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Luff GC, Belluomo I, Lugarà E, Walker MC. The role of trained and untrained dogs in the detection and warning of seizures. Epilepsy Behav 2024; 150:109563. [PMID: 38071830 DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2023.109563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/14/2024]
Abstract
Seizure unpredictability plays a major role in disability and decreased quality of life in people with epilepsy. Dogs have been used to assist people with disabilities and have shown promise in detecting seizures. There have been reports of trained seizure-alerting dogs (SADs) successfully detecting when a seizure is occurring or indicating imminent seizures, allowing patients to take preventative measures. Untrained pet dogs have also shown the ability to detect seizures and provide comfort and protection during and after seizures. Dogs' exceptional olfactory abilities and sensitivity to human cues could contribute to their seizure-detection capabilities. This has been supported by studies in which dogs have distinguished between epileptic seizure and non-seizure sweat samples, probably though the detection of volatile organic compounds (VOCs). However, the existing literature has limitations, with a lack of well-controlled, prospective studies and inconsistencies in reported timings of alerting behaviours. More research is needed to standardize reporting and validate the results. Advances in VOC profiling could aid in distinguishing seizure types and developing rapid and unbiased seizure detection methods. In conclusion, using dogs in epilepsy management shows considerable promise, but further research is needed to fully validate their effectiveness and potential as valuable companions for people with epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace C Luff
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy, UCL Institute of Neurology, London WC1N 3BG, UK.
| | - Ilaria Belluomo
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London W12 0HS, UK.
| | - Eleonora Lugarà
- Translational Research Office, University College London, 23 Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK.
| | - Matthew C Walker
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy, UCL Institute of Neurology, London WC1N 3BG, UK.
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2
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Warli SM, Firsty NN, Velaro AJ, Tala ZZ. The Olfaction Ability of Medical Detection Canine to Detect Prostate Cancer From Urine Samples: Progress Captured in Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. World J Oncol 2023; 14:358-370. [PMID: 37869239 PMCID: PMC10588501 DOI: 10.14740/wjon1635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 07/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Background To date, early cancer detection is considered vital to reduce the global cancer burden through low-cost, but accurate screening modalities. The anatomical positioning of prostate cancer (PCa) created a potentially distinctive diagnostic method through the identification of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in urine, which might be detectable not by humans but by canine species. This review aimed to capture the potential of the medical detection canine (MDC) to detect PCa by providing its diagnostic accuracy estimation on urine odor testing. Methods Databases, e.g., MEDLINE, Cochrane, ScienceDirect, and ProQuest, were searched to identify the studies. We focused on accessible original research, comparing the diagnostic utility of trained female MDC and histopathology examination as the gold standard for PCa diagnosis. The statistical analysis was performed in Meta-DiSc 1.4 and presented in diagnostic values, i.e., sensitivity (Sn), specificity (Sp), positive or negative likelihood ratio (LR+ or LR-), diagnostic odd ratio (DOR), and area under the curve (AUC) value, to conclude the Sn-Sp in a single outcome. Results Female German Shepherds were the most commonly utilized MDC from the five studies included in the final analysis. We estimate the pooled diagnostic value of eight different MDCs, with the findings as follows: Sn (0.95 (0.94 - 0.97)), Sp (0.92 (0.90 - 0.93)), LR+ (4.48 (1.90 - 10.58)), LR- (0.12 (0.01 - 1.42)), DOR (35.39 (2.90 - 432.53)), and an AUC value of 0.9232. Conclusions MDC's olfaction ability holds considerable potential on its diagnostic accuracies to distinguish the urine of PCa individuals by identifying its volatilome property.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syah Mirsya Warli
- Department of Urology, Universitas Sumatera Utara Hospital, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Medan, Indonesia
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Sumatera Utara-Haji Adam Malik General Hospital, Medan, Indonesia
| | - Naufal Nandita Firsty
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Medan, Indonesia
| | - Adrian Joshua Velaro
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Medan, Indonesia
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Costantini M, Filianoti A, Anceschi U, Bove AM, Brassetti A, Ferriero M, Mastroianni R, Misuraca L, Tuderti G, Ciliberto G, Simone G, Torregiani G. Human Urinary Volatilome Analysis in Renal Cancer by Electronic Nose. BIOSENSORS 2023; 13:bios13040427. [PMID: 37185502 PMCID: PMC10136259 DOI: 10.3390/bios13040427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Revised: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Currently, in clinical practice there are still no useful markers available that are able to diagnose renal cancer in the early stages in the context of population screening. This translates into very high costs for healthcare systems around the world. Analysing urine using an electronic nose (EN) provides volatile organic compounds that can be easily used in the diagnosis of urological diseases. Although no convincing results have been published, some previous studies suggest that dogs trained to sniff urine can recognize different types of tumours (bladder, lung, breast cancer) with different success rates. We therefore hypothesized that urinary volatilome profiling may be able to distinguish patients with renal cancer from healthy controls. A total of 252 individuals, 110 renal patients and 142 healthy controls, were enrolled in this pilot monocentric study. For each participant, we collected, stabilized (at 37 °C) and analysed urine samples using a commercially available electronic nose (Cyranose 320®). Principal component (PCA) analyses, discriminant analysis (CDA) and ROC curves were performed to provide a complete statistical analysis of the sensor responses. The best discriminating principal component groups were identified with univariable ANOVA analysis. The study correctly identified 79/110 patients and 127/142 healthy controls, respectively (specificity 89.4%, sensitivity 71.8%, positive predictive value 84.04%, negative predictive value 80.37%). In order to test the study efficacy, the Cross Validated Accuracy was calculated (CVA 81.7%, p < 0.001). At ROC analysis, the area under the curve was 0.85. The results suggest that urine volatilome profiling by e-Nose seems a promising, accurate and non-invasive diagnostic tool in discriminating patients from controls. The low costs and ease of execution make this test useful in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Costantini
- Department of Urology, IRCCS-Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, 00144 Rome, Italy
| | - Alessio Filianoti
- Department of Urology, IRCCS-Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, 00144 Rome, Italy
- Department of Urology, San Filippo Neri Hospital, 00135 Rome, Italy
| | - Umberto Anceschi
- Department of Urology, IRCCS-Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, 00144 Rome, Italy
| | - Alfredo Maria Bove
- Department of Urology, IRCCS-Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, 00144 Rome, Italy
| | - Aldo Brassetti
- Department of Urology, IRCCS-Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, 00144 Rome, Italy
| | | | - Riccardo Mastroianni
- Department of Urology, IRCCS-Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, 00144 Rome, Italy
| | - Leonardo Misuraca
- Department of Urology, IRCCS-Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, 00144 Rome, Italy
| | - Gabriele Tuderti
- Department of Urology, IRCCS-Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, 00144 Rome, Italy
| | - Gennaro Ciliberto
- Scientific Direction, IRCCS-Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, 00144 Rome, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Simone
- Department of Urology, IRCCS-Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, 00144 Rome, Italy
| | - Giulia Torregiani
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Unit, IRCCS-Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, 00144 Rome, Italy
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Maiti KS. Non-Invasive Disease Specific Biomarker Detection Using Infrared Spectroscopy: A Review. Molecules 2023; 28:2320. [PMID: 36903576 PMCID: PMC10005715 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28052320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Revised: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Many life-threatening diseases remain obscure in their early disease stages. Symptoms appear only at the advanced stage when the survival rate is poor. A non-invasive diagnostic tool may be able to identify disease even at the asymptotic stage and save lives. Volatile metabolites-based diagnostics hold a lot of promise to fulfil this demand. Many experimental techniques are being developed to establish a reliable non-invasive diagnostic tool; however, none of them are yet able to fulfil clinicians' demands. Infrared spectroscopy-based gaseous biofluid analysis demonstrated promising results to fulfil clinicians' expectations. The recent development of the standard operating procedure (SOP), sample measurement, and data analysis techniques for infrared spectroscopy are summarized in this review article. It has also outlined the applicability of infrared spectroscopy to identify the specific biomarkers for diseases such as diabetes, acute gastritis caused by bacterial infection, cerebral palsy, and prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiran Sankar Maiti
- Max–Planck–Institut für Quantenoptik, Hans-Kopfermann-Straße 1, 85748 Garching, Germany; ; Tel.: +49-289-14054
- Lehrstuhl für Experimental Physik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Am Coulombwall 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
- Laser-Forschungslabor, Klinikum der Universität München, Fraunhoferstrasse 20, 82152 Planegg, Germany
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Sniffer Dogs Diagnose Lung Cancer by Recognition of Exhaled Gases: Using Breathing Target Samples to Train Dogs Has a Higher Diagnostic Rate Than Using Lung Cancer Tissue Samples or Urine Samples. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:cancers15041234. [PMID: 36831576 PMCID: PMC9954099 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15041234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Sniffer dogs can diagnose lung cancer. However, the diagnostic yields of different samples and training methods for lung cancer remain undetermined. OBJECTIVE Six dogs were trained in three stages with the aim of improving the diagnostic yield of lung cancer by comparing training methods and specimens. METHODS The pathological tissues of 53 lung cancer patients and 6 non-lung cancer patients in the Department of Thoracic Surgery of Kaohsiung Chang Gung Hospital were collected, and the exhaled breath samples and urine samples were collected. Urine and exhaled breath samples were also collected from 20 healthy individuals. The specimens were sent to the Veterinary Department of Pingtung University of Science and Technology. RESULTS The dogs had a very low response rate to urine target samples in the first and second stages of training. The experimental results at the second stage of training found that after lung cancer tissue training, dogs were less likely to recognize lung cancer and healthy controls than through breath target training: the response rate to exhaled breathing target samples was about 8-55%; for urine target samples, it was only about 5-30%. When using exhaled air samples for training, the diagnosis rate of these dogs in lung cancer patients was 71.3% to 97.6% (mean 83.9%), while the false positive rate of lung cancer in the healthy group was 0.5% to 27.6% (mean 7.6%). Compared with using breathing target samples for training, the diagnosis rate of dogs trained with lung cancer tissue lung cancer was significantly lower (p < 0.05). The sensitivity and specificity of lung cancer tissue training (50.4% and 50.1%) were lower than the exhaled breath target training (91.7% and 85.1%). There is no difference in lung cancer diagnostic rate by sniff dogs among lung cancer histological types, location, and staging. CONCLUSION Training dogs using breathing target samples to train dogs then to recognize exhaled samples had a higher diagnostic rate than training using lung cancer tissue samples or urine samples. Dogs had a very low response rate to urine samples in our study. Six canines were trained on lung cancer tissues and breathing target samples of lung cancer patients, then the diagnostic rate of the recognition of exhaled breath of lung cancer and non-lung cancer patients were compared. When using exhaled air samples for training, the diagnosis rate of these dogs in lung cancer patients was 71.3% to 97.6% (mean 83.9%), while the false positive rate of lung cancer in the healthy group was 0.5% to 27.6% (mean 7.6%). There was a significant difference in the average diagnosis rate of individual dog and overall dogs between the lung cancer group and the healthy group (p < 0.05). When using lung cancer tissue samples for training, lung cancer diagnosis rate of these dogs among lung cancer patients was only 15.5% to 40.9% (mean 27.7%). Compared with using breathing target samples for training, the diagnosis rate of dogs trained with lung cancer tissue lung cancer was significantly lower (p < 0.05). The sensitivity and specificity of lung cancer tissue training (50.4% and 50.1%) were lower than the exhaled breath target training (91.7% and 85.1%). The diagnostic rate of lung cancer by sniffer dogs has nothing to do with the current stage of lung cancer, pathologic type, and the location of tumor mass. Even in stage IA lung cancer, well-trained dogs can have a diagnostic rate of 100%. Using sniffer dogs to screen early lung cancer may have good clinical and economic benefits.
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Gouzerh F, Ganem G, Pichevin A, Dormont L, Thomas F. Ability of animals to detect cancer odors. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2023; 1878:188850. [PMID: 36528192 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2022.188850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The olfactory capacity of animals has long been used by humans to help with various activities, e.g., hunting, detecting mines, locating people, and diagnosing diseases. Cancer is among the leading diseases causing death worldwide. Several recent studies have underscored the benefit of using scent to detect cancer, and this paper will review the studies using animals to detect tumor scents. A large variety of animals have been used for this purpose-dogs, rodents, insects, and nematodes-and have shown their capacity to detect cancer, with a success rate close to 90%. Here we discuss these studies, their methodologies, and the animal models used. Finally, we discuss the medical perspectives for cancer diagnosis using odors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flora Gouzerh
- Centre de Recherches Écologiques et Évolutives sur le Cancer, Maladies Infectieuses et Vecteurs: Ecologie, Génétique, Evolution et Contrôle, UMR IRD 224- CNRS 5290- Université de Montpellier, 34394 Montpellier, France; Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive, Université́ de Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE, IRD, Université Paul Valéry Montpellier 3, 34293 Montpellier, France.
| | - Guila Ganem
- Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution, ISEM, Université Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, 34095 Montpellier, France
| | - Anaïs Pichevin
- Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive, Université́ de Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE, IRD, Université Paul Valéry Montpellier 3, 34293 Montpellier, France
| | - Laurent Dormont
- Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive, Université́ de Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE, IRD, Université Paul Valéry Montpellier 3, 34293 Montpellier, France
| | - Frédéric Thomas
- Centre de Recherches Écologiques et Évolutives sur le Cancer, Maladies Infectieuses et Vecteurs: Ecologie, Génétique, Evolution et Contrôle, UMR IRD 224- CNRS 5290- Université de Montpellier, 34394 Montpellier, France
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Bauër P, Leemans M, Audureau E, Gilbert C, Armal C, Fromantin I. Remote Medical Scent Detection of Cancer and Infectious Diseases With Dogs and Rats: A Systematic Review. Integr Cancer Ther 2022; 21:15347354221140516. [PMID: 36541180 PMCID: PMC9791295 DOI: 10.1177/15347354221140516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Remote medical scent detection of cancer and infectious diseases with dogs and rats has been an increasing field of research these last 20 years. If validated, the possibility of implementing such a technique in the clinic raises many hopes. This systematic review was performed to determine the evidence and performance of such methods and assess their potential relevance in the clinic. METHODS Pubmed and Web of Science databases were independently searched based on PRISMA standards between 01/01/2000 and 01/05/2021. We included studies aiming at detecting cancers and infectious diseases affecting humans with dogs or rats. We excluded studies using other animals, studies aiming to detect agricultural diseases, diseases affecting animals, and others such as diabetes and neurodegenerative diseases. Only original articles were included. Data about patients' selection, samples, animal characteristics, animal training, testing configurations, and performances were recorded. RESULTS A total of 62 studies were included. Sensitivity and specificity varied a lot among studies: While some publications report low sensitivities of 0.17 and specificities around 0.29, others achieve rates of 1 sensitivity and specificity. Only 6 studies were evaluated in a double-blind screening-like situation. In general, the risk of performance bias was high in most evaluated studies, and the quality of the evidence found was low. CONCLUSIONS Medical detection using animals' sense of smell lacks evidence and performances so far to be applied in the clinic. What odors the animals detect is not well understood. Further research should be conducted, focusing on patient selection, samples (choice of materials, standardization), and testing conditions. Interpolations of such results to free running detection (direct contact with humans) should be taken with extreme caution. Considering this synthesis, we discuss the challenges and highlight the excellent odor detection threshold exhibited by animals which represents a potential opportunity to develop an accessible and non-invasive method for disease detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Bauër
- Institut Curie, Paris, France,Univ Paris Est Creteil, INSERM, IMRB, Team CEpiA
| | - Michelle Leemans
- Univ Paris Est Creteil, INSERM, IMRB, Team CEpiA,Michelle Leemans, Univ Paris Est Creteil, INSERM, IMRB, Team CEpiA, 61 Av. du Général de Gaulle, 94000 Créteil, F-94010 Créteil, France.
| | | | - Caroline Gilbert
- Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Brunoy, France,Ecole nationale vétérinaire d’Alfort, Maisons-Alfort cedex, France
| | | | - Isabelle Fromantin
- Institut Curie, Paris, France,Univ Paris Est Creteil, INSERM, IMRB, Team CEpiA
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Ho UH, Pak SH, Kim K, Pak HS. Efficient screening of SNP in canine OR52N9 and OR9S25 as assistant marker of olfactory ability. J Vet Behav 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jveb.2022.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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9
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Filianoti A, Costantini M, Bove AM, Anceschi U, Brassetti A, Ferriero M, Mastroianni R, Misuraca L, Tuderti G, Ciliberto G, Simone G. Volatilome Analysis in Prostate Cancer by Electronic Nose: A Pilot Monocentric Study. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14122927. [PMID: 35740593 PMCID: PMC9220860 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14122927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Revised: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Urine analysis via an electronic nose provides volatile organic compounds easily usable in the diagnosis of urological diseases. Although challenging and highly expensive for health systems worldwide, no useful markers are available in clinical practice that aim to anticipate prostate cancer (PCa) diagnosis in the early stages in the context of wide population screening. Some previous works suggested that dogs trained to smell urine could recognize several types of cancers with various success rates. We hypothesized that urinary volatilome profiling may distinguish PCa patients from healthy controls. In this study, 272 individuals, 133 patients, and 139 healthy controls participated. Urine samples were collected, stabilized at 37 °C, and analyzed using a commercially available electronic nose (Cyranose C320). Statistical analysis of the sensor responses was performed off-line using principal component (PCA) analyses, discriminant analysis (CDA), and ROC curves. Principal components best discriminating groups were identified with univariable ANOVA analysis. groups were identified with univariable ANOVA analysis. Here, 110/133 and 123/139 cases were correctly identified in the PCa and healthy control cohorts, respectively (sensitivity 82.7%, specificity 88.5%; positive predictive value 87.3%, negative predictive value 84.2%). The Cross Validated Accuracy (CVA 85.3%, p < 0.001) was calculated. Using ROC analysis, the area under the curve was 0.9. Urine volatilome profiling via an electronic nose seems a promising non-invasive diagnostic tool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessio Filianoti
- Department of Urology, IRCCS—“Regina Elena” National Cancer Institute, 00144 Rome, Italy; (A.F.); (M.C.); (A.M.B.); (U.A.); (A.B.); (M.F.); (R.M.); (L.M.); (G.T.)
- Department of Urology, San Filippo Neri Hospital, 00135 Rome, Italy
| | - Manuela Costantini
- Department of Urology, IRCCS—“Regina Elena” National Cancer Institute, 00144 Rome, Italy; (A.F.); (M.C.); (A.M.B.); (U.A.); (A.B.); (M.F.); (R.M.); (L.M.); (G.T.)
| | - Alfredo Maria Bove
- Department of Urology, IRCCS—“Regina Elena” National Cancer Institute, 00144 Rome, Italy; (A.F.); (M.C.); (A.M.B.); (U.A.); (A.B.); (M.F.); (R.M.); (L.M.); (G.T.)
| | - Umberto Anceschi
- Department of Urology, IRCCS—“Regina Elena” National Cancer Institute, 00144 Rome, Italy; (A.F.); (M.C.); (A.M.B.); (U.A.); (A.B.); (M.F.); (R.M.); (L.M.); (G.T.)
| | - Aldo Brassetti
- Department of Urology, IRCCS—“Regina Elena” National Cancer Institute, 00144 Rome, Italy; (A.F.); (M.C.); (A.M.B.); (U.A.); (A.B.); (M.F.); (R.M.); (L.M.); (G.T.)
| | - Mariaconsiglia Ferriero
- Department of Urology, IRCCS—“Regina Elena” National Cancer Institute, 00144 Rome, Italy; (A.F.); (M.C.); (A.M.B.); (U.A.); (A.B.); (M.F.); (R.M.); (L.M.); (G.T.)
| | - Riccardo Mastroianni
- Department of Urology, IRCCS—“Regina Elena” National Cancer Institute, 00144 Rome, Italy; (A.F.); (M.C.); (A.M.B.); (U.A.); (A.B.); (M.F.); (R.M.); (L.M.); (G.T.)
| | - Leonardo Misuraca
- Department of Urology, IRCCS—“Regina Elena” National Cancer Institute, 00144 Rome, Italy; (A.F.); (M.C.); (A.M.B.); (U.A.); (A.B.); (M.F.); (R.M.); (L.M.); (G.T.)
| | - Gabriele Tuderti
- Department of Urology, IRCCS—“Regina Elena” National Cancer Institute, 00144 Rome, Italy; (A.F.); (M.C.); (A.M.B.); (U.A.); (A.B.); (M.F.); (R.M.); (L.M.); (G.T.)
| | - Gennaro Ciliberto
- Scientific Direction, “Regina Elena” National Cancer Institute, 00144 Rome, Italy;
| | - Giuseppe Simone
- Department of Urology, IRCCS—“Regina Elena” National Cancer Institute, 00144 Rome, Italy; (A.F.); (M.C.); (A.M.B.); (U.A.); (A.B.); (M.F.); (R.M.); (L.M.); (G.T.)
- Correspondence:
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11
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Maughan MN, Best EM, Gadberry JD, Sharpes CE, Evans KL, Chue CC, Nolan PL, Buckley PE. The Use and Potential of Biomedical Detection Dogs During a Disease Outbreak. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:848090. [PMID: 35445042 PMCID: PMC9014822 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.848090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Biomedical detection dogs offer incredible advantages during disease outbreaks that are presently unmatched by current technologies, however, dogs still face hurdles of implementation due to lack of inter-governmental cooperation and acceptance by the public health community. Here, we refine the definition of a biomedical detection dog, discuss the potential applications, capabilities, and limitations of biomedical detection dogs in disease outbreak scenarios, and the safety measures that must be considered before and during deployment. Finally, we provide recommendations on how to address and overcome the barriers to acceptance of biomedical detection dogs through a dedicated research and development investment in olfactory sciences.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Eric M. Best
- Penn State Harrisburg, Harrisburg, PA, United States
| | | | | | - Kelley L. Evans
- Biochemistry Branch, U.S. Army DEVCOM Chemical Biological Center, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, United States
| | - Calvin C. Chue
- Biochemistry Branch, U.S. Army DEVCOM Chemical Biological Center, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, United States
| | | | - Patricia E. Buckley
- Biochemistry Branch, U.S. Army DEVCOM Chemical Biological Center, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, United States
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12
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Asai A, Konno M, Ozaki M, Kawamoto K, Chijimatsu R, Kondo N, Hirotsu T, Ishii H. Scent test using Caenorhabditis elegans to screen for early-stage pancreatic cancer. Oncotarget 2021; 12:1687-1696. [PMID: 34434497 PMCID: PMC8378769 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.28035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Although early detection and diagnosis are indispensable for improving the prognosis of patients with pancreatic cancer, both have yet to be achieved. Except for pancreatic cancer, other cancers have already been screened through scent tests using animals or microorganisms, including Caenorhabditis elegans. While such a method may greatly improve the prognosis of pancreatic cancer, no studies have investigated the same, mainly given the difficulty of collecting suitable samples from patients with early-stage pancreatic cancer. In this study, we organized a nationwide study group comprising high-volume centers throughout Japan to collect patients with very-early-stage pancreatic cancer (stage 0 or IA). We initially performed an open-label study involving 83 cases (stage 0–IV), with subsequent results showing significant differences after surgical removal in stage 0–IA (×10 dilution: p < 0.001; ×100 dilution: p < 0.001). Thereafter, a blinded study on 28 cases (11 patients with stage 0 or IA disease and 17 healthy volunteers) was conducted by comparing very-early-stage pancreatic cancer patients with healthy volunteers to determine whether C. elegans could detect the scent of cancer for the diagnosis of early-stage pancreatic cancer. Preoperative urine samples had a significantly higher chemotaxis index compared to postoperative samples in patients with pancreatic cancer [×10 dilution: p < 0.001, area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) = 0.845; ×100 dilution: p < 0.001, AUC = 0.820] and healthy volunteers (×10 dilution: p = 0.034; ×100 dilution: p = 0.088). Moreover, using the changes in preoperative and postoperative chemotaxis index, this method had a higher sensitivity for detecting early pancreatic cancer compared to existing diagnostic markers. The clinical application C. elegans for the early diagnosis of cancer can certainly be expected in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayumu Asai
- Center of Medical Innovation and Translational Research (CoMIT), Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan.,Artificial Intelligence Research Center, Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research, Osaka University, Ibaraki, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masamitsu Konno
- Center of Medical Innovation and Translational Research (CoMIT), Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan.,Present address: Research Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Chiba, Japan
| | - Miyuki Ozaki
- Center of Medical Innovation and Translational Research (CoMIT), Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Koichi Kawamoto
- Center of Medical Innovation and Translational Research (CoMIT), Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan.,Present address: Kinnki Regional Bureau of Health and Welfare, Osaka, Japan
| | - Ryota Chijimatsu
- Center of Medical Innovation and Translational Research (CoMIT), Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Nobuaki Kondo
- Center of Medical Innovation and Translational Research (CoMIT), Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan.,Hirotsu Bio Science Inc., Chiyoda-Ku, Tokyo 102-0094, Japan
| | - Takaaki Hirotsu
- Center of Medical Innovation and Translational Research (CoMIT), Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan.,Hirotsu Bio Science Inc., Chiyoda-Ku, Tokyo 102-0094, Japan
| | - Hideshi Ishii
- Center of Medical Innovation and Translational Research (CoMIT), Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
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Kure S, Iida S, Yamada M, Takei H, Yamashita N, Sato Y, Miyashita M. Breast Cancer Detection from a Urine Sample by Dog Sniffing: A Preliminary Study for the Development of a New Screening Device, and a Literature Review. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:biology10060517. [PMID: 34200793 PMCID: PMC8230505 DOI: 10.3390/biology10060517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Revised: 06/06/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Breast cancer is a leading cause of cancer death worldwide. Several studies have demonstrated that dogs can sniff and detect cancer in the breath or urine sample of a patient. This study aims to assess whether the urine sample can be used for breast cancer screening by its fingerprints of volatile organic compounds using a single trained sniffer dog. This is a preliminary study for developing the "electronic nose" for cancer screening. METHODS A nine-year-old female Labrador Retriever was trained to identify cancer from urine samples of breast cancer patients. Urine samples from patients histologically diagnosed with primary breast cancer, those with non-breast malignant diseases, and healthy volunteers were obtained, and a double-blind test was performed. Total of 40 patients with breast cancer, 142 patients with non-breast malignant diseases, and 18 healthy volunteers were enrolled, and their urine samples were collected. RESULTS In 40 times out of 40 runs of a double-blind test, the trained dog could correctly identify urine samples of breast cancer patients. Sensitivity and specificity of this breast cancer detection method using dog sniffing were both 100%. CONCLUSIONS The trained dog in this study could accurately detect breast cancer from urine samples of breast cancer patients. These results indicate the feasibility of a method to detect breast cancer from urine samples using dog sniffing in the diagnosis of breast cancer. Although the methodological standardization is still an issue to be discussed, the current result warrants further study for developing a new breast cancer screening method based on volatile organic compounds in urine samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoko Kure
- Department of Integrated Diagnostic Pathology, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo 113-8602, Japan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-3-3822-2131; Fax: +81-3-5814-6274
| | - Shinya Iida
- Department of Breast Oncology, Nippon Medical School, Chiba Hokusoh Hospital, Chiba 270-1694, Japan;
| | - Marina Yamada
- Faculty of Medical Science, Nippon Sport Science University, Kanagawa 227-0033, Japan;
| | - Hiroyuki Takei
- Department of Breast Surgery and Oncology, Nippon Medical School Hospital, Tokyo 113-8603, Japan;
| | - Naoyuki Yamashita
- Department of Surgery, Jizankai Medical Foundation Tsuboi Cancer Center Hospital, Fukushima 963-0197, Japan;
| | - Yuji Sato
- St. Sugar Canine Cancer Detection Training Center, Chiba 294-0226, Japan;
| | - Masao Miyashita
- Nippon Medical School, Tokyo 113-8602, Japan;
- Twin Peaks Laboratory of Medicine (TPLM), Yamagata 999-4331, Japan
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14
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Guest C, Harris R, Sfanos KS, Shrestha E, Partin AW, Trock B, Mangold L, Bader R, Kozak A, Mclean S, Simons J, Soule H, Johnson T, Lee WY, Gao Q, Aziz S, Stathatou PM, Thaler S, Foster S, Mershin A. Feasibility of integrating canine olfaction with chemical and microbial profiling of urine to detect lethal prostate cancer. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0245530. [PMID: 33596212 PMCID: PMC7888653 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0245530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 01/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer is the second leading cause of cancer death in men in the developed world. A more sensitive and specific detection strategy for lethal prostate cancer beyond serum prostate specific antigen (PSA) population screening is urgently needed. Diagnosis by canine olfaction, using dogs trained to detect cancer by smell, has been shown to be both specific and sensitive. While dogs themselves are impractical as scalable diagnostic sensors, machine olfaction for cancer detection is testable. However, studies bridging the divide between clinical diagnostic techniques, artificial intelligence, and molecular analysis remains difficult due to the significant divide between these disciplines. We tested the clinical feasibility of a cross-disciplinary, integrative approach to early prostate cancer biosensing in urine using trained canine olfaction, volatile organic compound (VOC) analysis by gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC-MS) artificial neural network (ANN)-assisted examination, and microbial profiling in a double-blinded pilot study. Two dogs were trained to detect Gleason 9 prostate cancer in urine collected from biopsy-confirmed patients. Biopsy-negative controls were used to assess canine specificity as prostate cancer biodetectors. Urine samples were simultaneously analyzed for their VOC content in headspace via GC-MS and urinary microbiota content via 16S rDNA Illumina sequencing. In addition, the dogs' diagnoses were used to train an ANN to detect significant peaks in the GC-MS data. The canine olfaction system was 71% sensitive and between 70-76% specific at detecting Gleason 9 prostate cancer. We have also confirmed VOC differences by GC-MS and microbiota differences by 16S rDNA sequencing between cancer positive and biopsy-negative controls. Furthermore, the trained ANN identified regions of interest in the GC-MS data, informed by the canine diagnoses. Methodology and feasibility are established to inform larger-scale studies using canine olfaction, urinary VOCs, and urinary microbiota profiling to develop machine olfaction diagnostic tools. Scalable multi-disciplinary tools may then be compared to PSA screening for earlier, non-invasive, more specific and sensitive detection of clinically aggressive prostate cancers in urine samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Guest
- Medical Detection Dogs, Milton Keynes, United Kingdom
| | - Rob Harris
- Medical Detection Dogs, Milton Keynes, United Kingdom
| | - Karen S. Sfanos
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Department of Urology, James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Eva Shrestha
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Alan W. Partin
- Department of Urology, James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Bruce Trock
- Department of Urology, James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Leslie Mangold
- Department of Urology, James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Rebecca Bader
- Cambridge Polymer Group, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Adam Kozak
- Cambridge Polymer Group, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Scott Mclean
- Cambridge Polymer Group, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Jonathan Simons
- Prostate Cancer Foundation, Santa Monica, California, United States of America
| | - Howard Soule
- Prostate Cancer Foundation, Santa Monica, California, United States of America
| | - Thomas Johnson
- Prostate Cancer Foundation, Santa Monica, California, United States of America
| | - Wen-Yee Lee
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, Texas, United States of America
| | - Qin Gao
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, Texas, United States of America
| | - Sophie Aziz
- Medical Detection Dogs, Milton Keynes, United Kingdom
| | - Patritsia Maria Stathatou
- The Center for Bits and Atoms, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Stephen Thaler
- Imagination Engines, St. Charles, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Simmie Foster
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School and Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Andreas Mershin
- The Center for Bits and Atoms, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
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15
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The Trained Sniffer Dog Could Accurately Detect the Urine Samples from the Patients with Cervical Cancer, and Even Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia Grade 3: A Pilot Study. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12113291. [PMID: 33172075 PMCID: PMC7694610 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12113291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Revised: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Tumor detection by dog sniffing is a possible new method in cancer diagnosis. The aim of this study is to assess whether a trained dog can distinguish urine samples from cervical cancer patients. Urine samples were collected from 34 with cervical cancer, 49 patients with CIN3, 49 with benign uterine diseases, and 63 healthy volunteers. In all 83 test runs, one positive sample among five samples were presented to the dog. The trained dog accurately distinguished the urine sample of a cancer patient from those of the controls. This study showed that cancer detection by dog sniffing can be a non-invasive, cost-effective screening technique for cervical cancer. Abstract (1) Background: Previous reports have indicated that cancers of the stomach, lung, and pancreas can be detected by dog sniffing, but results have been varied. Here, a highly trained dog was used to determine whether urine from patients with cervical premalignant lesions and malignant tumors have a cancer-specific scent. (2) Methods: A total of 195 urine samples were collected from patients with cervical cancer, cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade 3 (CIN3), benign uterine diseases, and healthy volunteers. Each test was performed using one urine sample from a cancer patient and four samples from different controls. Each of the five urine samples was placed in a separate box. When the cancer sniffing dog stopped and sat in front of the box with a sample from a cancer patient, the test was considered as positive. (3) Results: 83 patients with cervical cancer (34 cases of cervical cancer and 49 cases of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade 3), 49 patients with uterine benign diseases, and 63 healthy volunteers were enrolled, and their urine samples were collected. In 83 times out of 83 runs in a double-blind test, the trained dog could correctly identify urine samples of cervical cancer patients. (4) Conclusion: A trained dog could accurately distinguish the urine of all patients with cervical cancer or CIN3, regardless of the degree of cancer progression.
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16
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Is it melanoma? Ask my dog! Melanoma Res 2020; 30:529-530. [PMID: 32890230 DOI: 10.1097/cmr.0000000000000610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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17
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Can mice be trained to discriminate urine odor of conspecifics with melanoma before clinical symptoms appear? J Vet Behav 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jveb.2020.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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18
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Roncati L. Inside a mystery of oncoscience: The cancer-sniffing pets. Oncoscience 2019; 6:376-377. [PMID: 31763370 PMCID: PMC6855366 DOI: 10.18632/oncoscience.490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Luca Roncati
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital of Modena, Policlinico, Modena, Italy
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19
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Rudnicka J, Kowalkowski T, Buszewski B. Searching for selected VOCs in human breath samples as potential markers of lung cancer. Lung Cancer 2019; 135:123-129. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lungcan.2019.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2018] [Revised: 02/11/2019] [Accepted: 02/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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20
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Guirao A, Molins L, Ramón I, Sunyer G, Viñolas N, Marrades R, Sánchez D, Fibla JJ, Boada M, Hernández J, Guzmán R, Libreros A, Gómez-Caro A, Guerrero C, Agustí A. Trained dogs can identify malignant solitary pulmonary nodules in exhaled gas. Lung Cancer 2019; 135:230-233. [PMID: 31235316 DOI: 10.1016/j.lungcan.2019.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2019] [Revised: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 06/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate the capacity of a trained dog to identify LC in patients with malignant SPN. METHODS We collected 90 exhaled gas samples from 30 patients with SPN (3 samples/patient). As controls we used 61 healthy volunteers and 18 COPD patients without SNP or LC, in each of whom we collected 5 exhaled gas samples (n = 395). The dog (Blat, a 4-year-old crossbreed between a Labrador Retriever and a Pitbull) and the methodology used were the same as previously reported by our group (see: https://drive.google.com/open?id=1R4mOtOtuZkTeb5iOEEv0K9r2kHKlPhWd). RESULTS Of 30 patients with SPN, Blat recognized 27 of them as positive for LC and 3 as negative for LC. These results fully matched post-surgical pathological results. Sensibility was 0.97, Specificity 0.99, Positive Predictive value 0.97 and negative predictive value 0.99. The AUC of the ROC curve was 0.985. CONCLUSIONS Trained dogs can identify accurately the malignant origin of SPN. It is now time to develop technology that can match canine olfaction and facilitate the implementation of this diagnostic approach in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Guirao
- Institut Respiratori, Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain; Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain.
| | - L Molins
- Institut Respiratori, Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain; Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Spain
| | - I Ramón
- ARGUS Detection Dogs, Barcelona, Spain
| | - G Sunyer
- CIBER Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Spain
| | - N Viñolas
- Institut Clínic de Malalties Hematològiques i Oncològiques, Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain
| | - R Marrades
- Institut Respiratori, Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain; Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Spain
| | - D Sánchez
- Institut Respiratori, Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain
| | - J J Fibla
- Hospital Universitari Sagrat Cor, Barcelona, Spain
| | - M Boada
- Institut Respiratori, Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain
| | - J Hernández
- Hospital Universitari Sagrat Cor, Barcelona, Spain
| | - R Guzmán
- Institut Respiratori, Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain
| | - A Libreros
- Institut Respiratori, Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain
| | - A Gómez-Caro
- Institut Respiratori, Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain
| | - C Guerrero
- Institut Respiratori, Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain
| | - A Agustí
- Institut Respiratori, Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain; Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Spain
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Marzorati D, Mainardi L, Sedda G, Gasparri R, Spaggiari L, Cerveri P. A review of exhaled breath: a key role in lung cancer diagnosis. J Breath Res 2019; 13:034001. [DOI: 10.1088/1752-7163/ab0684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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22
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Duffy E, Morrin A. Endogenous and microbial volatile organic compounds in cutaneous health and disease. Trends Analyt Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2018.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Dinnes J, Deeks JJ, Saleh D, Chuchu N, Bayliss SE, Patel L, Davenport C, Takwoingi Y, Godfrey K, Matin RN, Patalay R, Williams HC. Reflectance confocal microscopy for diagnosing cutaneous melanoma in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2018; 12:CD013190. [PMID: 30521681 PMCID: PMC6492459 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd013190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Melanoma has one of the fastest rising incidence rates of any cancer. It accounts for a small percentage of skin cancer cases but is responsible for the majority of skin cancer deaths. Early detection and treatment is key to improving survival; however, anxiety around missing early cases needs to be balanced against appropriate levels of referral and excision of benign lesions. Used in conjunction with clinical or dermoscopic suspicion of malignancy, or both, reflectance confocal microscopy (RCM) may reduce unnecessary excisions without missing melanoma cases. OBJECTIVES To determine the diagnostic accuracy of reflectance confocal microscopy for the detection of cutaneous invasive melanoma and atypical intraepidermal melanocytic variants in adults with any lesion suspicious for melanoma and lesions that are difficult to diagnose, and to compare its accuracy with that of dermoscopy. SEARCH METHODS We undertook a comprehensive search of the following databases from inception up to August 2016: Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials; MEDLINE; Embase; and seven other databases. We studied reference lists and published systematic review articles. SELECTION CRITERIA Studies of any design that evaluated RCM alone, or RCM in comparison to dermoscopy, in adults with lesions suspicious for melanoma or atypical intraepidermal melanocytic variants, compared with a reference standard of either histological confirmation or clinical follow-up. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Two review authors independently extracted all data using a standardised data extraction and quality assessment form (based on QUADAS-2). We contacted authors of included studies where information related to the target condition or diagnostic threshold were missing. We estimated summary sensitivities and specificities per algorithm and threshold using the bivariate hierarchical model. To compare RCM with dermoscopy, we grouped studies by population (defined by difficulty of lesion diagnosis) and combined data using hierarchical summary receiver operating characteristic (SROC) methods. Analysis of studies allowing direct comparison between tests was undertaken. To facilitate interpretation of results, we computed values of specificity at the point on the SROC curve with 90% sensitivity as this value lies within the estimates for the majority of analyses. We investigated the impact of using a purposely developed RCM algorithm and in-person test interpretation. MAIN RESULTS The search identified 18 publications reporting on 19 study cohorts with 2838 lesions (including 658 with melanoma), which provided 67 datasets for RCM and seven for dermoscopy. Studies were generally at high or unclear risk of bias across almost all domains and of high or unclear concern regarding applicability of the evidence. Selective participant recruitment, lack of blinding of the reference test to the RCM result, and differential verification were particularly problematic. Studies may not be representative of populations eligible for RCM, and test interpretation was often undertaken remotely from the patient and blinded to clinical information.Meta-analysis found RCM to be more accurate than dermoscopy in studies of participants with any lesion suspicious for melanoma and in participants with lesions that were more difficult to diagnose (equivocal lesion populations). Assuming a fixed sensitivity of 90% for both tests, specificities were 82% for RCM and 42% for dermoscopy for any lesion suspicious for melanoma (9 RCM datasets; 1452 lesions and 370 melanomas). For a hypothetical population of 1000 lesions at the median observed melanoma prevalence of 30%, this equated to a reduction in unnecessary excisions with RCM of 280 compared to dermoscopy, with 30 melanomas missed by both tests. For studies in equivocal lesions, specificities of 86% would be observed for RCM and 49% for dermoscopy (7 RCM datasets; 1177 lesions and 180 melanomas). At the median observed melanoma prevalence of 20%, this reduced unnecessary excisions by 296 with RCM compared with dermoscopy, with 20 melanomas missed by both tests. Across all populations, algorithms and thresholds assessed, the sensitivity and specificity of the Pellacani RCM score at a threshold of three or greater were estimated at 92% (95% confidence interval (CI) 87 to 95) for RCM and 72% (95% CI 62 to 81) for dermoscopy. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS RCM may have a potential role in clinical practice, particularly for the assessment of lesions that are difficult to diagnose using visual inspection and dermoscopy alone, where the evidence suggests that RCM may be both more sensitive and specific in comparison to dermoscopy. Given the paucity of data to allow comparison with dermoscopy, the results presented require further confirmation in prospective studies comparing RCM with dermoscopy in a real-world setting in a representative population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline Dinnes
- University of BirminghamInstitute of Applied Health ResearchBirminghamUKB15 2TT
- University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust and University of BirminghamNIHR Birmingham Biomedical Research CentreBirminghamUK
| | - Jonathan J Deeks
- University of BirminghamInstitute of Applied Health ResearchBirminghamUKB15 2TT
- University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust and University of BirminghamNIHR Birmingham Biomedical Research CentreBirminghamUK
| | - Daniel Saleh
- Newcastle Hospitals NHS Trust, Royal Victoria InfirmaryNewcastle HospitalsNewcastleUK
- The University of Queensland, PA‐Southside Clinical UnitSchool of Clinical MedicineBrisbaneQueenslandAustralia
| | - Naomi Chuchu
- University of BirminghamInstitute of Applied Health ResearchBirminghamUKB15 2TT
| | - Susan E Bayliss
- University of BirminghamInstitute of Applied Health ResearchBirminghamUKB15 2TT
| | - Lopa Patel
- Royal Stoke HospitalPlastic SurgeryStoke‐on‐TrentStaffordshireUKST4 6QG
| | - Clare Davenport
- University of BirminghamInstitute of Applied Health ResearchBirminghamUKB15 2TT
| | - Yemisi Takwoingi
- University of BirminghamInstitute of Applied Health ResearchBirminghamUKB15 2TT
- University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust and University of BirminghamNIHR Birmingham Biomedical Research CentreBirminghamUK
| | - Kathie Godfrey
- The University of Nottinghamc/o Cochrane Skin GroupNottinghamUK
| | - Rubeta N Matin
- Churchill HospitalDepartment of DermatologyOld RoadHeadingtonOxfordUKOX3 7LE
| | - Rakesh Patalay
- Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation TrustDepartment of DermatologyDSLU, Cancer CentreGreat Maze PondLondonUKSE1 9RT
| | - Hywel C Williams
- University of NottinghamCentre of Evidence Based DermatologyQueen's Medical CentreDerby RoadNottinghamUKNG7 2UH
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Ferrante di Ruffano L, Dinnes J, Deeks JJ, Chuchu N, Bayliss SE, Davenport C, Takwoingi Y, Godfrey K, O'Sullivan C, Matin RN, Tehrani H, Williams HC. Optical coherence tomography for diagnosing skin cancer in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2018; 12:CD013189. [PMID: 30521690 PMCID: PMC6516952 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd013189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Early accurate detection of all skin cancer types is essential to guide appropriate management and to improve morbidity and survival. Melanoma and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) are high-risk skin cancers, which have the potential to metastasise and ultimately lead to death, whereas basal cell carcinoma (BCC) is usually localised, with potential to infiltrate and damage surrounding tissue. Anxiety around missing early cases needs to be balanced against inappropriate referral and unnecessary excision of benign lesions. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is a microscopic imaging technique, which magnifies the surface of a skin lesion using near-infrared light. Used in conjunction with clinical or dermoscopic examination of suspected skin cancer, or both, OCT may offer additional diagnostic information compared to other technologies. OBJECTIVES To determine the diagnostic accuracy of OCT for the detection of cutaneous invasive melanoma and atypical intraepidermal melanocytic variants, basal cell carcinoma (BCC), or cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC) in adults. SEARCH METHODS We undertook a comprehensive search of the following databases from inception up to August 2016: Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials; MEDLINE; Embase; CINAHL; CPCI; Zetoc; Science Citation Index; US National Institutes of Health Ongoing Trials Register; NIHR Clinical Research Network Portfolio Database; and the World Health Organization International Clinical Trials Registry Platform. We studied reference lists and published systematic review articles. SELECTION CRITERIA We included studies of any design evaluating OCT in adults with lesions suspicious for invasive melanoma and atypical intraepidermal melanocytic variants, BCC or cSCC, compared with a reference standard of histological confirmation or clinical follow-up. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Two review authors independently extracted data using a standardised data extraction and quality assessment form (based on QUADAS-2). Our unit of analysis was lesions. Where possible, we estimated summary sensitivities and specificities using the bivariate hierarchical model. MAIN RESULTS We included five studies with 529 cutaneous lesions (282 malignant lesions) providing nine datasets for OCT, two for visual inspection alone, and two for visual inspection plus dermoscopy. Studies were of moderate to unclear quality, using data-driven thresholds for test positivity and giving poor accounts of reference standard interpretation and blinding. Studies may not have been representative of populations eligible for OCT in practice, for example due to high disease prevalence in study populations, and may not have reflected how OCT is used in practice, for example by using previously acquired OCT images.It was not possible to make summary statements regarding accuracy of detection of melanoma or of cSCC because of the paucity of studies, small sample sizes, and for melanoma differences in the OCT technologies used (high-definition versus conventional resolution OCT), and differences in the degree of testing performed prior to OCT (i.e. visual inspection alone or visual inspection plus dermoscopy).Pooled data from two studies using conventional swept-source OCT alongside visual inspection and dermoscopy for the detection of BCC estimated the sensitivity of OCT as 95% (95% confidence interval (CI) 91% to 97%) and specificity of 77% (95% CI 69% to 83%).When applied to a hypothetical population of 1000 lesions at the mean observed BCC prevalence of 60%, OCT would miss 31 BCCs (91 fewer than would be missed by visual inspection alone and 53 fewer than would be missed by visual inspection plus dermoscopy), and OCT would lead to 93 false-positive results for BCC (a reduction in unnecessary excisions of 159 compared to using visual inspection alone and of 87 compared to visual inspection plus dermoscopy). AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS Insufficient data are available on the use of OCT for the detection of melanoma or cSCC. Initial data suggest conventional OCT may have a role for the diagnosis of BCC in clinically challenging lesions, with our meta-analysis showing a higher sensitivity and higher specificity when compared to visual inspection plus dermoscopy. However, the small number of studies and varying methodological quality means implications to guide practice cannot currently be drawn.Appropriately designed prospective comparative studies are required, given the paucity of data comparing OCT with dermoscopy and other similar diagnostic aids such as reflectance confocal microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jacqueline Dinnes
- University of BirminghamInstitute of Applied Health ResearchEdgbaston CampusBirminghamUKB15 2TT
- University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust and University of BirminghamNIHR Birmingham Biomedical Research CentreBirminghamUK
| | - Jonathan J Deeks
- University of BirminghamInstitute of Applied Health ResearchEdgbaston CampusBirminghamUKB15 2TT
- University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust and University of BirminghamNIHR Birmingham Biomedical Research CentreBirminghamUK
| | - Naomi Chuchu
- University of BirminghamInstitute of Applied Health ResearchEdgbaston CampusBirminghamUKB15 2TT
| | - Susan E Bayliss
- University of BirminghamInstitute of Applied Health ResearchEdgbaston CampusBirminghamUKB15 2TT
| | - Clare Davenport
- University of BirminghamInstitute of Applied Health ResearchEdgbaston CampusBirminghamUKB15 2TT
| | - Yemisi Takwoingi
- University of BirminghamInstitute of Applied Health ResearchEdgbaston CampusBirminghamUKB15 2TT
- University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust and University of BirminghamNIHR Birmingham Biomedical Research CentreBirminghamUK
| | - Kathie Godfrey
- The University of Nottinghamc/o Cochrane Skin GroupNottinghamUK
| | | | - Rubeta N Matin
- Churchill HospitalDepartment of DermatologyOld RoadHeadingtonOxfordUKOX3 7LE
| | - Hamid Tehrani
- Whiston HospitalDepartment of Plastic and Reconstructive SurgeryWarrington RoadLiverpoolUKL35 5DR
| | - Hywel C Williams
- University of NottinghamCentre of Evidence Based DermatologyQueen's Medical CentreDerby RoadNottinghamUKNG7 2UH
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Rodríguez-Esquivel M, Rosales J, Castro R, Apresa-García T, Garay Ó, Romero-Morelos P, Marrero-Rodríguez D, Taniguchi-Ponciano K, López-Romero R, Guerrero-Flores H, Morales B, Mendoza-Rodríguez M, Mosso-Lara D, Núñez-Nolasco I, Castro-Alba P, Meza-Toledo SE, Salcedo M. Volatolome of the Female Genitourinary Area: Toward the Metabolome of Cervical Cancer. Arch Med Res 2018; 49:27-35. [PMID: 29681412 DOI: 10.1016/j.arcmed.2018.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2017] [Accepted: 04/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Different Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) obtained from several human fluids (volatolome) has been reported as potential biomarkers for a great variety of diseases including cancer. At present, volatolomic profile data of the female genital area is scarce. METHODS To identify the VOCs related to the female genitourinary area of healthy and Cervical Cancer (CC)-affected women used a pad, as a non-invasive tool for sample gathering was necessary. Used pads were analyzed by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry. The data were subjected to Principal Component Analysis looking for a possible spectrum of VOCs that could help identify CC-affected patients. The diagnostic role of the VOCs was validated through Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) analysis. The area below the curve and the diagnostic sensitivity and specificity values were also evaluated. RESULTS The data showed great differences between female cancer and healthy patients groups; most of these VOCs belonging to the alkanes chemical classes. A group of VOCs were identified as common among CC patients, while others VOCs for healthy females. The ROC curve showed an optimal reach to diagnosis (89%), returning a 93% rate for sensitivity and specificity, indicating the VOCs identified in the samples could differentiate cancer patients from healthy females. CONCLUSIONS In summary, we have detected and identified specific VOCs from healthy women that are not present in CC-affected females and VOCs specific of CC-affected women. We are strengthening our findings to aid in the detection of VOCs that are potential biomarkers for cervical tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Rodríguez-Esquivel
- Laboratorio de Oncología Genómica, Unidad de Investigación Médica en Enfermedades Oncológicas, UMAE Hospital de Oncología, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Juan Rosales
- Facultad de Química, Universidad La Salle, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Rafael Castro
- Soluciones en Instrumentación, SA de CV, Monterrey, N.L, México
| | - Teresa Apresa-García
- Laboratorio de Oncología Genómica, Unidad de Investigación Médica en Enfermedades Oncológicas, UMAE Hospital de Oncología, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Ónix Garay
- Servicio de Braquiterapia, UMAE Hospital de Oncología, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Pablo Romero-Morelos
- Laboratorio de Oncología Genómica, Unidad de Investigación Médica en Enfermedades Oncológicas, UMAE Hospital de Oncología, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Daniel Marrero-Rodríguez
- Laboratorio de Oncología Genómica, Unidad de Investigación Médica en Enfermedades Oncológicas, UMAE Hospital de Oncología, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Keiko Taniguchi-Ponciano
- Laboratorio de Oncología Genómica, Unidad de Investigación Médica en Enfermedades Oncológicas, UMAE Hospital de Oncología, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Ricardo López-Romero
- Laboratorio de Oncología Genómica, Unidad de Investigación Médica en Enfermedades Oncológicas, UMAE Hospital de Oncología, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Ciudad de México, México
| | | | - Betsabé Morales
- Facultad de Química, Universidad La Salle, Ciudad de México, México
| | | | - Dejanira Mosso-Lara
- Laboratorio de Oncología Genómica, Unidad de Investigación Médica en Enfermedades Oncológicas, UMAE Hospital de Oncología, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Itzalia Núñez-Nolasco
- Laboratorio de Oncología Genómica, Unidad de Investigación Médica en Enfermedades Oncológicas, UMAE Hospital de Oncología, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Paola Castro-Alba
- Dirección de Prestaciones Médicas, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Ciudad de Mexico, México
| | - Sergio E Meza-Toledo
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Laboratorio de Quimioterapia Experimental, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politecnico Nacional, Campus Lázaro Cárdenas, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Mauricio Salcedo
- Laboratorio de Oncología Genómica, Unidad de Investigación Médica en Enfermedades Oncológicas, UMAE Hospital de Oncología, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Ciudad de México, México.
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Ishibe A, Ota M, Takeshita A, Tsuboi H, Kizuka S, Oka H, Suwa Y, Suzuki S, Nakagawa K, Suwa H, Momiyama M, Watanabe J, Taguri M, Kunisaki C, Endo I. Detection of gas components as a novel diagnostic method for colorectal cancer. Ann Gastroenterol Surg 2018; 2:147-153. [PMID: 29863156 PMCID: PMC5881347 DOI: 10.1002/ags3.12056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2017] [Accepted: 11/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The fecal occult blood test (FOBT) is widely accepted as the most economic and non‐invasive screening method for colorectal cancer (CRC). However, the FOBT is inconvenient because it requires a fecal sample and shows limited accuracy. Alternatively, we hypothesized that fecal gas compounds from bowel movements may be a non‐invasive biomarker for CRC. Methods Gas compounds were collected from the bowel movements of 30 patients with CRC and from 26 healthy controls. The patient group comprised 17 males and 13 females, and the average age was 68 years. Additionally, 22 patients had colon cancer, and eight patients had rectal cancer. Gas compounds were analyzed using gas chromatography and compared with those from healthy controls. Results In the gas analysis, methyl mercaptan was significantly higher in the CRC group than in the control group. Hydrogen was significantly lower in the CRC group than in the control group and was correlated with tumor depth and advanced disease stage. Sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of detection by a discriminant formula were 90%, 57.7%, and 75%, respectively. Conclusion Gas compounds from defecation constitute a promising, novel non‐invasive approach for CRC screening. (UMIN000028256) This study analyzed the gas compounds of colorectal cancer (CRC) patients and healthy controls at defecation in toilet using an extremely non‐invasive technique. The volatile organic compounds from defecation are different compared with CRC patients and healthy controls. The sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of the discriminant formula for colorectal cancer were 90%, 57.7%, and 75%, respectively. We concluded that gas compounds from defecation constitute a promising, novel non‐invasive approach for CRC screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Ishibe
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery Yokohama City University Graduate School Medicine Yokohama Japan
| | - Mitsuyoshi Ota
- Department of Surgery Gastroenterological Center Graduate School of Medicine Yokohama City University Yokohama Japan
| | | | | | | | | | - Yusuke Suwa
- Department of Surgery Gastroenterological Center Graduate School of Medicine Yokohama City University Yokohama Japan
| | - Shinsuke Suzuki
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery Yokohama City University Graduate School Medicine Yokohama Japan
| | - Kazuya Nakagawa
- Department of Surgery Gastroenterological Center Graduate School of Medicine Yokohama City University Yokohama Japan
| | - Hirokazu Suwa
- Department of Surgery Gastroenterological Center Graduate School of Medicine Yokohama City University Yokohama Japan
| | - Masashi Momiyama
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery Yokohama City University Graduate School Medicine Yokohama Japan
| | - Jun Watanabe
- Department of Surgery Gastroenterological Center Graduate School of Medicine Yokohama City University Yokohama Japan
| | - Masataka Taguri
- Department of Biostatistics Yokohama City University Graduate School Medicine Yokohama Japan
| | - Chikara Kunisaki
- Department of Surgery Gastroenterological Center Graduate School of Medicine Yokohama City University Yokohama Japan
| | - Itaru Endo
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery Yokohama City University Graduate School Medicine Yokohama Japan
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Elliker KR, Williams HC. Detection of skin cancer odours using dogs: a step forward in melanoma detection training and research methodologies. Br J Dermatol 2017; 175:851-852. [PMID: 27790682 DOI: 10.1111/bjd.15030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - H C Williams
- Centre of Evidence Based Dermatology, University of Nottingham, King's Meadow Campus, Lenton Lane, Nottingham, NG7 2NR, U.K..
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Horowitz A. Smelling themselves: Dogs investigate their own odours longer when modified in an “olfactory mirror” test. Behav Processes 2017; 143:17-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.beproc.2017.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2017] [Revised: 07/10/2017] [Accepted: 08/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Guirao Montes Á, Molins López-Rodó L, Ramón Rodríguez I, Sunyer Dequigiovanni G, Viñolas Segarra N, Marrades Sicart RM, Hernández Ferrández J, Fibla Alfara JJ, Agustí García-Navarro Á. Lung cancer diagnosis by trained dogs†. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 2017; 52:1206-1210. [DOI: 10.1093/ejcts/ezx152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2017] [Accepted: 04/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
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Guerrero-Flores H, Apresa-García T, Garay-Villar Ó, Sánchez-Pérez A, Flores-Villegas D, Bandera-Calderón A, García-Palacios R, Rojas-Sánchez T, Romero-Morelos P, Sánchez-Albor V, Mata O, Arana-Conejo V, Badillo-Romero J, Taniguchi K, Marrero-Rodríguez D, Mendoza-Rodríguez M, Rodríguez-Esquivel M, Huerta-Padilla V, Martínez-Castillo A, Hernández-Gallardo I, López-Romero R, Bandala C, Rosales-Guevara J, Salcedo M. A non-invasive tool for detecting cervical cancer odor by trained scent dogs. BMC Cancer 2017; 17:79. [PMID: 28122528 PMCID: PMC5267360 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-016-2996-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2015] [Accepted: 12/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cervical Cancer (CC) has become a public health concern of alarming proportions in many developing countries such as Mexico, particularly in low income sectors and marginalized regions. As such, an early detection is a key medical factor in improving not only their population’s quality of life but also its life expectancy. Interestingly, there has been an increase in the number of reports describing successful attempts at detecting cancer cells in human tissues or fluids using trained (sniffer) dogs. The great odor detection threshold exhibited by dogs is not unheard of. However, this represented a potential opportunity to develop an affordable, accessible, and non-invasive method for detection of CC. Methods Using clicker training, a male beagle was trained to recognize CC odor. During training, fresh CC biopsies were used as a reference point. Other samples used included cervical smears on glass slides and medical surgical bandages used as intimate sanitary pads by CC patients. A double-blind procedure was exercised when testing the beagle’s ability to discriminate CC from control samples. Results The beagle was proven able to detect CC-specific volatile organic compounds (VOC) contained in both fresh cervical smear samples and adsorbent material samples. Beagle’s success rate at detecting and discriminating CC and non-CC odors, as indicated by specificity and sensitivity values recorded during the experiment, stood at an overall high (>90%). CC-related VOC in adsorbent materials were detectable after only eight hours of use by CC patients. Conclusion Present data suggests different applications for VOC from the uterine cervix to be used in the detection and diagnosis of CC. Furthermore, data supports the use of trained dogs as a viable, affordable, non-invasive and, therefore, highly relevant alternative method for detection of CC lesions. Additional benefits of this method include its quick turnaround time and ease of use while remaining highly accurate and robust.
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Affiliation(s)
- Héctor Guerrero-Flores
- Coordinación de Prevención y Atención a la Salud, Delegación Sur (Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social) IMSS, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Teresa Apresa-García
- Laboratorio de Oncología Genómica, Unidad de Investigación Médica en Enfermedades Oncológicas, UMAE Hospital de Oncología, CMN- SXXI-IMSS, Av. Cuauhtémoc 330, Col. Doctores, Del. Cuauhtémoc, 06720, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Ónix Garay-Villar
- Servicio de Braquiterapia, UMAE Hospital de Oncología, CMN-SXXI-IMSS, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | | | - Artfy Bandera-Calderón
- Servicio de Oncología, Hospital General de Zona y de Medicina Familiar No. 5, IMSS, Taxco, Guerrero, Mexico
| | | | | | - Pablo Romero-Morelos
- Laboratorio de Oncología Genómica, Unidad de Investigación Médica en Enfermedades Oncológicas, UMAE Hospital de Oncología, CMN- SXXI-IMSS, Av. Cuauhtémoc 330, Col. Doctores, Del. Cuauhtémoc, 06720, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Verónica Sánchez-Albor
- Laboratorio de Oncología Genómica, Unidad de Investigación Médica en Enfermedades Oncológicas, UMAE Hospital de Oncología, CMN- SXXI-IMSS, Av. Cuauhtémoc 330, Col. Doctores, Del. Cuauhtémoc, 06720, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Osvaldo Mata
- Laboratorio de Oncología Genómica, Unidad de Investigación Médica en Enfermedades Oncológicas, UMAE Hospital de Oncología, CMN- SXXI-IMSS, Av. Cuauhtémoc 330, Col. Doctores, Del. Cuauhtémoc, 06720, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Víctor Arana-Conejo
- Laboratorio de Oncología Genómica, Unidad de Investigación Médica en Enfermedades Oncológicas, UMAE Hospital de Oncología, CMN- SXXI-IMSS, Av. Cuauhtémoc 330, Col. Doctores, Del. Cuauhtémoc, 06720, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Jesús Badillo-Romero
- Departamento de Anatomía Patológica, Hospital General de Zona Troncoso, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Keiko Taniguchi
- Laboratorio de Oncología Genómica, Unidad de Investigación Médica en Enfermedades Oncológicas, UMAE Hospital de Oncología, CMN- SXXI-IMSS, Av. Cuauhtémoc 330, Col. Doctores, Del. Cuauhtémoc, 06720, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Daniel Marrero-Rodríguez
- Laboratorio de Oncología Genómica, Unidad de Investigación Médica en Enfermedades Oncológicas, UMAE Hospital de Oncología, CMN- SXXI-IMSS, Av. Cuauhtémoc 330, Col. Doctores, Del. Cuauhtémoc, 06720, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Mónica Mendoza-Rodríguez
- Laboratorio de Oncología Genómica, Unidad de Investigación Médica en Enfermedades Oncológicas, UMAE Hospital de Oncología, CMN- SXXI-IMSS, Av. Cuauhtémoc 330, Col. Doctores, Del. Cuauhtémoc, 06720, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Miriam Rodríguez-Esquivel
- Laboratorio de Oncología Genómica, Unidad de Investigación Médica en Enfermedades Oncológicas, UMAE Hospital de Oncología, CMN- SXXI-IMSS, Av. Cuauhtémoc 330, Col. Doctores, Del. Cuauhtémoc, 06720, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Víctor Huerta-Padilla
- Laboratorio de Oncología Genómica, Unidad de Investigación Médica en Enfermedades Oncológicas, UMAE Hospital de Oncología, CMN- SXXI-IMSS, Av. Cuauhtémoc 330, Col. Doctores, Del. Cuauhtémoc, 06720, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Andrea Martínez-Castillo
- Laboratorio de Oncología Genómica, Unidad de Investigación Médica en Enfermedades Oncológicas, UMAE Hospital de Oncología, CMN- SXXI-IMSS, Av. Cuauhtémoc 330, Col. Doctores, Del. Cuauhtémoc, 06720, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Irma Hernández-Gallardo
- Coordinación de Prevención y Atención a la Salud, Delegación Sur (Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social) IMSS, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Ricardo López-Romero
- Laboratorio de Oncología Genómica, Unidad de Investigación Médica en Enfermedades Oncológicas, UMAE Hospital de Oncología, CMN- SXXI-IMSS, Av. Cuauhtémoc 330, Col. Doctores, Del. Cuauhtémoc, 06720, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Cindy Bandala
- División de Neurociencias, Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitación (INR), Secretaría de Salud (S.S.), Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | - Mauricio Salcedo
- Laboratorio de Oncología Genómica, Unidad de Investigación Médica en Enfermedades Oncológicas, UMAE Hospital de Oncología, CMN- SXXI-IMSS, Av. Cuauhtémoc 330, Col. Doctores, Del. Cuauhtémoc, 06720, Mexico City, Mexico.
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Wang Z, Sun M, Wang C. Detection of Melanoma Cancer Biomarker Dimethyl Disulfide Using Cavity Ringdown Spectroscopy at 266 nm. APPLIED SPECTROSCOPY 2016; 70:1080-5. [PMID: 27076515 DOI: 10.1177/0003702816641575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2015] [Accepted: 09/03/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Skin cells emit volatile organic compounds (VOCs), and some of them can be used as biomarkers for screening specific diseases. Dimethyl disulfide (DMDS) has been recently reported as a biomarker of melanoma skin cancer (Kwak et al. "Volatile Biomarkers from Human Melanoma Cells". J. Chromatogr. B. 2013. 931: 90-96.). With the motivation of diagnosing melanoma using DMDS as its biomarker, we explore the potential of measuring DMDS using an advanced laser spectroscopic technique as an alternative method. We report on the first DMDS measurements using an experimental system based on cavity ringdown spectroscopy (CRDS). The test samples were mixtures of DMDS vapor and nitrogen in different concentrations. Two sampling methods were investigated to dilute the DMDS sample to low concentrations for ringdown measurements. The results showed that the ringdown system responded to various DMDS concentrations linearly and a theoretical detection limit of sub-ppb (parts per billion) could be achieved at the absorption wavelength of 266 nm. This ringdown system exhibited a high dynamic range for DMDS measurements, from ppm (parts per million) to ppt (parts per trillion) levels, given different laser wavelengths used. The feasibility of developing a portable melanoma screening sensor using the CRDS technique was also demonstrated in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhennan Wang
- Laser Medicine Laboratory, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China Department of Physics and Astronomy, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS, USA
| | - Meixiu Sun
- Laser Medicine Laboratory, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China Department of Physics and Astronomy, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS, USA
| | - Chuji Wang
- Laser Medicine Laboratory, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China Department of Physics and Astronomy, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS, USA
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Dinnes J, Matin RN, Moreau JF, Patel L, Chan SA, Chuchu N, Bayliss SE, Grainge M, Takwoingi Y, Davenport C, Walter FM, Fleming C, Schofield J, Shroff N, Godfrey K, O'Sullivan C, Deeks JJ, Williams HC. Tests to assist in the diagnosis of cutaneous melanoma in adults: a generic protocol. THE COCHRANE DATABASE OF SYSTEMATIC REVIEWS 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd011902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jac Dinnes
- University of Birmingham; Public Health, Epidemiology and Biostatistics; Birmingham UK B15 2TT
| | - Rubeta N Matin
- Churchill Hospital; Department of Dermatology; Old Road Headington Oxford UK OX3 7LJ
| | - Jacqueline F Moreau
- University of Pittsburgh Medical Center; Internal Medicine; Department of Medicine, Office of Education UPMC Montefiore Hospital, N715 Pittsburgh USA PA, 15213
| | - Lopa Patel
- Royal Stoke Hospital; Plastic Surgery; Stoke-on-Trent Staffordshire UK ST4 6QG
| | - Sue Ann Chan
- NHS; Dermatology; 104 Times Square Avenue Brierley Hill Dudley UK DY5 1SX
| | - Naomi Chuchu
- University of Birmingham; Public Health, Epidemiology and Biostatistics; Birmingham UK B15 2TT
| | - Susan E Bayliss
- University of Birmingham; Public Health, Epidemiology and Biostatistics; Birmingham UK B15 2TT
| | - Matthew Grainge
- School of Community Health Sciences; Division of Epidemiology and Public Health; University of Nottingham Nottingham UK NG7 2UH
| | - Yemisi Takwoingi
- University of Birmingham; Public Health, Epidemiology and Biostatistics; Birmingham UK B15 2TT
| | - Clare Davenport
- University of Birmingham; Public Health, Epidemiology and Biostatistics; Birmingham UK B15 2TT
| | - Fiona M Walter
- University of Cambridge; Public Health & Primary Care; Strangeways Research Laboratory, Worts Causeway Cambridge UK CB1 8RN
| | - Colin Fleming
- NHS Tayside, Ninewells Hospital; Dermatology; Ninewells Drive Dundee UK DD1 9SY
| | - Julia Schofield
- United Lincolnshire Hospitals NHS Trust; Dermatology; Greetwell Street Lincoln UK LN2 5QY
| | - Neil Shroff
- Keyworth Medical Practice; Bunny Lane Keyworth Nottingham UK NG12 5JU
| | - Kathie Godfrey
- The University of Nottingham; c/o Cochrane Skin Group; Nottingham UK
| | | | - Jonathan J Deeks
- University of Birmingham; Public Health, Epidemiology and Biostatistics; Birmingham UK B15 2TT
| | - Hywel C Williams
- The University of Nottingham; Centre of Evidence Based Dermatology; Queen's Medical Centre Derby Road Nottingham UK NG7 2UH
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Jezierski T, Walczak M, Ligor T, Rudnicka J, Buszewski B. Study of the art: canine olfaction used for cancer detection on the basis of breath odour. Perspectives and limitations. J Breath Res 2015; 9:027001. [PMID: 25944810 DOI: 10.1088/1752-7155/9/2/027001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Experimental studies using trained dogs to identify breath odour markers of human cancer, published in the recent decade, have been analyzed and compared with the authors' own results. Particular published studies differ as regards the experimental setup, kind of odour samples (breath, urine, tumor tissue, serum), sample collection methods, dogs' characteristics and dog training methods as well as in results presented in terms of detection sensitivity and specificity. Generally it can be stated that trained dogs are able to distinguish breath odour samples typical for patients with lung cancer and other cancers from samples typical for healthy humans at a 'better than by chance' rate. Dogs' indications were positively correlated with content of 2-pentanone and ethyl acetate (r = 0.97 and r = 0.85 respectively) and negatively correlated with 1-propanol and propanal in breath samples (r = -0.98 and -0.87 respectively). The canine method has some advantages as a potential cancer-screening method, due to its non-invasiveness, simplicity of odour sampling and storage, ease of testing and interpretation of results and relatively low costs. Disadvantages and limitations of this method are related to the fact that it is still not known exactly to which chemical compounds and/or their combinations the dogs react. So far it could not be confirmed that dogs are able to sniff out early preclinical cancer stages with approximately the same accuracy as already diagnosed cases. The detection accuracy may vary due to failure in conditioning of dogs, decreasing motivation or confounding factors. The dogs' performance should be systematically checked in rigorous double-blind procedures. Recommendations for methodological standardization have been proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadeusz Jezierski
- Department of Animal Behaviour, Institute of Genetics and Animal Breeding of Polish Academy of Sciences, Jastrzębiec, O5-552 Magdalenka, Poland
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Pomerantz A, Blachman-Braun R, Galnares-Olalde JA, Berebichez-Fridman R, Capurso-García M. The possibility of inventing new technologies in the detection of cancer by applying elements of the canine olfactory apparatus. Med Hypotheses 2015; 85:160-72. [PMID: 25936534 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2015.04.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2014] [Revised: 04/17/2015] [Accepted: 04/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
In order to find better tools in the diagnosis of cancer in an earlier and more precise manner, researchers have explored the use of volatile organic compound (VOCs) as a way to detect this disease. Interestingly, the canine olfactory apparatus was observed to detect cancer in two anecdotal reports. After the description of these events, researchers began to study this phenomenon in a structured way in order to assess the ability of canines in detecting cancer-related VOCs. Due to the fact that some of these studies have shown that the canine olfactory apparatus is highly proficient in the detection of cancer-related VOCs, in this article we assess the possibility of constructing a bioelectronic-nose, based on canine olfactory receptors (ORs), for the purpose of diagnosing cancer in a more sensitive, specific, and cost effective manner than what is available nowadays. Furthermore, in order to prove the feasibility and the need of the proposed apparatus, we searched for the following type of articles: all of the studies that have examined, to our knowledge, the ability of dogs in detecting cancer; articles that assess the dog olfactory receptor (OR) gene repertoire, since a central part of the proposed bioelectronic nose is being able to recognize the odorant that emanates from the cancerous lesion, and for that purpose is necessary to express the canine ORs in heterologous cells; examples of articles that depict different devices that have been built for the purpose of detecting cancer-related VOCs, so as to assess if the construction of the proposed apparatus is needed; and articles that describe examples of already constructed bioelectronic noses, in order to demonstrate the existence of a technical precedent and thus the plausibility of the proposed device.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan Pomerantz
- Universidad Anáhuac México Norte, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Edo. de México, Mexico.
| | - Ruben Blachman-Braun
- Universidad Anáhuac México Norte, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Edo. de México, Mexico
| | | | | | - Marino Capurso-García
- Universidad Anáhuac México Norte, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Edo. de México, Mexico
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Intensive training technique utilizing the dog’s olfactory abilities to diagnose prostate cancer in men. ACTA VET BRNO 2015. [DOI: 10.2754/avb201585010077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Carcinoma of the prostate is a commonly occurring malignant tumour in men and is a common cause of death. Early diagnosis and therapy is crucial for the successful treatment of this serious disease. It is therefore desirable to develop a sufficiently reliable, minimally invasive, and inexpensive method of diagnosing prostate cancer, which would usefully supplement the diagnostic techniques currently in common use (digital rectal examination, measuring the prostate-specific antigen level in serum, transrectal ultrasonography). This article describes in detail the methodology of a new technique for intensive training aimed at developing the dog’s olfactory abilities to diagnose carcinoma of the prostate in men while the animal is still young. At the same time, the rate of success in establishing the diagnosis of prostate cancer in men using this method was evaluated based on the identification of urine samples from patients in whom the disease was histologically confirmed. The results of our study demonstrate that the diagnosis of prostate cancer in men using the olfactory abilities of a specially trained dog can be considered a reliable, non-invasive, and relatively inexpensive method of diagnosing carcinoma of the prostate.
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Taverna G, Tidu L, Grizzi F, Torri V, Mandressi A, Sardella P, La Torre G, Cocciolone G, Seveso M, Giusti G, Hurle R, Santoro A, Graziotti P. Olfactory system of highly trained dogs detects prostate cancer in urine samples. J Urol 2014; 193:1382-7. [PMID: 25264338 DOI: 10.1016/j.juro.2014.09.099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE We established diagnostic accuracy in terms of the sensitivity and specificity with which a rigorously trained canine olfactory system could recognize specific volatile organic compounds of prostate cancer in urine samples. MATERIALS AND METHODS Two 3-year-old female German Shepherd Explosion Detection Dogs were trained to identify prostate cancer specific volatile organic compounds in urine samples. They were tested on 362 patients with prostate cancer (range low risk to metastatic) and on 540 healthy controls with no nonneoplastic disease or nonprostatic tumor. This cross-sectional design for diagnostic accuracy was performed at a single Italian teaching hospital and at the Italian Ministry of Defense Military Veterinary Center. RESULTS For dog 1 sensitivity was 100% (95% CI 99.0-100.0) and specificity was 98.7% (95% CI 97.3-99.5). For dog 2 sensitivity was 98.6% (95% CI 96.8-99.6) and specificity was 97.6% (95% CI 95.9-98.7). When considering only men older than 45 years in the control group, dog 1 achieved 100% sensitivity and 98% specificity (95% CI 96-99.2), and dog 2 achieved 98.6% sensitivity (95% CI 96.8-99.6) and 96.4% specificity (95% CI 93.9-98.1). Analysis of false-positive cases revealed no consistent pattern in participant demographics or tumor characteristics. CONCLUSIONS A trained canine olfactory system can detect prostate cancer specific volatile organic compounds in urine samples with high estimated sensitivity and specificity. Further studies are needed to investigate the potential predictive value of this procedure to identify prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lorenzo Tidu
- Italian Ministry of Defense Military Veterinary Center, Grosseto, Milan, Italy
| | - Fabio Grizzi
- Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Valter Torri
- Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Paolo Sardella
- Italian Ministry of Defense Military Veterinary Center, Grosseto, Milan, Italy
| | - Giuseppe La Torre
- Italian Ministry of Defense Military Veterinary Center, Grosseto, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Mauro Seveso
- Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Guido Giusti
- Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Rodolfo Hurle
- Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Armando Santoro
- Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
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Dent AG, Sutedja TG, Zimmerman PV. Exhaled breath analysis for lung cancer. J Thorac Dis 2014; 5 Suppl 5:S540-50. [PMID: 24163746 DOI: 10.3978/j.issn.2072-1439.2013.08.44] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2013] [Accepted: 08/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Early diagnosis of lung cancer results in improved survival compared to diagnosis with more advanced disease. Early disease is not reliably indicated by symptoms. Because investigations such as bronchoscopy and needle biopsy have associated risks and substantial costs, they are not suitable for population screening. Hence new easily applicable tests, which can be used to screen individuals at risk, are required. Biomarker testing in exhaled breath samples is a simple, relatively inexpensive, non-invasive approach. Exhaled breath contains volatile and non-volatile organic compounds produced as end-products of metabolic processes and the composition of such compounds varies between healthy subjects and subjects with lung cancer. Many studies have analysed the patterns of these compounds in exhaled breath. In addition studies have also reported that the exhaled breath condensate (EBC) can reveal gene mutations or DNA abnormalities in patients with lung cancer. This review has summarised the scientific evidence demonstrating that lung cancer has distinct chemical profiles in exhaled breath and characteristic genetic changes in EBC. It is not yet possible to accurately identify individuals with lung cancer in at risk populations by any of these techniques. However, analysis of both volatile organic compounds in exhaled breath and of EBC have great potential to become clinically useful diagnostic and screening tools for early stage lung cancer detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annette G Dent
- Department of Thoracic Medicine, The Prince Charles Hospital, Rode Road, Chermside, Queensland 4032, Australia; ; The University of Queensland, Brisbane, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
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He J, Sinues PML, Hollmén M, Li X, Detmar M, Zenobi R. Fingerprinting breast cancer vs. normal mammary cells by mass spectrometric analysis of volatiles. Sci Rep 2014; 4:5196. [PMID: 24903350 PMCID: PMC5381500 DOI: 10.1038/srep05196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2013] [Accepted: 04/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
There is increasing interest in the development of noninvasive diagnostic methods for early cancer detection, to improve the survival rate and quality of life of cancer patients. Identification of volatile metabolic compounds may provide an approach for noninvasive early diagnosis of malignant diseases. Here we analyzed the volatile metabolic signature of human breast cancer cell lines versus normal human mammary cells. Volatile compounds in the headspace of conditioned culture medium were directly fingerprinted by secondary electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry. The mass spectra were subsequently treated statistically to identify discriminating features between normal vs. cancerous cell types. We were able to classify different samples by using feature selection followed by principal component analysis (PCA). Additionally, high-resolution mass spectrometry allowed us to propose their chemical structures for some of the most discriminating molecules. We conclude that cancerous cells can release a characteristic odor whose constituents may be used as disease markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing He
- 1] State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, P.R. China [2] ETH Zurich, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Maija Hollmén
- ETH Zurich, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Xue Li
- ETH Zurich, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Michael Detmar
- ETH Zurich, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Renato Zenobi
- ETH Zurich, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
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Elliker KR, Sommerville BA, Broom DM, Neal DE, Armstrong S, Williams HC. Key considerations for the experimental training and evaluation of cancer odour detection dogs: lessons learnt from a double-blind, controlled trial of prostate cancer detection. BMC Urol 2014; 14:22. [PMID: 24575737 PMCID: PMC3945616 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2490-14-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2013] [Accepted: 02/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cancer detection using sniffer dogs is a potential technology for clinical use and research. Our study sought to determine whether dogs could be trained to discriminate the odour of urine from men with prostate cancer from controls, using rigorous testing procedures and well-defined samples from a major research hospital. Methods We attempted to train ten dogs by initially rewarding them for finding and indicating individual prostate cancer urine samples (Stage 1). If dogs were successful in Stage 1, we then attempted to train them to discriminate prostate cancer samples from controls (Stage 2). The number of samples used to train each dog varied depending on their individual progress. Overall, 50 unique prostate cancer and 67 controls were collected and used during training. Dogs that passed Stage 2 were tested for their ability to discriminate 15 (Test 1) or 16 (Tests 2 and 3) unfamiliar prostate cancer samples from 45 (Test 1) or 48 (Tests 2 and 3) unfamiliar controls under double-blind conditions. Results Three dogs reached training Stage 2 and two of these learnt to discriminate potentially familiar prostate cancer samples from controls. However, during double-blind tests using new samples the two dogs did not indicate prostate cancer samples more frequently than expected by chance (Dog A sensitivity 0.13, specificity 0.71, Dog B sensitivity 0.25, specificity 0.75). The other dogs did not progress past Stage 1 as they did not have optimal temperaments for the sensitive odour discrimination training. Conclusions Although two dogs appeared to have learnt to select prostate cancer samples during training, they did not generalise on a prostate cancer odour during robust double-blind tests involving new samples. Our study illustrates that these rigorous tests are vital to avoid drawing misleading conclusions about the abilities of dogs to indicate certain odours. Dogs may memorise the individual odours of large numbers of training samples rather than generalise on a common odour. The results do not exclude the possibility that dogs could be trained to detect prostate cancer. We recommend that canine olfactory memory is carefully considered in all future studies and rigorous double-blind methods used to avoid confounding effects.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Hywel C Williams
- Centre of Evidence-based Dermatology, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Queen's Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK.
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Strauch M, Lüdke A, Münch D, Laudes T, Galizia CG, Martinelli E, Lavra L, Paolesse R, Ulivieri A, Catini A, Capuano R, Di Natale C. More than apples and oranges--detecting cancer with a fruit fly's antenna. Sci Rep 2014; 4:3576. [PMID: 24389870 PMCID: PMC3880960 DOI: 10.1038/srep03576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2013] [Accepted: 12/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer cells and non-cancer cells differ in their metabolism and they emit distinct volatile compound profiles, allowing to recognise cancer cells by their scent. Insect odorant receptors are excellent chemosensors with high sensitivity and a broad receptive range unmatched by current gas sensors. We thus investigated the potential of utilising the fruit fly's olfactory system to detect cancer cells. Using in vivo calcium imaging, we recorded an array of olfactory receptor neurons on the fruit fly's antenna. We performed multidimensional analysis of antenna responses, finding that cell volatiles from different cell types lead to characteristic response vectors. The distances between these response vectors are conserved across flies and can be used to discriminate healthy mammary epithelial cells from different types of breast cancer cells. This may expand the repertoire of clinical diagnostics, and it is the first step towards electronic noses equipped with biological sensors, integrating artificial and biological olfaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Strauch
- 1] Neurobiology, University of Konstanz, Universitätsstraße 10, 78457 Konstanz, Germany [2]
| | - Alja Lüdke
- 1] Neurobiology, University of Konstanz, Universitätsstraße 10, 78457 Konstanz, Germany [2]
| | - Daniel Münch
- 1] Neurobiology, University of Konstanz, Universitätsstraße 10, 78457 Konstanz, Germany [2]
| | - Thomas Laudes
- Neurobiology, University of Konstanz, Universitätsstraße 10, 78457 Konstanz, Germany
| | - C Giovanni Galizia
- 1] Neurobiology, University of Konstanz, Universitätsstraße 10, 78457 Konstanz, Germany [2] Department of Electronic Engineering, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via del Politecnico 1, 00133 Roma, Italy
| | - Eugenio Martinelli
- Department of Electronic Engineering, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via del Politecnico 1, 00133 Roma, Italy
| | - Luca Lavra
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, University of Rome La Sapienza, Via di Grottarossa 1035, 00189 Roma, Italy
| | - Roberto Paolesse
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via della Ricerca Scientifica, 00133 Roma, Italy
| | - Alessandra Ulivieri
- Department of Electronic Engineering, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via del Politecnico 1, 00133 Roma, Italy
| | - Alexandro Catini
- Department of Electronic Engineering, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via del Politecnico 1, 00133 Roma, Italy
| | - Rosamaria Capuano
- Department of Electronic Engineering, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via del Politecnico 1, 00133 Roma, Italy
| | - Corrado Di Natale
- Department of Electronic Engineering, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via del Politecnico 1, 00133 Roma, Italy
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Amann A, Miekisch W, Schubert J, Buszewski B, Ligor T, Jezierski T, Pleil J, Risby T. Analysis of exhaled breath for disease detection. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY (PALO ALTO, CALIF.) 2014; 7:455-482. [PMID: 25014347 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-anchem-071213-020043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Breath analysis is a young field of research with great clinical potential. As a result of this interest, researchers have developed new analytical techniques that permit real-time analysis of exhaled breath with breath-to-breath resolution in addition to the conventional central laboratory methods using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Breath tests are based on endogenously produced volatiles, metabolites of ingested precursors, metabolites produced by bacteria in the gut or the airways, or volatiles appearing after environmental exposure. The composition of exhaled breath may contain valuable information for patients presenting with asthma, renal and liver diseases, lung cancer, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, inflammatory lung disease, or metabolic disorders. In addition, oxidative stress status may be monitored via volatile products of lipid peroxidation. Measurement of enzyme activity provides phenotypic information important in personalized medicine, whereas breath measurements provide insight into perturbations of the human exposome and can be interpreted as preclinical signals of adverse outcome pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anton Amann
- Breath Research Institute of the University of Innsbruck, A-6850 Dornbirn, Austria;
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44
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Liu B, Chen Y. Responsive Lanthanide Coordination Polymer for Hydrogen Sulfide. Anal Chem 2013; 85:11020-5. [DOI: 10.1021/ac402651y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Baoxia Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological
Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological
Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, People’s Republic of China
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45
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Volatile biomarkers from human melanoma cells. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2013; 931:90-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2013.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2012] [Revised: 05/09/2013] [Accepted: 05/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Abaffy T, Möller MG, Riemer DD, Milikowski C, DeFazio RA. Comparative analysis of volatile metabolomics signals from melanoma and benign skin: a pilot study. Metabolomics 2013; 9:998-1008. [PMID: 24039618 PMCID: PMC3769583 DOI: 10.1007/s11306-013-0523-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2012] [Accepted: 03/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The analysis of volatile organic compounds (VOC) as biomarkers of cancer is both promising and challenging. In this pilot study, we used an untargeted approach to compare volatile metabolomic signatures of melanoma and matched control non-neoplastic skin from the same patient. VOC from fresh (non-fixed) biopsied tissue were collected using the headspace solid phase micro extraction method (HS SPME) and analyzed by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry (GCMS). We applied the XCMS analysis platform and MetaboAnalyst software to reveal many differentially expressed metabolic features. Our analysis revealed increased levels of lauric acid (C12:0) and palmitic acid (C16:0) in melanoma. The identity of these compounds was confirmed by comparison with chemical standards. Increased levels of these fatty acids are likely to be a consequence of up-regulated de novo lipid synthesis, a known characteristic of cancer. Increased oxidative stress is likely to cause an additional increase in lauric acid. Implementation of this study design on larger number of cases will be necessary for the future metabolomics biomarker discovery applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- T. Abaffy
- Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, University of Miami, Miami, FL USA
| | - M. G. Möller
- Division of Surgical Oncology, DeWitt Daughtry Department of Surgery, University of Miami, Miami, FL USA
| | - D. D. Riemer
- Marine and Atmospheric Chemistry, Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, University of Miami, Miami, FL USA
| | - C. Milikowski
- Department of Pathology, University of Miami, Miami, FL USA
| | - R. A. DeFazio
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI USA
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Bublak R. [Drs. Dog and Cat - animals as good doctors]. MMW Fortschr Med 2012; 154:14-6. [PMID: 23297530 DOI: 10.1007/s15006-012-1665-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Abstract
Detection of melanoma at an early stage is crucial to improving survival rates in melanoma. Accurate diagnosis by current techniques including dermatoscopy remains difficult, and new tools are needed to improve our diagnostic abilities. This article discusses recent advances in diagnostic techniques including confocal scanning laser microscopy, MelaFind, SIAscopy, and noninvasive genomic detection, as well as other future possibilities to aid in diagnosing melanoma. Advantages and barriers to implementation of the various technologies are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Korb Ferris
- Department of Dermatology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, 3601 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
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50
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Lippi G, Cervellin G. Canine olfactory detection of cancer versus laboratory testing: myth or opportunity? Clin Chem Lab Med 2012; 50:435-9. [PMID: 21790506 DOI: 10.1515/cclm.2011.672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
According to the most recent global cancer statistics, the burden of malignancies continues to increase worldwide, so that there is a compelling need to reinforce the screening strategies and implement novel diagnostic approaches for early detection. Canines are widely used by police forces and civilian services for detecting explosives and drugs due to their superior olfactive apparatus, which is characterized by a detection threshold as low as parts per trillion. There is mounting evidence that dogs might be effectively trained to detect patients with various form of cancers due to the presence of a characteristic "odor signature". In particular, preliminary studies reported that appropriately trained dogs exhibit an extraordinary ability to detect melanoma as well as prostate, breast, ovary and lung cancers by recognizing a characteristic "odor signature" in body, urines, sweat, breath and even blood. The most problematic issue that has emerged so far is the large heterogeneity of performance across the different studies as well as within the same study, which might be dependent upon genetic characteristics or training methodology. This article is aimed to provide an overview of the available data on cancer sniffer dogs, highlighting the appealing perspectives and the potential drawbacks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Lippi
- UO Diagnostica Ematochimica, Azienda Ospedaliero- Universitaria di Parma, Parma, Italy.
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