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Serum Corticotrophin Releasing Factor (CRF) and its correlation with stress and craving in detoxified opioid-dependent subjects. Asian J Psychiatr 2022; 68:102964. [PMID: 34923378 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajp.2021.102964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Revised: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Corticotrophin Releasing Factor (CRF) might be suitable as biological measure of stress as it is implicated directly in both central neurological and endocrine stress-response. The study aims to compare serum CRF levels and perceived stress in opioid-dependent subjects (n = 53) with non-using controls (n = 47) and to correlate them with general and instantaneous craving (in cases only). Perceived stress score and serum CRF levels were significantly higher among the users. No significant correlation with craving was found. The significant difference in serum CRF levels indicate feasibility of measuring CRF levels in peripheral fluids and asserts its role as biochemical measure of stress.
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Gao SF, Bao AM. Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone, Glutamate, and γ-Aminobutyric Acid in Depression. Neuroscientist 2010; 17:124-44. [DOI: 10.1177/1073858410361780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Stress response and depression have a significant impact on modern society. Although the symptoms are well characterized, the molecular mechanisms underlying depression are largely unknown. The monoamine hypothesis, which postulates dysfunctional noradrenergic and serotonergic systems as the underlying primary cause of depression, has been valuable for the development of conventional antidepressants, which can reverse these dysfunctional states to some degree. However, recent data from various neuroscience disciplines have questioned the major role of amines in the pathogenesis of depression. A considerable amount of evidence has accumulated that suggests that normalization of the hypothalamo—pituitary—adrenal (HPA) system might be the final step necessary for a remission of depression. In addition, an increasing body of clinical and postmortem evidence is pointing to a role played by γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and glutamate in the etiology of depression. This review examines the evidence, mainly obtained from clinical studies or from postmortem brain material, for a major role of the HPA axis, glutamatergic, and GABAergic systems in the pathogenesis of major and bipolar depression. The authors hope that these insights will stimulate further studies with the final aim of developing new types of antidepressants that combine increased efficacy with a shorter delay of the onset of action and reduced side-effect profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shang-Feng Gao
- Department of Neurobiology, Institute of Neuroscience, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ai-Min Bao
- Department of Neurobiology, Institute of Neuroscience, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China,
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Pan Y, Kong LD, Li YC, Xia X, Kung HF, Jiang FX. Icariin from Epimedium brevicornum attenuates chronic mild stress-induced behavioral and neuroendocrinological alterations in male Wistar rats. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2007; 87:130-40. [PMID: 17509675 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2007.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2006] [Revised: 03/31/2007] [Accepted: 04/10/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Chronic mild stress (CMS) is suggested to produce abnormalities in the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and hypothalamus-pituitary-thyroid (HPT) axis. Therefore, compound that attenuates the neuroendocrinological alterations may have potential as antidepressant. The behavioral and neuroendocrinological effects of icariin, a major constituent of flavonoids isolated from Epimedium brevicornum, were investigated in the CMS model of depression in male Wistar rats. CMS procedure caused an anhedonic state in rats resulted in increased corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) concentrations in dissected brain regions and serum, decreased total triiodothyronine (tT3) in serum with no significant changes in serum adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) and thyroxine (tT4). Administration of icariin reversed CMS-induced sucrose intake reduction and CRF elevation. These results suggested that icariin possessed potent antidepressant-like activities which were at least in part mediated by improving the abnormalities in the HPA axis functions. However, we did not find a clear correlation between the HPT axis and icariin treatment in the CMS-treated rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Institute of Functional Biomolecules, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, People's Republic of China
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Galard R, Catalán R, Castellanos JM, Gallart JM. Plasma corticotropin-releasing factor in depressed patients before and after the dexamethasone suppression test. Biol Psychiatry 2002; 51:463-8. [PMID: 11922880 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-3223(01)01273-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plasma cortisol, beta-endorphin, corticotropin, corticotropin-releasing factor, and salivary cortisol concentrations, resting and after ingestion of 1 mg of dexamethasone, were investigated in depressed patients and controls. METHODS Fourteen outpatients from the psychiatric department diagnosed with depressive disorder (ICD-10 Classification) participated in the study. The comparison group consisted of 12 healthy volunteers from the hospital staff. All hormones were measured using direct iodine-125 radioimmunoassay, except corticotropin-releasing factor, which included a sample preextraction and concentration step. RESULTS The basal plasma cortisol and corticotropin-releasing factor levels in depressive disorder were significantly higher than in the healthy group. After dexamethasone administration, corticotropin-releasing factor plasma values decreased significantly in the depressed group, but showed no significant changes in the controls. In depressive disorder baseline values correlated significantly for salivary cortisol and plasma cortisol, salivary cortisol and plasma corticotropin-releasing factor and plasma corticotropin and beta-endorphin. Similar correlations were found in the healthy subjects, except for salivary cortisol and plasma corticotropin-releasing factor. CONCLUSIONS These findings indicate that the increased corticotropin-releasing factor plasma concentrations demonstrated in depressive disorder reflect the hypothalamic corticotropin-releasing factor hypersecretion evidenced in this illness. Therefore, measurements of plasma corticotropin-releasing factor levels can be considered a reliable tool for investigating the role of this peptide in the pathophysiology of depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa Galard
- Department of Biochemistry, Neuroendocrinology Research Unit, Vall d'Hebrón General Teaching Hospital, Barcelona, Spain
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Abstract
Stress system alterations, in particular HPA axis hyperactivations, are fairly well documented in suicide victims and in depressed suicide attempters who subsequently complete suicide. In suicide attempters with no documented completed suicide, the results are more inconsistent. This may depend on differences in studies due to diagnostic heterogeneity among suicide attempters, and the time between the suicide attempt and the examination. Recent data suggests differences in the stress system between depressed patients with a recent suicide attempt and depressed patients in general. The field merits further examination, with thorough examinations of genotypes, actual suicide attempts and stress in combination with examinations of the stress system.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Westrin
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Lund University, Sweden
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Westrin A, Ekman R, Träskman-Bendz L. Alterations of corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH) and neuropeptide Y (NPY) plasma levels in mood disorder patients with a recent suicide attempt. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 1999; 9:205-11. [PMID: 10208289 DOI: 10.1016/s0924-977x(98)00026-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
In order to receive a further understanding of stress-regulation in depressed suicide attempters, peptides that are supposed to be related to the stress system (the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and the autonomic nervous system) were studied in plasma. When compared with healthy controls, cortisol was high (p<0.001) and corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH) and neuropeptide Y (NPY) appeared to be low (p<0.001) in patients who had recently attempted suicide. Patients who had repeatedly attempted suicide had the lowest NPY. A correlation between NPY and cortisol (p<0.05) was found in suicidal patients with depression NOS, whereas beta-endorphins correlated with cortisol (p<0.01) in suicidal patients with major depressive disorder. A postdexamethasone decrease of NPY was noted in the controls but not in the patients. These results suggest stress system alterations in suicidal patients with mood disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Westrin
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Lund University, Sweden
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Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this work was to investigate alterations of plasma corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) levels in depressive states. We have also measured plasma cortisol and corticotropin (ACTH) concentrations and examined their correlation with the peripheral CRF values. METHODS Thirty-six outpatients from the psychiatric department of a Barcelona hospital who were diagnosed as having major depressive disorder (n = 26) and dysthymic depressive disorder (n = 10) were studied. Among the major depressed patients, 10 suffered from severe depressive disorder and 16 from mild or moderate depressive disorder. The comparison group consisted of 17 healthy volunteers. Cortisol, ACTH, and CRF concentrations were determined by iodine-125 radioimmunoassay; CRF measurements were performed on C18 extracted samples. RESULTS CRF and cortisol plasma concentrations were significantly higher in major depression and dysthymia than in the comparison group. The major depressed patients did not show significantly different CRF and cortisol levels than the dysthymic. Severe major depressive disorder exhibited significantly higher CRF plasma levels than the mild or moderate episodes. Plasma cortisol and CRF concentrations correlated significantly. CONCLUSIONS The results obtained indicate that plasma CRF values are altered in depressive disorders and suggest that these determinations could be important for understanding the pathophysiology in affective illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Catalán
- Department of Biochemistry, Valle Hebrón General Teaching Hospital, Barcelona, Spain
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Leal AM, Moreira AC. Food and the circadian activity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. Braz J Med Biol Res 1997; 30:1391-405. [PMID: 9686157 DOI: 10.1590/s0100-879x1997001200003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Temporal organization is an important feature of biological systems and its main function is to facilitate adaptation of the organism to the environment. The daily variation of biological variables arises from an internal time-keeping system. The major action of the environment is to synchronize the internal clock to a period of exactly 24 h. The light-dark cycle, food ingestion, barometric pressure, acoustic stimuli, scents and social cues have been mentioned as synchronizers or "zeitgebers". The circadian rhythmicity of plasma corticosteroids has been well characterized in man and in rats and evidence has been accumulated showing daily rhythmicity at every level of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. Studies of restricted feeding in rats are of considerable importance because they reveal feeding as a major synchronizer of rhythms in HPA axis activity. The daily variation of the HPA axis stress response appears to be closely related to food intake as well as to basal activity. In humans, the association of feeding and HPA axis activity has been studied under physiological and pathological conditions such as anorexia nervosa, bulimia, malnutrition, obesity, diabetes mellitus and Cushing's syndrome. Complex neuroanatomical pathways and neurochemical circuitry are involved in feeding-associated HPA axis modulation. In the present review we focus on the interaction among HPA axis rhythmicity, food ingestion, and different nutritional and endocrine states.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Leal
- Divisão de Endocrinologia, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Brasil
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Inder WJ, Donald RA, Prickett TC, Frampton CM, Sullivan PF, Mulder RT, Joyce PR. Arginine vasopressin is associated with hypercortisolemia and suicide attempts in depression. Biol Psychiatry 1997; 42:744-7. [PMID: 9325570 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-3223(97)00301-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- W J Inder
- Department of Endocrinology, Christchurch Hospital, New Zealand
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Hummel M, Warnecke H, Schüler S, Luding K, Hetzer R. [Risk of adrenal cortex insufficiency following heart transplantation]. KLINISCHE WOCHENSCHRIFT 1991; 69:269-73. [PMID: 1645426 DOI: 10.1007/bf01666853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
In 20 patients we studied the function of the corticotropic pituitary and adrenal gland 13 to 45 month (m = 27.1) after heart transplantation (HTx). For prophylactic immunosuppression all patients were treated with triple drug therapy, including Cyclosporine A, Azathioprine and Prednisolone. After performing the CRH-test we could demonstrate, that in all patients, treated with Prednisolone (0.09-0.15 mg/kg/day) for more than 1 year, adrenal insufficiency was evident. Patients must be controlled carefully, if therapy with steroids is stopped thereafter, not only because of increased risk of rejection but also because metabolic disturbance caused by adrenal insufficiency may occur. In case of elevated demand of steroids (i.e. infections or surgery), adequate substitution with glucocorticosteroids is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Hummel
- Deutsches Herzzentrum Berlin, Abteilung Herz-, Thorax- und Gefässchirurgie
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Plotsky PM, Otto S, Toyama T, Sutton S. Lack of correlation between immunoreactive corticotropin-releasing factor concentration profiles in hypophysial-portal and peripheral plasma. J Neuroendocrinol 1990; 2:65-9. [PMID: 19210399 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2826.1990.tb00394.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Abstract Corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF-41) is the primary mediator of adrenocorticotropin secretion from the adenohypophysis. This 41-amino-acid peptide is synthesized in perikarya of the paraventricular nuclei, transported to nerve terminals in the external zone of the median eminence and released into the hypophysial-portal circulation. It is also synthesized in multiple extrahypothalamic and peripheral sites. In addition, immunoreactive (ir) CRF-41 is present in the systemic circulation, raising the possibility that systemic measurements might provide a useful index of hypothalamic irCRF-41 secretion. This hypothesis was tested in several rat models. Neither bilateral destruction of hypothalamic irCRF-41 producing perikarya, nor infundibular stalk transection altered peripheral plasma irCRF-41 concentration. Furthermore, central administration of norepinephrine, an agent previously shown to evoke irCRF-41 secretion into the portal circulation, was without effect on peripheral irCRF-41 concentration. Finally, while increased irCRF-41 levels in both the hypophysial-portal and the peripheral circulation were associated with nitroprusside-induced hypotension, bilateral paraventricular nuclei lesions blocked irCRF-41 secretion into the hypophysial-portal circulation without blunting the rise observed in the peripheral circulation. The source of peripheral irCRF-41 remains undetermined; however, the adrenals may be excluded as bilateral adrenalectomy failed to alter circulating irCRF-41 levels. Therefore, our observations do not support the concept that peripheral irCRF-41 levels provide a useful index of hypothalamic secretion of this peptide into the hypophysial-portal circulation under the conditions tested.
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Affiliation(s)
- P M Plotsky
- The Clayton Foundation Laboratories for Peptide Biology, The Salk Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
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12
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File SE. Interactions of anxiolytic and antidepressant drugs with hormones of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. Pharmacol Ther 1990; 46:357-75. [PMID: 1971443 DOI: 10.1016/0163-7258(90)90024-v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Changes in hormones of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis in patients suffering from anxiety and depressive disorders are reviewed, and the changes that occur when animals are exposed to test situations used preclinically to model anxiety or depression. The effects of exogenous administration of HPA hormones both clinically and in animal tests is discussed and the effects of clinically used anxiolytics and antidepressants on hormones of the HPA axis. The final section discusses stress-induced changes in the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- S E File
- UMDS Division of Pharmacology, University of London, Guy's Hospital, U.K
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Linton EA, Wolfe CD, Behan DP, Lowry PJ. Circulating corticotropin-releasing factor in pregnancy. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 1990; 274:147-64. [PMID: 2239424 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4684-5799-5_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- E A Linton
- Department of Biochemistry & Physiology, School of Animal and Microbial Sciences, University of Reading, United Kingdom
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Ellis MJ, Schmidli RS, Donald RA, Livesey JH, Espiner EA. Plasma corticotrophin-releasing factor and vasopressin responses to hypoglycaemia in normal man. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 1990; 32:93-100. [PMID: 2158869 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2265.1990.tb03754.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The plasma cortisol, ACTH, AVP and corticotrophin-releasing factor (CRF) responses to insulin-induced hypoglycaemia were investigated in six normal men using a controlled, randomized, cross-over design. Hormonal concentrations were determined following insulin or saline injection. The maximum cortisol response was seen at 90 min while plasma ACTH, AVP and CRF concentrations peaked at 45 min following insulin injection. The responses of the insulin-treated and control groups were compared by assessing the incremental response from baseline (pre-injection) to peak hormone levels. A significant increase was observed for each hormone following insulin injection. The mean of the incremental responses between 30 and 120 min in each subject was also statistically greater for each hormone in the insulin-treated group when compared with the control group. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that AVP and CRF are both physiological mediators of ACTH secretion induced by a hypoglycaemic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Ellis
- Department of Endocrinology, Princess Margaret Hospital, Christchurch, New Zealand
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Affiliation(s)
- E A Linton
- Department of Biochemistry & Physiology, University of Reading, UK
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Abstract
A wide range of abnormalities of the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis has been described in depression. This paper reviews recent advances in the understanding of this system, and draws them together to construct a model for the purposes of further research and discussion. It is proposed that there are two fundamental changes which both originate in the hypothalamus: an increased secretion of corticotropin-releasing hormone, and a neurally mediated adrenal hyper-responsivity to ACTH. The resulting changes in hormone regulation would be expected to produce all the characteristic HPA axis abnormalities commonly seen in depression. The model makes several predictions which could be tested by future experiment.
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Affiliation(s)
- B G Charlton
- Department of Physiological Sciences, University of Newcastle upon Tyne
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Affiliation(s)
- A L Taylor
- Medical and Research Services, Veterans Administration Medical Center, Miami, FL 33125
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Akner G, Ljunggren JG, Kjellman BF, Undén F, Wetterberg L. Adrenocorticotropin and cortisol response to lysine vasopressin in relation to the outcome of the dexamethasone suppression test in major depressive disorder. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1988; 77:404-10. [PMID: 2839010 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0447.1988.tb05142.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The pathophysiology behind the abnormalities of the hypothalamic pituitary adrenal cortex axis found in patients with major depressive disorder was studied by the use of the vasopressin test. The response of plasma adrenocorticotropin (ACTH) and cortisol to the injection of 10 IU lysine-vasopressin (LVP) was investigated in 18 patients meeting the DSM-III criteria for major depressive episode. The response was correlated to the outcome of the dexamethasone suppression test (DST) with the use of two different cut-off points, 139 nmol/l and 200 nmol/l respectively. The results show that no significant difference was found in ACTH or cortisol response between patients having a normal or abnormal DST. The results do not seem to support the hypothesis that the abnormalities of the hypothalamic pituitary adrenal cortex axis involve a hypersecretion of corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) and a subsequent desensitization of the corticotrophs to CRF-stimulated ACTH release.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Akner
- Department of Psychiatry, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
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Charlton BG, Cheetham SC, Horton RW, Katona CL, Crompton MR, Ferrier IN. Corticotropin-releasing factor immunoreactivity in post-mortem brain from depressed suicides. J Psychopharmacol 1988; 2:13-8. [PMID: 22159664 DOI: 10.1177/026988118800200103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Corticotropin-releasing factor immunoreactivity (CRF-I) was measured in cortical brain tissue obtained at post-mortem from 12 suicide victims with clear evidence of depressive illness and 12 age-matched and sex-matched control subjects dying by natural causes. There were no significant differences in mean CRF-I concentrations in frontal, temporal, motor and parietal cortex between the total suicide group, or the eight drug-free suicides and their matched controls. These findings suggest that cortical CRF-I concentrations are unaltered in depressive illness and are discussed in relation to recent reports of elevated CRF-I con centrations in the cerebrospinal fluid of depressed patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- B G Charlton
- MRC Neuroendocrinology Unit, Newcastle General Hospital, Newcastle-upon-Tyne NE4 6BE, U.K
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von Werder K. The biological role of hypothalamic hypophysiotropic neuropeptides. Adv Tech Stand Neurosurg 1986; 14:71-134. [PMID: 2880598 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-7091-6995-7_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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