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Dempsey B, Blake HA, Madan I, Stevelink SAM, Greenberg N, Raine R, Rafferty AM, Bhundia R, Wessely S, Lamb D. Post COVID-19 syndrome among 5248 healthcare workers in England: longitudinal findings from NHS CHECK. Occup Environ Med 2024; 81:471-479. [PMID: 39358009 DOI: 10.1136/oemed-2024-109621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2024] [Accepted: 09/08/2024] [Indexed: 10/04/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The objectives of this study were to examine post COVID-19 syndrome (PCS) among healthcare workers (HCWs) in England and explore risk factors for the condition. METHODS Data were collected by National Health Service (NHS) CHECK, a longitudinal study exploring HCWs' mental and physical well-being during and after the COVID-19 pandemic. NHS CHECK collected data at four timepoints: the baseline survey between April 2020 and January 2021, and then three follow-up surveys at approximately 6, 12 and 32 months post baseline. PCS data were collected at 12 and 32 months, while risk factor data were from baseline. HCWs were asked what COVID-19 symptoms they experienced and for how long and were classified as having PCS if they had any symptom for ≥12 weeks. Multilevel regressions were used to examine risk factors for PCS. RESULTS This study included 5248 HCWs. While 33.6% (n=1730) reported prolonged COVID-19 symptoms consistent with PCS, only 7.4% (n=385) reported a formal diagnosis of PCS. Fatigue, difficult concentrating, insomnia and anxiety or depression were the most common PCS symptoms. Baseline risk factors for reporting PCS included screening for common mental disorders, direct contact with COVID-19 patients, pre-existing respiratory illnesses, female sex and older age. CONCLUSIONS While a third of HCWs reported prolonged COVID-19 symptoms consistent with PCS, a smaller percentage reported a formal diagnosis of the condition. We replicate findings that direct contact with COVID-19 patients, older age, female sex, pre-existing respiratory illness and symptoms of common mental disorders are associated with increased risk of PCS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brendan Dempsey
- Department of Primary Care and Population Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Helen A Blake
- Department of Primary Care and Population Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Ira Madan
- Guys and St Thomas NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Sharon A M Stevelink
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Neil Greenberg
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Rosalind Raine
- Department of Primary Care and Population Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Anne-Marie Rafferty
- Florence Nightingale Faculty of Nursing, Midwifery and Palliative Care, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Rupa Bhundia
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Simon Wessely
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Danielle Lamb
- Department of Primary Care and Population Health, University College London, London, UK
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Fan Y, Liang X. Causal relationship between COVID-19 and chronic pain: A mendelian randomization study. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0295982. [PMID: 38241342 PMCID: PMC10798446 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0295982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE COVID-19 is a highly transmissible disease that can result in long-term symptoms, including chronic pain. However, the mechanisms behind the persistence of long-COVID pain are not yet fully elucidated, highlighting the need for further research to establish causality. Mendelian randomization (MR), a statistical technique for determining a causal relationship between exposure and outcome, has been employed in this study to investigate the association between COVID-19 and chronic pain. MATERIAL AND METHODS The IVW, MR Egger, and weighted median methods were employed. Heterogeneity was evaluated using Cochran's Q statistic. MR Egger intercept and MR-PRESSO tests were performed to detect pleiotropy. The Bonferroni method was employed for the correction of multiple testing. R software was used for all statistical analyses. RESULT Based on the IVW method, hospitalized COVID-19 patients exhibit a higher risk of experiencing lower leg joint pain compared to the normal population. Meanwhile, the associations between COVID-19 hospitalization and back pain, headache, and pain all over the body were suggestive. Additionally, COVID-19 patients requiring hospitalization were found to have a suggestive higher risk of experiencing neck or shoulder pain and pain all over the body compared to those who did not require hospitalization. Patients with severe respiratory-confirmed COVID-19 showed a suggestive increased risk of experiencing pain all over the body compared to the normal population. CONCLUSION Our study highlights the link between COVID-19 severity and pain in different body regions, with implications for targeted interventions to reduce COVID-19 induced chronic pain burden.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuchao Fan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Sichuan Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sichuan Cancer Hospital & Institute, Sichuan Cancer Center, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiao Liang
- Department of Anesthesiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
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3
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Palacios N, Molsberry S, Fitzgerald KC, Komaroff AL. Different risk factors distinguish myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome from severe fatigue. Sci Rep 2023; 13:2469. [PMID: 36774379 PMCID: PMC9922267 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-29329-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Fatigue is a common reason that patients seek medical care. Only a fraction of these patients meet criteria for myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS). To determine if ME/CFS is just a more extreme form of fatigue, or a qualitatively different condition, we assessed whether risk factors for ME/CFS and for Severe Fatigue were similar. An email questionnaire that inquired about symptoms of Severe Fatigue and ME/CFS was completed by 41,802 US female nurses from whom detailed medical and lifestyle information had been collected since 1989: 102 met criteria for ME/CFS, 522 had Severe Fatigue, and 41,178 individuals were without significant chronic fatigue. We used Cox proportional hazards regression to estimate the Hazard Ratio (HR) of Severe Fatigue and of ME/CFS with each of several potential risk factors, according to the level of exposure to each risk factor. The risk of Severe Fatigue was significantly increased among participants who were older, had a higher BMI in adulthood, used hormone therapy, had increased alcohol intake and decreased caffeine intake. In contrast, these risk factor associations were not seen in people with ME/CFS. A self-reported past history of acute infectious mononucleosis was associated with a non-significantly increased Hazard Ratio of later ME/CFS (HR 1.77, 0.87-3.61) and, to a lesser extent, of Severe Fatigue (HR 1.28, 0.98-1.66). The different contribution of various risk factors to Severe Fatigue and ME/CFS suggests that ME/CFS has a qualitatively different underlying biology from the more common state of Severe Fatigue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Palacios
- Department of Public Health, Zuckerberg College of Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Lowell, 61 Wilder Street, O'Leary Library, Suite 540-K, Lowell, MA, 01854, USA
- Geriatric Research Education Clinical Center, Edith Nourse Rogers Memorial Veterans Hospital, Bedford, MA, USA
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Samantha Molsberry
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kathryn C Fitzgerald
- Department of Public Health, Zuckerberg College of Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Lowell, 61 Wilder Street, O'Leary Library, Suite 540-K, Lowell, MA, 01854, USA
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Anthony L Komaroff
- Division of General Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
- Center for Solutions for ME/CFS, Columbia University, New York, USA.
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Gagnier JJ, Bergmans RS, Clauw DJ. Musculoskeletal Components of Post-Acute Sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 Infections. JBJS Rev 2022; 10:01874474-202211000-00009. [PMID: 36524670 DOI: 10.2106/jbjs.rvw.22.00088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
➢ Musculoskeletal (MSK) sequelae of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infections seem to be common. ➢ Mechanisms of such effects are becoming clear. ➢ There is a complex interplay of biopsychosocial effects associated with MSK symptoms after acute coronavirus disease 2019. ➢ Additional research should focus on completely describing the breadth of these MSK sequelae and related psychosocial symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel J Gagnier
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan.,Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Rachel S Bergmans
- Department of Anesthesiology, Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Daniel J Clauw
- Department of Anesthesiology, Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
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5
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Sandler CX, Cvejic E, Valencia BM, Li H, Hickie IB, Lloyd AR. Predictors of Chronic Fatigue Syndrome and Mood Disturbance After Acute Infection. Front Neurol 2022; 13:935442. [PMID: 35959390 PMCID: PMC9359311 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2022.935442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Prospective cohort studies following individuals from acute infections have documented a prevalent post-infective fatigue state meeting diagnostic criteria for chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) – that is, a post-infective fatigue syndrome (PIFS). The Dubbo Infection Outcomes Study (DIOS) was a prospective cohort following individuals from acute infection with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), Ross River virus (RRV), or Q fever through to assessment of caseness for CFS designated by physician and psychiatrist assessments at 6 months. Previous studies in DIOS have revealed that functional genetic polymorphisms in both immunological (pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines) and neurological (the purinergic receptor, P2X7) genes are associated with both the severity of the acute infection and subsequent prolonged illness. Principal components analysis was applied to self-report data from DIOS to describe the severity and course of both the overall illness and concurrent mood disturbance. Associations between demographics and acute infection characteristics, with prolonged illness course as well as the PIFS outcome were examined using multivariable statistics. Genetic haplotype-driven functional variations in the neuropeptide Y (NPY) gene previously shown to be associated with brain responses to stress, and to trait anxiety were also examined as predictors. The sample included 484 subjects (51% female, median age 32, IQR 19–44), of whom 90 (19%) met diagnostic criteria for CFS at 6 months. Participants with greater overall illness severity and concurrent mood disturbance in the acute illness had a more prolonged illness severity (HR = 0.39, 95% CI: 0.34–0.46, p < 0.001) and mood disturbance (HR = 0.36, 95% CI: 0.30–0.42, p < 0.001), respectively. Baseline illness severity and RRV infection were associated with delayed recovery. Female gender and mood disturbance in the acute illness were associated with prolonged mood disturbance. Logistic regression showed that the odds of an individual being diagnosed with PIFS increased with greater baseline illness severity (OR = 2.24, 95% CI: 1.71–2.94, p < 0.001). There was no association between the NPY haplotypes with overall illness severity or mood disturbance either during the acute illness phase or with prolonged illness (p > 0.05). Severe acute infective illnesses predicted prolonged illness, prolonged mood disturbance and PIFS. These factors may facilitate early intervention to manage both PIFS and mood disturbances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina X. Sandler
- Laboratory Viral Immunology Systems Program, Kirby Institute, The University of New South Wales (UNSW Sydney), Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Sport and Exercise Science, School of Health Science, Western Sydney University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University Brisbane, Queensland, QLD, Australia
| | - Erin Cvejic
- The University of Sydney, Faculty of Medicine and Health, School of Public Health, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Braulio M. Valencia
- Laboratory Viral Immunology Systems Program, Kirby Institute, The University of New South Wales (UNSW Sydney), Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Hui Li
- Laboratory Viral Immunology Systems Program, Kirby Institute, The University of New South Wales (UNSW Sydney), Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Ian B. Hickie
- The University of Sydney, Brain and Mind Centre, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Andrew R. Lloyd
- Laboratory Viral Immunology Systems Program, Kirby Institute, The University of New South Wales (UNSW Sydney), Sydney, NSW, Australia
- *Correspondence: Andrew R. Lloyd
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Tokumasu K, Honda H, Sunada N, Sakurada Y, Matsuda Y, Yamamoto K, Nakano Y, Hasegawa T, Yamamoto Y, Otsuka Y, Hagiya H, Kataoka H, Ueda K, Otsuka F. Clinical Characteristics of Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (ME/CFS) Diagnosed in Patients with Long COVID. Medicina (B Aires) 2022; 58:medicina58070850. [PMID: 35888568 PMCID: PMC9325226 DOI: 10.3390/medicina58070850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Revised: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Objectives: COVID-19 can be serious not only in the acute phase but also after the acute phase and some patients develop ME/CFS. There have been few studies on patients with long COVID in whom ME/CFS was diagnosed by physicians based on standardized criteria after examinations and exclusion diagnosis and not based on only subjective symptoms. The purpose of this study was to elucidate the detailed characteristics of ME/CFS in patients with long COVID. Materials and Methods: A retrospective descriptive study was performed for patients who visited a COVID-19 aftercare clinic established in Okayama University Hospital during the period was from February 2021 to April 2022. Results: Clinical data were obtained from medical records for 281 patients, and 279 patients who met the definition of long COVID were included. The overall prevalence rate of ME/CFS diagnosed by three sets of ME/CFS criteria (Fukuda, Canadian and IOM criteria) was 16.8% (48.9% in male and 51.1% in females). The most frequent symptoms in ME/CFS patients were general fatigue and post-exertional malaise (89.4% of the patients), headache (34.0%), insomnia (23.4%), dysosmia (21.3%) and dysgeusia (19.1%). Dizziness, chest pain, insomnia and headache were characteristic symptoms related to ME/CFS. The male to female ratio in ME/CFS patients was equal in the present study, although ME/CFS was generally more common in women in previous studies. Given that patients with ME/CFS had more severe conditions in the acute phase of COVID-19, the severity of the acute infectious state might be involved in the pathophysiology of ME/CFS. Conclusions: The prevalence rate of ME/CFS and the characteristic sequelae in the long COVID condition were revealed in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuki Tokumasu
- Department of General Medicine, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama 700-8558, Japan; (K.T.); (H.H.); (N.S.); (Y.S.); (Y.M.); (K.Y.); (Y.N.); (T.H.); (Y.Y.); (Y.O.); (H.H.); (H.K.); (K.U.)
| | - Hiroyuki Honda
- Department of General Medicine, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama 700-8558, Japan; (K.T.); (H.H.); (N.S.); (Y.S.); (Y.M.); (K.Y.); (Y.N.); (T.H.); (Y.Y.); (Y.O.); (H.H.); (H.K.); (K.U.)
| | - Naruhiko Sunada
- Department of General Medicine, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama 700-8558, Japan; (K.T.); (H.H.); (N.S.); (Y.S.); (Y.M.); (K.Y.); (Y.N.); (T.H.); (Y.Y.); (Y.O.); (H.H.); (H.K.); (K.U.)
| | - Yasue Sakurada
- Department of General Medicine, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama 700-8558, Japan; (K.T.); (H.H.); (N.S.); (Y.S.); (Y.M.); (K.Y.); (Y.N.); (T.H.); (Y.Y.); (Y.O.); (H.H.); (H.K.); (K.U.)
| | - Yui Matsuda
- Department of General Medicine, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama 700-8558, Japan; (K.T.); (H.H.); (N.S.); (Y.S.); (Y.M.); (K.Y.); (Y.N.); (T.H.); (Y.Y.); (Y.O.); (H.H.); (H.K.); (K.U.)
| | - Koichiro Yamamoto
- Department of General Medicine, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama 700-8558, Japan; (K.T.); (H.H.); (N.S.); (Y.S.); (Y.M.); (K.Y.); (Y.N.); (T.H.); (Y.Y.); (Y.O.); (H.H.); (H.K.); (K.U.)
| | - Yasuhiro Nakano
- Department of General Medicine, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama 700-8558, Japan; (K.T.); (H.H.); (N.S.); (Y.S.); (Y.M.); (K.Y.); (Y.N.); (T.H.); (Y.Y.); (Y.O.); (H.H.); (H.K.); (K.U.)
| | - Toru Hasegawa
- Department of General Medicine, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama 700-8558, Japan; (K.T.); (H.H.); (N.S.); (Y.S.); (Y.M.); (K.Y.); (Y.N.); (T.H.); (Y.Y.); (Y.O.); (H.H.); (H.K.); (K.U.)
| | - Yukichika Yamamoto
- Department of General Medicine, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama 700-8558, Japan; (K.T.); (H.H.); (N.S.); (Y.S.); (Y.M.); (K.Y.); (Y.N.); (T.H.); (Y.Y.); (Y.O.); (H.H.); (H.K.); (K.U.)
| | - Yuki Otsuka
- Department of General Medicine, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama 700-8558, Japan; (K.T.); (H.H.); (N.S.); (Y.S.); (Y.M.); (K.Y.); (Y.N.); (T.H.); (Y.Y.); (Y.O.); (H.H.); (H.K.); (K.U.)
| | - Hideharu Hagiya
- Department of General Medicine, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama 700-8558, Japan; (K.T.); (H.H.); (N.S.); (Y.S.); (Y.M.); (K.Y.); (Y.N.); (T.H.); (Y.Y.); (Y.O.); (H.H.); (H.K.); (K.U.)
| | - Hitomi Kataoka
- Department of General Medicine, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama 700-8558, Japan; (K.T.); (H.H.); (N.S.); (Y.S.); (Y.M.); (K.Y.); (Y.N.); (T.H.); (Y.Y.); (Y.O.); (H.H.); (H.K.); (K.U.)
| | - Keigo Ueda
- Department of General Medicine, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama 700-8558, Japan; (K.T.); (H.H.); (N.S.); (Y.S.); (Y.M.); (K.Y.); (Y.N.); (T.H.); (Y.Y.); (Y.O.); (H.H.); (H.K.); (K.U.)
- Clinical & Educational Center for Kampo Medicine, Okayama University Hospital, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Fumio Otsuka
- Department of General Medicine, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama 700-8558, Japan; (K.T.); (H.H.); (N.S.); (Y.S.); (Y.M.); (K.Y.); (Y.N.); (T.H.); (Y.Y.); (Y.O.); (H.H.); (H.K.); (K.U.)
- Clinical & Educational Center for Kampo Medicine, Okayama University Hospital, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-86-235-7342; Fax: +81-86-235-7345
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7
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Abel KM, Carr MJ, Ashcroft DM, Chalder T, Chew-Graham CA, Hope H, Kapur N, McManus S, Steeg S, Webb RT, Pierce M. Association of SARS-CoV-2 Infection With Psychological Distress, Psychotropic Prescribing, Fatigue, and Sleep Problems Among UK Primary Care Patients. JAMA Netw Open 2021; 4:e2134803. [PMID: 34783824 PMCID: PMC8596199 DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.34803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Infection with SARS-CoV-2 is associated with fatigue and sleep problems long after the acute phase of COVID-19. In addition, there are concerns of SARS-CoV-2 infection causing psychiatric illness; however, evidence of a direct effect is inconclusive. OBJECTIVE To assess risk of risk of incident or repeat psychiatric illness, fatigue, or sleep problems following SARS-CoV-2 infection and to analyze changes according to demographic subgroups. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS This cohort study assembled matched cohorts using the Clinical Practice Research Datalink Aurum, a UK primary care registry of 11 923 499 individuals aged 16 years or older. Patients were followed-up for up to 10 months, from February 1 to December 9, 2020. Individuals with less than 2 years of historical data or less than 1 week follow-up were excluded. Individuals with positive results on a SARS-CoV-2 test without prior mental illness or with anxiety or depression, psychosis, fatigue, or sleep problems were matched with up to 4 controls based on sex, general practice, and year of birth. Controls were individuals who had negative SARS-CoV-2 test results. Data were analyzed from January to July 2021. EXPOSURE SARS-CoV-2 infection, determined via polymerase chain reaction testing. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Cox proportional hazard models estimated the association between a positive SARS-CoV-2 test result and subsequent psychiatric morbidity (depression, anxiety, psychosis, or self-harm), sleep problems, fatigue, or psychotropic prescribing. Models adjusted for comorbidities, ethnicity, smoking, and body mass index. RESULTS Of 11 923 105 eligible individuals (6 011 020 [50.4%] women and 5 912 085 [49.6%] men; median [IQR] age, 44 [30-61] years), 232 780 individuals (2.0%) had positive result on a SARS-CoV-2 test. After applying selection criteria, 86 922 individuals were in the matched cohort without prior mental illness, 19 020 individuals had prior anxiety or depression, 1036 individuals had psychosis, 4152 individuals had fatigue, and 4539 individuals had sleep problems. After adjusting for observed confounders, there was an association between positive SARS-CoV-2 test results and psychiatric morbidity (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR], 1.83; 95% CI, 1.66-2.02), fatigue (aHR, 5.98; 95% CI, 5.33-6.71), and sleep problems (aHR, 3.16; 95% CI, 2.64-3.78). However, there was a similar risk of incident psychiatric morbidity for those with a negative SARS-CoV-2 test results (aHR, 1.71; 95% CI, 1.65-1.77) and a larger increase associated with influenza (aHR, 2.98; 95% CI, 1.55-5.75). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE In this cohort study of individuals registered at an English primary care practice during the pandemic, there was consistent evidence that SARS-CoV-2 infection was associated with increased risk of fatigue and sleep problems. However, the results from the negative control analysis suggest that unobserved confounding may be responsible for at least some of the positive association between COVID-19 and psychiatric morbidity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn M. Abel
- Greater Manchester Mental Health Trust, Manchester, United Kingdom
- Centre for Women’s Mental Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
- Division of Psychology and Mental Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
- Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew J. Carr
- Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, United Kingdom
- Centre for Pharmacoepidemiology and Drug Safety, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
- National Institute for Health Research Greater Manchester Patient Safety Translational Research Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Darren M. Ashcroft
- Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, United Kingdom
- Centre for Pharmacoepidemiology and Drug Safety, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
- National Institute for Health Research Greater Manchester Patient Safety Translational Research Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Trudie Chalder
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Holly Hope
- Centre for Women’s Mental Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
- Division of Psychology and Mental Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
- Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Navneet Kapur
- Greater Manchester Mental Health Trust, Manchester, United Kingdom
- Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, United Kingdom
- National Institute for Health Research Greater Manchester Patient Safety Translational Research Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Sally McManus
- National Centre for Social Research, London, United Kingdom
- School of Health Sciences, City, University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah Steeg
- Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Roger T. Webb
- Division of Psychology and Mental Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
- Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, United Kingdom
- National Institute for Health Research Greater Manchester Patient Safety Translational Research Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Matthias Pierce
- Centre for Women’s Mental Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
- Division of Psychology and Mental Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
- Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, United Kingdom
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
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8
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Sandler CX, Wyller VBB, Moss-Morris R, Buchwald D, Crawley E, Hautvast J, Katz BZ, Knoop H, Little P, Taylor R, Wensaas KA, Lloyd AR. Long COVID and Post-infective Fatigue Syndrome: A Review. Open Forum Infect Dis 2021; 8:ofab440. [PMID: 34631916 PMCID: PMC8496765 DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofab440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Fatigue is a dominant feature of both acute and convalescent coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) (sometimes termed "long-COVID"), with up to 46% of patients reporting fatigue that lasts from weeks to months. The investigators of the international Collaborative on Fatigue Following Infection (COFFI) conducted a systematic review of post-COVID fatigue and a narrative review on fatigue after other infections, and made recommendations for clinical and research approaches to assessing fatigue after COVID-19. In the majority of COVID-19 cohort studies, persistent fatigue was reported by a significant minority of patients, ranging from 13% to 33% at 16-20 weeks post-symptom onset. Data from the prospective cohort studies in COFFI and others indicate that fatigue is also a prevalent outcome from many acute systemic infections, notably infectious mononucleosis, with a case rate for clinically significant Post-infective fatigue after exclusion of recognized medical and psychiatric causes, ranging from 10%-35% at 6 months. To better characterize post-COVID fatigue, the COFFI investigators recommend the following: application of validated screening questionnaires for case detection; standardized interviews encompassing fatigue, mood, and other symptoms; and investigative approaches to identify end-organ damage and mental health conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Vegard B B Wyller
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog, Norway
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Blindern, Oslo, Norway
| | - Rona Moss-Morris
- Health Psychology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Dedra Buchwald
- Institute for Research and Education to Advance Community Health, Washington State University, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Esther Crawley
- Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol. Bristol. Centre for Academic Child Health, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Jeannine Hautvast
- Department of Primary and Community Care, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Ben Z Katz
- Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Department of Pediatrics, Chicago, Illinois, USA
- Ann & Robert H Lurie Children’s Hospital of Chicago, Division of Infectious Diseases, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Hans Knoop
- Department of Medical Psychology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Paul Little
- Primary Care Research Centre, Primary Care Public Health and Medical Education Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Renee Taylor
- College of Applied Health Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Knut-Arne Wensaas
- Research Unit for General Practice, NORCE Norwegian Research Centre, Bergen, Norway
| | - Andrew R Lloyd
- The Kirby Institute, UNSW Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Correspondence: Andrew Lloyd, MBBS, PhD, FRACP, FAHMS, Level 5, Wallace Wurth Building, Kirby Institute, UNSW Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia ()
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Evaluation of selected variables to determine if any had predictive value for, or correlated with, residual symptoms at approximately 12 months after diagnosis and treatment of early Lyme disease. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2021; 100:115348. [PMID: 33774355 DOI: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2021.115348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Revised: 01/30/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Subjective symptoms may persist after antibiotic treatment of patients with erythema migrans. Selected baseline variables were evaluated to determine if any correlated with symptom persistence to 12 months (PTLDS). Tingling or an abnormal skin sensation were reported by 5 (71.4%) of the 7 PTLDS cases at the baseline visit versus 4 (13.3%) of the 30 initially symptomatic subjects without PTLDS (P= 0.005). The frequency of having a total score of ≥17, when the Beck Depression Inventory score was added to the number of pain sites that the subject reported at the baseline visit, also showed a significant difference: 71.4% versus 10%, P= 0.002. All but 1 of the 7 subjects with possible PTLDS had either a total score of at least 17 on these 2 measures combined or had a score of ≥2 on the stress event questionnaire used. Clinical investigations should be conducted to validate these findings with other patient cohorts.
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Multidisciplinary research priorities for the COVID-19 pandemic: a call for action for mental health science. Lancet Psychiatry 2020; 7:547-560. [PMID: 32304649 PMCID: PMC7159850 DOI: 10.1016/s2215-0366(20)30168-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3132] [Impact Index Per Article: 783.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Revised: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic is having a profound effect on all aspects of society, including mental health and physical health. We explore the psychological, social, and neuroscientific effects of COVID-19 and set out the immediate priorities and longer-term strategies for mental health science research. These priorities were informed by surveys of the public and an expert panel convened by the UK Academy of Medical Sciences and the mental health research charity, MQ: Transforming Mental Health, in the first weeks of the pandemic in the UK in March, 2020. We urge UK research funding agencies to work with researchers, people with lived experience, and others to establish a high level coordination group to ensure that these research priorities are addressed, and to allow new ones to be identified over time. The need to maintain high-quality research standards is imperative. International collaboration and a global perspective will be beneficial. An immediate priority is collecting high-quality data on the mental health effects of the COVID-19 pandemic across the whole population and vulnerable groups, and on brain function, cognition, and mental health of patients with COVID-19. There is an urgent need for research to address how mental health consequences for vulnerable groups can be mitigated under pandemic conditions, and on the impact of repeated media consumption and health messaging around COVID-19. Discovery, evaluation, and refinement of mechanistically driven interventions to address the psychological, social, and neuroscientific aspects of the pandemic are required. Rising to this challenge will require integration across disciplines and sectors, and should be done together with people with lived experience. New funding will be required to meet these priorities, and it can be efficiently leveraged by the UK's world-leading infrastructure. This Position Paper provides a strategy that may be both adapted for, and integrated with, research efforts in other countries.
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Sandler CX, Lloyd AR. Chronic fatigue syndrome: progress and possibilities. Med J Aust 2020; 212:428-433. [DOI: 10.5694/mja2.50553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Carolina X Sandler
- UNSW Fatigue ClinicUNSW Sydney NSW
- Queensland University of Technology Brisbane QLD
| | - Andrew R Lloyd
- Kirby Institute for Infection and Immunity in SocietyUNSW Sydney NSW
- UNSW Medicine Sydney NSW
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Hulme K, Little P, Burrows A, Julia A, Moss‐Morris R. Subacute fatigue in primary care - two sides of the story. Br J Health Psychol 2019; 24:419-442. [PMID: 30848557 PMCID: PMC6519220 DOI: 10.1111/bjhp.12361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2018] [Revised: 01/31/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Fatigue is a common symptom in primary care. Chronic fatigue research highlights the value of preventing chronicity, but little research has investigated the early, subacute stage of the fatigue trajectory (<3 months). We aimed to examine patient and general practitioner (GP) perspectives of subacute fatigue in primary care: (1) to gain a better understanding of fatigue during this stage and (2) to explore how management could be improved. DESIGN A qualitative study design was used. In-depth, semi-structured telephone interviews were conducted with 14 patients and 14 GPs (non-dyadic), recruited from 19 primary care practices. METHODS Interview transcripts were thematically analysed. Initially, patient and GP accounts were analysed separately, before themes were merged to identify shared and independent perspectives. RESULTS Three main themes were identified. Within these, subthemes from patients', GPs', or shared patient/GP perspectives emerged. The main themes encompassed the following: (1) Change from normal - the impact of fatigue; (2) The challenges of managing fatigue; and (3) The consultation GPs' knowledge was often not reflected in patients' accounts, even for those reporting positive experiences, suggesting knowledge was not effectively translated. CONCLUSIONS Some findings, such as impact, mirror those described in chronic fatigue. New insights into early-stage fatigue management also arose, including mismatches in patient and GP perceptions on negative tests and not re-presenting. These highlight the need for better communication and shared understanding. GPs should pre-emptively present a biopsychosocial model of fatigue and keep communication channels open, particularly in the light of negative physiological tests. Statement of contribution What is already known on this subject? Patients with chronic fatigue retrospectively report lack of understanding from GPs in early stage of illness. Little research has investigated the early stages of the fatigue trajectory. What does this study add? Consequences of an episode of subacute fatigue are similar to those reported for CFS. There is discordance between GPs' positive view of negative tests and patients' need for explanation of symptoms. The length of appointments is a significant barrier for creating shared understanding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Hulme
- Health Psychology SectionInstitute of Psychiatry, Psychology and NeuroscienceKing's College LondonUK
| | - Paul Little
- Primary Care and Population SciencesFaculty of MedicineUniversity of SouthamptonUK
| | - Abigail Burrows
- Health Psychology SectionInstitute of Psychiatry, Psychology and NeuroscienceKing's College LondonUK
| | - Anna Julia
- Health Psychology SectionInstitute of Psychiatry, Psychology and NeuroscienceKing's College LondonUK
| | - Rona Moss‐Morris
- Health Psychology SectionInstitute of Psychiatry, Psychology and NeuroscienceKing's College LondonUK
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Hulme K, Hudson JL, Rojczyk P, Little P, Moss-Morris R. Biopsychosocial risk factors of persistent fatigue after acute infection: A systematic review to inform interventions. J Psychosom Res 2017; 99:120-129. [PMID: 28712416 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychores.2017.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2017] [Revised: 05/31/2017] [Accepted: 06/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Fatigue is a prevalent and debilitating symptom, preceded by an acute infectious episode in some patients. This systematic review aimed to identify risk factors for the development of persistent fatigue after an acute infection, to develop an evidence-based working model of post-infectious fatigue. METHODS Electronic databases (Medline, PsycINFO and EMBASE) were searched, from inception to March 2016, for studies which investigated biopsychosocial risk factors of on-going fatigue after an acute infection. Inclusion criteria were: prospective design; biological, psychological or social risk factors; standardised measure of post-infectious fatigue (self-report scales or clinical diagnosis). Studies were excluded if the sample had a pre-existing medical condition, infection was conceptualised as 'vaccination' or they were intervention trials. A narrative synthesis was performed. RESULTS Eighty-one full texts were screened, of which seventeen were included in the review. Over half included glandular fever populations. Other infections included dengue fever, 'general'/'viral' and Q-fever. Risk factors were summarised under biological, social, behavioural, cognitive and emotional subthemes. Patients' cognitive and behavioural responses to the acute illness, and pre-infection or baseline distress and fatigue were the most consistent risk factors for post-infectious fatigue. CONCLUSION An empirical summary model is provided, highlighting the risk factors most consistently associated with persistent fatigue. The components of the model, the possible interaction of risk factors and implications for understanding the fatigue trajectory and informing preventative treatments are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Hulme
- Health Psychology Section, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, UK; Health Psychology Department, Staffordshire University, Stoke-on-Trent, UK.
| | - Joanna L Hudson
- Health Psychology Section, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, UK.
| | - Philine Rojczyk
- Psychology Department, Faculty of Social and Behavioural Sciences, Leiden University, Netherlands.
| | - Paul Little
- Primary Care and Population Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK.
| | - Rona Moss-Morris
- Health Psychology Section, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, UK.
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Abstract
Familial factors have previously been implicated in the etiology of fatigue, of which a significant proportion is likely attributable to genetic influences. However, family studies have primarily focused on chronic fatigue syndrome, while univariate twin studies have investigated broader fatigue phenotypes. The results for similar fatigue phenotypes vary between studies, particularly with regard to sex-specific contributions to the heritability of the traits. Therefore, the current study aims to investigate the familiality and sex-specific effects of fatigue experienced over the past few weeks in an older Australian population of 660 monozygotic (MZ) twin pairs, 190 MZ singleton twins, 593 dizygotic (DZ) twin pairs, and 365 DZ singleton twins. Higher risks for fatigue were observed in MZ compared to DZ co-twins of probands with fatigue. Univariate heritability analyses indicated fatigue has a significant genetic component, with a heritability (h2) estimate of 40%. Sex-specific effects did not significantly contribute to the heritability of fatigue, with similar estimates for males (h2= 41%, 95% CI [18, 62]) and females (h2= 40%, 95% CI [27, 52]). These results indicate that fatigue experienced over the past few weeks has a familial contribution, with additive genetic factors playing an important role in its etiology.
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The Management of Chronic Fatigue Syndrome in an Inpatient Setting: Presentation of an Approach and Perceived Outcome. Br J Occup Ther 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/030802269806100907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
This paper describes chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) and methods of management in a National Health Service Neurological Sciences Facility. A retrospective postal survey was carried out to determine the perceived level of ability of CFS inpatients 6 months following discharge from an inpatient programme of CFS treatment and management. One hundred and ninety-nine patients were admitted into the CFS inpatient programme, aged 16–68 years and with a mean age of 39 years. A specifically designed self-report questionnaire was used to ascertain duration of fatigue, change in work pattern and current level of ability (6 months following the inpatient programme). One hundred and nine patients fulfilled the Centre for Disease Control 1994 criteria for CFS. At 6 months post-discharge, 89 (82%) patients had a perceived increase in level of ability compared with prior to their admission to hospital. The duration of symptoms appeared to affect outcome. A further controlled trial using published rating scales is currently under way to substantiate the findings.
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Chronic fatigue syndrome/myalgic encephalomyelitis (CFS/ME) is associated with pandemic influenza infection, but not with an adjuvanted pandemic influenza vaccine. Vaccine 2015; 33:6173-7. [PMID: 26475444 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2015] [Revised: 09/22/2015] [Accepted: 10/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic fatigue syndrome/myalgic encephalomyelitis (CFS/ME) is associated to infections and it has been suggested that vaccination can trigger the disease. However, little is known about the specific association between clinically manifest influenza/influenza vaccine and CFS/ME. As part of a registry surveillance of adverse effects after mass vaccination in Norway during the 2009 influenza A (H1N1) pandemic, we had the opportunity to estimate and contrast the risk of CFS/ME after infection and vaccination. METHODS Using the unique personal identification number assigned to everybody who is registered as resident in Norway, we followed the complete Norwegian population as of October 1, 2009, through national registries of vaccination, communicable diseases, primary health, and specialist health care until December 31, 2012. Hazard ratios (HRs) of CFS/ME, as diagnosed in the specialist health care services (diagnostic code G93.3 in the International Classification of Diseases, Version 10), after influenza infection and/or vaccination were estimated using Cox proportional-hazards regression. RESULTS The incidence rate of CFS/ME was 2.08 per 100,000 person-months at risk. The adjusted HR of CFS/ME after pandemic vaccination was 0.97 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.91-1.04), while it was 2.04 (95% CI: 1.78-2.33) after being diagnosed with influenza infection during the peak pandemic period. CONCLUSIONS Pandemic influenza A (H1N1) infection was associated with a more than two-fold increased risk of CFS/ME. We found no indication of increased risk of CFS/ME after vaccination. Our findings are consistent with a model whereby symptomatic infection, rather than antigenic stimulation may trigger CFS/ME.
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Cognitive flexibility in healthy students is affected by fatigue: An experimental study. LEARNING AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lindif.2015.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Serious long-term health consequences of Q-fever and Legionnaires' disease. J Infect 2014; 68:527-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2014.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2013] [Revised: 01/10/2014] [Accepted: 01/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Abstract
Chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) is an illness characterized by disabling fatigue of at least 6 months. The aetiology of the condition has been hotly debated. In this chapter the evidence for CFS as a post viral condition and/or a neurological condition is reviewed. Although there is evidence that CFS is triggered by certain viruses in some patients and that neurobiological changes such as hypocortisolism are associated with the syndrome, neither mechanism is sufficient to explain the extent of the symptoms or disability experienced by patients. It is unlikely that CFS can be understood through one aetiological mechanisms. Rather it is a complex illness which is best explained in terms of a multifactorial cognitive behavioural model. This model proposes that CFS is precipitated by life events and/or viral illness in vulnerable individuals, such as those who are genetically predisposed, prone to distress, high achievement, and over or under activity. A self perpetuating cycle where physiological changes, illness beliefs, reduced and inconsistent activity, sleep disturbance, medical uncertainty and lack of guidance interact to maintain symptoms. Treatments based on this model including cognitive behavioural therapy and graded exercise therapy are effective at significantly reducing fatigue and disability in CFS. This chapter provides a description of these approaches and details of the trials conducted in the area.
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23
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Lloyd AR. Fatigue after infection: aetiology and pathophysiology. MICROBIOLOGY AUSTRALIA 2013. [DOI: 10.1071/ma13047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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25
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Illness Onset Characteristics in Children with Chronic Fatigue Syndrome and Idiopathic Chronic Fatigue. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1300/j092v03n02_05] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Subjective Sleep Quality and Depressive Symptoms in Patients with the Chronic Fatigue Syndrome. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1300/j092v10n02_03] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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28
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Characteristics of Fatigued Persons Associated with Features of Chronic Fatigue Syndrome. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1300/j092v04n03_07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Moss-Morris R, Spence MJ, Hou R. The pathway from glandular fever to chronic fatigue syndrome: can the cognitive behavioural model provide the map? Psychol Med 2011; 41:1099-1107. [PMID: 20663256 DOI: 10.1017/s003329171000139x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The cognitive behavioural model of chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) suggests that the illness is caused through reciprocal interactions between physiology, cognition, emotion and behaviour. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether the psychological factors operationalized in this model could predict the onset of CFS following an acute episode of infectious mononucleosis commonly known as glandular fever (GF). METHOD A total of 246 patients with GF were recruited into this prospective cohort study. Standardized self-report measures of perceived stress, perfectionism, somatization, mood, illness beliefs and behaviour were completed at the time of their acute illness. Follow-up questionnaires determined the incidence of new-onset chronic fatigue (CF) at 3 months and CFS at 6 months post-infection. RESULTS Of the participants, 9.4% met the criteria for CF at 3 months and 7.8% met the criteria for CFS at 6 months. Logistic regression revealed that factors proposed to predispose people to CFS including anxiety, depression, somatization and perfectionism were associated with new-onset CFS. Negative illness beliefs including perceiving GF to be a serious, distressing condition, that will last a long time and is uncontrollable, and responding to symptoms in an all-or-nothing behavioural pattern were also significant predictors. All-or-nothing behaviour was the most significant predictor of CFS at 6 months. Perceived stress and consistently limiting activity at the time of GF were not significantly associated with CFS. CONCLUSIONS The findings from this study provide support for the cognitive behavioural model and a good basis for developing prevention and early intervention strategies for CFS.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Moss-Morris
- School of Psychology, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton, UK.
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Eligio P, Delia R, Valeria G. EBV Chronic Infections. Mediterr J Hematol Infect Dis 2010; 2:e2010022. [PMID: 21415952 PMCID: PMC3033110 DOI: 10.4084/mjhid.2010.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2010] [Accepted: 08/09/2010] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The infection from Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) or virus of infectious mononucleosis, together with other herpes viruses' infections, represents a prototype of persistent viral infections characterized by the property of the latency. Although the reactivations of the latent infection are associated with the resumption of the viral replication and eventually with the "shedding", it is still not clear if this virus can determine chronic infectious diseases, more or less evolutive. These diseases could include some pathological conditions actually defined as "idiopathic"and characterized by the "viral persistence" as the more credible pathogenetic factor. Among the so-called idiopathic syndromes, the "chronic fatigue syndrome" (CFS) aroused a great interest around the eighties of the last century when, just for its relationship with EBV, it was called "chronic mononucleosis" or "chronic EBV infection".Today CFS, as defined in 1994 by the CDC of Atlanta (USA), really represents a multifactorial syndrome characterized by a chronic course, where reactivation and remission phases alternate, and by a good prognosis. The etiopathogenetic role of EBV is demonstrated only in a well-examined subgroup of patients, while in most of the remaining cases this role should be played by other infectious agents - able to remain in a latent or persistent way in the host - or even by not infectious agents (toxic, neuroendocrine, methabolic, etc.). However, the pathogenetic substrate of the different etiologic forms seems to be the same, much probably represented by the oxidative damage due to the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines as a response to the triggering event (infectious or not infectious).Anyway, recently the scientists turned their's attention to the genetic predisposition of the subjects affected by the syndrome, so that in the last years the genetic studies, together with those of molecular biology, received a great impulse. Thanks to both these studies it was possibile to confirm the etiologic links between the syndrome and EBV or other herpesviruses or other persistent infectious agents.The mechanisms of EBV latency have been carefully examined both because they represent the virus strategy to elude the response of the immune system of the host, and because they are correlated with those oncologic conditions associated to the viral persistence, particularly lymphomas and lymphoproliferative disorders. Just these malignancies, for which a pathogenetic role of EBV is clearly documented, should represent the main clinical expression of a first group of chronic EBV infections characterized by a natural history where the neoplastic event aroused from the viral persistence in the resting B cells for all the life, from the genetic predisposition of the host and from the oncogenic potentialities of the virus that chronically persists and incurs reactivations.Really, these oncological diseases should be considered more complications than chronic forms of the illness, as well as other malignancies for which a viral - or even infectious - etiology is well recognized. The chronic diseases, in fact, should be linked in a pathogenetic and temporal way to the acute infection, from whom start the natural history of the following disease. So, as for the chronic liver diseases from HBV and HCV, it was conied the acronym of CAEBV (Chronic Active EBV infection), distinguishing within these pathologies the more severe forms (SCAEBV) mostly reported in Far East and among children or adolescents. Probably only these forms have to be considered expressions of a chronic EBV infection "sensu scrictu", together with those forms of CFS where the etiopathogenetic and temporal link with the acute EBV infection is well documented. As for CFS, also for CAEBV the criteria for a case definition were defined, even on the basis of serological and virological findings. However, the lymphoproliferative disorders are excluded from these forms and mantain their nosographic (e.g. T or B cell or NK type lymphomas) and pathogenetic collocation, even when they occur within chronic forms of EBV infection. In the pathogenesis, near to the programs of latency of the virus, the genetic and environmental factors, independent from the real natural history of EBV infection, play a crucial role.Finally, it was realized a review of cases - not much numerous in literature - of chronic EBV infection associated to chronic liver and neurological diseases, where the modern techniques of molecular biology should be useful to obtain a more exact etiologic definition, not always possibile to reach in the past.The wide variety of clinical forms associated to the EBV chronic infection makes difficult the finding of a univocal pathogenetic link. There is no doubt, however, that a careful examination of the different clinical forms described in this review should be useful to open new horizons to the study of the persistent viral infections and the still not well cleared pathologies that they can induce in the human host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pizzigallo Eligio
- Clinic of Infectious Diseases – Department of Medicine and Aging – “G. D’Annunzio” University of Chieti (Italy)
| | - Racciatti Delia
- Clinic of Infectious Diseases – Department of Medicine and Aging – “G. D’Annunzio” University of Chieti (Italy)
| | - Gorgoretti Valeria
- Clinic of Infectious Diseases – Department of Medicine and Aging – “G. D’Annunzio” University of Chieti (Italy)
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Ball HA, Sumathipala A, Siribaddana SH, Kovas Y, Glozier N, McGuffin P, Hotopf M. Aetiology of fatigue in Sri Lanka and its overlap with depression. Br J Psychiatry 2010; 197:106-13. [PMID: 20679262 PMCID: PMC2913272 DOI: 10.1192/bjp.bp.109.069674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fatigue is a common symptom in Western high-income countries but is often medically unexplained and little is known about its presentation in other populations. AIMS To explore the epidemiology and aetiology of fatigue in Sri Lanka, and of its overlap with depression. METHOD A total of 4024 randomly selected twins from a population-based register in Sri Lanka (Colombo district) completed home interviews including the Chalder Fatigue Questionnaire. RESULTS The prevalence of fatigue was similar to that in other countries, although prolonged fatigue may be less common. There was substantial comorbidity with a screen for lifetime depression. Non-shared environmental factors made the largest contributions, although genetic/family factors also contributed. The aetiology appeared consistent across the spectrum of severity. CONCLUSIONS The aetiology of fatigue is broadly similar in Sri Lanka and Western high-income countries. Abnormal experiences of fatigue appear to be the extreme form of more common fatigue, rather than representing independent entities with different genetic or environmental risk factors.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND To examine the role of psychological distress, negative life events, social support and lack of fitness (using breathlessness on exertion as a proxy) in the development of new onset fatigue in a primary care population. METHOD Adults between the ages of 18 and 45 years who were registered with five general practices in South East England were asked to complete a fatigue questionnaire and the 12-item General Health Questionnaire. Between 1 and 12 months later, subjects who visited the general practitioner (GP) with a suspected viral infection were recruited to the study and asked to complete measures of fatigue, psychological distress, life events, social support and allergies (stage 2). The next person to present to the GP with a complaint other than a viral illness was recruited as a control. Factors assessed at stage 2 that were associated with the development of fatigue were examined with stepwise logistic regression. RESULTS Acute fatigue was not associated with a viral illness. Negative life events and breathlessness on exertion (interpreted as lack of fitness) were associated with incident cases of fatigue. However, when controlling for concurrent psychological distress, the independent association of negative life events disappeared. CONCLUSIONS Psychological distress was strongly associated with new onset fatigue and hence emphasizes the significance of psychological distress as a concomitant complaint in fatigue. Further, the salient association between breathlessness and fatigue may indicate the need to recommend exercise as a therapeutic strategy to improve physical fitness in the primary care setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Chalder
- Department of Psychological Medicine, King's College Hospital, London, UK.
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Cella M, Chalder T. Measuring fatigue in clinical and community settings. J Psychosom Res 2010; 69:17-22. [PMID: 20630259 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychores.2009.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 228] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2009] [Revised: 10/08/2009] [Accepted: 10/13/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The Chalder Fatigue Scale (CFQ) is a widely used instrument to assess fatigue in both clinical and nonclinical settings. Psychometric properties of the scale and discriminative abilities were examined. METHODS A total of 361 patients with CFS and 1615 individuals in the community were assessed with the CFQ. Principal component analysis (PCA) was used to explore the structure of the scale. Receiver-operating characteristic curve (ROC) was used to investigate the discriminative properties. RESULTS Two components, physical and mental fatigue, were identified in the CFS patient group and in the general population samples. Area under the curve for ROC was .91. The fatigue scale effectively discriminates, at high scores, between CFS patients and the general population. CONCLUSION Physical and mental fatigue are clearly separable components of fatigue. The CFQ can discriminate reliably between clinical and nonclinical conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Cella
- Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London, United Kingdom.
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Hamilton WT, Gallagher AM, Thomas JM, White PD. Risk markers for both chronic fatigue and irritable bowel syndromes: a prospective case-control study in primary care. Psychol Med 2009; 39:1913-1921. [PMID: 19366500 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291709005601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fatigue syndromes and irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) often occur together. Explanations include being different manifestations of the same condition and simply sharing some symptoms. METHOD A matched case-control study in UK primary care, using data collected prospectively in the General Practice Research Database (GPRD). The main outcome measures were: health-care utilization, specific symptoms and diagnoses. Risk markers were divided into distant (from 3 years to 1 year before diagnosis) and recent (1 year before diagnosis). RESULTS A total of 4388 patients with any fatigue syndrome were matched to two groups of patients: those attending for IBS and those attending for another reason. Infections were specific risk markers for both syndromes, with viral infections being a risk marker for a fatigue syndrome [odds ratios (ORs) 2.3-6.3], with a higher risk closer to onset, and gastroenteritis a risk for IBS (OR 1.47, compared to a fatigue syndrome). Chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) shared more distant risk markers with IBS than other fatigue syndromes, particularly other symptom-based disorders (OR 3.8) and depressive disorders (OR 2.3), but depressive disorders were a greater risk for CFS than IBS (OR 2.4). Viral infections were more of a recent risk marker for CFS compared to IBS (OR 2.8), with gastroenteritis a greater risk for IBS (OR 2.4). CONCLUSIONS Both fatigue and irritable bowel syndromes share predisposing risk markers, but triggering risk markers differ. Fatigue syndromes are heterogeneous, with CFS sharing predisposing risks with IBS, suggesting a common predisposing pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- W T Hamilton
- Academic Unit of Primary Health Care, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
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Cortisol secretion and fatigue: associations in a community based cohort. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2009; 34:1476-85. [PMID: 19497676 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2009.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2008] [Revised: 03/27/2009] [Accepted: 05/03/2009] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The association between fatigue and reduced activity in the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis has been described. However the temporal association between fatigue and HPA activity is under debate. We examine whether alterations in cortisol secretion play a role in the development of fatigue or whether changes occur later as a consequence of fatigue in a longitudinal cohort study of 4299 community dwelling adults (mean age 61). Cortisol secretion was measured from saliva samples collected waking, waking + 0.5, 2.5, 8, 12 h and bedtime at phase 7 (2003-2004) of the Whitehall II study. Fatigue was measured at phase 6 (2001), phase 7 and phase 8 (2006) of the Whitehall II study. Three elements of secretion were examined: waking cortisol, the cortisol awakening response and diurnal slope in cortisol secretion. Fatigue was determined using the vitality sub-scale of the Short Form-36. A wide variety of co-variates were measured. We find that fatigue measured at phase 6 was not associated with cortisol secretion at phase 7. At phase 7, low waking cortisol levels and a flat slope in diurnal cortisol secretion were associated with fatigue independently of co-variates. In participants low or free of fatigue at phase 7 low waking cortisol and flatter slope in cortisol secretion were associated with new-onset fatigue at phase 8 (for example, odds ratio for lowest vs. highest tertile of waking cortisol 1.50; 95% confidence intervals, 1.08, 2.09 after adjusting for all co-variates). In conclusion, we find that low waking salivary cortisol and a flat slope in cortisol secretion is associated with fatigue. Cortisol is also associated with future onset of fatigue suggesting that changes in cortisol secretion are etiologic or occur early in the genesis of fatigue.
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Moss-Morris R. Symptom perceptions, illness beliefs and coping in chronic fatigue syndrome. J Ment Health 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/09638230500136548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Gow JW, Hagan S, Herzyk P, Cannon C, Behan PO, Chaudhuri A. A gene signature for post-infectious chronic fatigue syndrome. BMC Med Genomics 2009; 2:38. [PMID: 19555476 PMCID: PMC2716361 DOI: 10.1186/1755-8794-2-38] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2009] [Accepted: 06/25/2009] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background At present, there are no clinically reliable disease markers for chronic fatigue syndrome. DNA chip microarray technology provides a method for examining the differential expression of mRNA from a large number of genes. Our hypothesis was that a gene expression signature, generated by microarray assays, could help identify genes which are dysregulated in patients with post-infectious CFS and so help identify biomarkers for the condition. Methods Human genome-wide Affymetrix GeneChip arrays (39,000 transcripts derived from 33,000 gene sequences) were used to compare the levels of gene expression in the peripheral blood mononuclear cells of male patients with post-infectious chronic fatigue (n = 8) and male healthy control subjects (n = 7). Results Patients and healthy subjects differed significantly in the level of expression of 366 genes. Analysis of the differentially expressed genes indicated functional implications in immune modulation, oxidative stress and apoptosis. Prototype biomarkers were identified on the basis of differential levels of gene expression and possible biological significance Conclusion Differential expression of key genes identified in this study offer an insight into the possible mechanism of chronic fatigue following infection. The representative biomarkers identified in this research appear promising as potential biomarkers for diagnosis and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- John W Gow
- Dept. of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Glasgow Caledonian University, Glasgow, G4 0BA, UK.
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Abstract
A cognitive behavioural model for the development of chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) is outlined. Six patients with CFS are described who were treated as in-patients using cognitive behaviour therapy. Treatment consisted of graded consistent exposure to activity and cognitive restructuring. Substantial improvements were made in all but one patient up to three months after discharge.
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Pariante CM. Chronic fatigue syndrome and the immune system: "findings in search of meanings". Brain Behav Immun 2009; 23:325-6. [PMID: 19251161 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2009.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2009] [Accepted: 01/08/2009] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Carmine M Pariante
- Sections of Perinatal Psychiatry & Stress, Psychiatry and Immunology (SPI-Lab), Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, 125 Coldharbour Lane, London SE5 9NU, UK.
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Hickie I, Davenport T, Vernon SD, Nisenbaum R, Reeves WC, Hadzi-Pavlovic D, Lloyd A. Are chronic fatigue and chronic fatigue syndrome valid clinical entities across countries and health-care settings? Aust N Z J Psychiatry 2009; 43:25-35. [PMID: 19085525 DOI: 10.1080/00048670802534432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The validity of the diagnosis of chronic fatigue syndrome and related chronic fatigue states remains controversial, particularly in psychiatry. This project utilized international epidemiological and clinical research data to test construct validity across diagnostic categories, health-care settings and countries. Relevant demographic, symptom and diagnostic data were obtained from 33 studies in 21 countries. The subjects had fatigue lasting 1-6 months (prolonged fatigue), or >6 months (chronic fatigue), or met diagnostic criteria for chronic fatigue syndrome. METHOD Common symptom domains were derived by factor analytic techniques. Mean scores on each symptom factor were compared across diagnostic categories, health-care settings and countries. RESULTS Data were obtained on 37,724 subjects (n = 20,845 female, 57%), including from population-based studies (n = 15,749, 42%), studies in primary care (n = 19 472, 52%), and secondary or specialist tertiary referral clinics (n = 2503, 7%). The sample included 2013 subjects with chronic fatigue, and 1958 with chronic fatigue syndrome. A five-factor model of the key symptom domains was preferred ('musculoskeletal pain/fatigue', 'neurocognitive difficulties', 'inflammation', 'sleep disturbance/fatigue' and 'mood disturbance') and was comparable across subject groups and settings. Although the core symptom profiles were similar, some differences in symptoms were observed across diagnostic categories, health-care settings and between countries. CONCLUSIONS The construct validity of chronic fatigue and chronic fatigue syndrome is supported by an empirically derived factor structure from existing international datasets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian Hickie
- Brain and Mind Research Institute, Camperdown, NSW, Australia.
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Hempel S, Chambers D, Bagnall AM, Forbes C. Risk factors for chronic fatigue syndrome/myalgic encephalomyelitis: a systematic scoping review of multiple predictor studies. Psychol Med 2008; 38:915-926. [PMID: 17892624 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291707001602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aetiology of chronic fatigue syndrome/myalgic encephalomyelitis (CFS/ME) is still unknown. The identification of risk factors for CFS/ME is of great importance to practitioners. METHOD A systematic scoping review was conducted to locate studies that analysed risk factors for CFS/ME using multiple predictors. We searched for published and unpublished literature in 11 electronic databases, reference lists of retrieved articles and guideline stakeholder submissions in conjunction with the development of a forthcoming national UK guideline. Risk factors and findings were extracted in a concise tabular overview and studies synthesized narratively. RESULTS Eleven studies were identified that met inclusion criteria: two case-control studies, four cohort studies, three studies combining a cohort with a case-control study design, one case-control and twin study and one cross-sectional survey. The studies looked at a variety of demographic, medical, psychological, social and environmental factors to predict the development of CFS/ME. The existing body of evidence is characterized by factors that were analysed in several studies but without replication of a significant association in more than two studies, and by studies demonstrating significant associations of specific factors that were not assessed in other studies. None of the identified factors appear suitable for the timely identification of patients at risk of developing CFS/ME within clinical practice. CONCLUSIONS Various potential risk factors for the development of CFS/ME have been assessed but definitive evidence that appears meaningful for clinicians is lacking.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Hempel
- Centre for Reviews and Dissemination, University of York, York, UK.
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Faulkner S, Smith A. A longitudinal study of the relationship between psychological distress and recurrence of upper respiratory tract infections in chronic fatigue syndrome. Br J Health Psychol 2008; 13:177-86. [PMID: 17535488 DOI: 10.1348/135910706x171469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Previous research has found that chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) patients report increased susceptibility to upper respiratory tract illnesses (URTIs) when compared with healthy volunteers. This study aimed to replicate and extend this research by investigating the role of psychological distress (stress and negative mood) in the recurrence of URTIs in CFS patients as well as its role in the recurrence of CFS symptoms. DESIGN A 15-week diary study. METHODS Measures of psychological stress, negative mood, recurrence of URTIs and symptoms were recorded each week for a 15-week period. CFS patients (N=21), who had been assessed and diagnosed according to the Oxford criteria, were recruited from the Cardiff Chronic Fatigue Clinic and compared with a matched group of healthy controls (N=18). Frequency of occurrence of infectious illness and the relationship between psychological stress/negative mood and occurrence of illness were assessed. RESULTS CFS patients reported more URTIs than the controls. Stress scores (and negative mood) were significantly higher in the week prior to the occurrence of URTIs than in weeks when no subsequent illness occurred. High levels of psychological stress also preceded the severity of reported symptoms of fatigue in the CFS group. CONCLUSIONS CFS patients reported more frequent URTIs than healthy controls and these recurrences were preceded by high levels of psychological stress. High levels of stress were also associated with greater subsequent fatigue. Possible explanations of these results are discussed.
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Glucocorticoid sensitivity of immune cells in severely fatigued adolescent girls: a longitudinal study. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2008; 33:375-85. [PMID: 18242001 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2007.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2007] [Revised: 12/10/2007] [Accepted: 12/18/2007] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Fatigue during adolescence is associated with somatic and psychological complaints that resemble the pattern of symptoms described for chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS). Studies in CFS and other stress-related syndromes suggested a dysfunction of the interactions between the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA-axis) and the immune system, i.e. a changed glucocorticoid (GC) receptor sensitivity of immune cells, to exist. Here we investigated whether severely fatigued girls from a healthy population have altered cortisol production and immune cell sensitivity for the synthetic GC, dexamethasone (DEX). In a longitudinal design, we examined ex vivo DEX sensitivity of monocytes and of T-cell mitogen-induced responses of severely fatigued (N=65) and non-fatigued girls (N=60). Fatigued girls reported more severe comorbid complaints than non-fatigued participants across three measurements during 1 year (T1: spring, T2: autumn, T3: spring) and had higher plasma cortisol levels throughout the study. DEX sensitivity of T-cell mitogen-induced responses showed seasonal variation with increased sensitivity in autumn compared to spring. No systematic variation of monocyte glucocorticoid receptor (GR) sensitivity was observed. Significant rank correlations of DEX sensitivity of T-cell mitogen-induced responses between the three assessments during the year suggest a stable trait of immune function. Groups did not differ in DEX sensitivity on any of the read outs. However, in a persistently fatigued subgroup, sensitivity to DEX was significantly reduced on the level of interferon (IFN)-gamma production. These results show that although fatigued participants had severe (comorbid) complaints, only in the case when symptoms persisted, altered GC sensitivity of immune cells was observed.
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ter Wolbeek M, van Doornen LJP, Kavelaars A, Heijnen CJ. Predictors of persistent and new-onset fatigue in adolescent girls. Pediatrics 2008; 121:e449-57. [PMID: 18310166 DOI: 10.1542/peds.2007-1093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to investigate the stability of fatigue in adolescents and to explore whether psychological, somatic, and lifestyle factors are involved in the onset and persistence of fatigue during adolescence. METHODS In this longitudinal study, a total of 653 adolescent girls (aged 14.40 +/- 1.45 years) who previously participated in an epidemiological study filled out questionnaires 6 (T2) and 12 (T3) months after the initial assessment (T1). Fatigue severity, depression, anxiety, and chronic fatigue syndrome-related symptoms were assessed. We determined the prevalence of severely fatigued cases at T2 and T3 and evaluated whether persistently fatigued participants initially differed from nonfatigued participants and participants with transient fatigue. We examined which factors predicted the development of new-onset fatigue and investigated whether changes in fatigue covaried with changes in other complaints and changes in lifestyle. RESULTS Of all participants who were severely fatigued at T1, 25.7% were persistently fatigued throughout the study. Persistently fatigued participants had higher levels of depression and anxiety at the beginning of the study, were less physically active, and slept shorter. New-onset fatigue was predicted by depression, less physical activity, and more nightlife activities. Interestingly, new onset was not predicted by initial levels of fatigue. Persistently fatigued participants did not differ in initial fatigue severity from short-term fatigued patients. A decrease in fatigue severity was associated with a decrease in depression, anxiety, and chronic fatigue syndrome-related symptoms and, to a lesser extent, with an increase in physical activity and sleep duration. CONCLUSIONS The stability of severe fatigue among adolescents is substantial. The involvement in the onset and persistence of fatigue suggests that both preventive and therapeutic strategies with respect to fatigue treatment in adolescents should concentrate on emotional well-being. Moreover, adolescents at risk should be stimulated to spend more time on physical activities and to sleep longer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maike ter Wolbeek
- Laboratory of Psychoneuroimmunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3508 AB Utrecht, The Netherlands
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ter Wolbeek M, van Doornen LJP, Kavelaars A, van de Putte EM, Schedlowski M, Heijnen CJ. Longitudinal analysis of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokine production in severely fatigued adolescents. Brain Behav Immun 2007; 21:1063-74. [PMID: 17544255 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2007.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2007] [Revised: 04/10/2007] [Accepted: 04/20/2007] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
In the adolescent population, fatigue is associated with somatic complaints, unrefreshing sleep, cognitive disturbances and symptoms of depression and anxiety. This pattern of symptoms resembles the one described in chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS). Since immunological alterations have been reported in CFS patients, we wondered whether also severely fatigued girls from a healthy population would show comparable alterations in psychological and immunological parameters. We tested this hypothesis in a longitudinal design, allowing a reliable assessment of the participants' characteristic immune status. Groups of severely fatigued (N=67) and non-fatigued (N=61) participants were selected. Severely fatigued girls reported more depressive symptoms, anxiety, reduced sleep quality, and somatic and CFS-related symptoms than non-fatigued participants across three measurements during one year (T1: spring, T2: autumn, T3: spring). In contrast, no group differences in mitogen-induced cytokine production or T-cell proliferation in vitro or in leukocyte subset counts were observed. Although absolute cytokine production and cell counts were affected by seasonal variation, the within-subject values, relatively to the rest of the participants, were fairly stable. Data from a small group of CFS patients (N=11) showed similarities in self-reported complaints between CFS patients and fatigued participants. Interestingly, CFS patients showed a distinct immune profile when compared to the severely fatigued or non-fatigued participants, i.e. increased levels of anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-10, decreased IFN-gamma/IL-10 ratio) and reduced levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, TNF-alpha) over all three time points analyzed. These results show that, although overlap in symptomatology between the general population and patients with CFS was observed, only CFS patients show a skewing of the cytokine balance towards an anti-inflammatory profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maike ter Wolbeek
- Laboratory of Psychoneuroimmunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3508 AB Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Abstract
BACKGROUND In this article, current scientific knowledge on the chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) is reviewed. The US case definition of CFS (the CDC-definition) is most widespread in research and clinical practice. Estimates of prevalence vary from 0.2% to above 2%. The female-male ratio is approximately 3:1. CLINICAL FEATURES Severe fatigue is the dominating complaint; it is worsened from exertions and not substantially relieved by rest. In addition, the patients might have a varying combination of accompanying symptoms. Clinical evaluation should be based upon standardized guidelines, including an assessment of functional impairments. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY The pathophysiology should be interpreted within a biopsychosocial framework. Present knowledge suggests that certain genetic polymorphisms and personality traits might be regarded as predisposing factors, some infections and severe psychosocial stress constitute precipitating factors, whereas disturbances of immunity, skeletal muscle, cognitive abilities, endocrine control and cardiovascular homeostasis are possible perpetuating factors. TREATMENT Cognitive behavioural therapy and graded exercise therapy are of proven value in randomized controlled trials. Several pharmaceutical measures have been explored and found to have no beneficial effect. Most patients might expect long-term improvement, but full recovery is rare; however, the prognosis is better among adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vegard Bruun Wyller
- Department of Pediatrics, Rikshospitalet-Radiumhospitalet Medical Centre, Oslo, Norway.
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Ter Wolbeek M, van Doornen LJP, Coffeng LE, Kavelaars A, Heijnen CJ. Cortisol and severe fatigue: a longitudinal study in adolescent girls. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2007; 32:171-82. [PMID: 17287088 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2006.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2006] [Revised: 12/06/2006] [Accepted: 12/09/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Fatigue is a common complaint among adolescents, especially in girls, and is associated with high rates of school absenteeism. Severe fatigue is often accompanied by psychological and physical symptoms. In the chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) functioning of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA)-axis has previously been found to be altered. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether cortisol production is deviant in fatigued adolescent girls from the general population and to study longitudinal changes in fatigue in association with possible changes in HPA-axis functioning. In the cross-sectional part of the study the cortisol response to awakening (CAR) and to a low-dose oral dexamethasone were examined in a group of fatigued adolescent girls (n=87) in comparison to a non-fatigued control group (n=77). Questionnaires regarding fatigue, depression, anxiety, sleep quality, somatic symptoms and CFS-related symptoms were filled out. Follow up measurements were performed after 6 and 12 months. While the fatigued and non-fatigued group differed remarkably on all symptom self-reports, no differences between groups in CAR and response to dexamethasone were observed. Girls in the fatigued group remained fatigued over time and reported high levels of other psychological and physical symptoms during the whole year of the study. The CAR varied between time points but correlated non-systematically with situational characteristics or symptom reports. We conclude that trait-like fatigue, as measured in a sample of adolescent girls from a high school population, is not reflected in a dysregulation as assessed on the level of salivary cortisol after awakening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maike Ter Wolbeek
- Laboratory of Psychoneuroimmunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Office KC03.068.0, P.O. Box 85090, 3508 AB, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Van Damme S, Crombez G, Van Houdenhove B, Mariman A, Michielsen W. Well-being in patients with chronic fatigue syndrome: the role of acceptance. J Psychosom Res 2006; 61:595-9. [PMID: 17084136 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychores.2006.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2005] [Revised: 04/06/2006] [Accepted: 04/25/2006] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Research in chronic pain patients has shown that accepting the chronic nature of their illness is positively related to quality of life. The aim of this study was to investigate whether acceptance is also associated with better well-being in patients suffering from chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS). METHODS Ninety-seven patients completed a battery of questionnaires measuring fatigue, functional impairment, psychological distress, and acceptance. RESULTS Results indicated that acceptance has a positive effect upon fatigue and psychological aspects of well-being. More specifically, acceptance was related to more emotional stability and less psychological distress, beyond the effects of demographic variables, and fatigue severity. CONCLUSION We suggest that promoting acceptance in patients with CFS may often be more beneficial than trying to control largely uncontrollable symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefaan Van Damme
- Department of Experimental-Clinical and Health Psychology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
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Hickie I, Davenport T, Wakefield D, Vollmer-Conna U, Cameron B, Vernon SD, Reeves WC, Lloyd A. Post-infective and chronic fatigue syndromes precipitated by viral and non-viral pathogens: prospective cohort study. BMJ 2006; 333:575. [PMID: 16950834 PMCID: PMC1569956 DOI: 10.1136/bmj.38933.585764.ae] [Citation(s) in RCA: 516] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/02/2006] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To delineate the risk factors, symptom patterns, and longitudinal course of prolonged illnesses after a variety of acute infections. DESIGN Prospective cohort study following patients from the time of acute infection with Epstein-Barr virus (glandular fever), Coxiella burnetii (Q fever), or Ross River virus (epidemic polyarthritis). SETTING The region surrounding the township of Dubbo in rural Australia, encompassing a 200 km geographical radius and 104,400 residents. PARTICIPANTS 253 patients enrolled and followed at regular intervals over 12 months by self report, structured interview, and clinical assessment. OUTCOME MEASURES Detailed medical, psychiatric, and laboratory evaluations at six months to apply diagnostic criteria for chronic fatigue syndrome. Premorbid and intercurrent illness characteristics recorded to define risk factors for chronic fatigue syndrome. Self reported illness phenotypes compared between infective groups. RESULTS Prolonged illness characterised by disabling fatigue, musculoskeletal pain, neurocognitive difficulties, and mood disturbance was evident in 29 (12%) of 253 participants at six months, of whom 28 (11%) met the diagnostic criteria for chronic fatigue syndrome. This post-infective fatigue syndrome phenotype was stereotyped and occurred at a similar incidence after each infection. The syndrome was predicted largely by the severity of the acute illness rather than by demographic, psychological, or microbiological factors. CONCLUSIONS A relatively uniform post-infective fatigue syndrome persists in a significant minority of patients for six months or more after clinical infection with several different viral and non-viral micro-organisms. Post-infective fatigue syndrome is a valid illness model for investigating one pathophysiological pathway to chronic fatigue syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian Hickie
- Brain and Mind Research Institute, Sydney University, Sydney, NSW 2050, Australia
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