer JH, Kehrer A, Schiller SM, Schröder UH, Kohler K, Schaller HE, Siegel-Axel D. De-novo Generierung von vaskularisiertem Gewebe mittels unterschiedlicher Gefässstielkonfigurationen in perforierten und geschlossenen Wachstumskammern. Wien Med Wochenschr 2010; 160:139-46. [DOI: 10.1007/s10354-009-0734-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2009] [Accepted: 11/23/2009] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
23
|
Flynn L, Prestwich GD, Semple JL, Woodhouse KA. Adipose tissue engineering in vivo with adipose-derived stem cells on naturally derived scaffolds. J Biomed Mater Res A 2009; 89:929-41. [PMID: 18465826 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.32044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Placental decellular matrix (PDM) and PDM combined with cross-linked hyaluronan (XLHA) scaffolds, seeded with primary human adipose-derived stem cells (ASC), were investigated in a subcutaneous athymic mouse model. The in vivo response at 3 and 8 weeks was characterized using histological and immunohistochemical staining. Fibrous capsule formation was assessed and the relative number of adipocytes in each scaffold was quantified. Undifferentiated ASC were localized using immunostaining for human vimentin. Unilocular and multilocular adipocytes were identified by intracellular lipid accumulation. Staining for murine CD31 assessed implant vascularization. Both scaffolds macroscopically maintained their three-dimensional volume and supported mature adipocyte populations in vivo. There was evidence of implant integration and a host contribution to the adipogenic response. The results suggested that incorporating the XLHA had a positive effect in terms of angiogenesis and adipogenesis. Overall, the PDM and PDM with XLHA scaffolds showed great promise for adipose tissue regeneration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L Flynn
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, 200 College Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 3E5
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Khan WS, Malik AA, Hardingham TE. Stem cell applications and tissue engineering approaches in surgical practice. J Perioper Pract 2009; 19:130-135. [PMID: 19472685 DOI: 10.1177/175045890901900401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
There has been an increasing interest in stem cell applications and tissue engineering approaches in surgical practice to deal with damaged or lost tissue. Although there have been developments in almost all surgical disciplines, the greatest advances are being made in orthopaedics, especially in bone repair. Significant hurdles however remain to be overcome before tissue engineering becomes more routinely used in surgical practice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wasim S Khan
- United Kingdom Centre for Tissue Engineering, University of Manchester.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Maxwell GP, Gabriel A. Possible future development of implants and breast augmentation. Clin Plast Surg 2009; 36:167-72, viii. [PMID: 19055971 DOI: 10.1016/j.cps.2008.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Since the introduction of the silicone gel prosthesis in 1962, breast augmentation has become one of the most frequently performed operations in plastic surgery. As we strive for perfect results, it is important to continue to gather and review data evaluating innovative techniques and devices. Now we even have more options available for breast augmentation, whether we use them in combination or alone. By combining all of the available options (acellular dermal matrix products, silicone implant, fat grafting), we have been able to create "bioengineered breasts" with high patient and surgeon satisfaction. As always in plastic surgery, our concern is with safety; as newer technology and products are introduced to us, patient education, consent, and follow-up remain important.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G Patrick Maxwell
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Loma Linda University Medical Center, Loma Linda, CA, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Cherubino M, Marra KG. Adipose-derived stem cells for soft tissue reconstruction. Regen Med 2009; 4:109-17. [PMID: 19105620 DOI: 10.2217/17460751.4.1.109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
In soft tissue repair, there are several surgical options such as nondegradable, inert, synthetic, biodegradable implants or autologous tissue transplantation. However, the potential of using autologous adult stem cells derived from fat tissue is quickly becoming a clinical reality. The possibility of using an abundant source of extraneous tissue as a soft tissue implant has significant implications for plastic and reconstructive surgeons. This strategy would be particularly useful after tumor removal or trauma. The ability of adult stem cells derived from adipose tissue (termed adipose-derived stem cell) to proliferate and differentiate in vivo or in vitro is actively being studied owing to the potential implementation in reconstructive surgery. This review describes innovative research strategies and discusses the first clinical studies involving adipose-derived stem cells as a motif for soft tissue reconstruction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mario Cherubino
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Morgan SM, Ainsworth BJ, Kanczler JM, Babister JC, Chaudhuri JB, Oreffo ROC. Formation of a human-derived fat tissue layer in P(DL)LGA hollow fibre scaffolds for adipocyte tissue engineering. Biomaterials 2009; 30:1910-7. [PMID: 19135718 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2008.12.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2008] [Accepted: 12/14/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Development of adipose tissue-engineering strategies, where human bone marrow stromal cells (HBMSC) are combined with three-dimensional scaffolds, is likely to prove valuable for soft tissue restoration. In this study, we assessed the function of poly(DL-lactide-co-glycolide) (P(DL)LGA) hollow fibres in facilitating the development of HBMSC-derived adipocytes for advancement of an associated adipocyte layer. The large surface area of 75:25 P(DL)LGA fibres facilitated the rapid generation of extensive adipocyte aggregates from an undifferentiated HBMSC monolayer, where the fat-laden cells stained positive with Oil Red O and expressed the adipocyte marker, fatty acid binding protein 3 (FABP3). Following implantation subcutaneously in severely compromised immunodeficient mice, the adipogenic phenotype of the PLGA-adipocyte graft was maintained for up to 56 days. Confocal microscopy showed associated LipidTOX Deep Red neutral lipid staining in an (FL)P(DL)LGA fibre-adipocyte graft after 56 days, critical evidence demonstrating maintenance of the adipocyte phenotype in the subcutaneous graft. To support adipose tissue advancement in a defined volume, the P(DL)LGA-adipocyte scaffold was encapsulated within alginate/chitosan hydrogel capsules (typical diameters, 4.0 mm). In a 28-day in vivo trial in immunodeficient mice, clusters of the capsules were maintained at the subcutaneous site. An adipocyte tissue layer advancing within the surrounding hydrogel was demonstrated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne M Morgan
- Bone and Joint Research Group, Centre for Human Development, Stem Cells and Regeneration, Institute of Developmental Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton SO166YD, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
D'Andrea F, De Francesco F, Ferraro GA, Desiderio V, Tirino V, De Rosa A, Papaccio G. Large-Scale Production of Human Adipose Tissue from Stem Cells: A New Tool for Regenerative Medicine and Tissue Banking. Tissue Eng Part C Methods 2008; 14:233-42. [DOI: 10.1089/ten.tec.2008.0108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Francesco D'Andrea
- Department of Orthopedic, Traumatologic, Rehabilitative and Plastic-Reconstructive Science, Seconda Università di Napoli, Naples, Italy
| | - Francesco De Francesco
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Histology and Embryology, Tissue Factory and Banking Laboratory, Seconda Università di Napoli, Naples, Italy
| | - Giuseppe A. Ferraro
- Department of Orthopedic, Traumatologic, Rehabilitative and Plastic-Reconstructive Science, Seconda Università di Napoli, Naples, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Desiderio
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Histology and Embryology, Tissue Factory and Banking Laboratory, Seconda Università di Napoli, Naples, Italy
| | - Virginia Tirino
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Histology and Embryology, Tissue Factory and Banking Laboratory, Seconda Università di Napoli, Naples, Italy
- Department of Experimental Oncology, Istituto Nazionale Tumori, Naples, Italy
| | - Alfredo De Rosa
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Histology and Embryology, Tissue Factory and Banking Laboratory, Seconda Università di Napoli, Naples, Italy
| | - Gianpaolo Papaccio
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Histology and Embryology, Tissue Factory and Banking Laboratory, Seconda Università di Napoli, Naples, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
D'andrea F, De Francesco F, Ferraro GA, Desiderio V, Tirino V, De Rosa A, Papaccio G. Large-Scale Production of Human Adipose Tissue from Stem Cells: A New Tool for Regenerative Medicine and Tissue Banking. Tissue Eng Part A 2008. [DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2008.0108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
|
30
|
Proliferation and differentiation of adipose-derived stem cells on naturally derived scaffolds. Biomaterials 2008; 29:1862-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2007.12.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2007] [Accepted: 12/22/2007] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
31
|
Flynn L, Prestwich GD, Semple JL, Woodhouse KA. Adipose tissue engineering with naturally derived scaffolds and adipose-derived stem cells. Biomaterials 2007; 28:3834-42. [PMID: 17544502 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2007.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2007] [Accepted: 05/04/2007] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
A tissue-engineered adipose substitute would have numerous applications in plastic and reconstructive surgery. This work involves the characterization of the in vitro cellular response of primary human adipose-derived stem cells (ASC) to three dimensional, naturally derived scaffolds. To establish a more thorough understanding of the influence of the scaffold environment on ASC, we have designed several different soft tissue scaffolds composed of decellularized human placenta and crosslinked hyaluronan (XLHA). The cellular organization within the scaffolds was characterized using confocal microscopy. Adipogenic differentiation was induced and the ASC response was characterized in terms of glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GPDH) activity and intracellular lipid accumulation. The results indicate that the scaffold environment impacts the ASC response and that the adipogenic differentiation of the ASC was augmented in the non-adhesive XLHA gels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lauren Flynn
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, 200 College Street, Toronto, Ont., Canada
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Flynn L, Semple JL, Woodhouse KA. Decellularized placental matrices for adipose tissue engineering. J Biomed Mater Res A 2006; 79:359-69. [PMID: 16883587 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.30762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
A tissue-engineered adipose substitute would be invaluable to plastic surgeons for reconstructive, corrective, and cosmetic procedures. This work involves the design of a scaffold for soft tissue augmentation incorporating the decellularized extracellular matrix (ECM) of human placenta. We have developed a protocol to decellularize an intact, large segment (8 cm by 8 cm) of the human placenta. To facilitate the complete decellularization of the dense matrix, a system was designed to perfuse the required chemicals into the placenta via the existing vasculature. Following processing, the original architecture of the placental ECM was preserved, including an intact vascular network. Histological, immunohistochemical, and scanning electron microscopic analyses confirmed the removal of the cells and cellular debris and characterized the composition and structure of the matrix. In vitro cell culture experimentation showed that the placental decellular matrix (PDM) could facilitate the adhesion of primary human adipose precursor cells at early time points. The PDM has great potential for use as a scaffold for adipose tissue engineering, as the placenta is a rich source of human ECM components that can be readily harvested without harm to the donor.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lauren Flynn
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, 200 College Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5S 3E5
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Hong L, Peptan I, Clark P, Mao JJ. Ex vivo adipose tissue engineering by human marrow stromal cell seeded gelatin sponge. Ann Biomed Eng 2005; 33:511-7. [PMID: 15909657 DOI: 10.1007/s10439-005-2510-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The limitation of current clinical treatment for restoration extended defects of soft tissue associated with trauma, tumor resections, and congenital deformities are well known. This study demonstrates that human bone marrow stromal cells (MSCs) can be utilized to tissue engineer adipose tissue for therapeutic purposes. Adipogenic potentials of monolayer-cultured human MSCs were evaluated by biochemical measurement of an adipogenic differentiation marker (glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, G-3-PDH) and cellular morphology. After preparation by seeding human MSCs on a 3-dimensional gelatin sponge and exposure to adipogenic differentiation medium, the ex vivo tissue-engineered adipose constructs were assessed histomorphologically and biochemically. Lipid droplets accumulated and expanded within the constructs accompanied by a significant increase of G-3-PDH activity. The present study indicates that bone MSCs could be a cell resource in tissue engineering adipose tissue, while gelatin sponge could be a good scaffold in this approach to improve the outcome of clinical treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liu Hong
- Department of Orthodontics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612-7211, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Abstract
The demands for repair and renewal of worn out or injured human tissue continue to increase and it is now apparent that this demand cannot be met from human donors. A partial solution may be found in living related and trans-species transplantation but these approaches invoke the problems of disease transfer and ethical dilemmas. Tissue engineering is a new technology that seeks to meet these increasing demands by utilising novel cell culture methods in vitro to provide tissue replacements in vivo. This article reviews the current state of tissue engineering and its potential for use in surgery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J P Garner
- Biomedical Sciences, Dstl Porton Down, Salisbury SP4 0JQ
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Affiliation(s)
- Shulamit Levenberg
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Chemical Engineering Department, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|