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Inhibitors of Protein Glycosylation Are Active against the Coronavirus Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2. Viruses 2021; 13:v13050808. [PMID: 33946304 PMCID: PMC8144969 DOI: 10.3390/v13050808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Revised: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Repurposing clinically available drugs to treat the new coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is an urgent need in the course of the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic, as very few treatment options are available. The iminosugar Miglustat is a well-characterized drug for the treatment of rare genetic lysosome storage diseases, such as Gaucher and Niemann-Pick type C, and has also been described to be active against a variety of enveloped viruses. The activity of Miglustat is here demonstrated in the micromolar range for SARS-CoV-2 in vitro. The drug acts at the post-entry level and leads to a marked decrease of viral proteins and release of infectious viruses. The mechanism resides in the inhibitory activity toward α-glucosidases that are involved in the early stages of glycoprotein N-linked oligosaccharide processing in the endoplasmic reticulum, leading to a marked decrease of the viral Spike protein. Indeed, the antiviral potential of protein glycosylation inhibitors against SARS-CoV-2 is further highlighted by the low-micromolar activity of the investigational drug Celgosivir. These data point to a relevant role of this approach for the treatment of COVID-19.
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α-glucosidase inhibitors as host-directed antiviral agents with potential for the treatment of COVID-19. Biochem Soc Trans 2020; 48:1287-1295. [PMID: 32510142 DOI: 10.1042/bst20200505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, caused by SARS-CoV-2, has pushed the health systems of many countries to breaking point and precipitated social distancing measures that have crippled economic activities across the globe. A return to normality is unlikely until effective therapeutics and a vaccine are available. The immediacy of this problem suggests that drug strategies should focus on repurposing approved drugs or late-stage clinical candidates, as these have the shortest path to use in the clinic. Here, we review and discuss the role of host cell N-glycosylation pathways to virus replication and the drugs available to disrupt these pathways. In particular, we make a case for evaluation of the well-tolerated drugs miglitol, celgosivir and especially miglustat for the treatment of COVID-19.
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Mechanisms of Antiviral Activity of Iminosugars Against Dengue Virus. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2018; 1062:277-301. [PMID: 29845540 PMCID: PMC7121742 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-10-8727-1_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The antiviral mechanism of action of iminosugars against many enveloped viruses, including dengue virus (DENV), HIV, influenza and hepatitis C virus, is believed to be mediated by inducing misfolding of viral N-linked glycoproteins through inhibition of host endoplasmic reticulum-resident α-glucosidase enzymes. This leads to reduced secretion and/or infectivity of virions and hence lower viral titres, both in vitro and in vivo. Free oligosaccharide analysis from iminosugar-treated cells shows that antiviral activity correlates with production of mono- and tri-glucosylated sugars, indicative of inhibition of ER α-glucosidases. We demonstrate that glucose-mimicking iminosugars inhibit isolated glycoprotein and glycolipid processing enzymes and that this inhibition also occurs in primary cells treated with these drugs. Galactose-mimicking iminosugars that have been tested do not inhibit glycoprotein processing but do inhibit glycolipid processing, and are not antiviral against DENV. By comparison, the antiviral activity of glucose-mimetic iminosugars that inhibit endoplasmic reticulum-resident α-glucosidases, but not glycolipid processing, demonstrates that inhibition of α-glucosidases is responsible for iminosugar antiviral activity against DENV. This monograph will review the investigations of many researchers into the mechanisms of action of iminosugars and the contribution of our current understanding of these mechanisms for optimising clinical delivery of iminosugars. The effects of iminosugars on enzymes other than glucosidases, the induction of ER stress and viral receptors will be also put into context. Data suggest that inhibition of α-glucosidases results in inhibited release of virus and is the primary antiviral mechanism of action of iminosugars against DENV.
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Computational molecular modelling of N-cinnamoyl and hydroxycinnamoyl amides as potential α-glucosidase inhibitors. Med Chem Res 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-018-2229-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Structure-Activity Relationships ofN-Cinnamoyl and Hydroxycinnamoyl Amides onα-Glucosidase Inhibition. J CHEM-NY 2017. [DOI: 10.1155/2017/6080129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Currently, there is an increasing interest towardsα-glucosidase inhibition of various diseases including diabetes mellitus type 2, cancer, HIV, and B- and C-type viral hepatitis. Cinnamic acid derivatives have been shown to be potentially valuable as a new group ofα-glucosidase inhibitors. Therefore, herein, theα-glucosidase inhibitory activity oftrans-N-cinnamoyl and hydroxycinnamoyl amides was studied in vitro. Results revealed that the tested hydroxycinnamoyl amides (1–16) inhibiteda-glucosidase with IC50s ranging between 0.76 and 355.1 μg/ml. Compounds1,2,5,6,9,14, and15showed significant inhibition of yeastα-glucosidase, being even more potent ones than the used positive inhibitor acarbose (IC50=2.50±0.21 μg/ml).
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Taylor DL, Brennan TM, Bridges CG, Kang MS, Tyms AS. Synergistic Inhibition of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 in vitro by 6-0-butanoylcastanospermine (MDL 28574) in Combination with Inhibitors of the Virus-Encoded Reverse Transcriptase and Proteinase. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/095632029500600303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The anti-human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) activity of the α-glucosidase 1 inhibitor 6-0-butanoylcastanospermine (MDL 28574) was assessed in combination with the 2′,3′-dideoxynucleoside analogues zidovudine (AZT), didanosine (ddl) and zalcitabine (ddC). MDL 28574 was also evaluated in combination with the non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase (RT) inhibitor nevirapine and the HIV proteinase inhibitor saquinavir (Ro-31-8959). Drug interactions were examined by the isobologram technique and by calculating combination indices (C.l.s). In all cases synergistic inhibition of HIV-1 replication was observed. In three-drug combinations, a marked synergistic antiviral effect was also observed, with C.I. values in the range 0.35-0.44 for MDL 28574 in combination with AZT and nevirapine, and in the range 0.34-0.67 for MDL 28574 in combination with AZT and saquinavir. Moreover, the combination of MDL 28574 with other drugs did not produce detrimental effects on cell division. MDL 28574 is currently in clinical trials and may have an important role in combination chemotherapy for HIV infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- D. L. Taylor
- MRC Collaborative Centre, 1-3 Burtonhole Lane, Mill Hill, London NW7 1AD, UK
| | - T. M. Brennan
- MRC Collaborative Centre, 1-3 Burtonhole Lane, Mill Hill, London NW7 1AD, UK
| | - C. G. Bridges
- MRC Collaborative Centre, 1-3 Burtonhole Lane, Mill Hill, London NW7 1AD, UK
| | - M. S. Kang
- Marion Merrell Dow Research Institute, Galbraith Road, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - A. S. Tyms
- MRC Collaborative Centre, 1-3 Burtonhole Lane, Mill Hill, London NW7 1AD, UK
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Taylor DL, Nash R, Fellows LE, Kang MS, Tyms AS. Naturally Occurring Pyrrolizidines: Inhibition of α-Glucosidase 1 and Anti-HIV Activity of One Stereoisomer. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/095632029200300504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Alexine, a naturally occurring pyrrolizidine alkaloid, isolated from Alexa leiopetala, and four stereoisomers, isolated from Castanospermum australe, were investigated for inhibitory activity against the growth of HIV-1. Only treatment with the 7,7a-diepialexine restricted virus growth (IC50 0.38 mm) although it was less active than the indolizidine alkaloid castanospermine (IC50 0.02 mm). The antiviral effects of 7,7a-diepialexine, like castanospermine, correlated with the inhibitory activity against purified pig kidney α-glucosidase 1 of the glycoprotein processing enzymes and the reduced cleavage of the precursor HIV-1 glycoprotein gp160.
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Affiliation(s)
- D. L. Taylor
- MRC Collaborative Centre, 1-3 Burtonhole Lane, Mill Hill, London NW7 1AD, UK
| | - R. Nash
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Surrey TW9 3DS, UK
| | | | - M. S. Kang
- Marion Merrell Dow Research Institute, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - A. S. Tyms
- MRC Collaborative Centre, 1-3 Burtonhole Lane, Mill Hill, London NW7 1AD, UK
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Watanabe S, Rathore AP, Sung C, Lu F, Khoo YM, Connolly J, Low J, Ooi EE, Lee HS, Vasudevan SG. Dose- and schedule-dependent protective efficacy of celgosivir in a lethal mouse model for dengue virus infection informs dosing regimen for a proof of concept clinical trial. Antiviral Res 2012; 96:32-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2012.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2012] [Revised: 07/17/2012] [Accepted: 07/19/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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10
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van den Broek LAGM, Vermaas DJ, Heskamp BM, van Boeckel CAA, Tan MCAA, Bolscher JGM, Ploegh HL, van Kemenade FJ, de Goede REY, Miedema F. Chemical modification of azasugars, inhibitors of N-glycoprotein-processing glycosidases and of HIV-I infection: Review and structure-activity relationships. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/recl.19931120204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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11
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van den Broek L, Vermaas D, van Boeckel C, Rotteveel F, Zandberg P, van Kemenade F, Miedema F, Butters T, Tan M, Ploegh H. Synthesis of oxygen-substituted N-alkyl 1-deoxynojirimycin derivatives: Aza sugar α-glucosidase inhibitors showing antiviral (HIV-1) and immunosuppressive activity. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/recl.19941131104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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12
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Sanap SP, Ghosh S, Jabgunde AM, Pinjari RV, Gejji SP, Singh S, Chopade BA, Dhavale DD. Synthesis, computational study and glycosidase inhibitory activity of polyhydroxylated conidine alkaloids--a bicyclic iminosugar. Org Biomol Chem 2010; 8:3307-15. [PMID: 20517582 DOI: 10.1039/c004690f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
New bicyclic conidine iminosugars 1d and 1e were synthesized from D-glucose. Thus, D-glucose was converted to sugar beta-amino acids 3a and 3b in good yields. Individual treatment of 3a/3b with the Mukaiyama reagent afforded sugar beta-lactams 4a/4b that on reduction with LiAlH(4)/AlCl(3) gave azetidines 5a/5b with a sugar appendage. Reductive aminocyclization of sugar azetidines 5a/5b afforded the corresponding conidine iminosugars 1d/1e. Based on the (1)H NMR and DFT calculation studies the conformation of 1d was assigned as half chair A2 and that of 1e as a boat B2. The glycosidase inhibitory activities of 1d and 1e such as alpha-mannosidase, alpha-glucosidase and alpha-galactosidase were studied. The alpha-amylase activity was compared with acarbose. Compound 1d was found to be a moderate inhibitor of glycosidases while 1e was noticed to be a good inhibitor of alpha-mannosidase and a moderate inhibitor of other glycosidases. These results were substantiated by molecular docking studies using WHAT IF software and the AUTODOCK 3.0 program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shrihari P Sanap
- Garware Research Centre, Department of Chemistry, University of Pune, Pune-411007, India
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Tamayo JA, Franco F, Lo Re D, Sánchez-Cantalejo F. Synthesis of Pentahydroxylated Pyrrolizidines and Indolizidines. J Org Chem 2009; 74:5679-82. [DOI: 10.1021/jo900801c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Juan A. Tamayo
- Department of Medicinal and Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Granada, Campus de Cartuja, s/n 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Francisco Franco
- Department of Medicinal and Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Granada, Campus de Cartuja, s/n 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Daniele Lo Re
- Department of Medicinal and Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Granada, Campus de Cartuja, s/n 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Fernando Sánchez-Cantalejo
- Department of Medicinal and Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Granada, Campus de Cartuja, s/n 18071 Granada, Spain
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Ceccon J, Danoun G, Greene AE, Poisson JF. Asymmetric synthesis of (+)-castanospermine through enol ether metathesis–hydroboration/oxidation. Org Biomol Chem 2009; 7:2029-31. [DOI: 10.1039/b901488h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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15
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Izquierdo I, Tamayo JA, Rodríguez M, Franco F, Lo Re D. Synthesis of (+)-1-epi-castanospermine from l-sorbose. Tetrahedron 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2008.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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16
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Wei G, Yu B. Isoflavone Glycosides: Synthesis and Evaluation as α-Glucosidase Inhibitors. European J Org Chem 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.200800239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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18
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Fleet GW, Fellows LE, Winchester B. Plagiarizing plants: amino sugars as a class of glycosidase inhibitors. CIBA FOUNDATION SYMPOSIUM 2007; 154:112-22; discussion 122-5. [PMID: 2150798 DOI: 10.1002/9780470514009.ch9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Many polyhydroxylated alkaloids from plants are specific inhibitors of glycosidases. Information about these has led to the development of a wide range of both naturally occurring and synthetic inhibitors which may be used for mechanistic studies and for the purification of these enzymes. Sugar lactones are starting materials for highly efficient syntheses of deoxymannojirimycin and deoxyfuconojirimycin and of a number of their iminoheptitol analogues. This has allowed an investigation of the relationship between mannosidase and fucosidase inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- G W Fleet
- Dyson Perrins Laboratory, Oxford University, UK
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19
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20
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Buser S, Vasella A. 7-Oxanorbornane and Norbornane Mimics of a Distortedβ-D-Mannopyranoside: Synthesis and Evaluation asβ-Mannosidase Inhibitors. Helv Chim Acta 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/hlca.200590255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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22
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Whitby K, Pierson TC, Geiss B, Lane K, Engle M, Zhou Y, Doms RW, Diamond MS. Castanospermine, a potent inhibitor of dengue virus infection in vitro and in vivo. J Virol 2005; 79:8698-706. [PMID: 15994763 PMCID: PMC1168722 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.79.14.8698-8706.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 210] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have suggested that alpha-glucosidase inhibitors such as castanospermine and deoxynojirimycin inhibit dengue virus type 1 infection by disrupting the folding of the structural proteins prM and E, a step crucial to viral secretion. We extend these studies by evaluating the inhibitory activity of castanospermine against a panel of clinically important flaviviruses including all four serotypes of dengue virus, yellow fever virus, and West Nile virus. Using in vitro assays we demonstrated that infections by all serotypes of dengue virus were inhibited by castanospermine. In contrast, yellow fever virus and West Nile virus were partially and almost completely resistant to the effects of the drug, respectively. Castanospermine inhibited dengue virus infection at the level of secretion and infectivity of viral particles. Importantly, castanospermine prevented mortality in a mouse model of dengue virus infection, with doses of 10, 50, and 250 mg/kg of body weight per day being highly effective at promoting survival (P < or = 0.0001). Correspondingly, castanospermine had no adverse or protective effect on West Nile virus mortality in an analogous mouse model. Overall, our data suggest that castanospermine has a strong antiviral effect on dengue virus infection and warrants further development as a possible treatment in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Whitby
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, Box 8051, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
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23
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24
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?ysek R, Vogel P. Synthesis ofN-Substituted (3S,4S)- and (3R,4R)-Pyrrolidine-3,4-diols: Search for New Glycosidase Inhibitors. Helv Chim Acta 2004. [DOI: 10.1002/hlca.200490282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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25
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Khodair AI, Al-Masoudi NA, Gesson JP. A new approach to the synthesis of benzothiazole, benzoxazole, and pyridine nucleosides as potential antitumor agents. NUCLEOSIDES NUCLEOTIDES & NUCLEIC ACIDS 2004; 22:2061-76. [PMID: 14680028 DOI: 10.1081/ncn-120026407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
A modified nitrogen and sulfur glycosylation reaction involving benzothiazole benzoxazole and pyridine nucleoside bases with furanose and pyranose sugars are described. Conformational analysis has been studied by homo- and heteronuclear two-dimensional NMR methods (2D DFQ-COSY, HMQC and HMBC). The N and S sites of glycosylation were determined from the 1H, 13C heteronuclear multiple-quantum coherence (HMQC) experiments. All the deprotected nucleosides were tested for their potential antitumor activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed I Khodair
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Education, Tanta University (Kafr El-Sheikh Branch), Kafr El-Sheikh, Egypt.
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26
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García-Moreno MI, Díaz-Pérez P, Ortiz Mellet C, García Fernández JM. Synthesis and Evaluation of Isourea-Type Glycomimetics Related to the Indolizidine and Trehazolin Glycosidase Inhibitor Families. J Org Chem 2003; 68:8890-901. [PMID: 14604359 DOI: 10.1021/jo034673m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A practical synthesis of reducing isourea-derived azasugar glycomimetics related to the indolizidine and trehazolin glycosidase inhibitor families with different pK(a) values is disclosed. The polyhydroxylated bicyclic system was built from readily accessible hexofuranose derivatives through a synthetic scheme that involves the preparation of a 5-deoxy-5-carbodiimido adduct by triphenylphosphine-mediated tandem Staudinger--aza-Wittig-type coupling of azide and isothiocyanate precursors, intramolecular cyclization of a transient vic-hydroxycarbodiimide derivative, and nucleophilic addition of the endocyclic nitrogen atom of the generated 2-amino-2-oxazoline intermediate, with a pseudo-C-nucleoside structure, to the masked aldehyde group of the monosaccharide. The last step is pH-dependent so that the final compounds can pivot between the furanose and the 2-oxaindolizidine forms. Nevertheless, the indolizidine tautomer having the R configuration at the aminoacetalic center, fitting the anomeric effect, was the only species detected in solution at neutral or slightly acidic pH when starting from solutions at basic pH. Glycosidase inhibition tests (K(i) values down to 1.9 microM) showed a marked dependence of the selectivity and potency toward alpha- and beta-glucosidases upon the nature of the substituent at the exocyclic isourea nitrogen, shifting from alpha- to beta-selectivity when going from hydrophilic to hydrophobic substituents. Enzyme inhibition is also pH dependent, supporting a dominant role for the uncharged form of the polyhydroxyiminoindolizidine system in the inhibition of beta-glucosidases.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Isabel García-Moreno
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Química, Universidad de Sevilla, E-41071 Seville, Spain
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Michael JP. Simple indolizidine and quinolizidine alkaloids. THE ALKALOIDS. CHEMISTRY AND BIOLOGY 2002; 55:91-258. [PMID: 11704985 DOI: 10.1016/s0099-9598(01)55004-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- J P Michael
- Centre for Molecular Design, Department of Chemistry, University of the Witwatersrand, Wits 2050, South Africa
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28
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García-Moreno MI, Benito JM, Ortiz Mellet C, García Fernández JM. Synthesis and evaluation of calystegine B2 analogues as glycosidase inhibitors. J Org Chem 2001; 66:7604-14. [PMID: 11701011 DOI: 10.1021/jo015639f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A practical synthesis of polyhydroxylated 6-oxa-nor-tropanes incorporating the essential structural features of calystegine B(2) from 5-deoxy-5-thioureido and 5-ureido-L-idofuranose precursors is presented. The methodology relies on the ability of pseudoamide-type nitrogen atoms (thiourea, urea, and carbamate) to undergo nucleophilic addition to the masked aldehyde group of the monosaccharide. The generated hemiaminal functionality may further undergo in situ intramolecular glycosidation to give the bicyclic aminoacetal compounds, the whole process being favored by the anomeric effect. A series of derivatives bearing different substituents at nitrogen has been prepared and screened against several glycosidases in comparison with xylonojirimycin-type piperidine analogues. Interestingly, strong and highly specific inhibition of bovine liver beta-glucosidase was observed for 6-oxacalystegine B(2) analogues incorporating aromatic pseudoaglyconic groups. On the basis of these data, a 1-azasugar inhibition mode is proposed for this family of glycomimetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- M I García-Moreno
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Química, Universidad de Sevilla, E-41071 Seville, Spain
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Watson AA, Fleet GW, Asano N, Molyneux RJ, Nash RJ. Polyhydroxylated alkaloids -- natural occurrence and therapeutic applications. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2001; 56:265-295. [PMID: 11243453 DOI: 10.1016/s0031-9422(00)00451-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 542] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Over one hundred polyhydroxylated alkaloids have been isolated from plants and micro-organisms. These alkaloids can be potent and highly selective glycosidase inhibitors and are arousing great interest as tools to study cellular recognition and as potential therapeutic agents. However, only three of the natural products so far have been widely studied for therapeutic potential due largely to the limited commercial availability of the other compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- A A Watson
- Molecular Nature Limited, Aberystwyth, Cardiganshire, UK
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Asano N. Alkaloidal sugar mimetics: biological activities and therapeutic applications. JOURNAL OF ENZYME INHIBITION 2000; 15:215-34. [PMID: 10811029 DOI: 10.3109/14756360009040685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Alkaloids mimicking the structures of sugars inhibit glycosidases because of a structural resemblance to the sugar moiety of the natural substrate. Glycosidases are involved in a wide range of important biological processes, such as intestinal digestion, post-translational processing of glycoproteins and the lysosomal catabolism of glycoconjugates. The realization that alkaloidal sugar mimics might have enormous therapeutic potential in many diseases such as viral infection, cancer and diabetes led to increasing interest and demand for these compounds. In this review, the structural basis of the specificity of alkaloidal sugar mimics and their current and potential applications to biomedical problems are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Asano
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokuriku University, Kanazawa, Japan.
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31
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Asano N, Nash RJ, Molyneux RJ, Fleet GW. Sugar-mimic glycosidase inhibitors: natural occurrence, biological activity and prospects for therapeutic application. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1016/s0957-4166(00)00113-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 664] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Díaz Pérez VM, García Moreno MI, Ortiz Mellet C, Fuentes J, Díaz Arribas JC, Cañada FJ, García Fernández JM. Generalized anomeric effect in action: synthesis and evaluation of stable reducing indolizidine glycomimetics as glycosidase inhibitors. J Org Chem 2000; 65:136-43. [PMID: 10813907 DOI: 10.1021/jo991242o] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A series of aminoketalic castanospermine analogues incorporating a stereoelectronically anchored axial hydroxy group at the pseudoanomeric stereocenter (C-5) have been synthesized to satisfy the need for glucosidase inhibitors that are highly selective for alpha-glucosidases. The polyhydroxylated bicyclic system was built from readily available hexofuranose derivatives through a synthetic scheme that involved (i) the construction of a five-membered cyclic (thio)carbamate or (thio)urea moiety at the nonreducing end and (ii) the intramolecular nucleophilic addition of the heterocyclic thiocarbamic nitrogen atom to the masked aldehyde group of the monosaccharide. A biological screening of the resulting reducing 2-oxa- and 2-azaindolizidines against several glycosidase enzymes is reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- V M Díaz Pérez
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Química, Universidad de Sevilla, E-41071, Sevilla, Spain
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Häusler H, Kawakami RP, Mlaker E, Severn WB, Wrodnigg TM, Stütz AE. Sugar Analogues with Basic Nitrogen in The Ring as Anti-Infectives. J Carbohydr Chem 2000. [DOI: 10.1080/07328300008544092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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El Ashry ESH, Abdel-Rahman AAH, Kattab M, Shobier AH, Schmidt RR. Analogues of Moranoline and Mdl 73945. Methyl 6(5)-Deoxy-6(5)-(Morpholin-4-Yl)-α-D-Glycosides as Glucosidase Inhibitors. J Carbohydr Chem 2000. [DOI: 10.1080/07328300008544083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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El Ashry ESH, Abdel-Rahman AAH, El Kilany Y, Schmidt RR. Acyclic analogues of glucosamidine, 1-deoxynojirimycin and N-(1,3-dihydroxyprop-2-yl) derivative of valiolamine as potential glucosidase inhibitors. Tetrahedron 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4020(99)00031-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Rabiczko J, Chmielewski M. New Route to Bicyclic Pyrazolidinones and Hydroxypyrrolidines from α,β-Unsaturated Sugar δ-Lactones. J Org Chem 1999. [DOI: 10.1021/jo981491x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Rabiczko
- Institute of Organic Chemistry of the Polish Academy of Sciences, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marek Chmielewski
- Institute of Organic Chemistry of the Polish Academy of Sciences, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
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Asano N, Nishida M, Kato A, Kizu H, Matsui K, Shimada Y, Itoh T, Baba M, Watson AA, Nash RJ, Lilley PM, Watkin DJ, Fleet GW. Homonojirimycin isomers and N-alkylated homonojirimycins: structural and conformational basis of inhibition of glycosidases. J Med Chem 1998; 41:2565-71. [PMID: 9651160 DOI: 10.1021/jm970836l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
A series of natural epimers of alpha-homonojirimycin and its N-alkylated derivatives have been prepared to investigate the contribution of the different chiral centers and conformation of the specificity and potency of inhibition of glycosidases. These epimers and N-alkylated derivatives are alpha-homonojirimycin (1), beta-homonojirimycin (2), alpha-homomannojirimycin (3), beta-homomannojirimycin (4), alpha-3,4-di-epi-homonojirimycin (5), beta-4,5-di-epi-homonojirimycin (6), N-methyl-alpha-homonojirimycin (7), and N-butyl-alpha-homonojirimycin (8). Compound 1 was a potent inhibitor of a range of alpha-glucosidases with IC50 values of 1 to 0.01 microM. Compounds 2, 3, and 4 were surprisingly inactive as inhibitors of beta-glucosidase and alpha- and beta-mannosidases but were moderately good as inhibitors of rice and some mammalian alpha-glucosidases. Compound 4 was active in the micromolar range toward all alpha-glucosidases tested. Furthermore, compound 4, which superimposes well on beta-l-fucose, was a 10-fold more effective inhibitor of alpha-l-fucosidase than 1-deoxymannojirimycin (12) and 3, with a Ki value of 0.45 microM. Only compounds 5 and 6 showed inhibitory activity toward alpha- and beta-galactosidases (6with an IC50 value of 6.4 microM against alpha-galactosidase). The high-resolution structure of 1 has been determined by X-ray diffraction and showed a chair conformation with the C1 OH (corresponding to the C6 OH in 1-deoxynojirimycin) predominantly equatorial to the piperidine ring in the crystal structure. This preferred (C1 OH equatorial) conformation was also corroborated by 1H NMR coupling constants. The coupling constants for 7 suggest the axial orientation of the C1 OH, while in 8 the C1 OH axial conformation was not observed. The C1 OH axial conformation appears to be responsible for more potent inhibition toward processing alpha-glucosidase I than alpha-glucosidase II. It has been assumed that the anti-HIV activity of alkaloidal glycosidase inhibitors results from the inhibition of processing alpha-glucosidase I, but 1, 7, and 8 were inactive against HIV-1 replication at 500 microg/mL as measured by inhibition of virus-induced cytopathogenicity in MT-4 cells. In contrast, the EC50 value for N-butyl-1-deoxynojirimycin (11), which also inhibits processing alpha-glucosidase I, was 37 microg/mL. Compound 7 has been shown to be a better inhibitor of alpha-glucosidase I than 1 and 8 both in vitro and in the cell culture system. These data imply that inhibition of HIV by glycosidase inhibitors can be due to factors other than simply inhibition of processing alpha-glucosidase I.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Asano
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokuriku University, Kanazawa 920-11, Japan.
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Whiting A, Windsor CM. What makes a neutral imino dieneophile undergo a thermal, non-catalysed, Diels-Alder reaction? Tetrahedron 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4020(98)00284-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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H Furneaux R, J Gainsford G, M Mason J, C Tyler P, Hartley O, G Winchester B. The chemistry of castanospermine, part V: synthetic modifications at C-1 and C-7. Tetrahedron 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4020(96)00967-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Goti A, Cardona F, Brandi A, Picasso S, Vogel P. (1S,2S,7R,8aS)- and (1S,2S,7S,8aS)-trihydroxyoctahydroindolizine: Two new glycosidase inhibitors by nitrone cycloaddition strategy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/0957-4166(96)00200-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Shing TK, Tam EK. First enantiospecific syntheses of crotepoxide and iso-crotepoxide from (−)-quinic acid. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/0957-4166(96)00004-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Arnone A, Bravo P, Donadelli A, Resnati G. Fluorinated analogues of nojirimycin and mannojirimycin from a non-carbohydrate precursor. Tetrahedron 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/0040-4020(95)00859-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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45
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The chemistry of castanospermine, part III:1,2 Castanospermine-6-phosphate, an unusual route to a novel compound. Tetrahedron Lett 1995. [DOI: 10.1016/0040-4039(95)00425-c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Taylor DL, Kang MS, Brennan TM, Bridges CG, Sunkara PS, Tyms AS. Inhibition of alpha-glucosidase I of the glycoprotein-processing enzymes by 6-O-butanoyl castanospermine (MDL 28,574) and its consequences in human immunodeficiency virus-infected T cells. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1994; 38:1780-7. [PMID: 7986008 PMCID: PMC284636 DOI: 10.1128/aac.38.8.1780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The 6-O-butanoyl derivative of castanospermine (MDL 28,574) was previously shown to be approximately 30-fold more potent than the naturally occurring molecule at inhibiting the replication of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) (D. L. Taylor, P. S. Sunkara, P. S. Liu, M. S. Kang, T. L. Bowlin, and A. S. Tyms, AIDS 5:693-698, 1991). We now report that consistent with its improved anti-HIV activity, MDL 28,574 is more effective (50% inhibitory concentration [IC50], 20 microM) than the parent molecule (IC50, 254 microM) at causing the accumulation of glucosylated oligosaccharides in HIV-infected cells by inhibition of glycoprotein processing. These were predominantly of the glucose 3 type, as determined by P4 Bio-Gel analysis after digestion with purified alpha-glucosidase I, indicating that, intracellularly, this enzyme is the major target for inhibition. MDL 28,574, however, was less active (IC50, 1.27 microM) than castanospermine (IC50, 0.12 microM) against the mutual target enzyme, cellular alpha-glucosidase I, in a cell-free assay system. The increased effects of MDL 28,574 against alpha-glucosidase I in cell culture were attributed to the improved cellular uptake of the more lipophilic derivative. Inhibition of this enzyme activity in HIV-infected H9 cells impaired viral glycoprotein processing and resulted in the expression of abnormally configured gp120. This did not affect virus production, but the virions had decreased infectivity which was partially related to a reduced ability to bind to CD4+ T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- D L Taylor
- Marion Merrell Dow Research Institute Laboratories, Medical Research Council Collaborative Centre, London, United Kingdom
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Rane DF, Dasmahapatra B, Schwartz J. Overview Anti-infectives: Recent advances in anti-HIV agents. Expert Opin Ther Pat 1994. [DOI: 10.1517/13543776.4.8.941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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49
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Furneaux RH, Mason JM, Tyler PC. The chemistry of castanospermine, part II: Synthesis of deoxyfluoro analogues of castanospermine. Tetrahedron Lett 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(00)76852-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Helenius A. How N-linked oligosaccharides affect glycoprotein folding in the endoplasmic reticulum. Mol Biol Cell 1994; 5:253-65. [PMID: 8049518 PMCID: PMC301034 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.5.3.253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 475] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- A Helenius
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06510
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