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Barker E, AlQobaly L, Shaikh Z, Franklin K, Thurlow J, Moghaddam B, Pratten J, Moharamzadeh K. Biological Evaluation of Oral Care Products Using 3D Tissue-Engineered In Vitro Models of Plaque-Induced Gingivitis. Dent J (Basel) 2024; 12:126. [PMID: 38786524 PMCID: PMC11120139 DOI: 10.3390/dj12050126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Revised: 04/09/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to investigate and visualize the anti-inflammatory and anti-bacterial effects of different oral care products using an infected and inflamed 3D tissue-engineered gingival mucosal model. METHODS A 3D full-thickness oral mucosal model was engineered inside tissue culture inserts using collagen hydrogels populated with human gingival fibroblasts and THP-1 monocytes and layered with oral epithelial cell lines. Oral saliva bacteria were cultured and added to the surface of the models and inflammation was further simulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) of Escherichia coli. The 3D models were exposed to three different types of toothpastes, a chlorhexidine antiseptic mouthwash, different antibiotics, and a mechanical rinse with phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) prior to biological evaluation using the PrestoBlue tissue viability assay, histology, optical coherence tomography (OCT), confocal microscopy, and measurement of the release of the inflammatory markers IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-8 with ELISA. RESULTS Multiple-endpoint analyses of the infected oral mucosal models treated with different anti-bacterial agents showed consistent outcomes in terms of tissue viability, histology, OCT, and confocal microscopy findings. In terms of anti-inflammatory testings, the positive control group showed the highest level of inflammation compared with all other groups. Depending on the anti-bacterial and anti-inflammatory potential of the test groups, different levels of inflammation were observed in the test groups. CONCLUSIONS The inflamed 3D oral mucosal model developed in this study has the potential to be used as a suitable in vitro model for testing the biocompatibility, anti-inflammatory, and anti-bacterial properties of oral care products including mouthwashes and toothpastes. The results of this study indicate that the chlorhexidine mouthwash has both anti-bacterial and cytotoxic effects on the 3D oral mucosal model. Hyaluronic-acid-containing toothpaste has significant anti-bacterial and anti-inflammatory effects on the 3D oral mucosal model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilia Barker
- School of Clinical Dentistry, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TA, UK; (E.B.); (L.A.); (Z.S.); (K.F.); (J.T.)
| | - Lina AlQobaly
- School of Clinical Dentistry, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TA, UK; (E.B.); (L.A.); (Z.S.); (K.F.); (J.T.)
| | - Zahab Shaikh
- School of Clinical Dentistry, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TA, UK; (E.B.); (L.A.); (Z.S.); (K.F.); (J.T.)
| | - Kirsty Franklin
- School of Clinical Dentistry, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TA, UK; (E.B.); (L.A.); (Z.S.); (K.F.); (J.T.)
| | - Johanna Thurlow
- School of Clinical Dentistry, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TA, UK; (E.B.); (L.A.); (Z.S.); (K.F.); (J.T.)
| | | | | | - Keyvan Moharamzadeh
- School of Clinical Dentistry, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TA, UK; (E.B.); (L.A.); (Z.S.); (K.F.); (J.T.)
- Hamdan Bin Mohammed College of Dental Medicine, Mohammed Bin Rashid University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dubai 505055, United Arab Emirates
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Nijakowski K, Ortarzewska M, Jankowski J, Lehmann A, Surdacka A. The Role of Cellular Metabolism in Maintaining the Function of the Dentine-Pulp Complex: A Narrative Review. Metabolites 2023; 13:metabo13040520. [PMID: 37110177 PMCID: PMC10143950 DOI: 10.3390/metabo13040520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Revised: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The cellular metabolic processes ensure the physiological integrity of the dentine-pulp complex. Odontoblasts and odontoblast-like cells are responsible for the defence mechanisms in the form of tertiary dentine formation. In turn, the main defence reaction of the pulp is the development of inflammation, during which the metabolic and signalling pathways of the cells are significantly altered. The selected dental procedures, such as orthodontic treatment, resin infiltration, resin restorations or dental bleaching, can impact the cellular metabolism in the dental pulp. Among systemic metabolic diseases, diabetes mellitus causes the most consequences for the cellular metabolism of the dentine-pulp complex. Similarly, ageing processes present a proven effect on the metabolic functioning of the odontoblasts and the pulp cells. In the literature, several potential metabolic mediators demonstrating anti-inflammatory properties on inflamed dental pulp are mentioned. Moreover, the pulp stem cells exhibit the regenerative potential essential for maintaining the function of the dentine-pulp complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kacper Nijakowski
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-812 Poznan, Poland
| | - Martyna Ortarzewska
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-812 Poznan, Poland
| | - Jakub Jankowski
- Student's Scientific Group in the Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-812 Poznan, Poland
| | - Anna Lehmann
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-812 Poznan, Poland
| | - Anna Surdacka
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-812 Poznan, Poland
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Sayed ME, Dewan H, Kharaf R, Athlawi M, Alfaifi M, Mugri MH, Bosly RAA, Fageehi NY, Hadi M, Zurbtan BJ, Shaabi FI, Alsurayyie FH, Bukhary DM, Alshali RZ, Chohan H. Efficacy of Three Commercially Available Desensitizers in Reducing Post-Operative Sensitivity Following Composite Restorations: A Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14071417. [PMID: 35406289 PMCID: PMC9003402 DOI: 10.3390/polym14071417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 03/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
One of the most widely used esthetic restorations in dentistry is composite. The widespread application of composites can be related to advancements in biomaterials. However, due to various factors, composites are commonly associated with dental sensitivity. Hence, the present study evaluates and compares the effectiveness of three desensitizing agents in reducing post-treatment sensitivity for Class I composite restoration. Eighty subjects with Class I cavities were selected according to the inclusion criteria, and a randomized, double-blind, controlled clinical trial was carried out. Twenty patients were randomly assigned to four groups: Group C (Control group), Group GL (Gluma group), Group SF (Shield Force Plus group), and Group TC (Telio CS group). The desensitizers were applied after Class 1 cavity preparation and acid etching in all the groups, except the Control group, and thereafter, composite restoration was completed in a conventional manner. Questionnaires were provided to all the participants to record the post-operative pain/sensitivity level according to the visual analogue scale (VAS) on intake of cold drinks, intake of hot drinks, and intake of sugar for different periods of time. Significant variation was observed between the three desensitizers for all three stimuli. However, no significant variations were seen with the various age groups and between the maxillary and the mandibular teeth at the different time periods. Group GL performed better than Group SF and Group TC. It can be proposed that the application of the desensitizers reduced the post-restorative sensitivity in the composite restorations and improved acceptance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed E. Sayed
- Department of Prosthetic Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia; (F.I.S.); (F.H.A.)
- Correspondence: (M.E.S.); (H.D.)
| | - Harisha Dewan
- Department of Prosthetic Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia; (F.I.S.); (F.H.A.)
- Correspondence: (M.E.S.); (H.D.)
| | - Rawabi Kharaf
- College of Dentistry, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia; (R.K.); (M.A.); (M.A.)
| | - Maram Athlawi
- College of Dentistry, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia; (R.K.); (M.A.); (M.A.)
| | - Munira Alfaifi
- College of Dentistry, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia; (R.K.); (M.A.); (M.A.)
| | - Maryam Hassan Mugri
- Department of Maxillofacial Surgery and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Dentistry, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Razan Abu-Alqasem Bosly
- Jazan Specialty Dental Center, Ministry of Health, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia; (R.A.-A.B.); (N.Y.F.)
| | - Nada Yousef Fageehi
- Jazan Specialty Dental Center, Ministry of Health, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia; (R.A.-A.B.); (N.Y.F.)
| | - Maryam Hadi
- Primary Care Administration, Ministry of Health, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia;
| | | | - Fawzia Ibraheem Shaabi
- Department of Prosthetic Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia; (F.I.S.); (F.H.A.)
| | - Fatimah H. Alsurayyie
- Department of Prosthetic Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia; (F.I.S.); (F.H.A.)
| | - Dalea Mohammed Bukhary
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Prosthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; (D.M.B.); (R.Z.A.)
| | - Ruwaida Zaki Alshali
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Prosthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; (D.M.B.); (R.Z.A.)
| | - Hitesh Chohan
- Department of Restorative Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia;
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Hosseinpour S, Gaudin A, Peters OA. A critical analysis of research methods and experimental models to study biocompatibility of endodontic materials. Int Endod J 2022; 55 Suppl 2:346-369. [PMID: 35124840 PMCID: PMC9315036 DOI: 10.1111/iej.13701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Materials used for endodontics and with direct contact to tissues have a wide range of indications, from vital pulpal treatments to root filling materials and those used in endodontic surgery. In principle, interaction with dental materials may result in damage to tissues locally or systemically. Thus, a great variety of test methods are applied to evaluate a materials' potential risk of adverse biological effects to ensure their biocompatibility before commercialization. However, the results of biocompatibility evaluations are dependent on not only the tested materials but also the test methods due to the diversity of these effects and numerous variables involved. In addition, diverse biological effects require equally diverse assessments on a structured and planned approach. Such a structured assessment of the materials consists of four phases: general toxicity, local tissue irritation, pre‐clinical tests and clinical evaluations. Various types of screening assays are available; it is imperative to understand their advantages and limitations to recognize their appropriateness and for an accurate interpretation of their results. Recent scientific advances are rapidly introducing new materials to endodontics including nanomaterials, gene therapy and tissue engineering biomaterials. These new modalities open a new era to restore and regenerate dental tissues; however, all these new technologies can also present new hazards to patients. Before any clinical usage, new materials must be proven to be safe and not hazardous to health. Certain international standards exist for safety evaluation of dental materials (ISO 10993 series, ISO 7405 and ISO 14155‐1), but researchers often fail to follow these standards due to lack of access to standards, limitation of the guidelines and complexity of new experimental methods, which may cause technical errors. Moreover, many laboratories have developed their testing strategy for biocompatibility, which makes any comparison between findings more difficult. The purpose of this review was to discuss the concept of biocompatibility, structured test programmes and international standards for testing the biocompatibility of endodontic material biocompatibility. The text will further detail current test methods for evaluating the biocompatibility of endodontic materials, and their advantages and limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Hosseinpour
- School of Dentistry The University of Queensland Herston QLD Australia
| | - A Gaudin
- Inserm UMR 1229 RMeS, Regenerative Medicine and Skeleton Université de Nantes ONIRIS Nantes France
- Université de Nantes UFR Odontologie Nantes France
| | - O A Peters
- School of Dentistry The University of Queensland Herston QLD Australia
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Kanjevac T, Taso E, Stefanovic V, Petkovic-Curcin A, Supic G, Markovic D, Djukic M, Djuran B, Vojvodic D, Sculean A, Rakic M. Estimating the Effects of Dental Caries and Its Restorative Treatment on Periodontal Inflammatory and Oxidative Status: A Short Controlled Longitudinal Study. Front Immunol 2021; 12:716359. [PMID: 34603290 PMCID: PMC8479168 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.716359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Dental caries and periodontitis are among the most common health conditions that are currently recognized as growing socio-economic problems relating to their increasing prevalence, negative socio-economic impact, and harmful effects on systemic health. So far, the exact effects of caries and standard restorative materials on periodontal inflammatory and oxidative status are not established. The present study aimed to investigate the effect of caries and its restoration using standard temporary and permanent filling materials on a panel of 16 inflammatory and oxidative markers in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) of periodontally healthy individuals, 7 (D7) and 30 (D30) days post-restoration, while the intact teeth represented the control. One hundred ninety systemically and periodontally healthy patients with occlusal caries underwent standard cavity preparation and restorations with one of six standard temporary or permanent restorative material according to indication and randomization scheme. Interleukin (IL)-2, IFN- γ, IL-12, IL-17A, IL-13, IL-9, IL-10, IL-6, IL-5, IL-4, IL-22, TNF-α, IL1- β, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, superoxide dismutase, and reduced form of glutathione were measured in GCF samples by flowcytometry and spectrophotometry in aid of commercial diagnostic assays. Caries affected teeth exhibited significantly increased IL-1 β, IL-17, IL-22, and TBARS and decreased IL-9 concentrations compared to healthy controls. Treatment generally resulted in an increased antioxidant capacity with exception of zinc-polycarboxylate cement showing distinctive inflammatory pattern. Comparison of inflammatory and oxidative profiles in temporary and permanent restorations showed material-specific patterning which was particularly expressed in temporary materials plausibly related to greater caries extension. Caries affected teeth exhibited a balanced inflammatory pattern in GCF, with a general tendency of homeostatic re-establishment following treatment. Restorative materials did not provide specific pathological effects, although some material groups did exhibit significantly elevated levels of inflammatory and oxidative markers compared to healthy controls, while the material-specific patterning was observed as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatjana Kanjevac
- Department of Dentistry, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Ervin Taso
- Clinic for Stomatology, Military Medical Academy, Belgrade, Serbia
| | | | | | - Gordana Supic
- Institute for Medical Research, Military Medical Academy, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Dejan Markovic
- Department of Paediatric and Preventive Dentistry, School of Dental Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Mirjana Djukic
- Department for Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Boris Djuran
- Clinic for Stomatology, Military Medical Academy, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Danilo Vojvodic
- Institute for Medical Research, Military Medical Academy, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Anton Sculean
- Faculty of Dental Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Mia Rakic
- ETEP (Etiology and Therapy of Periodontal Diseases) Research Group, Faculty of Dentistry, University Complutense of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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Bølling AK, Olderbø BP, Samuelsen JT, Rukke HV. Establishing a macrophage model with relevance for oral methacrylate monomer exposures: Attenuated Staphylococcus aureus-induced cytokine release from human macrophages. Dent Mater 2019; 35:e235-e248. [PMID: 31378308 DOI: 10.1016/j.dental.2019.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2018] [Revised: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Leakage of unpolymerized methacrylate monomers after placement of methacrylate-containing polymeric dental materials leads to human exposure. Based on studies using murine macrophages and LPS from Escherichia coli (E. coli), dental monomers like 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) are known to inhibit lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induced cytokine release. The aim of this study was to establish a model system with relevance for human oral monomer exposure using exposure to live gram-positive bacteria, and to confirm the HEMA-induced effects on cytokine release in this model. METHODS The human THP-1 monocyte cell line was differentiated to macrophages using phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA), before exposure to 0.5-2mM HEMA and live Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) in various multiplicity of infections (MOI). Cytokine release and cytotoxicity were determined after (i) 2-24h pre-exposure to HEMA followed by 2-4h S. aureus exposure and (ii) 2-4h simultaneous exposure. The 24h pre-exposure regime was also tested in primary human airway macrophages and for phagocytosis of S. aureus in THP-1 macrophages. RESULTS HEMA attenuated the cytokine release more strongly in the pre-exposure than combined exposure regime, with a maximal reduction of 95% in the S. aureus-induced cytokine release. A MOI of 0.1 (corresponding to a bacteria-macrophage ratio of 1:10) was determined to be optimal in the THP-1 macrophages as it induced sufficient cytokine release and negligible cytotoxicity. Attenuated release of S. aureus-induced interleukin (IL)-1β after HEMA exposure was confirmed in primary airway macrophages, while HEMA increased the phagocytosis of S. aureus in THP-1 cells. CONCLUSION The model was successfully established and attenuated bacteria-induced cytokine release after HEMA exposure confirmed.
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Affiliation(s)
- A K Bølling
- Nordic Institute of Dental Materials, Sognsveien 70A, N-0855 Oslo, Norway; Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Domain of Infection Control and Environmental Health, P.O. Box 4404, N-0403 Oslo, Norway.
| | - B P Olderbø
- Nordic Institute of Dental Materials, Sognsveien 70A, N-0855 Oslo, Norway
| | - J T Samuelsen
- Nordic Institute of Dental Materials, Sognsveien 70A, N-0855 Oslo, Norway
| | - H V Rukke
- Nordic Institute of Dental Materials, Sognsveien 70A, N-0855 Oslo, Norway
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Perduns R, Volk J, Schertl P, Leyhausen G, Geurtsen W. HEMA modulates the transcription of genes related to oxidative defense, inflammatory response and organization of the ECM in human oral cells. Dent Mater 2019; 35:501-510. [DOI: 10.1016/j.dental.2019.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2018] [Revised: 10/19/2018] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Triethylene glycol dimethacrylate impairs bioenergetic functions and induces oxidative stress in mitochondria via inhibiting respiratory Complex I. Dent Mater 2018; 34:e166-e181. [DOI: 10.1016/j.dental.2018.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2017] [Revised: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 03/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Alizadehgharib S, Östberg A, Dahlgren U. Effects of the methacrylate/acrylate monomers HEMA, TEGDMA, DEGDA, and EMA on the immune system. Clin Exp Dent Res 2017; 3:227-234. [PMID: 29744206 PMCID: PMC5839251 DOI: 10.1002/cre2.93] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2017] [Revised: 09/14/2017] [Accepted: 10/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Incomplete curing of dental fillings may lead to leakage of methacrylate/acrylate monomers, which may come in contact with different cells of the immune system in oral tissues. Very little is known about the different immunologic effects caused by these methacrylates/acrylates. The objective of the present study was to study if and how the methacrylate/acrylate monomers ethyl methacrylate (EMA) and diethylene glycol diacrylate (DEGDA) affect the immune system in vivo and in vitro in comparison to 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) and triethylene glycol dimethacrylate (TEGDMA). Human peripheral blood mononuclear cells were exposed to the different monomers (500 and 1000 μM) for 24 hr in vitro. BioPlex Pro™ assays were used for cytokine analysis. In vivo, BALB/c mice were immunized subcutaneously at the base of the tail with HEMA, TEGDMA, EMA, or DEGDA in combination with ovalbumin (OVA) in order to study adjuvant properties of the 4 monomers. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells exposed to DEGDA had viability less than 50% of the cells. A pattern was observed where the levels of most cytokines were elevated after exposure to HEMA or TEGDMA. Since that, many cells died after DEGDA-exposure, the only observed cytokine secretion was a significantly increased production of interleukin-18. In the in vivo experiments, all mice immunized with DEGDA died after the booster injection. Mice receiving OVA in combination with HEMA, TEGDMA, or EMA developed a higher immunoglobulin G anti-OVA antibody levels compared to the group immunized with OVA alone. We could not demonstrate any significant difference in antibody levels among the mice receiving the various methacrylate/acrylate monomers. The different monomers affected the production, increase and decrease, of different cytokines in vitro but resulted also in vivo in increased antibody production and T-cell activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Alizadehgharib
- Department of Oral Microbiology and ImmunologyUniversity of Gothenburg, The Sahlgrenska Academy, Institute of OdontologyPO Box 450, SE‐405 30GothenburgSweden
| | - Anna‐Karin Östberg
- Department of Oral Microbiology and ImmunologyUniversity of Gothenburg, The Sahlgrenska Academy, Institute of OdontologyPO Box 450, SE‐405 30GothenburgSweden
| | - Ulf Dahlgren
- Department of Oral Microbiology and ImmunologyUniversity of Gothenburg, The Sahlgrenska Academy, Institute of OdontologyPO Box 450, SE‐405 30GothenburgSweden
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Celik N, Askın S, Gul MA, Seven N. The effect of restorative materials on cytokines in gingival crevicular fluid. Arch Oral Biol 2017; 84:139-144. [PMID: 28992599 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2017.09.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2016] [Revised: 08/06/2017] [Accepted: 09/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Composition of the restorative materials may cause inflammatory responses by monocyte activation and changes in the levels of cytokine released from different cells. Interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-8 (IL-8) and Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) are important cytokine for evaluating of the inflammatory process. The aim of this study was to evaluate the different restorative materials used in class V cavities effect on gingival crevicular fluid inflammatory cytokine levels. DESIGN 60 individuals having Class V carious cavities participated in the study. Cavities were restored with FiltekZ250, DyractXP, Fuji IX, Cavex avalloy restorative materials. Changes in clinical and biochemical parameters were evaluated before restorations, seven and 21days after restorations. Contralateral tooth intact enamel surface was determined as control side. Periotron8000 device was used for detection of GCF volume. Cytokine level of GCF was evaluated by Human ELISA kits. Data were analyzed using Mann-Whitney U test and Wilcoxon signed ranks test. The correlations between clinical parameters and biochemical parameters were examined by Spearman's rank correlation analysis. RESULTS After restorative treatments PI and GI scores were decreased compared with baseline evaluations. There was a significant difference in GCF levels between experimental and control sites in all groups. GCF IL-6 levels in all groups except Filtek Z250, GCF IL-8 levels in all groups except Fuji IX, GCF TNF-α level in only Fuji IX showed significant differences between experimental and control sites. CONCLUSIONS The obtained data supported that all of the tested materials caused changes in GCF cytokine levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neslihan Celik
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Ataturk University, Erzurum, Turkey.
| | - Seda Askın
- Vocational School of Health Services, Ataturk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Ali Gul
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Ataturk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Nilgun Seven
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Ataturk University, Erzurum, Turkey
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Cell responses to cariogenic microorganisms and dental resin materials—Crosstalk at the dentin-pulp interface? Dent Mater 2017; 33:514-524. [DOI: 10.1016/j.dental.2017.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2016] [Revised: 02/13/2017] [Accepted: 02/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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12
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Bolling AK, Solhaug A, Morisbak E, Holme JA, Samuelsen JT. The dental monomer hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) counteracts lipopolysaccharide-induced IL-1β release-Possible role of glutathione. Toxicol Lett 2017; 270:25-33. [PMID: 28188892 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2017.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2016] [Revised: 02/03/2017] [Accepted: 02/06/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Methacrylate monomers, like 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA), are common components of resin based dental materials. Leakage of unpolymerized monomers after placement and curing leads to human exposure. HEMA is known to inhibit lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induced cytokine release. In this study we explore a possible role of the antioxidant glutathione (GSH) in this effect. In the RAW 264.7 murine macrophage cell line, HEMA (<2mM) did not induce cell death, but reduced cellular GSH levels, increased cellular ROS and decreased the IL-1β release from LPS-stimulated cells. Moreover, the IL-1β mRNA levels were reduced after 3-6h exposure, suggesting transcriptional effects of HEMA. The GSH modulators butylsulfoximine (BSO; inhibitor of GSH synthesis) and 2-oxothiazolidine-4-carboxylate (OTC; Cysteine precursor) caused a decrease and increase in the LPS-induced IL-1β release, respectively, suggesting a role for GSH in negative regulation of LPS-induced IL-1β release. However, the magnitude and dynamics of the effects of HEMA and BSO on LPS-induced IL-1β release and GSH depletion differed considerably. Thus, GSH depletion alone could not explain the strong attenuation of LPS-induced IL-1β release caused by HEMA. Formation of HEMA-protein conjugates due to the thiol reactivity of HEMA emerges as a likely candidate for the molecular mechanism accounting for this effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anette Kocbach Bolling
- Nordic Institute of Dental Materials, Sognsveien 70A, N-0855 Oslo, Norway; Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Domain of Infection Control and Environmental Health, P.O. Box 4404, N-0403 Oslo, Norway.
| | - Anita Solhaug
- Norwegian Veterinary Institute, P.O. Box 750 Sentrum, N-0106 Oslo, Norway
| | - Else Morisbak
- Nordic Institute of Dental Materials, Sognsveien 70A, N-0855 Oslo, Norway
| | - Jørn A Holme
- Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Domain of Infection Control and Environmental Health, P.O. Box 4404, N-0403 Oslo, Norway
| | - Jan Tore Samuelsen
- Nordic Institute of Dental Materials, Sognsveien 70A, N-0855 Oslo, Norway
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Inamitsu H, Okamoto K, Sakai E, Nishishita K, Murata H, Tsukuba T. The dental resin monomers HEMA and TEGDMA have inhibitory effects on osteoclast differentiation with low cytotoxicity. J Appl Toxicol 2017; 37:817-824. [DOI: 10.1002/jat.3429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2016] [Revised: 11/04/2016] [Accepted: 11/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Inamitsu
- Department of Dental Pharmacology; Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences; Sakamoto 1-7-1 Nagasaki 852-8588 Japan
- Department of Prosthetic Dentistry; Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences; Sakamoto 1-7-1 Nagasaki 852-8588 Japan
| | - Kuniaki Okamoto
- Department of Dental Pharmacology; Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences; Sakamoto 1-7-1 Nagasaki 852-8588 Japan
| | - Eiko Sakai
- Department of Dental Pharmacology; Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences; Sakamoto 1-7-1 Nagasaki 852-8588 Japan
| | - Kazuhisa Nishishita
- Department of Dental Pharmacology; Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences; Sakamoto 1-7-1 Nagasaki 852-8588 Japan
| | - Hiroshi Murata
- Department of Prosthetic Dentistry; Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences; Sakamoto 1-7-1 Nagasaki 852-8588 Japan
| | - Takayuki Tsukuba
- Department of Dental Pharmacology; Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences; Sakamoto 1-7-1 Nagasaki 852-8588 Japan
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Nilsen BW, Örtengren U, Simon-Santamaria J, Sørensen KK, Michelsen VB. Methods and terminology used in cell-culture studies of low-dose effects of matrix constituents of polymer resin-based dental materials. Eur J Oral Sci 2016; 124:511-525. [DOI: 10.1111/eos.12309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bo W. Nilsen
- Department of Clinical Dentistry; UiT - The Arctic University of Norway; Tromsø Norway
| | - Ulf Örtengren
- Department of Clinical Dentistry; UiT - The Arctic University of Norway; Tromsø Norway
- Department of Cariology; Institute of Odontology/Sahlgrenska Academy; Göteborg Sweden
| | | | - Karen K. Sørensen
- Department of Medical Biology; UiT - The Arctic University of Norway; Tromsø Norway
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Gölz L, Simonis RA, Reichelt J, Stark H, Frentzen M, Allam JP, Probstmeier R, Winter J, Kraus D. In vitro biocompatibility of ICON(®) and TEGDMA on human dental pulp stem cells. Dent Mater 2016; 32:1052-64. [PMID: 27323651 DOI: 10.1016/j.dental.2016.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2016] [Revised: 04/30/2016] [Accepted: 06/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Resin infiltrants have been successfully used in dental medicine preventing the progression of tooth decay in an early phase of caries development. ICON(®) is an infiltrant of low-viscosity which penetrates via dentinal tubules into the lesion in dependence of the demineralization depth. Hence, we performed an in vitro study to determine the effect of ICON(®) on human dental pulp stem cells (hDPSCs). METHODS Using explant technique, primary hDPSCs were collected from extracted teeth. Characterization and isolation were performed with typical mesenchymal stem cell markers (Stro-1, CD73, CD90, CD105) and hDPSCs differentiation was validated by immunofluorescence and flow cytometry. HDPSCs were stimulated with light-cured ICON(®) (lc) and non-light-cured ICON(®) (nc) conditioned media as well as different TEGDMA concentrations followed by the analysis of cytotoxicity, pro- and anti-inflammatory responses and differentiation using XTT assay, RT-PCR and ELISAs, respectively. RESULTS Initial analysis demonstrated that hDPSCs express characteristic mesenchymal stem cell markers and differentiate into adipocytes, chondrocytes and osteoblasts. Notably, ICON(®) nc dramatically reduced cell viability (up to 98.9% after 48h), whereas ICON(®) lc showed only a modest cytotoxicity (10%). Data were in line with cytokine expression demonstrating increased levels of IL-6 and IL-8 as well as decreased IL-10 after ICON(®) nc exposure compared to ICON(®) lc. ICON(®) lc caused almost no alterations of DSPP, whereas ICON(®) nc markedly elevated DSPP mRNA levels (130.3-times). A concentration-dependent effect was observed in TEGDMA challenged hDPSCs. SIGNIFICANCE ICON(®) is a successful minimal invasive technique. However, clinicians should strictly follow manufacturer's instructions to prevent adverse effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Gölz
- Department of Orthodontics, Center of Dento-Maxillo-Facial Medicine, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Ruth Andrea Simonis
- Department of Prosthodontics, Preclinical Education and Material Sciences, Center of Dento-Maxillo-Facial Medicine, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Joana Reichelt
- Department of Prosthodontics, Preclinical Education and Material Sciences, Center of Dento-Maxillo-Facial Medicine, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Helmut Stark
- Department of Prosthodontics, Preclinical Education and Material Sciences, Center of Dento-Maxillo-Facial Medicine, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Matthias Frentzen
- Department of Periodontology, Operative and Preventive Dentistry, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Jean-Pierre Allam
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Rainer Probstmeier
- Neuro- and Tumor Cell Biology Group, Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Jochen Winter
- Department of Periodontology, Operative and Preventive Dentistry, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Dominik Kraus
- Department of Prosthodontics, Preclinical Education and Material Sciences, Center of Dento-Maxillo-Facial Medicine, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.
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16
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Transcriptome modifications in human gingival fibroblasts exposed to 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate. Gene 2016; 582:38-46. [PMID: 26828614 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2016.01.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2015] [Revised: 01/26/2016] [Accepted: 01/27/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
2-Hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA),a tooth filling material, was proven to have toxic effects on different cell types, including human gingival fibroblasts (HGFs), and to be able to influence odontoblast vitality. The aim of the present study was to assess the differential transcriptome modulation induced by low HEMA concentration in cultured HGFs. RNA extracted from cultured HGFs exposed to 3 mmol/l HEMA for 24 or 96 h underwent a whole genome microarray analysis. Data analysis showed the presence of two gene clusters, composed by 310 transcripts differentially expressed after 24- and 96-h HEMA treatment compared to controls. Functional analysis demonstrated that these transcripts are mainly involved in cellular survival and death, and inflammatory response. The study highlighted an overall damage induced by HEMA exposure at both 24 and 96 h, mainly leading to a proliferation impairment. Interestingly, 24-h HEMA treatment seems to induce the cells to trigger repair mechanisms, evidencing an early compensatory response, whereas 96-h incubation appears to cause the occurrence of apoptosis as a consequence of the chronic damage.
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17
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Eyüboğlu GB, Yeşilyurt C, Ertürk M. Evaluation of Cytotoxicity of Dentin Desensitizing Products. Oper Dent 2015; 40:503-14. [DOI: 10.2341/13-334-l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
SUMMARY
Objectives
To evaluate the cytotoxic effects of the dentin desensitizing products (DDPs) used in the treatment of dentin hypersensitivity on cultured human gingival and pulpal fibroblast cells.
Methods and Materials
The cytotoxic effects of DDPs (Smart Protect, Systemp Desensitizer, Seal & Protect, Aqua-Prep F, Isodan, Gluma, BisBlock, D/Sense Crystal, UltraEZ, Colgate Sensitive Pro-Relief, Topex, and Clinpro White Varnish) on cultured human gingival- and pulp-derived fibroblast cells were evaluated using the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) test (Serva, Heidelberg, Germany) under two different conditions. In the first test, different dilutions of the DDPs were directly applied onto cultured gingival fibroblast cells, and in the second test, the products were applied onto different-thickness dentin discs (0.5 and 1 mm) placed above cell culture medium, which contained pulp fibroblast cells.
Results
According to the cytotoxicity evaluations of gingival fibroblast cells, the cytotoxicity of all of the DDPs was very high at 50% concentrations (p<0.05). Colgate Sensitive Pro-Relief, Clinpro White Varnish, and Topex showed higher cytotoxicity than did the other products (p<0.05), decreasing with further dilutions, and these products were found to be less cytotoxic to both types of cells (p<0.05) than were the other products with further dilutions. The cytotoxicity to human gingival and pulpal fibroblast cells of Systemp Desensitizer, Aqua-Prep F, Isodan, and Gluma did not show any decrease with further dilutions, and these products were found to be more cytotoxic than the other products (p<0.05).
Conclusions
According to the findings of this study, Colgate Sensitive Pro-Relief, Topex, and Clinpro White Varnish were less cytotoxic than the other DDPs used in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- GB Eyüboğlu
- Güneş Bulut Eyüboğlu, DDS, PhD, Karadeniz Technical University, School of Dentistry, Kanuni Campus, Trabzon, Turkey
| | - C Yeşilyurt
- Cemal Yesilyurt, DDS, PhD, Karadeniz Technical University, School of Dentistry, Kanuni Campus, Trabzon, Turkey
| | - M Ertürk
- Murat Ertürk, PhD, Atigen-cell Technology, Trabzon, Turkey
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Ponce-Bravo S, Ledesma-Montes C, Martínez-Rivera JL, Garcés-Ortíz M. Toxicity test of a dental commercial composite. J Clin Exp Dent 2015; 7:e289-92. [PMID: 26155348 PMCID: PMC4483339 DOI: 10.4317/jced.52201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2014] [Accepted: 02/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND International rules must be followed for testing biosecurity in dental materials. A new brand of restorative material appeared in the market and regulations indicated that it should be tested for toxicity. OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to determine the 90-day sub chronic toxicity of one triethylene glycol dimethacrylate containing composite (MEDENTAL Light-Cure Composite™) orally administered to rats according to Organization for Economic Co-Operation and Development no. 48 guidelines and the requirements specified in the ISO 10993-11. MATERIAL AND METHODS Wistar rats ate the polymerized composite during 90 days and were observed to determine changes in their behavior, eye and skin signs and other attitudes such as aggressiveness, posture, walking and response to handling. After 90 days were sacrificed to ascertain blood alterations, we did special hematological tests and assessed microscopic slides from 33 different organs. RESULTS We recorded no significant changes in clinical behavior of the animals. Microscopic review of the H&E stained slides obtained from the analyzed organs showed no abnormal inflammatory or cytological changes and all hematological special tests were within normal limits. CONCLUSIONS Results of this study show that under our experimental conditions the MEDENTAL Light-Cure Composite™ does not produce inflammatory or cytological changes suggestive of toxicity. Key words:Dental materials, composite resin, toxicity, inflammation, TEGDMA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santa Ponce-Bravo
- Oral Pathology Laboratory. División de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación. Facultad de Odontología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. México, Distrito Federal. MÉXICO
| | - Constantino Ledesma-Montes
- Oral Pathology Laboratory. División de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación. Facultad de Odontología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. México, Distrito Federal. MÉXICO
| | - José-Luis Martínez-Rivera
- Oral Pathology Laboratory. División de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación. Facultad de Odontología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. México, Distrito Federal. MÉXICO
| | - Maricela Garcés-Ortíz
- Oral Pathology Laboratory. División de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación. Facultad de Odontología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. México, Distrito Federal. MÉXICO
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Mathisen GH, Ansteinsson V, Samuelsen JT, Becher R, Dahl JE, Bølling AK. TEGDMA and filler particles from dental composites additively attenuate LPS-induced cytokine release from the macrophage cell line RAW 264.7. Clin Oral Investig 2014; 19:61-9. [PMID: 24615298 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-014-1212-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2013] [Accepted: 09/12/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Due to incomplete curing and material degradation, cells in the oral cavity may be exposed to monomers and filler particles from dental composite fillings. The objective of the present study was to investigate if combined exposures to particles and a methacrylate monomer from composite fillings resulted in additive effects on the macrophage immune response. MATERIAL AND METHODS Two filler particles, Nanosilica (12 nm) and Quartz (1 μm), were studied at concentrations 0.5-4 μg/cm(2), while the methacrylate monomer triethyleneglycol dimethacrylate (TEGDMA) was applied at 5 and 50 μM. RAW 264.7 macrophages were exposed to monomers and/or particles for 24 h, with a subsequent 24 h combined exposure to monomers and/or particles and the bacterial factor lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to stimulate an immune response. Release of the pro-inflammatory cytokines interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) were measured as well as the cellular viability. RESULTS Co-exposure to Nanosilica and Quartz resulted in an additive attenuation of the LPS-induced IL-1β release. Moreover, co-exposure to TEGDMA and both types of filler particles also resulted in an additive attenuation, although with a weak synergistic trend. The cellular viability and TNF-α release were not significantly affected by the exposures. CONCLUSION The present findings emphasize the necessity of considering effects of combined exposure to dental degradation products in future risk assessments. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Attenuated cytokine release could have implications for the macrophage immune response and result in impaired bacterial clearance. Further studies are necessary to determine implications for formation of dental biofilms and caries development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gro H Mathisen
- Nordic Institute of Dental Materials AS, PO Box 3874, Ullevaal Stadion, 0805, Oslo, Norway
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20
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Bølling AK, Samuelsen JT, Morisbak E, Ansteinsson V, Becher R, Dahl JE, Mathisen GH. Dental monomers inhibit LPS-induced cytokine release from the macrophage cell line RAW264.7. Toxicol Lett 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2012.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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21
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Di Nisio C, Zara S, Cataldi A, di Giacomo V. 2-Hydroxyethyl methacrylate inflammatory effects in human gingival fibroblasts. Int Endod J 2012; 46:466-76. [PMID: 23137186 DOI: 10.1111/iej.12012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2012] [Accepted: 09/10/2012] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
AIM To investigate the inflammatory response in human gingival fibroblasts (HGFs) treated with a relatively low 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) concentration by studying reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) gene expression, and prostaglandin E2 (PGE₂) release. METHODOLOGY Cultured HGFs were exposed to 3 mmol L⁻¹ HEMA for 0, 24 or 96 h. ROS production was investigated by flow cytometry; TNF-α and COX-2 gene expression was determined by RT-PCR, and prostaglandin E2 production was detected by an enzyme immunoassay. RESULTS After 24- or 96-h HEMA incubation, ROS levels were approximately eightfold and elevenfold higher than controls, whilst COX-2 gene expression was approximately twofold or fourfold higher than controls, respectively. Twenty-four-hour exposure enhanced TNF-α mRNA levels by approximately 66%, whilst after 96-h incubation, TNF-α gene expression was fivefold higher than controls. Ninety-six-hour HEMA treatment increased PGE₂ concentration in the culture medium by around 17% compared with controls. CONCLUSIONS 2-Hydroxyethyl methacrylate treatment (3 mmol L⁻¹) induced an inflammatory response in HGFs modulated by ROS production, as well as by the increase in TNF-α and COX-2 gene expression and by PGE₂ release.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Di Nisio
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università G. d'Annunzio, Chieti-Pescara, Italy
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22
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Kuan YH, Li YC, Huang FM, Chang YC. The upregulation of tumour necrosis factor-α and surface antigens expression on macrophages by bisphenol A-glycidyl-methacrylate. Int Endod J 2012; 45:619-26. [PMID: 22268514 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2591.2012.02017.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIM To evaluate the expression of tumour necrosis factor-α and surface antigens by bisphenol A-glycidyl-methacrylate (BisGMA) on murine macrophage cell line RAW264.7. METHODOLOGY Cytotoxicity was measured by tetrazolium bromide reduction assay. Tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α was analysed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Cell surface antigens were investigated by flowcytometry. Statistical analyses were performed using anova followed by the Bonferroni's t-test for multigroup comparisons. RESULTS BisGMA exhibited cytotoxicity to RAW264.7 in a dose-dependent manner (P < 0.05) during 2-h incubation period. BisGMA was found to increase TNF-α secretion in a dose-dependent manner (P < 0.05). In addition, CD11, CD14, CD45, CD54, CD40, CD80, and MHC II were significantly stimulated by BisGMA in a dose-dependent manner (P < 0.05). However, MHC I expression was not affected by BisGMA (P > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Taken together, the ability of macrophages to induce an appropriate immune response when exposed to BisGMA has the potential to upregulate TNF-α production and expression of surface antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y-H Kuan
- Department of Pharmacology, Chung Shan Medical University, 110 Sec. 1 Chien-Kuo N. Road, Taichung, Taiwan
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Thomas Curtis J, Chen Y, Buck DJ, Davis RL. Chronic inorganic mercury exposure induces sex-specific changes in central TNFα expression: importance in autism? Neurosci Lett 2011; 504:40-4. [PMID: 21906657 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2011.08.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2011] [Revised: 08/22/2011] [Accepted: 08/24/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Mercury is neurotoxic and increasing evidence suggests that environmental exposure to mercury may contribute to neuropathologies including Alzheimer's disease and autism spectrum disorders. Mercury is known to disrupt immunocompetence in the periphery, however, little is known about the effects of mercury on neuroimmune signaling. Mercury-induced effects on central immune function are potentially very important given that mercury exposure and neuroinflammation both are implicated in certain neuropathologies (i.e., autism). Furthermore, mounting evidence points to the involvement of glial activation in autism. Therefore, we utilized an in vivo model to assess the effects of mercury exposure on neuroimmune signaling. In prairie voles, 10 week mercury exposure (60ppm HgCl(2) in drinking water) resulted in a male-specific increase in TNFα protein expression in the cerebellum and hippocampus. These findings are consistent with our previously reported male-specific mercury-induced deficits in social behavior and further support a role for heavy metals exposure in neuropathologies such as autism. Subsequent studies should further evaluate the mechanism of action and biological consequences of heavy metals exposure. Additionally, these observations highlight the potential of neuroimmune markers in male voles as biomarkers of environmental mercury toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Thomas Curtis
- Department of Pharmacology/Physiology, Oklahoma State University Center for Health Sciences, 1111 West 17th Street, Tulsa, OK 74107, United States
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24
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Andersson J, Dahlgren U. 2-Hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) promotes IgG but not IgM antibody production in vivo in mice. Eur J Oral Sci 2011; 119:305-9. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0722.2011.00836.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Louise McGinley E, Coleman DC, Moran GP, Fleming GJ. Effects of surface finishing conditions on the biocompatibility of a nickel–chromium dental casting alloy. Dent Mater 2011; 27:637-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.dental.2011.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2010] [Revised: 03/23/2011] [Accepted: 03/28/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Abstract
Unreacted monomers released from dental resin-based composites at non-cytotoxic concentrations cause a depletion of glutathione and an increase of reactive oxygen species (ROS), leading to, e.g., DNA damage and apoptosis. ROS-sensitive MAP-kinases are activated by HEMA and TEGDMA. MAP-kinases are also involved in the bacteria-triggered cell responses of the innate immune system, e.g., after bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) binding to the Toll-like receptor (TLR) 4. Therefore, both bacteria and monomers imply environmental stress to pulp tissue, and they may influence the target cell reactions in a combined way. In macrophages, cell-surface antigens and cytokines were up-regulated after exposure to LPS, but TEGDMA caused a significant down-regulation. Regulation was dependent on exposure time, indicating that LPS and TEGDMA act differently on MAP-kinases. Furthermore, the cell type played a decisive role. Inhibition of the immune response may result in a decrease in inflammatory symptoms and/or a reduced defense capacity against bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- G. Schmalz
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Medical Centre Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauss-Allee 11, 93042 Regensburg, Germany
| | - S. Krifka
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Medical Centre Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauss-Allee 11, 93042 Regensburg, Germany
| | - H. Schweikl
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Medical Centre Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauss-Allee 11, 93042 Regensburg, Germany
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Kachi H, Noda M, Wataha JC, Nakaoki Y, Sano H. Colloidal platinum nanoparticles increase mitochondrial stress induced by resin composite components. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2010; 96:193-8. [DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.31750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2010] [Revised: 08/10/2010] [Accepted: 09/12/2010] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Davis RR, Hobbs DT, Khashaba R, Sehkar P, Seta FN, Messer RLW, Lewis JB, Wataha JC. Titanate particles as agents to deliver gold compounds to fibroblasts and monocytes. J Biomed Mater Res A 2010; 93:864-9. [PMID: 19701910 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.32407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Titanates are inorganic compounds with high affinity for specific metal ions or metal compounds, including gold. We have previously demonstrated that both monosodium titanate (MST) and amorphous peroxo-titanate (APT) alone do not suppress cellular metabolism of several cell types, and we have shown that MST and APT adsorb and release gold compounds in biological salt solutions. In the current study, we extend this work and show that MST and APT loaded with two gold compounds deliver sufficient levels of these compounds to alter the metabolism of mammalian cells. Fibroblasts (L929) or monocytes (THP1) were exposed to MST and APT loaded with either Au(III) or Auranofin(R), a Au(I)-organic compound, for 24-72 h, after which succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) activity of the cells was measured using the MTT method. MST or APT alone did not suppress SDH activity of either cell type. AF and Au(III) alone suppressed SDH activity completely above 2 muM or 300 muM, respectively. APT and MST loaded with either gold compound suppressed L929 fibroblast SDH activity by 30-80% after 72 h, but Au(III)-loaded APT was more potent than AF-loaded APT. Monocyte SDH activity was not affected by any loaded titanate. Our results suggest that titanates could be used for solid phase delivery of metal compounds to affect mammalian cell function of some types of cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan R Davis
- Department of Oral Biology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, Georgia, USA
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29
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Metabolism of TEGDMA and HEMA in human cells. Biomaterials 2010; 31:818-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2009.09.097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2009] [Accepted: 09/29/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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30
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Bakopoulou A, Papadopoulos T, Garefis P. Molecular toxicology of substances released from resin-based dental restorative materials. Int J Mol Sci 2009; 10:3861-3899. [PMID: 19865523 PMCID: PMC2769064 DOI: 10.3390/ijms10093861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2009] [Revised: 08/24/2009] [Accepted: 09/02/2009] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Resin-based dental restorative materials are extensively used today in dentistry. However, significant concerns still remain regarding their biocompatibility. For this reason, significant scientific effort has been focused on the determination of the molecular toxicology of substances released by these biomaterials, using several tools for risk assessment, including exposure assessment, hazard identification and dose-response analysis. These studies have shown that substances released by these materials can cause significant cytotoxic and genotoxic effects, leading to irreversible disturbance of basic cellular functions. The aim of this article is to review current knowledge related to dental composites' molecular toxicology and to give implications for possible improvements concerning their biocompatibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Athina Bakopoulou
- Department of Fixed & Implant Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki 541 24, Greece; E-Mails: (B.A.); (G.P.)
| | - Triantafillos Papadopoulos
- Department of Biomaterials, School of Dentistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, 115 27, Greece
| | - Pavlos Garefis
- Department of Fixed & Implant Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki 541 24, Greece; E-Mails: (B.A.); (G.P.)
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31
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Lin NJ, Lin-Gibson S. Osteoblast response to dimethacrylate composites varying in composition, conversion and roughness using a combinatorial approach. Biomaterials 2009; 30:4480-7. [PMID: 19520423 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2009.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2009] [Accepted: 05/10/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Dimethacrylate polymers and composites are seeing increased usage in orthopedics. As these applications require the material to integrate with the surrounding tissues, direct contact cytotoxicity assays should be used to assess the biocompatibility. This study utilized a combinatorial testing platform to evaluate the cell response to dimethacrylate composites with a variety of properties on a single sample. MC3T3-E1 pre-osteoblasts were cultured directly on composites with varying filler content, filler type, degree of conversion (DC), and surface topography. Cell viability, density, and area depended on an interplay of the material properties, with low DC causing a reduction in cell area but having minimal effect on cell viability, high filler content causing an increase in cell density, and filler content/type altering the surface roughness as a function of DC. The combinatorial testing platform successfully quantified the effects of numerous material properties on several aspects of the osteoblast response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy J Lin
- Polymers Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Drive, MS 8543, Gaithersburg, MD 20899-8543, USA.
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Abstract
Oral and mucosal adverse reactions to resin-based dental materials have been reported. Numerous studies have examined the biocompatibility of restorative dental materials and their components, and a wide range of test systems for the evaluation of the biological effects of these materials have been developed. This article reviews the biological aspects of resin-based dental materials and discusses the conventional as well as the new techniques used for biocompatibility assessment of dental materials.
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Effects of TEGDMA and HEMA on the expression of COX-2 and iNOS in cultured murine macrophage cells. Dent Mater 2009; 25:240-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.dental.2008.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2007] [Accepted: 05/30/2008] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Gregson KS, Terrence O’Neill J, Platt JA, Jack Windsor L. In vitro induction of hydrolytic activity in human gingival and pulp fibroblasts by triethylene glycol dimethacrylate and monocyte chemotatic protein-1. Dent Mater 2008; 24:1461-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.dental.2008.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2007] [Revised: 02/28/2008] [Accepted: 03/08/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Andersson J, Dahlgren UI. Effect of 2-hydroxyethyl-methacrylate (HEMA) on the phagocytic and respiratory burst activity of human neutrophils and monocytes. Eur J Oral Sci 2008; 116:369-74. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0722.2008.00541.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Taira M, Sasaki M, Kimura S, Araki Y. Dose-dependent effects of Ni (II) ions on production of three inflammatory cytokines (TNF-alpha, IL-1beta and IL-6), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and free radical NO by murine macrophage-like RAW264 cells with or without LPS-stimulation. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE. MATERIALS IN MEDICINE 2008; 19:2173-2178. [PMID: 18040755 DOI: 10.1007/s10856-007-3322-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2006] [Accepted: 11/01/2007] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The effect of Ni (II) ions on macrophages is not well understood. The purpose of this study was to examine the dose-dependent effects of Ni (II) ions up to 1,000 micromol/L on production of three inflammatory cytokines (TNF-alpha, IL-1beta and IL-6), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and nitric oxide (NO) by murine macrophage-like RAW264 cells with (+) or without (-) lipopolysaccharide (LPS) -stimulation. Ni (II) ions caused LPS (-) RAW264 cells to slightly increase production of TNF-alpha and IL-6, proportionally to the Ni (II) ion concentration while IL-1beta was not produced, and to slightly increase production of SOD and NO. It can be concluded that Ni (II) ions dose-dependently increased the inflammatory and oxidative stress conditions of LPS (-) RAW264 cells. LPS-stimulation caused RAW264 cells to produce in abundance the three inflammatory cytokines, SOD and NO. Ni (II) ions dose-dependently reduced the three cytokine quantities and NO amounts in LPS (+) RAW264 cells, while dose-independently increasing SOD amounts. It was noted that Ni (II) ions dose-dependently reduce the resistance power against bacteria of LPS (+) macrophages, because the production of volatile NO--bacteria killer is diminished proportionally to the Ni (II) ion concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masayuki Taira
- Department of Dental Materials Science and Technology, Iwate Medical University School of Dentistry, 1-3-27 Chuo-dori, Morioka, Iwate, 020-8505, Japan.
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Moharamzadeh K, Brook IM, Scutt AM, Thornhill MH, Van Noort R. Mucotoxicity of dental composite resins on a tissue-engineered human oral mucosal model. J Dent 2008; 36:331-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jdent.2008.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2007] [Revised: 01/26/2008] [Accepted: 01/28/2008] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
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Huang TH, Liao PH, Li HY, Ding SJ, Yen M, Kao CT. Orthodontic adhesives induce human gingival fibroblast toxicity and inflammation. Angle Orthod 2008; 78:510-6. [PMID: 18416630 DOI: 10.2319/053007-259.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2007] [Accepted: 07/01/2007] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To test the null hypothesis that the resin base and the resin hybrid glass ionomer base adhesives do not cause inflammation after contacting primary human gingival fibroblasts in vitro. MATERIALS AND METHODS The resin base and resin hybrid glass ionomer base adhesives were used to treat human gingival fibroblasts to evaluate the survival rate using MTT colorimetric assay to detect the level of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) mRNA by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) technique and COX-2 protein expression using Western blot analysis. The results were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). Tests of differences of the treatments were analyzed using the Tukey test and a value of P < .05 was considered statistically significant. RESULTS The paste and primer of the resin base adhesive and the liquid of glass ionomer adhesive showed decreasing survival rates after 24 hours of treatment (P < .05). All orthodontic adhesives induced COX-2 protein expression in human gingival fibroblasts. The exposure of quiescent human gingival fibroblasts to adhesives resulted in the induction of COX-2 mRNA expression. The investigations of the time-dependent COX-2 mRNA expression in adhesive-treated human gingival fibroblasts revealed different patterns. CONCLUSIONS The hypothesis is rejected. For orthodontic patients with gingival inflammation, except for those with oral hygiene problems, the activation of COX-2 expression by orthodontic adhesive may be one of the potential mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsui-Hsien Huang
- Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Institute of Stomatology, Institute of Oral Material Science, Taichung, Taiwan
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Lin NJ, Bailey LO, Becker ML, Washburn NR, Henderson LA. Macrophage response to methacrylate conversion using a gradient approach. Acta Biomater 2007; 3:163-73. [PMID: 17140868 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2006.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2006] [Revised: 09/29/2006] [Accepted: 10/09/2006] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Incomplete conversion, an ongoing challenge facing photopolymerized methacrylate-based polymers, affects leachables as well as the resulting polymer network. As novel polymers and composites are developed, methods to efficiently screen cell response to these materials and their properties, including conversion, are needed. In this study, an in vitro screening methodology was developed to assess cells cultured directly on cross-linked polymer networks. A gradient in methacrylate double bond conversion was used to increase the experimental throughput. A substrate of 2,2-bis[4-(2-hydroxy-3-methacryloxypropoxy)phenyl] propane (BisGMA) and triethylene glycol dimethacrylate (TEGDMA) was prepared with a conversion ranging from 43.0% to 61.2%. Substrates aged for 7 days had no significant differences in surface roughness or hydrophilicity as a function of conversion. Leachables were detectable for at least 7 days using UV absorption, but their global cytotoxicity was insignificant after 5 days of aging. Thus, RAW 264.7 macrophage-like cells were cultured on aged substrates to evaluate the cell response to conversion, with possible contributions from the polymer network and local leachables. Conversions of 45% and 50% decreased viability (via calcein/ethidium staining) and increased apoptosis (via annexin-V staining). No significant changes (p>0.05) in tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-1beta gene expression, as measured by quantitative, real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, were seen as conversion increased. Thus, conversions greater than 50% are recommended for equimolar BisGMA/TEGDMA. The ability to distinguish cell response as a function of conversion is useful as an initial biological screening platform to optimize dental polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy J Lin
- Biomaterials Group, Polymers Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Dr., Mail Stop 8543, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA.
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Moharamzadeh K, Van Noort R, Brook IM, Scutt AM. Cytotoxicity of resin monomers on human gingival fibroblasts and HaCaT keratinocytes. Dent Mater 2007; 23:40-4. [PMID: 16426672 DOI: 10.1016/j.dental.2005.11.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2005] [Accepted: 11/30/2005] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to evaluate and compare the biological effects of three resin monomers on three human gingival fibroblast (HGF) cell lines and immortalised human keratinocytes. METHODS Primary HGFs and HaCaT keratinocytes were cultured for 24h and grown to sub-confluent monolayers. Resin monomers were dissolved in dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO) and diluted with culture medium. Cultures were exposed to different concentrations of monomers (10(-2) to 10mM) for 24h. Cell viability measured by Alamar Blue assay, and cell culture supernatant was examined for the presence of human interlukin-1beta (IL-1beta) using sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbant assay (ELISA). TC50 values were calculated from fitted dose-response curves. RESULTS All monomers showed toxic effects on the HGFs and HaCaT cells and inhibited chemical reduction of Alamar Blue in high concentrations. Statistical analysis of TC50 values by one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey's analysis showed that there is a significant difference in TC50 values between the cell lines (p<0.05), although the rank order of monomer toxicity remained the same for different cell lines. None of these monomers-induced IL-1beta release from HGFs and HaCaT cells. SIGNIFICANCE Dental resin monomers are toxic to human gingival fibroblasts and HaCaT keratinocytes. However, they cannot induce IL-1beta release from these cells by themselves. Alamar Blue assay is a sensitive method for the evaluation of cytotoxicity and it can detect different sensitivities of different cell lines to the resin monomers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keyvan Moharamzadeh
- School of Clinical Dentistry, University of Sheffield, Claremont Crescent, Sheffield S10 2TA, UK.
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41
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Abstract
Monomers are released from dental resin materials, and thus cause adverse biological effects in mammalian cells. Cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of some of these methacrylates have been identified in a vast number of investigations during the last decade. It has been well-established that the co-monomer triethylene glycol dimethacrylate (TEGDMA) causes gene mutations in vitro. The formation of micronuclei is indicative of chromosomal damage and the induction of DNA strand breaks detected with monomers like TEGDMA and 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA). As a consequence of DNA damage, the mammalian cell cycle was delayed in both G1 and G2/M phases, depending on the concentrations of the monomers. Yet, the mechanisms underlying the genetic and cellular toxicology of resin monomers have remained obscure until recently. New findings indicate that increased oxidative stress results in an impairment of the cellular pro- and anti-oxidant redox balance caused by monomers. It has been demonstrated that monomers reduced the levels of the natural radical scavenger glutathione (GSH), which protects cell structures from damage caused by reactive oxygen species (ROS). Depletion of the intracellular GSH pool may then significantly contribute to cytotoxicity, because a related increase in ROS levels can activate pathways leading to apoptosis. Complementary, cytotoxic, and genotoxic effects of TEGDMA and HEMA are inhibited in the presence of ROS scavengers like N-acetylcysteine (NAC), ascorbate, and Trolox (vitamin E). Elevated intracellular levels of ROS can also activate a complex network of redox-responsive macromolecules, including redox-sensitive transcription factors like nuclear factor kappaB (NF-kappaB). It has been shown that NF-kappaB is activated probably to counteract HEMA-induced apoptosis. The induction of apoptosis by TEGDMA in human pulp cells has been associated with an inhibition of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3-K) cell-survival signaling pathway. Although the details of the mechanisms leading to cell death, genotoxicity, and cell-cycle delay are not completely understood, resin monomers may be able to alter the functions of the cells of the oral cavity. Pathways regulating cellular homeostasis, dentinogenesis, or tissue repair may be modified by monomers at concentrations well below those which cause acute cytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Schweikl
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Periodontology, University of Regensburg, D-93042 Regensburg, Germany.
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Souza NJA, Justo GZ, Oliveira CR, Haun M, Bincoletto C. Cytotoxicity of materials used in perforation repair tested using the V79 fibroblast cell line and the granulocyte-macrophage progenitor cells. Int Endod J 2006; 39:40-7. [PMID: 16409327 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2591.2005.01045.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
AIM To compare the cytotoxicity of materials used to repair perforations using permanent V79 fibroblasts and murine granulocyte-macrophage progenitor cells (CFU-GM). METHODOLOGY Set specimens from amalgam, glass-ionomer, SuperEBA, N-Rickert, MTA and gutta-percha were eluted with culture medium for 72 h and their cytotoxicities were assessed by incubating the extracts with V79 and bone marrow-derived progenitors for 24 h and 7 days, respectively. Cytotoxicity on V79 cells was judged using the total nucleic acid content (NAC), neutral red uptake (NRU) and reduction of the tetrazolium salt (MTT). The number of bone marrow CFU-GM colonies determined in clonal cultures stimulated with recombinant murine granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor was used to assess cytotoxicity to progenitor cells. Statistical analyses were conducted using the one-way analysis of variance and Tukey's test where appropriate. RESULTS All materials were cytotoxic in both cell systems; however, CFU-GM was more sensitive to the extracts than V79 cells. A similar rank order of toxicity was observed in V79 cells using the NAC and the MTT assays: glass-ionomer > N-Rickert congruent with SuperEBA > gutta-percha > amalgam congruent with MTA (P < 0.05). In contrast, the NRU test exhibited a lower sensitivity to MTA, gutta-percha and amalgam extracts. In the clonal culture assay, the toxicity was less pronounced in the presence of gutta-percha, SuperEBA and MTA. Similar cellular responses were found by placing the set specimens directly in the clonal culture dishes. CONCLUSIONS The sensitivity of toxicity depended on the choice of the endpoint and the cell-culture system. Nevertheless, MTA was ranked as the least cytotoxic cement in both cell systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- N J A Souza
- Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Bioquímica, Universidade de Mogi das Cruzes (UMC), Mogi das Cruzes, Brazil
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Reichl FX, Simon S, Esters M, Seiss M, Kehe K, Kleinsasser N, Hickel R. Cytotoxicity of dental composite (co)monomers and the amalgam component Hg(2+) in human gingival fibroblasts. Arch Toxicol 2006; 80:465-72. [PMID: 16474958 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-006-0073-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2005] [Accepted: 01/23/2006] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Unpolymerized resin (co)monomers or mercury (Hg) can be released from restorative dental materials (e.g. composites and amalgam). They can diffuse into the tooth pulp or the gingiva. They can also reach the gingiva and organs by the circulating blood after the uptake from swallowed saliva. The cytotoxicity of dental composite components hydroxyethylmethacrylate (HEMA), triethyleneglycoldimethacrylate (TEGDMA), urethanedimethacrylate (UDMA), and bisglycidylmethacrylate (Bis-GMA) as well as the amalgam component Hg(2+) (as HgCl(2)) and methyl mercury chloride (MeHgCl) was investigated on human gingival fibroblasts (HGFs) at two time intervals. To test the cytotoxicity of substances, the bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) assay and the lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) assay were used. The test substances were added in various concentrations and cells were incubated for 24 or 48 h. The EC(50) values were obtained as half-maximum-effect concentrations from fitted curves. Following EC(50) values were found [BrdU: mean (mmol/l); SEM in parentheses; n=12]: (24 h/48 h) HEMA 8.860 (0.440)/6.600(0.630), TEGDMA 1.810(0.130)/1.220(0.130), UDMA 0.120(0.010)/0.140(0.010), BisGMA 0.060(0.004)/0.040(0.002), HgCl(2) 0.015(0.001)/0.050(0.006), and MeHgCl 0.004(0.001)/0.005(0.001). Following EC(50) values were found [LDH: mean (mmol/l); SEM in parentheses; n=12]: (24 h/48 h) HEMA 9.490(0.300)/7.890(1.230), TEGDMA 2.300(0.470)/1.950(0.310), UDMA 0.200(0.007)/0.100(0.007), BisGMA 0.070(0.005)/0.100(0.002), and MeHgCl 0.014(0.006)/0.010(0.003). In both assays, the following range of increased toxicity was found for composite components (24 and 48 h): HEMA < TEGDMA < UDMA < BisGMA. In both assays, MeHgCl was the most toxic substance. In the BrdU assay, Hg(2+) was about fourfold less toxic than MeHgCl but Hg(2+) was about fourfold more toxic than BisGMA. In the BrdU test, a significantly (P<0.05) decreased toxicity was observed for Hg(2+) at 48 h, compared to the 24 h Hg(2+)-exposure. A time depending decreased toxicity was observed only for Hg(2+) which can then reach the toxic level of BisGMA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franz-Xaver Reichl
- Walther-Straub-Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Goethestr. 33, 80336 Munich, Germany.
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Schweikl H, Altmannberger I, Hanser N, Hiller KA, Bolay C, Brockhoff G, Spagnuolo G, Galler K, Schmalz G. The effect of triethylene glycol dimethacrylate on the cell cycle of mammalian cells. Biomaterials 2005; 26:4111-8. [PMID: 15664638 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2004.10.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2004] [Accepted: 10/19/2004] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The induction of DNA damage by a genotoxic agent is a signal leading to cell cycle delay, and thereby enables and induces DNA repair prior to cell cycle progression. Triethylene glycol dimethacrylate (TEGDMA), a monomer of dental resinous materials, caused mutagenic effects in mammalian cells probably as a consequence of DNA damage. Therefore, we hypothesized that TEGDMA will induce a cell cycle delay in mammalian cells. Here, cell lines deficient and proficient of a functional p53 tumor suppressor protein were used to study the effects of TEGDMA on the various phases of the cell cycle. V79 Chinese hamster lung fibroblasts (p53 deficient), N1 human skin fibroblasts (p53 proficient), and primary human pulp fibroblasts (p53 proficient) were exposed to increasing TEGDMA concentrations (0-3 mmol/l). Cell survival and vitality were determined after a 24-h exposure period and a 24-h recovery period, and the distribution of cells between the phases of the cell cycle in untreated and TEGDMA-treated cultures was analyzed by flow cytometry. The majority of the TEGDMA-treated V79 cells accumulated in G2 phase. In contrast, about 30% of human N1 fibroblasts were reversibly blocked in G1 phase by 0.5-3.0 mmol/l TEGDMA. The fraction of G2-phase cells was increased only by high TEGDMA concentrations. The percentage of human pulp cells in G1 phase increased very slightly with 1 mmol/l TEGDMA, but cell numbers in G1 phase were reduced by 10-20% by 1.5-3 mmol/l TEGDMA. The percentage of pulp cells in G2 phase increased about 2-fold without any obvious effect of a 24-h recovery period. Therefore, TEGDMA caused cell cycle delays through p53-dependent and independent pathways in the various cell lines. From these results, we conclude that TEGDMA may influence physiological processes like cell growth and differentiation of human pulp cells in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helmut Schweikl
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Periodontology, University of Regensburg, D-93042 Regensburg, Germany.
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Lewis JB, Wataha JC, McCloud V, Lockwood PE, Messer RLW, Tseng WY. Au(III), Pd(II), Ni(II), and Hg(II) alter NFκB signaling in THP1 monocytic cells. J Biomed Mater Res A 2005; 74:474-81. [PMID: 15983993 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.30383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The transcription factor NFkappaB plays a key role in the tissue inflammatory response. Metal ions released into tissues from biomaterials (e.g., Au, Pd, Ni, Hg) are known to alter the binding of NFkappaB proteins to DNA, thereby modulating the effect of NFkappaB on gene activation and, ultimately, the tissue response to biomaterials. Little is known about the effect of these metals on key signaling steps prior to NFkappaB-DNA binding such as transcription factor activation or nuclear translocation, yet these steps are equally important to modulation of the pathway. Oxidative stress is known to alter NFkappaB proteins and is suspected to play a role in metal-induced NFkappaB signaling modulation. Our aim in the current study was to assess the effects of sublethal levels of Ni, Hg, Pd, and Au ions on NFkappaB activation and nuclear translocation in the monocyte, which is acknowledged as an important orchestrator of the biological response to materials and the pathogenesis of chronic disease. Sublethal concentrations of Au(III), Ni(II), Hg(II), and Pd(II) were added to cultures of human THP1 monocytic cells for 72 h. In parallel cultures, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was added for the last 30 min to activate the monocytic cells. Then cellular cytoplasmic and nuclear proteins were isolated, separated by electrophoresis, and probed for IkappaBalpha degradation (activation) and NFkappaB p65 translocation. Protein levels were digitally quantified and statistically compared. The levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the monocytic cells were measured as a possible mechanism of metal-induced NFkappaB modulation. Only Au(III) activated IkappaBalpha degradation by itself. Au(III) and Pd(II) enhanced LPS-induced IkappaBalpha degradation, but Hg(II) and Ni(II) suppressed it. Au(III), Ni(II), and Pd(II) activated p65 nuclear translocation without LPS, and all but Ni(II) enhanced LPS-induced translocation. Collectively, the results suggest that these metal ions alter activation and translocation of NFkappaB, each in a unique way at unique concentrations. Furthermore, even when these metals had no overt effects on signaling by themselves, all altered activation of signaling by LPS, suggesting that the biological effects of these metals on monocytic function may only be manifest upon activation. None of the metal ions elevated levels of ROS at 72 h, indicating that ROS were probably not direct modulators of the NFkappaB activation or translocation at this late time point.
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Affiliation(s)
- J B Lewis
- School of Dentistry, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, Georgia 30912-1126, USA
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Abstract
Resin-based materials are rapidly becoming the primary restorative material to replace tooth structure and the low percentage of biological problems reported for resin-based restorations is testimony to their relative biocompatibility. Despite considerable advances in the understanding of the mechanisms, which govern the integration of resin composite materials with the dentine-pulp complex, considerable potential for improvement remains. Most of these improvements centre around a better understanding of the biological and microbiological risks of resin materials and will only be possible with improved in vitro and in vivo models. There are also a number of possible future developments in materials, clinical techniques and diagnostic methods that may improve the long-term success and reliability of resin-based restorations. The remainder of this paper describes the most likely avenues for future improvements.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Bouillaguet
- Department of Cariology and Endodontology, School of Dentistry, Geneva, Switzerland.
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Huang FM, Chang YC. Induction of cyclooxygenase-2 mRNA and protein expression by dentin bonding agents in human gingival fibroblasts. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 70:297-302. [PMID: 15264312 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.30045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
An ideal dentin bonding agent should be nonirritating to surrounding tissues. Unfortunately, all histological investigations have demonstrated that dentin bonding agents can induce mild to severe inflammatory alterations. However, there is little information on the precise mechanisms about dentin bonding agents-induced inflammatory reaction. Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) is an inducible enzyme believed to be responsible for prostaglandin synthesis at the site of inflammation. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of three dentin bonding agents, Clearfil SE Bond, Prime & Bond NT, and Single Bond on the expression of COX-2 mRNA gene and protein in cultured human gingival fibroblasts. The exposure of quiescent human gingival fibroblasts to dentin bonding agents resulted in the induction of COX-2 mRNA expression. The investigations of the time-dependent on COX-2 mRNA expression in dentin bonding agent-treated human gingival fibroblasts revealed different patterns. The influence of COX-2 mRNA depended on the tested materials. In addition, all dentin bonding agents also induced COX-2 protein expression in human gingival fibroblasts. Taken together, the activation of COX-2 expression may be one of the potential mechanisms of dentin bonding agent-induced gingival inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fu-Mei Huang
- Department of Prosthodontics, Oral Medicine Center, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
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48
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Bouillaguet S. BIOLOGICAL RISKS OF RESIN-BASED MATERIALS TO THE DENTIN-PULP COMPLEX. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 15:47-60. [PMID: 14761899 DOI: 10.1177/154411130401500105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Over the past 30 years, restorative dentistry has seen a revolution in materials, restorative techniques, and patient priorities. This revolution has been made possible with the development of new resin-based materials which can be bonded to the tooth structure. Not all of these changes have been without controversy or concern, and some have raised questions about the biological safety of these new materials and techniques. It is the purpose of this review to present recent and relevant information about the biological risks and consequences of resin-tooth bonding and how these risks are affected by the material, its clinical properties, and its manipulation by the practitioner. These biological risks are complex and interactive, and are still incompletely defined. In broad terms, these risks can be divided into those stemming from the toxicological properties of the materials themselves (direct biological risks) and those stemming from microbiological leakage (indirect biological risks).
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Affiliation(s)
- Serge Bouillaguet
- Department of Cariology and Endodontics, Departement of Dental Materials, School of Dental Medicine, University of Geneva, 19 Rue Barthélemy-Menn, CH-1205 Geneva, Switzerland.
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