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Wellhausen N, Baek J, Gill SI, June CH. Enhancing cellular immunotherapies in cancer by engineering selective therapeutic resistance. Nat Rev Cancer 2024; 24:614-628. [PMID: 39048767 DOI: 10.1038/s41568-024-00723-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
Adoptive cell therapies engineered to express chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) or transgenic T cell receptors (TCRs) to recognize and eliminate cancer cells have emerged as a promising approach for achieving long-term remissions in patients with cancer. To be effective, the engineered cells must persist at therapeutically relevant levels while avoiding off-tumour toxicities, which has been challenging to realize outside of B cell and plasma cell malignancies. This Review discusses concepts to enhance the efficacy, safety and accessibility of cellular immunotherapies by endowing cells with selective resistance to small-molecule drugs or antibody-based therapies to facilitate combination therapies with substances that would otherwise interfere with the functionality of the effector cells. We further explore the utility of engineering healthy haematopoietic stem cells to confer resistance to antigen-directed immunotherapies and small-molecule targeted therapies to expand the therapeutic index of said targeted anticancer agents as well as to facilitate in vivo selection of gene-edited haematopoietic stem cells for non-malignant applications. Lastly, we discuss approaches to evade immune rejection, which may be required in the setting of allogeneic cell therapies. Increasing confidence in the tools and outcomes of genetically modified cell therapy now paves the way for rational combinations that will open new therapeutic horizons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nils Wellhausen
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Joanne Baek
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Saar I Gill
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
- Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy at University of Pennsylvania, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
| | - Carl H June
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
- Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy at University of Pennsylvania, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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2
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Ntobe-Bunkete B, Lemaitre F. Therapeutic drug monitoring in kidney and liver transplantation: current advances and future directions. Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol 2024; 17:505-514. [PMID: 38725273 DOI: 10.1080/17512433.2024.2354276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/24/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Immunosuppressive drugs (ISD) present a narrow therapeutic window and extremely high inter- and intra-individual pharmacokinetic variability, which complicates their use in solid organ transplant recipients. In order to find a narrow appropriate equilibrium for each patient with the aim of maintaining clinical efficacy and reducing the risk of adverse drug reactions, a complex both clinical and biological monitoring is required, in particular through the use of therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM). AREA COVERED This review provides an overview of the available information on the relationship between exposure to immunosuppressive drugs and their efficacy and/or toxicity in kidney and liver transplantation. The aim of the review is to describe the pharmacodynamic/pharmacokinetic relationship that exists for immunosuppressive drugs, to summarize the studies that assess the value of TDM for these drugs in clinical practice, and to present the target and monitoring strategies aimed at optimizing patient immunosuppression, which could help to take a step forward in the field of solid organ transplant patient care. EXPERT OPINION To improve the care of transplant patients, several TDM innovations can be pursued by investigators. Among these, the development of microsampling methods for TDM or the combination of pharmacodynamic biomarkers with ISD exposure measurements appear to be relevant strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Béni Ntobe-Bunkete
- Univ Rennes, CHU Rennes, EHESP, IRSET (Institut de Recherche en Santé, Environnement et Travail) - UMR S 1085, Rennes, France
- INSERM, Centre d'Investigation Clinique 1414, Rennes, France
| | - Florian Lemaitre
- Univ Rennes, CHU Rennes, EHESP, IRSET (Institut de Recherche en Santé, Environnement et Travail) - UMR S 1085, Rennes, France
- INSERM, Centre d'Investigation Clinique 1414, Rennes, France
- FHU SUPORT, Rennes, France
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3
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Rui M, Jiang L, Pan JJ, Huang XT, Cui JF, Zhang SJ, He SM, Han HH, Chen X, Wang DD. Effects of tacrolimus on proteinuria in Chinese and Indian patients with idiopathic membranous nephropathy: the results of machine learning study. Int Urol Nephrol 2024:10.1007/s11255-024-04056-y. [PMID: 38642210 DOI: 10.1007/s11255-024-04056-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/22/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE The present study aims to explore the effects of tacrolimus on proteinuria in patients with idiopathic membranous nephropathy (IMN) and recommend an appropriate dosage schedule via machine learning method. METHODS The Emax model was constructed to analyze the effects of tacrolimus on proteinuria in patients with IMN. Data were mined from published literature and machine learning was built up with Emax model, among which the efficacy indicator was proteinuria change rates from baseline. 463 IMN patients were included for modeling, and tacrolimus therapeutic window concentrations were 4-10 ng/ml. RESULTS In machine learning model, the Emax from tacrolimus effecting proteinuria in IMN patients was -72.7%, the ET50 was 0.43 months, and the time to achieving 25% Emax, 50% Emax, 75% Emax, and 80% (plateau) Emax of tacrolimus on proteinuria in patients with IMN were 0.15, 0.43, 1.29, and 1.72 months, respectively. CONCLUSION For achieving better therapeutic effects from tacrolimus on proteinuria in patients with IMN, tacrolimus concentration range need to be maintained at 4-10 ng/ml for at least 1.72 months.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Rui
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Affiliated Jiangyin Clinical College of Xuzhou Medical University, Jiangyin, 214400, Jiangsu, China
| | - Lei Jiang
- Department of Pharmacy, Taixing People's Hospital, Taixing, 225400, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jia-Jun Pan
- Department of Thoracic Cardiovascular Surgery, The Affiliated Xuzhou Municipal Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221100, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xue-Ting Huang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy and School of Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221004, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jia-Fang Cui
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy and School of Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221004, Jiangsu, China
| | - Shi-Jia Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy and School of Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221004, Jiangsu, China
| | - Su-Mei He
- Department of Pharmacy, Suzhou Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Suzhou, 215153, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Huan-Huan Han
- Department of Pharmacy, The Affiliated Lianyungang Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Lianyungang, 222000, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Xiao Chen
- School of Nursing, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221004, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Dong-Dong Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy and School of Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221004, Jiangsu, China.
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Feng S, Zhang T, He Z, Zhang W, Chen Y, Yue C, Jing N. Continuous immunosuppression is required for suppressing immune responses to xenografts in non-human primate brains. CELL REGENERATION (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2024; 13:8. [PMID: 38583099 PMCID: PMC10999398 DOI: 10.1186/s13619-024-00191-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2024] [Indexed: 04/08/2024]
Abstract
Continuous immunosuppression has been widely used in xenografts into non-human primate brains. However, how immune responses change after transplantation in host brains under continuous immunosuppressive administration and whether immunosuppression can be withdrawn to mitigate side effects remain unclear. Human induced neural stem/progenitor cells (iNPCs) have shown long-term survival and efficient neuronal differentiation in primate brains. Here, we evaluate the immune responses in primate brains triggered by human grafts. The results show that the immune responses, including the evident activation of microglia and the strong infiltration of lymphocytes (both T- and B-cells), are caused by xenografts at 4 months post transplantation (p.t.), but significantly reduced at 8 months p.t. under continuous administration of immunosuppressant Cyclosporin A. However, early immunosuppressant withdrawal at 5 months p.t. results in severe immune responses at 10 months p.t. These results suggest that continuous long-term immunosuppression is required for suppressing immune responses to xenografts in primate brains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su Feng
- Guangzhou National Laboratory, Guangzhou, 510005, China
| | - Ting Zhang
- Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200080, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Eye Disease, Shanghai, 200080, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Ocular Fundus Diseases, Shanghai, 200080, China
| | - Zhengxiao He
- Guangzhou National Laboratory, Guangzhou, 510005, China
| | | | - Yingying Chen
- Guangzhou National Laboratory, Guangzhou, 510005, China
| | - Chunmei Yue
- Suzhou Yuanzhan Biotechs, Suzhou, 215000, China
| | - Naihe Jing
- Guangzhou National Laboratory, Guangzhou, 510005, China.
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Extracellular Vesicles: The Future of Diagnosis in Solid Organ Transplantation? Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24065102. [PMID: 36982182 PMCID: PMC10048932 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24065102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Revised: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Solid organ transplantation (SOT) is a life-saving treatment for end-stage organ failure, but it comes with several challenges, the most important of which is the existing gap between the need for transplants and organ availability. One of the main concerns in this regard is the lack of accurate non-invasive biomarkers to monitor the status of a transplanted organ. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have recently emerged as a promising source of biomarkers for various diseases. In the context of SOT, EVs have been shown to be involved in the communication between donor and recipient cells and may carry valuable information about the function of an allograft. This has led to an increasing interest in exploring the use of EVs for the preoperative assessment of organs, early postoperative monitoring of graft function, or the diagnosis of rejection, infection, ischemia-reperfusion injury, or drug toxicity. In this review, we summarize recent evidence on the use of EVs as biomarkers for these conditions and discuss their applicability in the clinical setting.
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Copic D, Direder M, Klas K, Bormann D, Laggner M, Ankersmit HJ, Mildner M. Antithymocyte Globulin Inhibits CD8 + T Cell Effector Functions via the Paracrine Induction of PDL-1 on Monocytes. Cells 2023; 12:cells12030382. [PMID: 36766722 PMCID: PMC9913606 DOI: 10.3390/cells12030382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Antithymocyte globulins (ATG) are T cell-depleting antibodies used in solid organ transplantation for induction therapy in sensitized patients with a high risk of graft rejection. Previously described effects besides the depletion of T cells have suggested additional modes of action and identified further cellular targets. METHODS We examined the transcriptional changes arising in immune cells from human blood after ex vivo stimulation with ATG at the single-cell level to uncover additional mechanisms by which ATG regulates T cell activity and effector functions. FINDINGS Analysis of the paracrine factors present in the plasma of ATG-treated whole blood revealed high levels of chemokines and cytokines, including interferon-γ (IFN-γ). Furthermore, we identified an increase in the surface expression of the programmed death ligand 1 (PDL-1) on monocytes mediated by the released paracrine factors. In addition, we showed that this induction is dependent on the activation of JAK/STAT signaling via the binding of IFN-γ to interferon-γ receptor 1 (IFN-γR1). Lastly, we demonstrated that the modulation of the immune regulatory axis of programmed cell death protein 1 (PD1) on activated CD8+ T cells with PDL-1 found on monocytes mediated by ATG potently inhibits effector functions including the proliferation and granzyme B release of activated T cells. INTERPRETATION Together, our findings represent a novel mode of action by which ATG exerts its immunosuppressive effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dragan Copic
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Laboratory for Cardiac and Thoracic Diagnosis and Regeneration, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Martin Direder
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Laboratory for Cardiac and Thoracic Diagnosis and Regeneration, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Katharina Klas
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Laboratory for Cardiac and Thoracic Diagnosis and Regeneration, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Daniel Bormann
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Laboratory for Cardiac and Thoracic Diagnosis and Regeneration, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Maria Laggner
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Laboratory for Cardiac and Thoracic Diagnosis and Regeneration, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Hendrik Jan Ankersmit
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Laboratory for Cardiac and Thoracic Diagnosis and Regeneration, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria
- Correspondence: (H.J.A.); (M.M.); Tel.: +43-(0)1-40400-67770 (H.J.A.); +43-(0)1-40400-73507 (M.M.)
| | - Michael Mildner
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Lazarettgasse 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria
- Correspondence: (H.J.A.); (M.M.); Tel.: +43-(0)1-40400-67770 (H.J.A.); +43-(0)1-40400-73507 (M.M.)
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Frutos MÁ, Crespo M, Valentín MDLO, Alonso-Melgar Á, Alonso J, Fernández C, García-Erauzkin G, González E, González-Rinne AM, Guirado L, Gutiérrez-Dalmau A, Huguet J, Moral JLLD, Musquera M, Paredes D, Redondo D, Revuelta I, Hofstadt CJVD, Alcaraz A, Alonso-Hernández Á, Alonso M, Bernabeu P, Bernal G, Breda A, Cabello M, Caro-Oleas JL, Cid J, Diekmann F, Espinosa L, Facundo C, García M, Gil-Vernet S, Lozano M, Mahillo B, Martínez MJ, Miranda B, Oppenheimer F, Palou E, Pérez-Saez MJ, Peri L, Rodríguez O, Santiago C, Tabernero G, Hernández D, Domínguez-Gil B, Pascual J. Recommendations for living donor kidney transplantation. Nefrologia 2022; 42 Suppl 2:5-132. [PMID: 36503720 DOI: 10.1016/j.nefroe.2022.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/17/2023] Open
Abstract
This Guide for Living Donor Kidney Transplantation (LDKT) has been prepared with the sponsorship of the Spanish Society of Nephrology (SEN), the Spanish Transplant Society (SET), and the Spanish National Transplant Organization (ONT). It updates evidence to offer the best chronic renal failure treatment when a potential living donor is available. The core aim of this Guide is to supply clinicians who evaluate living donors and transplant recipients with the best decision-making tools, to optimise their outcomes. Moreover, the role of living donors in the current KT context should recover the level of importance it had until recently. To this end the new forms of incompatible HLA and/or ABO donation, as well as the paired donation which is possible in several hospitals with experience in LDKT, offer additional ways to treat renal patients with an incompatible donor. Good results in terms of patient and graft survival have expanded the range of circumstances under which living renal donors are accepted. Older donors are now accepted, as are others with factors that affect the decision, such as a borderline clinical history or alterations, which when evaluated may lead to an additional number of transplantations. This Guide does not forget that LDKT may lead to risk for the donor. Pre-donation evaluation has to centre on the problems which may arise over the short or long-term, and these have to be described to the potential donor so that they are able take them into account. Experience over recent years has led to progress in risk analysis, to protect donors' health. This aspect always has to be taken into account by LDKT programmes when evaluating potential donors. Finally, this Guide has been designed to aid decision-making, with recommendations and suggestions when uncertainties arise in pre-donation studies. Its overarching aim is to ensure that informed consent is based on high quality studies and information supplied to donors and recipients, offering the strongest possible guarantees.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marta Crespo
- Nephrology Department, Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | | | - Juana Alonso
- Nephrology Department, Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, Spain
| | | | | | - Esther González
- Nephrology Department, Hospital Universitario 12 Octubre, Spain
| | | | - Lluis Guirado
- Nephrology Department, Fundacio Puigvert, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Jorge Huguet
- RT Surgical Team, Fundació Puigvert, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Mireia Musquera
- Urology Department, Hospital Clinic Universitari, Barcelona, Spain
| | - David Paredes
- Donation and Transplantation Coordination Department, Hospital Clinic Universitari, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Ignacio Revuelta
- Nephrology and RT Department, Hospital Clinic Universitari, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Antonio Alcaraz
- Urology Department, Hospital Clinic Universitari, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Manuel Alonso
- Regional Transplantation Coordination, Seville, Spain
| | | | - Gabriel Bernal
- Nephrology Department, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Seville, Spain
| | - Alberto Breda
- RT Surgical Team, Fundació Puigvert, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mercedes Cabello
- Nephrology Department, Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, Spain
| | | | - Joan Cid
- Apheresis and Cell Therapy Unit, Haemotherapy and Haemostasis Department, Hospital Clinic Universitari, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Fritz Diekmann
- Nephrology and RT Department, Hospital Clinic Universitari, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Laura Espinosa
- Paediatric Nephrology Department, Hospital La Paz, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carme Facundo
- Nephrology Department, Fundacio Puigvert, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | | | - Miquel Lozano
- Apheresis and Cell Therapy Unit, Haemotherapy and Haemostasis Department, Hospital Clinic Universitari, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | - Eduard Palou
- Immunology Department, Hospital Clinic i Universitari, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Lluis Peri
- Urology Department, Hospital Clinic Universitari, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | | | | | - Domingo Hernández
- Nephrology Department, Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, Spain
| | | | - Julio Pascual
- Nephrology Department, Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, Spain.
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Huang TS, Ko CJ, Lin JC, Hsu ML, Ko CC, Chi CW, Tsai TH, Chen YJ. Wasabi Component 6-(Methylsulfinyl)hexly Isothiocyanate and Derivatives Improve the Survival of Skin Allografts. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23158488. [PMID: 35955623 PMCID: PMC9369098 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23158488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
We tested the effect of 6-(Methylsulfinyl)hexyl Isothiocyanate (6-MITC) and derivatives (I7447 and I7557) on the differentiation and maturation of human myeloid dendritic cells (DCs) in vitro, and skin transplantation in vivo. Triggering of CD14+ myeloid monocyte development toward myeloid DCs with and without 6-MITC and derivatives to examine the morphology, viability, surface marker expression, and cytokine production. Stimulatory activity on allogeneic naive T cells was measured by proliferation and interferon-γ production. The skin allograft survival area model was used to translate the 6-MITC and derivatives’ antirejection effect. All of the compounds had no significant effects on DC viability and reduced the formation of dendrites at concentrations higher than 10 μM. At this concentration, 6-MITC and I7557, but not I7447, inhibited the expression of CD1a and CD83. Both 6-MITC and I7557 exhibited T-cells and interferon-γ augmentation at lower concentrations and suppression at higher concentration. The 6-MITC and I7557 prolonged skin graft survival. Both the 6-MITC and I7557 treatment resulted in the accumulation of regulatory T cells in recipient rat spleens. No toxicity was evident in 6-MITC and I7557 treatment. The 6-MITC and I7557 induced human DC differentiation toward a tolerogenic phenotype and prolonged rat skin allograft survival. These compounds may be effective as immunosuppressants against transplant rejection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tun-Sung Huang
- Institute of Traditional Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112304, Taiwan;
- Department of Surgery, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei 10449, Taiwan;
| | - Chih-Jung Ko
- Department Medical Research, MacKay Memorial Hospital, New Taipei City 251020, Taiwan; (C.-J.K.); (M.-L.H.); (C.-C.K.); (C.-W.C.)
| | - Jiunn-Chang Lin
- Department of Surgery, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei 10449, Taiwan;
- MacKay Junior College of Medicine, Nursing, and Management, New Taipei City 11260, Taiwan
- Department of Surgery, MacKay Medical College, New Taipei City 25245, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Ling Hsu
- Department Medical Research, MacKay Memorial Hospital, New Taipei City 251020, Taiwan; (C.-J.K.); (M.-L.H.); (C.-C.K.); (C.-W.C.)
| | - Chun-Chuan Ko
- Department Medical Research, MacKay Memorial Hospital, New Taipei City 251020, Taiwan; (C.-J.K.); (M.-L.H.); (C.-C.K.); (C.-W.C.)
| | - Chih-Wen Chi
- Department Medical Research, MacKay Memorial Hospital, New Taipei City 251020, Taiwan; (C.-J.K.); (M.-L.H.); (C.-C.K.); (C.-W.C.)
| | - Tung-Hu Tsai
- Institute of Traditional Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112304, Taiwan;
- Correspondence: (T.-H.T.); (Y.-J.C.); Tel.: +886-2-2826-7115 (T.-H.T.); +886-2-2543-3535 (ext. 3041) (Y.-J.C.)
| | - Yu-Jen Chen
- Institute of Traditional Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112304, Taiwan;
- Department Medical Research, MacKay Memorial Hospital, New Taipei City 251020, Taiwan; (C.-J.K.); (M.-L.H.); (C.-C.K.); (C.-W.C.)
- Department of Radiation Oncology, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei 104217, Taiwan
- Department of Artificial Intelligence and Medical Application, MacKay Junior College of Medicine, Nursing and Management, Taipei 112021, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 404332, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (T.-H.T.); (Y.-J.C.); Tel.: +886-2-2826-7115 (T.-H.T.); +886-2-2543-3535 (ext. 3041) (Y.-J.C.)
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Wang DD, Mei YQ, Yang L, Ding KW, Xue JJ, Wang X, He SM, Wei QL. Optimization of initial dose regimen of tacrolimus in paediatric lung transplant recipients based on Monte Carlo simulation. J Clin Pharm Ther 2022; 47:1659-1666. [PMID: 35716040 DOI: 10.1111/jcpt.13717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
WHAT IS KNOWN AND OBJECTIVES The initial tacrolimus dose regimen in paediatric lung transplant recipients is unknown. The present study optimized the initial tacrolimus dose regimen for paediatric lung transplant recipients. METHODS This study was based on a published population pharmacokinetic model of tacrolimus in lung transplant recipients and used Monte Carlo simulations to recommend an initial dose regimen of tacrolimus in paediatric lung transplant recipients. RESULTS Without voriconazole, the tacrolimus doses recommended for paediatric lung transplant recipients who were not CYP3A5*1 carriers were 0.02, 0.03, and 0.04 mg/kg/day, split into two doses, for weights of 10-16, 16-30, and 30-40 kg, respectively. For paediatric lung transplant recipients who were CYP3A5*1 carriers, the tacrolimus doses of 0.03, 0.04, 0.05, and 0.06 mg/kg/day, split into two doses, were recommended for weights of 10-16, 16-25, 25-30, and 30-40 kg, respectively. With voriconazole, the tacrolimus dose recommended for paediatric lung transplant recipients who were not CYP3A5*1 carriers was 0.02 mg/kg/day, split into two doses, for weights of 10-40 kg. For paediatric lung transplant recipients who were CYP3A5*1 carriers, tacrolimus doses of 0.02 and 0.03 mg/kg/day, split and two doses, were recommended for weights of 10-24 and 24-40 kg, respectively. WHAT IS NEW AND CONCLUSIONS This study developed tacrolimus dose regimens for the first time for paediatric lung transplant recipients using Monte Carlo simulation and optimized initial dosage in paediatric lung transplant recipients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Dong Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy & School of Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yu-Qing Mei
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy & School of Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Lan Yang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy & School of Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ke-Wen Ding
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy & School of Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jun-Jie Xue
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy & School of Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xuan Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy & School of Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Su-Mei He
- Department of Pharmacy, The Affiliated Suzhou Science & Technology Town Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qun-Li Wei
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy & School of Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
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10
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Yoshinaga Y, Soma T, Azuma S, Maruyama K, Hashikawa Y, Katayama T, Sasamoto Y, Takayanagi H, Hosen N, Shiina T, Ogasawara K, Hayashi R, Nishida K. Long-term survival in non-human primates of stem cell-derived, MHC-unmatched corneal epithelial cell sheets. Stem Cell Reports 2022; 17:1714-1729. [PMID: 35750044 PMCID: PMC9287743 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2022.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Revised: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
When corneal epithelial stem cells residing in the corneal limbus become dysfunctional, called a limbal stem cell deficiency (LSCD), corneal transparency is decreased, causing severe vision loss. Transplantation of corneal epithelial cell sheets (CEPS) derived from stem cells, including induced pluripotent stem cells, is a promising treatment for LSCD. However, the potential effect of human leukocyte antigen (HLA) concordance on CEPS transplantation has not been addressed. Here, we show that there is no difference in the immune response to CEPS between HLA-matched and -unmatched peripheral blood mononuclear cells in mixed lymphocyte reactions. CEPS transplantation in cynomolgus monkeys revealed that the immune response to major histocompatibility-unmatched CEPS was not strong and could be controlled by local steroid administration. Furthermore, programmed death ligand 1 was identified as an immunosuppressive molecule in CEPS under inflammatory conditions in vitro. Our results indicate that corneal epithelium has low immunogenicity and allogeneic CEPS transplantation requires mild immunosuppression. There is no difference in the immune response to CEPS owing to HLA conformity in MLR The immune response to MHC-unmatched CEPS is not strong after transplantation Local steroid administration could control the immune response to MHC-unmatched CEPS PD-L1 was identified as an immunosuppressive molecule in CEPS
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Yoshinaga
- Department of Ophthalmology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita City, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Takeshi Soma
- Department of Ophthalmology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita City, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Shohei Azuma
- Department of Ophthalmology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita City, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Kazuichi Maruyama
- Department of Innovative Visual Science, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita City, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yoshiko Hashikawa
- Department of Ophthalmology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita City, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; Division of Clinical Cell Therapy, United Centers for Advanced Research and Translational Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai City, Miyagi 980-8575, Japan
| | - Tomohiko Katayama
- Department of Ophthalmology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita City, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yuzuru Sasamoto
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Hiroshi Takayanagi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita City, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; Department of Stem Cells and Applied Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita City, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Naoki Hosen
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita City, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Takashi Shiina
- Department of Molecular Life Science, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara City, Kanagawa 259-1193, Japan
| | - Kazumasa Ogasawara
- Department of Pathology, Shiga University of Medical Science, Ohtsu City, Shiga 520-2192, Japan
| | - Ryuhei Hayashi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita City, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; Department of Stem Cells and Applied Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita City, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; Integrated Frontier Research for Medical Science Division, Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives, Osaka University, Suita City, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Kohji Nishida
- Department of Ophthalmology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita City, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; Integrated Frontier Research for Medical Science Division, Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives, Osaka University, Suita City, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.
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11
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Recomendaciones para el trasplante renal de donante vivo. Nefrologia 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nefro.2021.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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12
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Fu Q, Jing Y, Liu Mr G, Jiang Mr X, Liu H, Kong Y, Hou X, Cao L, Deng P, Xiao P, Xiao J, Peng H, Wei X. Machine learning-based method for tacrolimus dose predictions in Chinese kidney transplant perioperative patients. J Clin Pharm Ther 2021; 47:600-608. [PMID: 34802160 DOI: 10.1111/jcpt.13579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Revised: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
WHAT IS KNOWN AND OBJECTIVES Tacrolimus (TAC), a first-line immunosuppressant in solid-organ transplant, has a narrow therapeutic window and large inter-individual variability, which affects its use in clinical practice. Successful predictions using machine learning algorithms have been reported in several fields. However, a comparison of 10 machine learning model-based TAC pharmacogenetic and pharmacokinetic dosing algorithms for kidney transplant perioperative patients of Chinese descent has not been reported. The objective of this study was to screen and establish an appropriate machine learning method to predict the individualized dosages of TAC for perioperative kidney transplant patients. METHODS The records of 2551 patients were collected from three transplant centres, 80% of which were randomly selected as a 'derivation cohort' to develop the dose prediction algorithm, while the remaining 20% constituted a 'validation cohort' to validate the final algorithm selected. Important features were screened according to our previously established population pharmacokinetic model of tacrolimus. The performances of the algorithms were evaluated and compared using R-squared and the mean percentage in the remaining 20% of patients. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION This study identified several factors influencing TAC dosage, including CYP3A5 rs776746, CYP3A4 rs4646437, haematocrit, Wuzhi capsules, TAC daily dose, age, height, weight, post-operative time, nifedipine and the medication history of the patient. According to our results, among the 10 machine learning models, the extra trees regressor (ETR) algorithm showed the best performance in the training set (R-squared: 1, mean percentage within 20%: 100%) and test set (R-squared: 0.85, mean percentage within 20%: 92.77%) of the derivation cohort. The ETR model successfully predicted the ideal TAC dosage in 97.73% of patients, especially in the intermediate dosage range (>5 mg/day to <8 mg/day), whereby the ideal TAC dosage could be successfully predicted in 99% of the patients. WHAT IS NEW AND CONCLUSION The results indicated that the ETR algorithm, which was chosen to establish the dose prediction model, performed better than the other nine machine learning models. This study is the first to establish ETR algorithms to predict TAC dosage. This study will further promote the individualized medication of TAC in kidney transplant patients in the future, which has great significance in ensuring the safety and effectiveness of drug use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qun Fu
- School of Pharmacy, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China.,Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Yan Jing
- School of Pharmacy, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China.,Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | | | - Xuehui Jiang Mr
- School of Pharmacy, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China.,Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Hong Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Ying Kong
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Xiongjun Hou
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Jiangxi Provincial People's Hospital, Nanchang, China
| | - Lei Cao
- Department of Information, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Pei Deng
- Department of Information, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Pin Xiao
- Department of Pharmacy, Hospital of Jiangxi Provincial Armed Police Corps, Nanchang, China
| | - Jiansheng Xiao
- Department of Transplantation, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Hongwei Peng
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Xiaohua Wei
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China.,Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Jiangxi Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, Nanchang, China
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13
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Wang LJ, Ma XB, Xia HY, Sun X, Yu L, Yang Q, Hu ZQ, Zhao YH, Hu W, Ran JH. Identification of Biomarkers for Predicting Allograft Rejection following Kidney Transplantation Based on the Weighted Gene Coexpression Network Analysis. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 2021:9933136. [PMID: 34368360 PMCID: PMC8342162 DOI: 10.1155/2021/9933136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Kidney transplantation is the promising treatment of choice for chronic kidney disease and end-stage kidney disease and can effectively improve the quality of life and survival rates of patients. However, the allograft rejection following kidney transplantation has a negative impact on transplant success. Therefore, the present study is aimed at screening novel biomarkers for the diagnosis and treatment of allograft rejection following kidney transplantation for improving long-term transplant outcome. In the study, a total of 8 modules and 3065 genes were identified by WGCNA based on the GSE46474 and GSE15296 dataset from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database. Moreover, the results of Gene Ontology (GO) annotation and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analysis showed that these genes were mainly involved in the immune-related biological processes and pathways. Thus, 317 immune-related genes were selected for further analysis. Finally, 5 genes (including CD200R1, VAV2, FASLG, SH2D1B, and RAP2B) were identified as the candidate biomarkers based on the ROC and difference analysis. Furthermore, we also found that in the 5 biomarkers an interaction might exist among each other in the protein and transcription level. Taken together, our study identified CD200R1, VAV2, FASLG, SH2D1B, and RAP2B as the candidate diagnostic biomarkers, which might contribute to the prevention and treatment of allograft rejection following kidney transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Jun Wang
- Department of Urinary Surgery, The Affiliated Calmette Hospital of Kunming Medical University, The First People's Hospital of Kunming, Calmette Hospital, Kunming, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Xiao-Bo Ma
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Yunnan Institute of Experimental Diagnosis, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Kunming, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Hong-Ying Xia
- Department of Pharmacy, Yan'an Hospital Affiliated to Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Xun Sun
- Department of Urinary Surgery, The Affiliated Calmette Hospital of Kunming Medical University, The First People's Hospital of Kunming, Calmette Hospital, Kunming, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Lu Yu
- Department of Pathology, The Affiliated Calmette Hospital of Kunming Medical University, The First People's Hospital of Kunming, Calmette Hospital, Kunming, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Qian Yang
- Department of Pathology, The Affiliated Calmette Hospital of Kunming Medical University, The First People's Hospital of Kunming, Calmette Hospital, Kunming, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Zong-Qiang Hu
- Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, The Affiliated Calmette Hospital of Kunming Medical University, The First People's Hospital of Kunming, Calmette Hospital, Kunming, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Yong-Heng Zhao
- Department of Urinary Surgery, The Affiliated Calmette Hospital of Kunming Medical University, The First People's Hospital of Kunming, Calmette Hospital, Kunming, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Wei Hu
- Department of Urinary Surgery, The Affiliated Calmette Hospital of Kunming Medical University, The First People's Hospital of Kunming, Calmette Hospital, Kunming, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Jiang-Hua Ran
- Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, The Affiliated Calmette Hospital of Kunming Medical University, The First People's Hospital of Kunming, Calmette Hospital, Kunming, Yunnan Province, China
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14
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Clinical efficacy and safety of different tacrolimus concentrations for the treatment of patients with idiopathic membranous nephropathy. Sci Rep 2021; 11:13274. [PMID: 34168218 PMCID: PMC8225915 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-92678-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
This retrospective study aimed to explore the relative efficacy and safety of different tacrolimus (TAC) concentrations in the treatment of patients with idiopathic membranous nephropathy (IMN). A total of 260 IMN patients with nephrotic syndrome (NS) were recruited. Among these, 125 patients had TAC concentrations no greater than 5 ng/ml (CTAC ≤ 5 ng/ml), and 135 patients had TAC concentrations greater than 5 ng/ml (CTAC > 5 ng/ml). The primary outcomes included complete remission (CR) rates and overall (OR) response rates. The secondary outcomes included 24-h urinary protein (24-h UP), serum albumin and serum creatinine, and adverse events (AEs). During the 12-month follow-up, the overall response rates were significantly different between the CTAC ≤ 5 ng/ml group and the CTAC > 5 ng/ml group (P < 0.0001). However, there was no significant difference in the CR at 12 months between the two groups (chi-square, 62% vs 63%, P = 0.852). Compared with the CTAC ≤ 5 ng/ml group, the CTAC > 5 ng/ml group had improved levels of 24 h UP (P = 0.017) and serum albumin (P = 0.010). Moreover, the incidences of acute reversible nephrotoxicity (P < 0.001), hepatotoxicity (P = 0.036), new-onset diabetes mellitus (P = 0.036), and glucose intolerance (P = 0.005) were lower in the CTAC ≤ 5 ng/ml group than in the CTAC > 5 ng/ml group. The CTAC > 5 ng/ml group was improved relative to the CTAC ≤ 5 ng/ml group in terms of a PR and CR at 6 months, but there was no difference in the CR between the two groups at 12 months.
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15
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Long B, Brady WJ, Gragossian A, Koyfman A, Gottlieb M. A primer for managing cardiac transplant patients in the emergency department setting. Am J Emerg Med 2021; 41:130-138. [PMID: 33440325 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajem.2020.12.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2020] [Revised: 12/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cardiac transplant is an effective long-term management option for several severe cardiac diseases. These cardiac transplant patients may present to the emergency department with a range of issues involving the cardiac transplantation, including complications due to their transplant as well as altered presentations of disease resulting from their transplant. OBJECTIVE This narrative review provides a focused guide to the evaluation and management of patients with cardiac transplantation and its complications. DISCUSSION Cardiac transplant is an effective therapy for end-stage heart failure. A transplanted heart varies both anatomically and physiologically from a native heart. Several significant complications may occur. Graft failure, rejection, and infection are common causes of morbidity and mortality within the first year of transplant. As these patients are on significant immunosuppressive medication regimens, they are at risk of infection, but inadequate immunosuppression increases the risk of acute rejection. A variety of dysrhythmias such as atrial fibrillation and ventricular dysrhythmias may occur. These patients are also at risk of acute coronary syndrome, cardiac allograft vasculopathy, and medication adverse events. Importantly, patients with acute coronary syndrome can have an altered presentation with the so-called "painless" myocardial infarction. Consultation with the transplant physician is recommended, if available, for these patients to assist in evaluation and management. CONCLUSIONS An understanding of the presentations and various complications that may affect patients with cardiac transplant will assist emergency clinicians in the care of these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brit Long
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Brooke Army Medical Center, Fort Sam Houston, TX, United States of America.
| | - William J Brady
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, United States of America.
| | - Alin Gragossian
- The Mt Sinai Hospital, Institute for Critical Care Medicine, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Alex Koyfman
- Department of Emergency Medicine, UT Southwestern, Dallas, TX, United States of America
| | - Michael Gottlieb
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States of America
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16
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17
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Calcineurin Inhibition Causes α2δ-1-Mediated Tonic Activation of Synaptic NMDA Receptors and Pain Hypersensitivity. J Neurosci 2020; 40:3707-3719. [PMID: 32269108 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0282-20.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Revised: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Calcineurin inhibitors, such as tacrolimus (FK506) and cyclosporine, are widely used as standard immunosuppressants in organ transplantation recipients. However, these drugs can cause severe pain in patients, commonly referred to as calcineurin inhibitor-induced pain syndrome (CIPS). Although calcineurin inhibition increases NMDAR activity in the spinal cord, the underlying mechanism remains enigmatic. Using an animal model of CIPS, we found that systemic administration of FK506 in male and female mice significantly increased the amount of α2δ-1-GluN1 complexes in the spinal cord and the level of α2δ-1-bound GluN1 proteins in spinal synaptosomes. Treatment with FK506 significantly increased the frequency of mEPSCs and the amplitudes of monosynaptic EPSCs evoked from the dorsal root and puff NMDAR currents in spinal dorsal horn neurons. Inhibiting α2δ-1 with gabapentin or disrupting the α2δ-1-NMDAR interaction with α2δ-1Tat peptide completely reversed the effects of FK506. In α2δ-1 gene KO mice, treatment with FK506 failed to increase the frequency of NMDAR-mediated mEPSCs and the amplitudes of evoked EPSCs and puff NMDAR currents in spinal dorsal horn neurons. Furthermore, systemic administration of gabapentin or intrathecal injection of α2δ-1Tat peptide reversed thermal and mechanical hypersensitivity in FK506-treated mice. In addition, genetically deleting GluN1 in dorsal root ganglion neurons or α2δ-1 genetic KO similarly attenuated FK506-induced thermal and mechanical hypersensitivity. Together, our findings indicate that α2δ-1-bound NMDARs mediate calcineurin inhibitor-induced tonic activation of presynaptic and postsynaptic NMDARs at the spinal cord level and that presynaptic NMDARs play a prominent role in the development of CIPS.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Calcineurin inhibitors are immunosuppressants used to prevent rejection of transplanted organs and tissues. However, these drugs can cause severe, unexplained pain. We showed that calcineurin inhibition enhances physical interaction between α2δ-1 and NMDARs and their synaptic trafficking in the spinal cord. α2δ-1 is essential for calcineurin inhibitor-induced aberrant activation of presynaptic and postsynaptic NMDARs in the spinal cord. Furthermore, inhibiting α2δ-1 or disrupting α2δ-1-NMDAR interaction reduces calcineurin inhibitor-induced pain hypersensitivity. Eliminating NMDARs in primary sensory neurons or α2δ-1 KO also attenuates calcineurin inhibitor-induced pain hypersensitivity. This new information extends our mechanistic understanding of the role of endogenous calcineurin in regulating synaptic plasticity and nociceptive transmission and suggests new strategies for treating this painful condition.
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18
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Keshavarz Shahbaz S, Foroughi F, Soltaninezhad E, Jamialahmadi T, Penson PE, Sahebkar A. Application of PLGA nano/microparticle delivery systems for immunomodulation and prevention of allotransplant rejection. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2020; 17:767-780. [PMID: 32223341 DOI: 10.1080/17425247.2020.1748006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Allograft transplantation is an effective end-point therapy to replace the function of an impaired organ. The main problem associated with allotransplantation is the induction of immune responses that results in acute and chronic graft rejection. To modulate the response of the immune system, transplant recipients generally take high dose immunosuppressant drugs for life. These drugs are associated with serious side effects such as infection with opportunistic pathogens and the development of neoplasia. AREAS COVERED We reviewed the obstacles to successful transplantation and PLGA-based strategies to reduce immune-mediated allograft rejection. EXPERT OPINION Biomaterial-based approaches using micro- and nanoparticles such as poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) can be used to achieve controlled release of drugs. This approach decreases the required effective dose of drugs and enables local delivery of these agents to specific tissues and cells, whilst decreasing systemic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanaz Keshavarz Shahbaz
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences , Mashhad, Iran
| | - Farshad Foroughi
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences , Qazvin, Iran
| | - Ehsan Soltaninezhad
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medical Science, Tarbiat Modares University , Tehran, Iran
| | - Tannaz Jamialahmadi
- Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences , Mashhad, Iran.,Department of Nutrition, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences , Mashhad, Iran
| | - Peter E Penson
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University , Liverpool, UK
| | - Amirhossein Sahebkar
- Halal Research Center of IRI, FDA , Tehran, Iran.,Neurogenic Inflammation Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences , Mashhad, Iran.,School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences , Mashhad, Iran
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19
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Abstract
The human major histocompatibility complex is a family of genes that encodes HLAs, which have a crucial role in defence against foreign pathogens and immune surveillance of tumours. In the context of transplantation, HLA molecules are polymorphic antigens that comprise an immunodominant alloreactive trigger for the immune response, resulting in rejection. Remarkable advances in knowledge and technology in the field of immunogenetics have considerably enhanced the safety of transplantation. However, access to transplantation among individuals who have become sensitized as a result of previous exposure to alloantigens is reduced proportional to the breadth of their sensitization. New approaches for crossing the HLA barrier in transplantation using plasmapheresis, intravenous immunoglobulin and kidney paired donation have been made possible by the relative ease with which even low levels of anti-HLA antibodies can now be detected and tracked. The development of novel protocols for the induction of tolerance and new approaches to immunomodulation was also facilitated by advances in HLA technology. Here, we review the progress made in understanding HLAs that has enabled organ transplantation to become a life-saving endeavour that is accessible even for sensitized patients. We also discuss novel approaches to desensitization, immunomodulation and tolerance induction that have the potential to further improve transplantation access and outcomes.
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20
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Schroder PM, Fitch ZW, Schmitz R, Choi AY, Kwun J, Knechtle SJ. The past, present, and future of costimulation blockade in organ transplantation. Curr Opin Organ Transplant 2019; 24:391-401. [PMID: 31157670 PMCID: PMC7088447 DOI: 10.1097/mot.0000000000000656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Manipulating costimulatory signals has been shown to alter T cell responses and prolong graft survival in solid organ transplantation. Our understanding of and ability to target various costimulation pathways continues to evolve. RECENT FINDINGS Since the approval of belatacept in kidney transplantation, many additional biologics have been developed targeting clinically relevant costimulation signaling axes including CD40-CD40L, inducible costimulator-inducible costimulator ligand (ICOS-ICOSL), and OX40-OX40L. Currently, the effects of costimulation blockade on posttransplant humoral responses, tolerance induction, and xenotransplantation are under active investigation. Here, we will discuss these pathways as well as preclinical and clinical outcomes of biologics targeting these pathways in organ transplantation. SUMMARY Targeting costimultion is a promising approach for not only controlling T cell but also B cell responses. Consequently, costimulation blockade shows considerable potential for improving outcomes in antibody-mediated rejection and xenotransplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul M. Schroder
- Department of Surgery, Duke Transplant Center, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Zachary W. Fitch
- Department of Surgery, Duke Transplant Center, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Robin Schmitz
- Department of Surgery, Duke Transplant Center, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Ashley Y. Choi
- Department of Surgery, Duke Transplant Center, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Pancreatic islet cell transplantation is currently the only curative cell therapy for type 1 diabetes mellitus. However, its potential to treat many more patients is limited by several challenges. The emergence of 3D bioprinting technology from recent advances in 3D printing, biomaterials, and cell biology has provided the means to overcome these challenges. RECENT FINDINGS 3D bioprinting allows for the precise fabrication of complex 3D architectures containing spatially distributed cells, biomaterials (bioink), and bioactive factors. Different strategies to capitalize on this ability have been investigated for the 3D bioprinting of pancreatic islets. In particular, with co-axial bioprinting technology, the co-printability of islets with supporting cells such as endothelial progenitor cells and regulatory T cells, which have been shown to accelerate revascularization of islets and improve the outcome of various transplantations, respectively, has been achieved. 3D bioprinting of islets for generation of an artificial pancreas is a newly emerging field of study with a vast potential to improve islet transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juewan Kim
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Biology, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, 5005, Australia
| | - Kyungwon Kang
- Discipline of Medicine, School of Medicine, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, 5000, Australia
| | - Christopher J Drogemuller
- Discipline of Medicine, School of Medicine, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, 5000, Australia
- Central Northern Adelaide Renal and Transplantation Service (CNARTS), The Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, South Australia, 5000, Australia
| | - Gordon G Wallace
- Intelligent Polymer Research Institute, ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterial Science, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales, 2522, Australia
| | - P Toby Coates
- Discipline of Medicine, School of Medicine, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, 5000, Australia.
- Central Northern Adelaide Renal and Transplantation Service (CNARTS), The Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, South Australia, 5000, Australia.
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22
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Rajab TK, Tchantchaleishvili V. Can tissue engineering produce bioartificial organs for transplantation? Artif Organs 2019; 43:536-541. [PMID: 30891801 DOI: 10.1111/aor.13443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Taufiek Konrad Rajab
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
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23
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Ward IM, Knott A. Practical Pearls About Current Rheumatic Medications. Prim Care 2018; 45:193-212. [PMID: 29759120 DOI: 10.1016/j.pop.2018.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
New and existing rheumatic disease is frequently encountered in the primary care setting. The number of medications used to treat various rheumatic conditions continues to increase. Some medications have very specific indications, whereas others have increasing off-label uses. Regardless of the indication, the medications used in rheumatology have variable dosing recommendations, significant side effects, recommended monitoring parameters, and potential medication interactions. Clinicians need to be aware of the potential uses as well as possible pitfalls associated with medications used in rheumatology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian M Ward
- Rheumatology Service, Department of Medicine, Landstuhl Regional Medical Center, Landstuhl, Germany.
| | - Amanda Knott
- Department of Pharmacy, Landstuhl Regional Medical Center, Landstuhl, Germany
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Kim IW, Kim JH, Han N, Kim S, Kim YS, Oh JM. Gene expression profiles for predicting antibody‑mediated kidney allograft rejection: Analysis of GEO datasets. Int J Mol Med 2018; 42:2303-2311. [PMID: 30066908 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2018.3798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibody‑mediated rejections (AMRs) are one of the most challenging complications that result in the deterioration of renal allograft function and graft loss in a large majority of cases. The purpose of the present study was to characterize a meta‑signature of differentially expressed RNAs associated with AMR in cases of kidney transplantation. Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) dataset searches up to September 11, 2017, using Medical Subject Heading terms and keywords associated with kidney transplantation, AMR and mRNA arrays were downloaded from the GEO dataset. Using a computational analysis, a meta‑signature was determined that characterized the significant intersection of differentially expressed genes (DEGs). Gene‑set and network analyses were also performed to identify gene sets and sub‑networks associated with the AMR‑related traits. A statistically significant mRNA meta‑signature of upregulated and downregulated gene expression levels that were significantly associated with AMR was identified. C‑X‑C motif chemokine ligand 10 (CXCL10), CXCL9 and guanylate binding protein 1 were the most significantly associated with AMR. DEGs were efficiently identified and were found to be able to predict the occurrence of AMR according to a meta‑analysis approach from publicly available datasets. These methods and results can be applied for a more accurate diagnosis of AMR in transplant cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- In-Wha Kim
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Hyun Kim
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Nayoung Han
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Sangsoo Kim
- Department of Bioinformatics and Life Science, Soongsil University, Seoul 06978, Republic of Korea
| | - Yon Su Kim
- Kidney Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Mi Oh
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
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Igata S, Wettersten N, Wong DJ, Sabet A, DeMaria AN. Acute right heart failure caused by tacrolimus after renal transplantation: Serial observation by speckle tracking and Doppler echocardiography. Echocardiography 2018; 34:1730-1732. [PMID: 29178293 DOI: 10.1111/echo.13716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Tacrolimus is an immunosuppressive agent well known to be capable of producing renal impairment. Acute renal failure with right heart failure caused by tacrolimus is rarely described. We report the findings of one such case in which tacrolimus caused acute renal failure with severe tricuspid regurgitation and right ventricular failure documented by echocardiography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sachiyo Igata
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of California San Diego Sulpizio Cardiovascular Center, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Nicholas Wettersten
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of California San Diego Sulpizio Cardiovascular Center, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Darrin J Wong
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of California San Diego Sulpizio Cardiovascular Center, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Amin Sabet
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of California San Diego Sulpizio Cardiovascular Center, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Anthony N DeMaria
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of California San Diego Sulpizio Cardiovascular Center, La Jolla, CA, USA
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LCK as a Potential Therapeutic Target for Acute Rejection after Kidney Transplantation: A Bioinformatics Clue. J Immunol Res 2018; 2018:6451298. [PMID: 29977931 PMCID: PMC6011083 DOI: 10.1155/2018/6451298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2017] [Revised: 03/12/2018] [Accepted: 04/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives We aim to identify the key biomarker of acute rejection (AR) after kidney transplantation via bioinformatics methods. Methods The gene expression data GSE75693 of 30 samples with stable kidney transplantation recipients and 15 AR samples were downloaded and analyzed by the limma package to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs). Then, Gene Ontology (GO) functional enrichment analysis and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis were done to explore the biological functions and potential important pathways of DEGs. Finally, protein-protein interactions (PPIs) and literature mining were applied to construct the cocitation network and to select the hub protein. Results A total of 437 upregulated genes and 353 downregulated genes were selected according to P < 0.01 and |log2(fold change)| > 1.0. DEGs of AR are mainly located on membranes and impact the activation of receptors in immune responses. In the PPI network, Src kinase, lymphocyte kinase (LCK), CD3G, B2M, interferon-γ, CD3D, tumor necrosis factor, VAV1, and CD3E in the T cell receptor signaling pathway were selected as important factors, and LCK was identified as the hub protein. Conclusion LCK, via acting on T-cell receptor, might be a potential therapeutic target for AR after kidney transplantation.
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Wang DD, Lu JM, Li Q, Li ZP. Population pharmacokinetics of tacrolimus in paediatric systemic lupus erythematosus based on real-world study. J Clin Pharm Ther 2018; 43:476-483. [PMID: 29766530 DOI: 10.1111/jcpt.12707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- D.-D. Wang
- Department of Pharmacy; Children’s Hospital of Fudan University; Shanghai China
| | - J.-M. Lu
- Department of Pharmacy; Children’s Hospital of Fudan University; Shanghai China
| | - Q. Li
- Department of Pharmacy; Children’s Hospital of Fudan University; Shanghai China
| | - Z.-P. Li
- Department of Pharmacy; Children’s Hospital of Fudan University; Shanghai China
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Hajar Z, Medawar W, Rizk N. Saprochaete capitata (Geotrichum capitatum), an emerging fungal infection in kidney transplant recipients. J Mycol Med 2018; 28:387-389. [PMID: 29709266 DOI: 10.1016/j.mycmed.2018.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2017] [Revised: 04/11/2018] [Accepted: 04/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We are reporting the case of an 82-year-old Yemeni patient, renal transplant recipient who was admitted to our institution and who subsequently developed disseminated infection with Saprochaete capitata. This pathogenic fungus is rarely reported in patients with solid organ trans-plants. Saprochaete capitata is an emerging fungal pathogen, ubiquitously spread in the environment. This is the second case to our knowledge of infection with Saprochaete capitata in a renal transplant patient. Our patient was treated for multiple nosocomial infections with prolonged antibiotic courses. He succumbed to the infection with Saprochaete capitate after several weeks spent in the intensive care unit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Hajar
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - W Medawar
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - N Rizk
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon.
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29
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Mahale P, Shiels MS, Lynch CF, Engels EA. Incidence and outcomes of primary central nervous system lymphoma in solid organ transplant recipients. Am J Transplant 2018; 18:453-461. [PMID: 28805292 PMCID: PMC5790603 DOI: 10.1111/ajt.14465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2017] [Revised: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 08/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Primary central nervous system lymphoma (PCNSL) risk is greatly increased in immunosuppressed human immunodeficiency virus-infected people. Using data from the US transplant registry linked with 17 cancer registries (1987-2014), we studied PCNSL and systemic non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) in 288 029 solid organ transplant recipients. Transplant recipients had elevated incidence for PCNSL compared with the general population (standardized incidence ratio = 65.1; N = 168), and this elevation was stronger than for systemic NHL (standardized incidence ratio=11.5; N = 2043). Compared to kidney recipients, PCNSL incidence was lower in liver recipients (adjusted incidence rate ratio [aIRR] = 0.52), similar in heart and/or lung recipients, and higher in other/multiple organ recipients (aIRR = 2.45). PCNSL incidence was higher in Asians/Pacific Islanders than non-Hispanic whites (aIRR = 2.09); after induction immunosuppression with alemtuzumab (aIRR = 3.12), monoclonal antibodies (aIRR = 1.83), or polyclonal antibodies (aIRR = 2.03); in recipients who were Epstein-Barr virus-seronegative at the time of transplant and at risk of primary infection (aIRR = 1.95); and within the first 1.5 years after transplant. Compared to other recipients, those with PCNSL had increased risk of death (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR] = 11.79) or graft failure/retransplantation (aHR = 3.24). Recipients with PCNSL also had higher mortality than those with systemic NHL (aHR = 1.48). In conclusion, PCNSL risk is highly elevated among transplant recipients, and it carries a poor prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parag Mahale
- Infections and Immunoepidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Meredith S Shiels
- Infections and Immunoepidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Charles F Lynch
- Department of Epidemiology, The University of Iowa College of Public Health, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Eric A Engels
- Infections and Immunoepidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD, USA
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de Ataide EC, Perales SR, Bortoto JB, Peres MAO, Filho FC, Stucchi RSB, Udo E, Boin IFSF. Immunomodulation, Acute Renal Failure, and Complications of Basiliximab Use After Liver Transplantation: Analysis of 114 Patients and Literature Review. Transplant Proc 2018; 49:852-857. [PMID: 28457410 DOI: 10.1016/j.transproceed.2017.01.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Basiliximab is considered to be effective in preventing cellular rejection (CR) in solid organ transplantation and is commonly used for renal transplants. The aim of this study was describe the population of patients undergoing orthotopic liver transplantation (LT) receiving basiliximab in the period 2012-2016 in the liver transplant service at the State University of Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil. We analyzed 114 patients who underwent LT and received basiliximab; 83 (72.8%) were male and 31 (27.2%) female, with an overall mean age of 54.3 years. Immunosuppression was performed with corticosteroids during anesthetic induction, and postoperatively with tacrolimus in 85.5%, sodium mycophenolate in 81.7%, cyclosporine in 12.7%, and everolimus in 15.5% of patients. CR was observed in 25.43% of patients, confirmed by biopsy in 15 patients: 50% acute CR, 21.42% late acute CR, and 28.57% chronic CR. Thus, the data are consistent with the literature regarding the benefit of using basiliximab as induction therapy while reducing the incidence of CR after LT, but on univariate analysis to evaluate factors associated with the occurrence of CR, the analyzed variables did not present statistical significance. There was acute renal failure (ARF) in 46.84% of patients and hemodialysis was performed in 20% of cases. In a previous series in our service, there was an ARF rate of 50%, so the incidence reduction of ARF after basiliximab use was 3.16%. Moreover, there was 6.95% hepatic artery thrombosis, 2.6% portal vein thrombosis, 2.6% biliary fistulas, 17.4% pneumonia, and 3.4% sepsis, which did not differ from the literature or from our earlier study without the use of basiliximab, suggesting the safety of this medication. In conclusion, in this series, basiliximab influenced the decrease of the CR incidence with no proven benefit on improvement in the ARF.
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Affiliation(s)
- E C de Ataide
- Unit of Liver Transplantation, State University of Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - S R Perales
- Unit of Liver Transplantation, State University of Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - J B Bortoto
- Unit of Liver Transplantation, State University of Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - M A O Peres
- Unit of Liver Transplantation, State University of Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - F C Filho
- Unit of Liver Transplantation, State University of Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - R S B Stucchi
- Unit of Liver Transplantation, State University of Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - E Udo
- Unit of Liver Transplantation, State University of Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - I F S F Boin
- Unit of Liver Transplantation, State University of Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
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Feichtinger M, Barnea ER, Nyachieo A, Brännström M, Kim SS. Allogeneic ovarian transplantation using immunomodulator preimplantation factor (PIF) as monotherapy restored ovarian function in olive baboon. J Assist Reprod Genet 2018; 35:81-89. [PMID: 29128910 PMCID: PMC5758471 DOI: 10.1007/s10815-017-1051-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2017] [Accepted: 09/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Allogeneic ovarian transplantation may be an alternative in the future to oocyte donation in women with premature ovarian failure. The objectives of this study were to (a) evaluate allotransplantation feasibility for restoration of ovarian function and (b) assess efficacy of synthetic preimplantation factor (PIF) monotherapy as sole immune-acceptance regimen. METHODS This is an experimental animal study using non-human primates (Papio anubis). Allogeneic orthotopic ovarian tissue transplantation was performed in two female olive baboons. PIF was administered as a monotherapy to prevent immune rejection and achieve transplant maintenance and function. Subjects underwent bilateral oophorectomy followed by cross-transplantation of prepared ovarian cortex. Postoperatively, subjects were monitored for clinical and biochemical signs of graft rejection and return of function. Weekly blood samples were obtained to monitor graft acceptance and endocrine function restoration. RESULTS Postoperatively, there were no clinical signs of rejection. Laboratory parameters (alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), creatinine) did not indicate organ rejection at any stage of the experiment. Initially, significant loss of follicles was noticed after grafting and serum follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and E2 levels were consistent with ovarian failure. Seven months after transplantation, one animal exhibited recurrence of ovarian endocrine function (perineal swelling, E2 rise, FSH decrease, and return of menstruation). CONCLUSIONS Organ rejection after allogeneic ovarian transplantation was prevented using PIF as monotherapy for the first time and no side effects were recorded. The study suggests the clinical feasibility of ovarian allotransplantation to obtain ovarian function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Feichtinger
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Gynecologic Endocrinology and Reproductive Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Wunschbaby Institut Feichtinger, Vienna, Austria
| | - Eytan R Barnea
- BioIncept, LLC, Cherry Hill, NJ, 08003, USA
- SIEP, Society for the Investigation of Early Pregnancy, Cherry Hill, NJ, 08003, USA
| | | | - Mats Brännström
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Stockholm IVF, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - S Samuel Kim
- University of Kansas, Kansas City, KS, USA.
- American-Sino Women's and Children's Hospital, 155 Songyuan Rd., Shanghai, China.
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Muraki Y, Mizuno S, Nakatani K, Wakabayashi H, Ishikawa E, Araki T, Taniguchi A, Isaji S, Okuda M. Monitoring of peripheral blood cluster of differentiation 4 + adenosine triphosphate activity and CYP3A5 genotype to determine the pharmacokinetics, clinical effects and complications of tacrolimus in patients with autoimmune diseases. Exp Ther Med 2017; 15:532-538. [PMID: 29375701 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2017.5364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2016] [Accepted: 04/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
A total of 25 patients with autoimmune diseases receiving tacrolimus were screened using a peripheral blood cluster of differentiation 4+ adenosine triphosphate (ATP) activity assay (IMK assay) between October 2013 and July 2014. The autoimmune diseases of patients were as follows: Rheumatoid arthritis (n=15), lupus nephritis (n=6), ulcerative colitis (n=2) and myasthenia gravis (n=2). Patients were divided into two groups based on CYP3A5 genotype [expression of *1 allele: Expressor (EX; n=6) and non-expressor (NEX; n=19)]. The tacrolimus concentration and concentration/dose ratio was significantly lower in the EX group compared with the NEX group (P=0.0108 and 0.0056, respectively). In addition, all enrolled patients that presented with adverse effects belonged to the NEX group. No significant associations were observed between IMK ATP levels and the concentration or dose of tacrolimus (P=0.1092 and 0.6999, respectively). However, the IMK ATP high-level group exhibited a significantly higher occurrence rate of insufficient effect when compared with the normal and low-level groups (P=0.0014). In conclusion, the clearance of tacrolimus in patients with autoimmune diseases was affected by the CYP3A5 genotype, as previously reported in organ transplant patients. The IMK ATP level may indicate the clinical response irrespective of tacrolimus concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuichi Muraki
- Department of Pharmacy, Mie University Hospital, Tsu, Mie 514-8507, Japan
| | - Shugo Mizuno
- Department of Transplantation and Hepatobiliary Pancreatic Surgery, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Mie 514-8507, Japan
| | - Kaname Nakatani
- Department of Molecular and Laboratory Medicine, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Mie 514-8507, Japan
| | - Hiroki Wakabayashi
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Mie 514-8507, Japan
| | - Eiji Ishikawa
- Department of Cardiology and Nephrology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Mie 514-8507, Japan
| | - Toshimitsu Araki
- Department of Gastrointestinal and Pediatric Surgery, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Mie 514-8507, Japan
| | - Akira Taniguchi
- Department of Neurology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Mie 514-8507, Japan
| | - Shuji Isaji
- Department of Transplantation and Hepatobiliary Pancreatic Surgery, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Mie 514-8507, Japan
| | - Masahiro Okuda
- Department of Pharmacy, Mie University Hospital, Tsu, Mie 514-8507, Japan
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Gheith O, Cerna M, Halim MA, Nampoory N, Al-Otaibi T, Nair P, Said T, Atteya HA, Katchy K. Sirolimus-Induced Combined Posterior Reversible Encephalopathy Syndrome and Lymphocytic Pneumonitis in a Renal Transplant Recipient: Case Report and Review of the Literature. EXP CLIN TRANSPLANT 2017; 15:170-174. [PMID: 28260460 DOI: 10.6002/ect.mesot2016.p36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The mammalian target of rapamycin inhibitor sirolimus was introduced into clinical transplant practice in 1999. Dose-related myelosuppression and hyper lipidemia are the most common adverse effects. Pulmonary toxicity has been reported since 2004 and can cause interstitial pneumonitis, organizing pneumonia, and alveolar hemorrhage. Moreover, it can occasionally induce posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome, as documented in scarce reports. To our knowledge; this is the 1st report of combined posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome and lymphocytic pneumonitis to be induced by sirolimus. Here, we present a renal transplant recipient with reversible sirolimus-induced brain lesions who was diagnosed after exclusion of infections (viral, bacterial, and fungal), tumors, sarcoidosis, and autoimmune disorders. Both brain lesions and pneumonitis resolved completely after sirolimus discontinuation with excellent patient and graft outcome. Early and gradual sirolimus withdrawal can reverse posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome and lymphocytic pneumonitis with preservation of stable graft function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osama Gheith
- Urology and Nephrology Center, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt; the Hamed Al-Essa Organ Transplant Center, Sabah Area, Kuwait
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Webster AC, Wu S, Tallapragada K, Park MY, Chapman JR, Carr SJ. Polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies for treating acute rejection episodes in kidney transplant recipients. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2017; 7:CD004756. [PMID: 28731207 PMCID: PMC6483358 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd004756.pub4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Registry data shows that the incidence of acute rejection has been steadily falling. Approximately 10% to 35% of kidney recipients will undergo treatment for at least one episode of acute rejection within the first post-transplant year. Treatment options include pulsed steroid therapy, the use of an antibody preparation, the alteration of background immunosuppression, or combinations of these options. Over recent years, new treatment strategies have evolved, and in many parts of the world there has been an increase in use of tacrolimus and mycophenolate and a reduction in the use of cyclosporin and azathioprine use as baseline immunosuppression to prevent acute rejection. There are also global variations in use of polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies to treat acute rejection. This is an update of a review published in 2006. OBJECTIVES The aim of this systematic review was to: (1) to evaluate the relative and absolute effects of different classes of antibody preparation in preventing graft loss and resolving cellular or humoral rejection episodes when used as a treatment for first episode of rejection in kidney transplant recipients; (2) evaluate the relative and absolute effects of different classes of antibody preparation in preventing graft loss and resolving cellular or humoral rejection episodes when used as a treatment for steroid-resistant rejection in kidney transplant recipients; (3) determine how the benefits and adverse events vary for each type of antibody preparation; and (4) determine how the benefits and harms vary for different formulations of antibody within each type. SEARCH METHODS We searched the Cochrane Kidney and Transplant Specialised Register to 18 April 2017 through contact with the Information Specialist using search terms relevant to this review. SELECTION CRITERIA Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) in all languages comparing all mono- and polyclonal antibody preparations, given in combination with any other immunosuppressive agents, for the treatment of cellular or humoral graft rejection, when compared to any other treatment for acute rejection were eligible for inclusion. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Two authors independently assessed the risk of bias of the included studies and extracted data. Statistical analyses were performed using a random-effects model and results expressed as risk ratio (RR) or mean difference (MD) with 95% confidence intervals (CI). MAIN RESULTS We included 11 new studies (18 reports, 346 participants) in this update, bring the total number of included studies to 31 (76 reports, 1680 participants). Studies were generally small, incompletely reported, especially for potential harms, and did not define outcome measures adequately. The risk of bias was inadequate or unclear risk for random sequence generation (81%), allocation concealment (87%) and other bias (87%). There were, however, a predominance of low risk of bias for blinding (75%) and incomplete outcome data (80%) across all the studies. Selective reporting had a mixture of low (58%), high (29%), and unclear (13%) risk of bias.Seventeen studies (1005 participants) compared therapies for first acute cellular rejection episodes. Antibody therapy was probably better than steroid in reversing acute cellular rejection (RR 0.50, 95% CI 0.30 to 0.82; moderate certainty) and preventing subsequent rejection (RR 0.70, 95% CI 0.50 to 0.99; moderate certainty), may be better for preventing graft loss (death censored: (RR 0.80, 95% CI 0.57 to 1.12; low certainty) but there was little or no difference in death at one year. Adverse effects of treatment (including fever, chills and malaise following drug administration) were probably reduced with steroid therapy (RR 23.88, 95% CI 5.10 to 111.86; I2 = 16%; moderate certainty).Twelve studies (576 patients) investigated antibody treatment for steroid-resistant rejection. There was little or no benefit of muromonab-CD3 over ATG or ALG in reversing rejection, preventing subsequent rejection, or preventing graft loss or death. Two studies compared the use of rituximab for treatment of acute humoral rejection (58 patients). Muromonab-CD3 treated patients suffered three times more than those receiving either ATG or T10B9, from a syndrome of fever, chills and malaise following drug administration (RR 3.12, 95% CI 1.87 to 5.21; I2 = 31%), and experienced more neurological side effects (RR 13.10 95% CI 1.43 to 120.05; I2 = 36%) (low certainty evidence).There was no evidence of additional benefit from rituximab in terms of either reversal of rejection (RR 0.94, 95% CI 0.54 to 1.64), or graft loss or death 12 months (RR 1.0, 95% CI 0.23 to 4.35). Rituximab plus steroids probably increases the risk of urinary tract infection/pyelonephritis (RR 5.73, 95% CI 1.80 to 18.21). AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS In reversing first acute cellular rejection and preventing graft loss, any antibody is probably better than steroid, but there is little or no difference in subsequent rejection and patient survival. In reversing steroid-resistant rejection there was little or no difference between different antibodies over a period of 12 months, with limited data beyond that time frame. In treating acute humoral rejection, there was no evidence that the use of antibody therapy conferred additional benefit in terms of reversal of rejection, or death or graft loss.Although this is an updated review, the majority of newer included studies provide additional evidence from the cyclosporin/azathioprine era of kidney transplantation and therefore conclusions cannot necessarily be extrapolated to patients treated with more contemporary immunosuppressive regimens which include tacrolimus/mycophenolate or sirolimus. However, many kidney transplant centres around the world continue to use older immunosuppressive regimes and the findings of this review remain strongly relevant to their clinical practice.Larger studies with standardised reproducible outcome criteria are needed to investigate the outcomes and risks of antibody treatments for acute rejection in kidney transplant recipients receiving contemporary immunosuppressive regimes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela C Webster
- The University of SydneySydney School of Public HealthEdward Ford Building A27SydneyNSWAustralia2006
- The University of Sydney at WestmeadCentre for Transplant and Renal Research, Westmead Millennium InstituteWestmeadNSWAustralia2145
| | - Sunny Wu
- The Children's Hospital at WestmeadCentre for Kidney ResearchCorner Hawkesbury and Darcy RoadsWestmeadNSWAustralia2145
| | - Krishna Tallapragada
- The Children's Hospital at WestmeadCentre for Kidney ResearchCorner Hawkesbury and Darcy RoadsWestmeadNSWAustralia2145
| | - Min Young Park
- The Children's Hospital at WestmeadCentre for Kidney ResearchCorner Hawkesbury and Darcy RoadsWestmeadNSWAustralia2145
| | - Jeremy R Chapman
- Westmead Millennium Institute, The University of Sydney at WestmeadCentre for Transplant and Renal ResearchDarcy RdWestmeadNSWAustralia2145
| | - Sue J Carr
- University Hospitals of LeicesterRenal DepartmentGwendolen RdLeicesterUKLE5 4PW
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Jara-Albarrán A, Soto-Montenegro ML, Zugasti A, Rollán E, Alvarez Y, Alvarez G. Hepatic Cells via Cava Vein Can Influence Allogenic Islet Rat Transplantation. Cell Transplant 2017; 12:891-6. [PMID: 14763509 DOI: 10.3727/000000003771000129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
We have reported, previously, some effect of allogenic hepatic cells for islet tolerance when they are injected mixed (hepatic cells and islets) in different proportions via portal vein, in diabetic Wistar rats. Now we have studied the role of allogenic hepatic cells injected sequentially 15 min before islets, comparing via the portal vein (A and B groups) and via the cava vein (C and D groups) with a control group of islets alone. The allogenic islets were always injected via portal vein, in similar conditions, while the ratio of hepatic cells/islets was 100:1 (A, C groups) or 200:1 (B, D groups). Islets and hepatic cells were obtained from several different rats. The transplanted rats were observed during 30 days and results compared among the different rat groups: porta-porta (P/P), cava-porta (C/P), and control group. Statistically, a significant interaction between type of transplant and proportion of hepatic cells was observed. Also, C plus D groups showed statistical difference with the control group (p < 0.017) and also all the groups together (p < 0.047). These results suggest that hepatic cells can induce, in some cases, islet graft prolongation in Wistar rats. Better results were obtained when hepatic cells were injected via the cava vein than via the portal vein. Because we used a liver cell suspension integrated for several kinds of cells, the study does not clarify if this effect can be related to some specific hepatic cell subpopulation. To confirm the results and to determine if the hypothetical mechanism can be attributed to a block of the immune system or to some factor secreted by hepatic cells, more studies must be performed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonino Jara-Albarrán
- Unidad de Medicina y Cirugía Experimental, Servicio de Endocrinología, Cantoblanco, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain.
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Combinatorial drug delivery approaches for immunomodulation. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2017; 114:161-174. [PMID: 28532690 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2017.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2017] [Revised: 05/05/2017] [Accepted: 05/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Immunotherapy has been widely explored for applications to both augment and suppress intrinsic host immunity. Clinical achievements have seen a number of immunotherapeutic drugs displace established strategies like chemotherapy in treating immune-associated diseases. However, single drug approaches modulating an individual arm of the immune system are often incompletely effective. Imperfect mechanistic understanding and heterogeneity within disease pathology have seen monotherapies inadequately equipped to mediate complete disease remission. Recent success in applications of combinatorial immunotherapy has suggested that targeting multiple biological pathways simultaneously may be critical in treating complex immune pathologies. Drug delivery approaches through engineered biomaterials offer the potential to augment desired immune responses while mitigating toxic side-effects by localizing immunotherapy. This review discusses recent advances in immunotherapy and highlights newly explored combinatorial drug delivery approaches. Furthermore, prospective future directions for immunomodulatory drug delivery to exploit are provided.
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Ruan V, Czer LSC, Awad M, Kittleson M, Patel J, Arabia F, Esmailian F, Ramzy D, Chung J, De Robertis M, Trento A, Kobashigawa JA. Use of Anti-Thymocyte Globulin for Induction Therapy in Cardiac Transplantation: A Review. Transplant Proc 2017; 49:253-259. [PMID: 28219580 DOI: 10.1016/j.transproceed.2016.11.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2016] [Accepted: 11/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The most common causes of death after heart transplantation (HTx) include acute rejection and multi-organ failure in the early period and malignancy and cardiac allograft vasculopathy (CAV) in the late period. Polyclonal antibody preparations such as rabbit anti-thymocyte globulin (ATG) may reduce early acute rejection and the later occurrence of CAV after HTx. ATG therapy depletes T cells, modulates adhesion and cell-signaling molecules, interferes with dendritic cell function, and induces B-cell apoptosis and regulatory and natural killer T-cell expansion. Evidence from animal studies and from retrospective clinical studies in humans indicates that ATG can be used to delay calcineurin inhibitor (CNI) exposure after HTx, thus benefiting renal function, and to reduce the incidence of CAV and ischemia-reperfusion injury in the transplanted heart. ATG may reduce de novo antibody production after HTx. ATG does not appear to increase cytomegalovirus infection rates with longer prophylaxis (6-12 months). In addition, ATG may reduce the risk of lymphoproliferative disease and does not appear to confer an additive effect on acquiring lymphoma after HTx. Randomized, controlled trials may provide stronger evidence of ATG association with patient survival, graft rejection, renal protection through delayed CNI initiation, as well as other benefits. It can also help establish optimal dosing and patient criteria to maximize treatment benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Ruan
- Division of Cardiology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, and Cedars-Sinai Heart Institute, Los Angeles, California
| | - L S C Czer
- Division of Cardiology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, and Cedars-Sinai Heart Institute, Los Angeles, California.
| | - M Awad
- Division of Cardiology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, and Cedars-Sinai Heart Institute, Los Angeles, California
| | - M Kittleson
- Division of Cardiology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, and Cedars-Sinai Heart Institute, Los Angeles, California
| | - J Patel
- Division of Cardiology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, and Cedars-Sinai Heart Institute, Los Angeles, California
| | - F Arabia
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, and Cedars-Sinai Heart Institute, Los Angeles, California
| | - F Esmailian
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, and Cedars-Sinai Heart Institute, Los Angeles, California
| | - D Ramzy
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, and Cedars-Sinai Heart Institute, Los Angeles, California
| | - J Chung
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, and Cedars-Sinai Heart Institute, Los Angeles, California
| | - M De Robertis
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, and Cedars-Sinai Heart Institute, Los Angeles, California
| | - A Trento
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, and Cedars-Sinai Heart Institute, Los Angeles, California
| | - J A Kobashigawa
- Division of Cardiology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, and Cedars-Sinai Heart Institute, Los Angeles, California
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Paredes-Juarez GA, de Vos P, Bulte JWM. Recent progress in the use and tracking of transplanted islets as a personalized treatment for type 1 diabetes. EXPERT REVIEW OF PRECISION MEDICINE AND DRUG DEVELOPMENT 2017; 2:57-67. [PMID: 29276781 PMCID: PMC5737787 DOI: 10.1080/23808993.2017.1302305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is an autoimmune disease in which the pancreas produces insufficient amounts of insulin. T1DM patients require exogenous sources of insulin to maintain euglycemia. Transplantation of naked or microencapsulated pancreatic islets represents an alternative paradigm to obtain an autonomous regulation of blood glucose levels in a controlled and personalized fashion. However, once transplanted, the fate of these personalized cellular therapeutics is largely unknown, justifying the development of non-invasive tracking techniques. AREAS COVERED In vivo imaging of naked pancreatic islet transplantation, monitoring of microencapsulated islet transplantation, visualizing pancreatic inflammation, imaging of molecular-genetic therapeutics, imaging of beta cell function. EXPERT COMMENTARY There are still several hurdles to overcome before (microencapsulated) islet cell transplantation will become a mainstay therapy. Non-invasive imaging methods that can track graft volume, graft rejection, graft function (insulin secretion) microcapsule engraftment, microcapsule rupture, and pancreatic inflammation are currently being developed to design the best experimental transplantation paradigms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Genaro A Paredes-Juarez
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology, Division of Magnetic Resonance Research, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Paul de Vos
- University Medical Center Groningen (UMCG), Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, Section Immunoendocrinology. Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jeff W M Bulte
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology, Division of Magnetic Resonance Research, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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Wareham NE, Lundgren JD, Da Cunha-Bang C, Gustafsson F, Iversen M, Johannesen HH, Kjær A, Rasmussen A, Sengeløv H, Sørensen SS, Fischer BM. The clinical utility of FDG PET/CT among solid organ transplant recipients suspected of malignancy or infection. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2017; 44:421-431. [PMID: 27838763 PMCID: PMC5281676 DOI: 10.1007/s00259-016-3564-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2016] [Accepted: 10/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Solid organ transplant (SOT) recipients are at high risk of developing infections and malignancies. 18F-FDG PET/CT may enable timely detection of these diseases and help to ensure early intervention. We aimed to describe the clinical utility of FDG PET/CT in consecutive, diagnostic unresolved SOT recipients transplanted from January 2004 to May 2015. METHODS Recipients with a post-transplant FDG PET/CT performed as part of diagnostic work-up were included. Detailed chart reviews were done to extract relevant clinical information and determine the final diagnosis related to the FDG PET/CT. Based on á priori defined criteria and the final diagnosis, results from each scan were classified as true or false, and diagnostic values determined. RESULTS Among the 1,814 recipients in the cohort, 145 had an FDG PET/CT performed; 122 under the indication of diagnostically unresolved symptoms with a suspicion of malignancy or infection. The remaining (N = 23) had an FDG PET/CT to follow-up on a known disease or to stage a known malignancy. The 122 recipients underwent a total of 133 FDG PET/CT scans performed for a suspected malignancy (66 %) or an infection (34 %). Sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values of the FDG PET/CT in diagnosing these conditions were 97, 84, 87, and 96 %, respectively. CONCLUSION FDG PET/CT is an accurate diagnostic tool for the work-up of diagnostic unresolved SOT recipients suspected of malignancy or infection. The high sensitivity and NPV underlines the potential usefulness of PET/CT for excluding malignancy or focal infections in this often complex clinical situation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neval E Wareham
- Centre for Health and Infectious Disease Research (CHIP), Department of Infectious Diseases, Section 2100, Rigshospitalet, Blegdamsvej 9, 2100, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark.
| | - J D Lundgren
- Centre for Health and Infectious Disease Research (CHIP), Department of Infectious Diseases, Section 2100, Rigshospitalet, Blegdamsvej 9, 2100, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - C Da Cunha-Bang
- Department of Haematology, Rigshospitalet, Blegdamsvej 9, 2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - F Gustafsson
- Department of Cardiology, Rigshospitalet, Blegdamsvej 9, 2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - M Iversen
- Department of Cardiology, Rigshospitalet, Blegdamsvej 9, 2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - H H Johannesen
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Nuclear Medicine & PET, Rigshospitalet, Blegdamsvej 9, 2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - A Kjær
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Nuclear Medicine & PET, Rigshospitalet, Blegdamsvej 9, 2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - A Rasmussen
- Department of Surgical Gastroenterology, Rigshospitalet, Blegdamsvek 9, 2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - H Sengeløv
- Department of Haematology, Rigshospitalet, Blegdamsvej 9, 2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - S S Sørensen
- Department of Nephrology, Rigshospitalet, Blegdamsvej 9, 2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - B M Fischer
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Nuclear Medicine & PET, Rigshospitalet, Blegdamsvej 9, 2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
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Hill P, Cross NB, Barnett ANR, Palmer SC, Webster AC. Polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies for induction therapy in kidney transplant recipients. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2017; 1:CD004759. [PMID: 28073178 PMCID: PMC6464766 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd004759.pub2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prolonging kidney transplant survival is an important clinical priority. Induction immunosuppression with antibody therapy is recommended at transplantation and non-depleting interleukin-2 receptor monoclonal antibodies (IL2Ra) are considered first line. It is suggested that recipients at high risk of rejection should receive lymphocyte-depleting antibodies but the relative benefits and harms of the available agents are uncertain. OBJECTIVES We aimed to: evaluate the relative and absolute effects of different antibody preparations (except IL2Ra) when used as induction therapy in kidney transplant recipients; determine how the benefits and adverse events vary for each antibody preparation; determine how the benefits and harms vary for different formulations of antibody preparation; and determine whether the benefits and harms vary in specific subgroups of recipients (e.g. children and sensitised recipients). SEARCH METHODS Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) comparing monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies with placebo, no treatment, or other antibody therapy in adults and children who had received a kidney transplant. SELECTION CRITERIA Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) comparing monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies with placebo, no treatment, or other antibody therapy in adults and children who had received a kidney transplant. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Two authors independently extracted data and assessed risk of bias. Dichotomous outcomes are reported as relative risk (RR) and continuous outcomes as mean difference (MD) together with their 95% confidence intervals (CI). MAIN RESULTS We included 99 studies (269 records; 8956 participants; 33 with contemporary agents). Methodology was incompletely reported in most studies leading to lower confidence in the treatment estimates.Antithymocyte globulin (ATG) prevented acute graft rejection (17 studies: RR 0.63, 95% CI 0.51 to 0.78). The benefits of ATG on graft rejection were similar when used with (12 studies: RR 0.61, 0.49 to 0.76) or without (5 studies: RR 0.65, 0.43 to 0.98) calcineurin inhibitor (CNI) treatment. ATG (with CNI therapy) had uncertain effects on death (3 to 6 months, 3 studies: RR 0.41, 0.13 to 1.22; 1 to 2 years, 5 studies: RR 0.75, 0.27 to 2.06; 5 years, 2 studies: RR 0.94, 0.11 to 7.81) and graft loss (3 to 6 months, 4 studies: RR 0.60, 0.34 to 1.05; 1 to 2 years, 3 studies: RR 0.65, 0.36 to 1.19). The effect of ATG on death-censored graft loss was uncertain at 1 to 2 years and 5 years. In non-CNI studies, ATG had uncertain effects on death but reduced death-censored graft loss (6 studies: RR 0.55, 0.38 to 0.78). When CNI and older non-CNI studies were combined, a benefit was seen with ATG at 1 to 2 years for both all-cause graft loss (7 studies: RR 0.71, 0.53 to 0.95) and death-censored graft loss (8 studies: RR 0.55, 0.39 to 0.77) but not sustained longer term. ATG increased cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection (6 studies: RR 1.55, 1.24 to 1.95), leucopenia (4 studies: RR 3.86, 2.79 to 5.34) and thrombocytopenia (4 studies: RR 2.41, 1.61 to 3.61) but had uncertain effects on delayed graft function, malignancy, post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder (PTLD), and new onset diabetes after transplantation (NODAT).Alemtuzumab was compared to ATG in six studies (446 patients) with early steroid withdrawal (ESW) or steroid minimisation. Alemtuzumab plus steroid minimisation reduced acute rejection compared to ATG at one year (4 studies: RR 0.57, 0.35 to 0.93). In the two studies with ESW only in the alemtuzumab arm, the effect of alemtuzumab on acute rejection at 1 year was uncertain compared to ATG (RR 1.27, 0.50 to 3.19). Alemtuzumab had uncertain effects on death (1 year, 2 studies: RR 0.39, 0.06 to 2.42; 2 to 3 years, 3 studies: RR 0.67, 95% CI 0.15 to 2.95), graft loss (1 year, 2 studies: RR 0.39, 0.13 to 1.30; 2 to 3 years, 3 studies: RR 0.98, 95% CI 0.47 to 2.06), and death-censored graft loss (1 year, 2 studies: RR 0.38, 0.08 to 1.81; 2 to 3 years, 3 studies: RR 2.45, 95% CI 0.67 to 8.97) compared to ATG. Creatinine clearance was lower with alemtuzumab plus ESW at 6 months (2 studies: MD -13.35 mL/min, -23.91 to -2.80) and 2 years (2 studies: MD -12.86 mL/min, -23.73 to -2.00) compared to ATG plus triple maintenance. Across all 6 studies, the effect of alemtuzumab versus ATG was uncertain on all-cause infection, CMV infection, BK virus infection, malignancy, and PTLD. The effect of alemtuzumab with steroid minimisation on NODAT was uncertain, compared to ATG with steroid maintenance.Alemtuzumab plus ESW compared with triple maintenance without induction therapy had uncertain effects on death and all-cause graft loss at 1 year, acute rejection at 6 months and 1 year. CMV infection was increased (2 studies: RR 2.28, 1.18 to 4.40). Treatment effects were uncertain for NODAT, thrombocytopenia, and malignancy or PTLD.Rituximab had uncertain effects on death, graft loss, acute rejection and all other adverse outcomes compared to placebo. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS ATG reduces acute rejection but has uncertain effects on death, graft survival, malignancy and NODAT, and increases CMV infection, thrombocytopenia and leucopenia. Given a 45% acute rejection risk without ATG induction, seven patients would need treatment to prevent one having rejection, while incurring an additional patient experiencing CMV disease for every 12 treated. Excluding non-CNI studies, the risk of rejection was 37% without induction with six patients needing treatment to prevent one having rejection.In the context of steroid minimisation, alemtuzumab prevents acute rejection at 1 year compared to ATG. Eleven patients would require treatment with alemtuzumab to prevent 1 having rejection, assuming a 21% rejection risk with ATG.Triple maintenance without induction therapy compared to alemtuzumab combined with ESW had similar rates of acute rejection but adverse effects including NODAT were poorly documented. Alemtuzumab plus steroid withdrawal would cause one additional patient experiencing CMV disease for every six patients treated compared to no induction and triple maintenance, in the absence of any clinical benefit. Overall, ATG and alemtuzumab decrease acute rejection at a cost of increased CMV disease while patient-centred outcomes (reduced death or lower toxicity) do not appear to be improved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Penny Hill
- Christchurch Public HospitalDepartment of NephrologyChristchurchNew Zealand
| | - Nicholas B Cross
- Christchurch Public HospitalDepartment of NephrologyChristchurchNew Zealand
| | | | - Suetonia C Palmer
- University of Otago ChristchurchDepartment of Medicine2 Riccarton AvePO Box 4345ChristchurchNew Zealand8140
| | - Angela C Webster
- The University of SydneySydney School of Public HealthEdward Ford Building A27SydneyNSWAustralia2006
- The University of Sydney at WestmeadCentre for Transplant and Renal Research, Westmead Millennium InstituteWestmeadNSWAustralia2145
- The Children's Hospital at WestmeadCochrane Kidney and Transplant, Centre for Kidney ResearchWestmeadNSWAustralia2145
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Xu D, Gao X, Bian R, Mei C, Xu C. Tacrolimus improves proteinuria remission in adults with cyclosporine A-resistant or -dependent minimal change disease. Nephrology (Carlton) 2016; 22:251-256. [PMID: 28035723 DOI: 10.1111/nep.12991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Cyclosporin A (CsA) is considered as an effective treatment option for steroid-resistant or-dependent patients with adult-onset minimal change disease (MCD). However, CsA resistance or dependence is also observed in these patients. Tacrolimus (TAC) is a calcineurin inhibitor that is potent in cytokine suppression. The authors aim to evaluate the efficacy and safety of TAC therapy in CsA-resistant and-dependent adult-onset MCD patients. METHODS Patients with adult-onset MCD were enrolled in our department from 2008 to 2012. All patients were demonstrated to be resistant to or dependent on CsA therapy. Prednisone (0.5 mg/kg per day) combined with TAC (0.05-0.1 mg/kg per day) were prescribed to these patients for at least 6 months. The primary outcome was complete or partial remission of proteinuria. Secondary outcomes included time required for complete or partial remission, adverse events, number of relapses, and TAC dosages. RESULTS A total of 11 MCD patients were enrolled in this observational study. The numbers of patients who presented with resistance to or dependence on CsA were 7 and 4, respectively. The total remission rate was 90.9% (10/11) with the complete remission rate 72.7% (8/11). Most remission patients achieved remission during the first 2 months of TAC therapy. Patients who presented with dependence on CsA had achieved complete remission with TAC therapy, while outcomes for CsA-resistant patients were four complete remissions, two partial remissions and one resistance. The adverse events were observed in this study included infection, diarrhoea, and worsened hypertension. Five patients who had remission experienced relapse. CONCLUSIONS Tacrolimus improves proteinuria remission in adults with CsA-resistant or -dependent MCD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dechao Xu
- Kidney Institute of PLA, Department of Nephrology, Shanghai Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiang Gao
- Kidney Institute of PLA, Department of Nephrology, Shanghai Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Rongrong Bian
- Kidney Institute of PLA, Department of Nephrology, Shanghai Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Changlin Mei
- Kidney Institute of PLA, Department of Nephrology, Shanghai Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chenggang Xu
- Kidney Institute of PLA, Department of Nephrology, Shanghai Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China.,Department of Nephrology, Third affiliated Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
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Long B, Koyfman A. The emergency medicine approach to transplant complications. Am J Emerg Med 2016; 34:2200-2208. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ajem.2016.08.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2016] [Revised: 08/18/2016] [Accepted: 08/20/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
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Nakajima Y, Aoyama N, Takahashi F, Sasaki H, Hatanaka K, Moritomo A, Inami M, Ito M, Nakamura K, Nakamori F, Inoue T, Shirakami S. Design, synthesis, and evaluation of 4,6-diaminonicotinamide derivatives as novel and potent immunomodulators targeting JAK3. Bioorg Med Chem 2016; 24:4711-4722. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2016.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2016] [Revised: 08/05/2016] [Accepted: 08/06/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Lin CH, Wang YL, Anggelia MR, Chuang WY, Cheng HY, Mao Q, Zelken JA, Lin CH, Zheng XX, Lee WPA, Brandacher G. Combined Anti-CD154/CTLA4Ig Costimulation Blockade-Based Therapy Induces Donor-Specific Tolerance to Vascularized Osteomyocutaneous Allografts. Am J Transplant 2016; 16:2030-41. [PMID: 26914847 DOI: 10.1111/ajt.13694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2015] [Revised: 12/06/2015] [Accepted: 12/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Tolerance induction by means of costimulation blockade has been successfully applied in solid organ transplantation; however, its efficacy in vascularized composite allotransplantation, containing a vascularized bone marrow component and thus a constant source of donor-derived stem cells, remains poorly explored. In this study, osteomyocutaneous allografts (alloOMCs) from Balb/c (H2(d) ) mice were transplanted into C57BL/6 (H2(b) ) recipients. Immunosuppression consisted of 1 mg anti-CD154 on day 0, 0.5 mg CTLA4Ig on day 2 and rapamycin (RPM; 3 mg/kg per day from days 0-7, then every other day for 3 weeks). Long-term allograft survival, donor-specific tolerance and donor-recipient cell trafficking were evaluated. Treatment with costimulation blockade plus RPM resulted in long-term graft survival (>120 days) of alloOMC in 12 of 15 recipients compared with untreated controls (median survival time [MST] ≈10.2 ± 0.8 days), RPM alone (MST ≈33 ± 5.5 days) and costimulation blockade alone (MST ≈45.8 ± 7.1 days). Donor-specific hyporesponsiveness in recipients with viable grafts was demonstrated in vitro. Evidence of donor-specific tolerance was further assessed in vivo by secondary donor-specific skin graft survival and third-party graft rejection. A significant increase of Foxp3(+) regulatory T cells was evident in tolerant animals. Donor cells populated peripheral blood, thymus, and both donor and recipient bone marrow. Consequently, combined anti-CD154/CTLA4Ig costimulation blockade-based therapy induces donor-specific tolerance in a stringent murine alloOMC transplant model.
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Affiliation(s)
- C H Lin
- Center for Vascularized Composite Allotransplantation, Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, and School of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Y L Wang
- Center for Vascularized Composite Allotransplantation, Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, and School of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - M R Anggelia
- Center for Vascularized Composite Allotransplantation, Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, and School of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - W Y Chuang
- Department of Pathology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung Medical College and Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - H Y Cheng
- Center for Vascularized Composite Allotransplantation, Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, and School of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Q Mao
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Vascularized Composite Allotransplantation (VCA) Laboratory, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - J A Zelken
- Center for Vascularized Composite Allotransplantation, Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, and School of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - C H Lin
- Center for Vascularized Composite Allotransplantation, Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, and School of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - X X Zheng
- Research Center of Translational Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - W P A Lee
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Vascularized Composite Allotransplantation (VCA) Laboratory, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - G Brandacher
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Vascularized Composite Allotransplantation (VCA) Laboratory, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
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Lin JW, Chang ML, Hsu CW, Chen YC, Liang KH, Huang YH, Lin CC, Yeh CT. Acute exacerbation of hepatitis C in hepatocellular carcinoma patients receiving chemotherapy. J Med Virol 2016; 89:153-160. [PMID: 27273118 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.24595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/05/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Acute hepatitis C exacerbations can occur in cancer patients carrying hepatitis C virus (HCV) when receiving systemic chemotherapy. However, clinical studies evaluating these complications remain rare due to the lack of clinically proven effective and tolerable anti-HCV treatments at late cancer stages. Furthermore, no data were available regarding hepatitis C exacerbation in advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) patients receiving chemotherapy. To address this issue, 48 patients with HCV-related advanced HCC, who underwent systemic chemotherapy using 5- fluorouracil, cisplatin, and mitoxantrone from 2008 to 2014 were analyzed. Nine patients developed acute hepatitis exacerbations defined by HCV-RNA elevation ≥10-fold and alanine transaminase (ALT) elevation ≥5-fold of the upper normal limit. Six were genotype 1b and 3 were genotype 2. Three patterns of clinical courses were observed including single episode of exacerbation (n = 5), fluctuated flares (n = 3), and delayed exacerbation (n = 1). Hepatic failure developed in five patients. Patients with acute exacerbations were less likely to have pretreatment ascites (11.1% vs. 53.8%; P = 0.028) and displayed a lower baseline ALT (44.1 ± 28.5 U/L vs. 72.6 ± 19.2 U/L; P = 0.007). Paradoxically, despite a high risk of hepatic failure, occurrence of hepatitis C exacerbation was associated with a favorable overall survival (P = 0.027; 22.8 vs. 5.4 months). In conclusion, hepatitis C exacerbation can occur in HCC patients receiving chemotherapy, leading to liver failure. However, the flare was associated with a better overall survival, possibly due to its association with a better baseline liver function. J. Med. Virol. 89:153-160, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Wei Lin
- Liver Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Ling Chang
- Liver Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chao-Wei Hsu
- Liver Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Cheng Chen
- Liver Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kung-Hao Liang
- Liver Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Hui Huang
- Liver Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chen-Chun Lin
- Liver Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chau-Ting Yeh
- Liver Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan. .,Molecular Medicine Research Center, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
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Long-Term Influence of CYP3A5 Gene Polymorphism on Pharmacokinetics of Tacrolimus and Patient Outcome After Living Donor Liver Transplantation. Transplant Proc 2016; 48:1087-94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.transproceed.2016.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2015] [Revised: 01/28/2016] [Accepted: 02/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Lambert SM, Alembo DT, Nigusse SD, Yamuah LK, Walker SL, Lockwood DNJ. A Randomized Controlled Double Blind Trial of Ciclosporin versus Prednisolone in the Management of Leprosy Patients with New Type 1 Reaction, in Ethiopia. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2016; 10:e0004502. [PMID: 27046330 PMCID: PMC4821535 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0004502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2015] [Accepted: 02/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Leprosy Type 1 (T1R) reactions are immune-mediated events leading to nerve damage and preventable disability affecting hands, feet and eyes. Type 1 Reactions are treated with oral corticosteroids. There is little evidence on alternative treatments for patients who do not respond to steroids or experience steroid adverse effects. We report the results of a randomized controlled trial testing the efficacy and adverse effect profile of ciclosporin and prednisolone (CnP) in comparison to prednisolone only (P) in patients with new T1R in Ethiopia. Ciclosporin is a potent immunosuppressant. Outcomes were measured using a clinical severity score, recurrence rate, adverse events and quality of life. Results Seventy three patients with new T1R were randomized to receive CnP or P for 20 weeks. Recovery rates in skin signs was similar in both groups (91% vs 88%). Improvements in nerve function both, new and old, sensory (66% vs 49%) and motor (75% vs 74%) loss were higher (but not significantly so) in the patients on CnP. Recurrences rates of T1R (85%) were high in both groups, and recurrences occurred significantly earlier (8 weeks) in patients CnP, who needed 10% more additional prednisolone. Serious major and minor adverse events rates were similar in patients in the two treatment arms of the study. Both groups had a significant improvement in their quality of life after the study, measured by the SF-36. Conclusions This is the first double-blind RCT assessing ciclosporin, in the management of T1R in Africa. Ciclosporin could be a safe alternative second-line drug for patients with T1R who are not improving with prednisolone or are experiencing adverse events related to prednisolone. This study illustrates the difficulty in switching off leprosy inflammation. Better treatment agents for leprosy patients with reactions and nerve damage are needed. Leprosy infection is cured with multi-drug therapy (MDT), but patients may develop immune mediated skin and nerve lesions. These immunological reactions lead to disability and deformity secondary to neuropathy. Prednisolone is the main drug used to treat reactions but is only partially effective and patients have a high rate of side effects. Identifying better agents for treating leprosy reactions is an important clinical goal. We tested the safety and efficacy of ciclosporin, an immunosuppressant used in many inflammatory conditions, in Type 1 reactions (T1R) in leprosy patients in Ethiopia. A double-blind randomized controlled clinical trial comparing the efficacy and adverse event profiles of ciclosporin and prednisolone was conducted in patients presenting with acute T1R. Patients on ciclosporin and prednisolone had similar improvements in clinical outcomes which were measured as skin and nerve function improvement. Both groups had a high rate of T1R recurrence (85%) and the patients on ciclosporin required more additional prednisolone to treat recurrences. We assessed patient quality of life and this was significantly improved with both treatments. This is the first assessment of patient quality of life in a leprosy patients trial. Ciclosporin may be a useful alternative in the treatment of T1R, but that the need for additional steroids decreases its value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saba M. Lambert
- Department of Clinical Research, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
- All Africa Leprosy Rehabilitation and Training (ALERT) Centre, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
- * E-mail: ;
| | - Digafe T. Alembo
- All Africa Leprosy Rehabilitation and Training (ALERT) Centre, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Shimelis D. Nigusse
- All Africa Leprosy Rehabilitation and Training (ALERT) Centre, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Lawrence K. Yamuah
- Data Management, Armauer Hansen Research Institute (AHRI), Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Stephen L. Walker
- Department of Clinical Research, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Diana N. J. Lockwood
- Department of Clinical Research, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
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Tacrolimus for children with refractory nephrotic syndrome: a one-year prospective, multicenter, and open-label study of Tacrobell®, a generic formula. World J Pediatr 2016; 12:60-5. [PMID: 26684309 DOI: 10.1007/s12519-015-0062-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2014] [Accepted: 12/04/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cyclosporine A and tacrolimus (TAC) are often used as a second-line treatment for children with refractory nephrotic syndrome (NS). This study was undertaken to investigate the efficacy and safety of Tacrobell®, a locally produced generic form of TAC. METHODS This study was a one-year prospective, open-label, single-arm, multicenter trial. Fourty-four children with steroid-dependent NS (SDNS) and 33 children with steroid-resistant NS (SRNS) were enrolled. The primary endpoints were defined as the remission rates, whereas the secondary endpoints were recognized as the duration of remission and adverse effects of TAC. RESULTS After one-year treatment, 34 (77.3%) of the 44 patients with SDNS were in complete remission, and 6 (13.6%) were in partial remission. Nineteen (43.2%) patients did not relapse during the study; for those who did relapse, the mean duration of remission was 4.6±2.9 months. The number of relapse episodes during the study period (0.90 per patient-year) was significantly lower than that in the preceding year (2.8 per patient-year). After treatment for 3 and 6 months, 12 (36.4%) of the 33 patients with SRNS were in remission, and after treatment for 12 months, the number of patients had increased to 13 (39.4%). The mean time to achieve remission was 4.0±3.2 months. After remission (duration, 3.7±2.7 months), 12 (54.5%) of 22 patients relapsed. The fasting blood glucose and blood pressure levels during the therapy were similar to those at the time of study entry. CONCLUSIONS Treatment with Tacrobell® was effective and safe for children with refractory NS. The efficacy of this generic form of TAC was better than that of the original TAC formula.
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Gatault P, Bertrand D, Büchler M, Colosio C, Hurault de Ligny B, Weestel PF, Rerolle JP, Thierry A, Sayegh J, Moulin B, Snanoudj R, Rivalan J, Heng AE, Sautenet B, Lebranchu Y. Eight-year results of the Spiesser study, a randomized trial comparingde novosirolimus and cyclosporine in renal transplantation. Transpl Int 2016; 29:41-50. [DOI: 10.1111/tri.12656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2015] [Revised: 05/13/2015] [Accepted: 07/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Gatault
- Service de Néphrologie et Immunologie clinique; CHRU de Tours; Tours France
- Université François-Rabelais de Tours; Tours France
| | | | - Matthias Büchler
- Service de Néphrologie et Immunologie clinique; CHRU de Tours; Tours France
- Université François-Rabelais de Tours; Tours France
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Johnny Sayegh
- Service de Néphrologie-Dialyse-Transplantation; CHU d'Angers; Angers France
| | - Bruno Moulin
- Service de Néphrologie et Transplantation rénale; CHRU de Strasbourg; Strasbourg France
| | - Renaud Snanoudj
- Service de Transplantation rénale; AP-HP; Hôpital de Necker Enfants-Malades; Paris France
| | | | - Anne-Elisabeth Heng
- Service de Néphrologie et Transplantation rénale; CHU de Clermont-Ferrand; Clermont-Ferrand France
| | - Bénédicte Sautenet
- Service de Néphrologie et Immunologie clinique; CHRU de Tours; Tours France
| | - Yvon Lebranchu
- Service de Néphrologie et Immunologie clinique; CHRU de Tours; Tours France
- Université François-Rabelais de Tours; Tours France
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50
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Ansari D, Höglund P, Andersson B, Nilsson J. Comparison of Basiliximab and Anti-Thymocyte Globulin as Induction Therapy in Pediatric Heart Transplantation: A Survival Analysis. J Am Heart Assoc 2015; 5:JAHA.115.002790. [PMID: 26722127 PMCID: PMC4859398 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.115.002790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Background Basiliximab and anti‐thymocyte globulin are widely used drugs for induction therapy after pediatric heart transplantation. The aim of this study was to determine whether any differences could be observed between basiliximab and anti‐thymocyte globulin, with respect to long‐term mortality, in a population of pediatric cardiac transplant recipients. Methods and Results An analysis of pediatric heart transplant patients (aged <18 years) from the United Network for Organ Sharing database was conducted that compared patients receiving basiliximab with those that received anti‐thymocyte globulin for the risk of all‐cause mortality. Secondary endpoints included death attributable to graft failure, cardiovascular causes, infection, or malignancy. Of the 2275 patients, 685 received basiliximab and 1590 anti‐thymocyte globulin. One‐year survival was similar for both groups; however, at 5 and 10 years, basiliximab was associated with poorer long‐term survival (68% versus 76% at 5 years [P<0.001] and 49% versus 65% at 10 years [P<0.001], respectively). Basiliximab was associated with higher risk of death attributable to graft failure (P=0.013), but not death attributable to cardiovascular causes (P=0.444), infection (P=0.095), or malignancy (P=0.392). After multivariate analysis, use of basiliximab (versus use of anti‐thymocyte globulin) remained significantly associated with all‐cause mortality (hazard ratio, 1.27; 95% confidence interval, 1.02–1.57; P=0.030). Conclusions In pediatric heart transplant patients, use of basiliximab for induction therapy was associated with an increased risk of mortality, when compared with those receiving anti‐thymocyte globulin.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Ansari
- Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Cardiothoracic Surgery, Lund University and Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden (D.A., J.N.)
| | - Peter Höglund
- Department of Laboratory Medicine Lund, Clinical Chemistry and Pharmacology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden (P.)
| | - Bodil Andersson
- Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Surgery, Lund University and Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden (B.A.)
| | - Johan Nilsson
- Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Cardiothoracic Surgery, Lund University and Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden (D.A., J.N.)
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