1
|
Pinheiro LZ, da Silva FF, Queiroz MSR, Aguieiras ECG, Cipolatti EP, da Silva AS, Bassut J, Seldin L, Guimarães DO, Freire DMG, de Souza ROMA, Leal ICR. Activity of endophytic fungi in enantioselective biotransformation of chiral amines: New approach for solid-state fermentation. BIOCATALYSIS AND AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcab.2023.102631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
|
2
|
Jin S, Gao M, Kong W, Yang B, Kuang H, Yang B, Fu Y, Cheng Y, Li H. Enhanced and sustainable pretreatment for bioconversion and extraction of resveratrol from peanut skin using ultrasound-assisted surfactant aqueous system with microbial consortia immobilized on cellulose. 3 Biotech 2020; 10:293. [PMID: 32550111 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-020-02287-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, the ultrasound-assisted surfactant aqueous system coupled with microbial consortia immobilized by cellulose has been created as an enhanced and sustainable method for the bioconversion and extraction of resveratrol from peanut skin. Based on central composite design, and several single-factor experiments, we derived the optimal bioconversion and extraction system. Microbial consortia consist of Yeast CICC 1912, Aspergillus oryzae 3.951 and Aspergillus niger 3.3148 were chosen to be immobilized using cellulose. Other treatment conditions include concentration of surfactant as 3% (w/v), temperature as 30 °C, time as 36 h, ultrasonic power as 250 W and liquid to solid ratio as 25:1 mL/g. Under these conditions, we achieved a promising yield of resveratrol 96.58 μg/g, which is 4.02 folds compared to the untreated sample. This sustainable and green method not only enhanced the production of resveratrol but also improved the safety and reliability of the bioconversion and extraction process. Our novel method has shown great potential to realize large-scale bioconversion and extraction of bioactive compounds from plant waste.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Jin
- College of Pharmacy, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, 150040 People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Materia Medica, Ministry of Education, Harbin, 150040 People's Republic of China
| | - Mengmeng Gao
- College of Pharmacy, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, 150040 People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Materia Medica, Ministry of Education, Harbin, 150040 People's Republic of China
| | - Wentao Kong
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL USA
| | - Bingyou Yang
- College of Pharmacy, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, 150040 People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Materia Medica, Ministry of Education, Harbin, 150040 People's Republic of China
| | - Haixue Kuang
- College of Pharmacy, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, 150040 People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Materia Medica, Ministry of Education, Harbin, 150040 People's Republic of China
| | - Bo Yang
- College of Pharmacy, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, 150040 People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Materia Medica, Ministry of Education, Harbin, 150040 People's Republic of China
| | - Yujie Fu
- State Engineering Laboratory of Bio-Resource Eco-Utilization, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040 People's Republic of China
| | - Yupeng Cheng
- College of Pharmacy, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, 150040 People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Materia Medica, Ministry of Education, Harbin, 150040 People's Republic of China
| | - Huiling Li
- College of Pharmacy, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, 150040 People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Materia Medica, Ministry of Education, Harbin, 150040 People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Lactobacillus casei CSL3: Evaluation of supports for cell immobilization, viability during storage in Petit Suisse cheese and passage through gastrointestinal transit in vitro. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2020.109381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
4
|
Chen L, Zhao S, Yang Y, Li L, Wang D. Study on Degradation of Oily Wastewater by Immobilized Microorganisms with Biodegradable Polyacrylamide and Sodium Alginate Mixture. ACS OMEGA 2019; 4:15149-15157. [PMID: 31552360 PMCID: PMC6751735 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.9b02045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2019] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
In this work, four immobilized kinds of mixed microorganisms were prepared by uploading oil-degradation bacteria into the cross-linked biodegradable polyacrylamide and sodium alginate mixture supporting material, which were employed for efficient degradation of oily wastewater. The morphology of immobilized microbial pellets was characterized by scanning electron microscopy after 7d and 14d of duration. The components of residual crude oil were determined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, and the microbial degradation and evolution of n-alkanes, terpenoids, and steroids were studied. The results show that the oil degradation rate for experimental group I (sample containing 1% crude oil) and experimental group II (sample containing 3% crude oil) reaches as high as 70 and 40%, respectively, after 14d of degradation of saturated hydrocarbon total petroleum hydrocarbons. For different oil components, the degradation degree is in the order of tricycoloditerpanes > homohopanes > norhopanes. The order of the degradation degree of steroids with different carbon atoms is C27 > C28 > C29. In terms of evolution characteristics, it can be seen from the biological evolution parameters of n-alkanes that only a slight degradation for odd-even carbon by biodegradable bacteria was achieved, whereas high degradation for isoprene alkanes was observed. According to the biological evolution parameters of hopane and sterane, hopane C31α β-22S/22S + R and sterane C29α α20S/20(S + R) were all greater than 0.4, that is, they are all strongly degraded by microorganisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lihua Chen
- College of Chemical
Engineering, Key Laboratory for Utility of Environment-Friendly Composite
Materials and Biomass in University of Gansu Province, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730030, P. R. China
| | - Shujing Zhao
- College of Chemical
Engineering, Key Laboratory for Utility of Environment-Friendly Composite
Materials and Biomass in University of Gansu Province, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730030, P. R. China
| | - Yiming Yang
- College of Chemical
Engineering, Key Laboratory for Utility of Environment-Friendly Composite
Materials and Biomass in University of Gansu Province, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730030, P. R. China
| | - Li Li
- College of Chemical
Engineering, Key Laboratory for Utility of Environment-Friendly Composite
Materials and Biomass in University of Gansu Province, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730030, P. R. China
| | - Dongmei Wang
- Center of Experiment, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou 730030, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Polakovič M, Švitel J, Bučko M, Filip J, Neděla V, Ansorge-Schumacher MB, Gemeiner P. Progress in biocatalysis with immobilized viable whole cells: systems development, reaction engineering and applications. Biotechnol Lett 2017; 39:667-683. [PMID: 28181062 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-017-2300-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2016] [Accepted: 02/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Viable microbial cells are important biocatalysts in the production of fine chemicals and biofuels, in environmental applications and also in emerging applications such as biosensors or medicine. Their increasing significance is driven mainly by the intensive development of high performance recombinant strains supplying multienzyme cascade reaction pathways, and by advances in preservation of the native state and stability of whole-cell biocatalysts throughout their application. In many cases, the stability and performance of whole-cell biocatalysts can be highly improved by controlled immobilization techniques. This review summarizes the current progress in the development of immobilized whole-cell biocatalysts, the immobilization methods as well as in the bioreaction engineering aspects and economical aspects of their biocatalytic applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Milan Polakovič
- Institute of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak Technical University, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Juraj Švitel
- Institute of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak Technical University, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Marek Bučko
- Department of Glycobiotechnology, Institute of Chemistry, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Jaroslav Filip
- Center for Advanced Materials, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Vilém Neděla
- Institute of Scientific Instruments, Academy of Sciences Czech Republic, Brno, Czech Republic
| | | | - Peter Gemeiner
- Department of Glycobiotechnology, Institute of Chemistry, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
|
7
|
Optimization of production parameters for preparation of natto-pigeon pea with immobilized Bacillus natto and sensory evaluations of the product. INNOV FOOD SCI EMERG 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ifset.2015.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
|
8
|
Pérez-Bibbins B, Torrado-Agrasar A, Salgado JM, Mussatto SI, Domínguez JM. Xylitol production in immobilized cultures: a recent review. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2015; 36:691-704. [DOI: 10.3109/07388551.2015.1004660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Belinda Pérez-Bibbins
- Faculty of Sciences, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Vigo (Campus Ourense), Ourense, Spain,
- Laboratory of Agro-food Biotechnology, CITI (University of Vigo)-Tecnópole, Technological Park of Galicia, San Cibrao das Viñas, Ourense, Spain,
| | - Ana Torrado-Agrasar
- Bromatology Group, Faculty of Sciences, Department of Analytical and Food Chemistry, University of Vigo (Campus Ourense), Ourense, Spain, and
| | - José Manuel Salgado
- Faculty of Sciences, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Vigo (Campus Ourense), Ourense, Spain,
- Laboratory of Agro-food Biotechnology, CITI (University of Vigo)-Tecnópole, Technological Park of Galicia, San Cibrao das Viñas, Ourense, Spain,
| | - Solange I. Mussatto
- Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - José Manuel Domínguez
- Faculty of Sciences, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Vigo (Campus Ourense), Ourense, Spain,
- Laboratory of Agro-food Biotechnology, CITI (University of Vigo)-Tecnópole, Technological Park of Galicia, San Cibrao das Viñas, Ourense, Spain,
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Effective bioconversion of sophoricoside to genistein from Fructus sophorae using immobilized Aspergillus niger and Yeast. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2014; 31:187-97. [PMID: 25392205 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-014-1777-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2014] [Accepted: 11/10/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
In this study, sophoricoside from Fructus sophorae was highly bioconversed to genistein by co-immobilized Aspergillus niger and Yeast. Bioconversion conditions for genistein were optimized with single-factor experiments. The optimal conditions were as follows: microbial concentration 1.5 × 10(7) cells/mL, wet weight of microorganisms beads 10.0 g/g material, pH 5, ratio of liquid to solid 25:1 (mL/g), temperature 32 °C and time 24 h. Under these conditions, a 34.45-fold increase in production of genistein was observed with a bioreactor. Moreover, the antioxidant activities of the extracts from the fermented and untreated F. sophorae were 0.287 ± 0.11, 0.384 ± 0.08 mg/mL (IC50) and 1.84 ± 0.13, 1.28 ± 0.25 mmol Fe(II)/g, according to the DPPH test and FRAP assay, respectively. The results indicated that the method described in the current work were valuable procedure for the production of genistein, which is of most importance for industrial scale applications as well as food industry.
Collapse
|
10
|
Chang Z, Cai D, Wang C, Li L, Han J, Qin P, Wang Z. Sweet sorghum bagasse as an immobilized carrier for ABE fermentation by using Clostridium acetobutylicum ABE 1201. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra00187g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Sweet sorghum bagasse as an immobilized carrier for ABE fermentation by usingClostridium acetobutylicumABE 1201.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Chang
- National Energy R&D Center for Biorefinery
- College of Life Science and Technology
- Beijing University of Chemical Technology
- Beijing 100029, PR China
| | - Di Cai
- National Energy R&D Center for Biorefinery
- College of Life Science and Technology
- Beijing University of Chemical Technology
- Beijing 100029, PR China
| | - Chengyu Wang
- National Energy R&D Center for Biorefinery
- College of Life Science and Technology
- Beijing University of Chemical Technology
- Beijing 100029, PR China
| | - Lun Li
- National Energy R&D Center for Biorefinery
- College of Life Science and Technology
- Beijing University of Chemical Technology
- Beijing 100029, PR China
| | - Jiacheng Han
- National Energy R&D Center for Biorefinery
- College of Life Science and Technology
- Beijing University of Chemical Technology
- Beijing 100029, PR China
| | - Peiyong Qin
- National Energy R&D Center for Biorefinery
- College of Life Science and Technology
- Beijing University of Chemical Technology
- Beijing 100029, PR China
| | - Zheng Wang
- National Energy R&D Center for Biorefinery
- College of Life Science and Technology
- Beijing University of Chemical Technology
- Beijing 100029, PR China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Niu X, Wang Z, Li Y, Zhao Z, Liu J, Jiang L, Xu H, Li Z. "Fish-in-net", a novel method for cell immobilization of Zymomonas mobilis. PLoS One 2013; 8:e79569. [PMID: 24236145 PMCID: PMC3827359 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0079569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2013] [Accepted: 09/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inorganic mesoporous materials exhibit good biocompatibility and hydrothermal stability for cell immobilization. However, it is difficult to encapsulate living cells under mild conditions, and new strategies for cell immobilization are needed. We designed a "fish-in-net" approach for encapsulation of enzymes in ordered mesoporous silica under mild conditions. The main objective of this study is to demonstrate the potential of this approach in immobilization of living cells. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Zymomonas mobilis cells were encapsulated in mesoporous silica-based materials under mild conditions by using a "fish-in-net" approach. During the encapsulation process, polyethyleneglycol was used as an additive to improve the immobilization efficiency. After encapsulation, the pore size, morphology and other features were characterized by various methods, including scanning electron microscopy, nitrogen adsorption-desorption analysis, transmission electron microscopy, fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and elemental analysis. Furthermore, the capacity of ethanol production by immobilized Zymomonas mobilis and free Zymomonas mobilis was compared. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE In this study, Zymomonas mobilis cells were successfully encapsulated in mesoporous silica-based materials under mild conditions by the "fish-in-net" approach. Encapsulated cells could perform normal metabolism and exhibited excellent reusability. The results presented here illustrate the enormous potential of the "fish-in-net" approach for immobilization of living cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xuedun Niu
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering of Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, P. R. China
- College of Life Science, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, P. R. China
| | - Zhi Wang
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering of Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, P. R. China
- College of Life Science, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, P. R. China
| | - Yang Li
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering of Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, P. R. China
| | - Zijian Zhao
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering of Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, P. R. China
| | - Jiayin Liu
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering of Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, P. R. China
| | - Li Jiang
- Key Laboratory for Vegetation Ecology, Ministry of Education, Institute of Grassland Science, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin Province, P. R. China
| | - Haoran Xu
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering of Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, P. R. China
| | - Zhengqiang Li
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering of Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, P. R. China
- College of Life Science, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, P. R. China
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Saeed A, Iqbal M. Loofa (Luffa cylindrica) sponge: Review of development of the biomatrix as a tool for biotechnological applications. Biotechnol Prog 2013; 29:573-600. [DOI: 10.1002/btpr.1702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2012] [Revised: 11/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Asma Saeed
- Environmental Biotechnology Group; Biotechnology and Food Research Centre; Lahore 54600 Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Iqbal
- Environmental Biotechnology Group; Biotechnology and Food Research Centre; Lahore 54600 Pakistan
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Liu Y, Gan L, Chen Z, Megharaj M, Naidu R. Removal of nitrate using Paracoccus sp. YF1 immobilized on bamboo carbon. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2012; 229-230:419-425. [PMID: 22770584 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2012.06.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2011] [Revised: 05/31/2012] [Accepted: 06/15/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Paracoccus sp. strain YF1 immobilized on bamboo carbon was developed for the denitrification. The results show that denitrification was significantly improved using immobilized cells compared to that of free cells, where denitrification time decreased from 24h (free cells) to 15 h (immobilized cells). The efficiency of denitrification increased from 4.57 mg/(Lh) (free cells) to 6.82 mg/(Lh) (immobilized cells). Kinetics studies suggest that denitrification by immobilized YF1 cells fitted well to the zero-order model. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) demonstrated that firstly, the bacteria became stable on the inside and exterior of the bamboo carbon particles and secondly, they formed biofilm after adhesion. Various factors and their influences on biological denitrification were investigated, namely temperature, pH, initial nitrate concentrations and carbon sources. The immobilized cells exhibited more nitrate removal at various conditions compared to free cells since bamboo carbon as a carrier protects cells against changes in environmental conditions. Denitrification using the YF1 immobilized in bamboo carbon was also maintained 99.8% after the tenth cycle reuse, thus demonstrating excellent reusability. Finally, wastewater was treated using the immobilized cells and the outcome was that nitrogen was completely removed by bamboo-immobilized YF1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yan Liu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350007, Fujian Province, China
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Kilonzo P, Margaritis A, Bergougnou M. Effects of surface treatment and process parameters on immobilization of recombinant yeast cells by adsorption to fibrous matrices. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2011; 102:3662-3672. [PMID: 21185170 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2010.11.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2010] [Revised: 11/11/2010] [Accepted: 11/15/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The effects of surface properties of Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains 468/pGAC9 and 468 on adhesion to polyethyleneimine (PEI) and/glutaraldehyde (GA) pre-treated cotton (CT), polyester (PE), polyester+cotton (PECT), nylon (NL), polyurethane foam (PUF), and cellulose re-enforced polyurethane (CPU) fibers were investigated. Process parameters (circulation velocity, pH, ionic strength, media composition and surfactants) were also examined. 80%, 90%, and 35% of the cells were adsorbed onto unmodified CT, PUF, and PE, respectively. PEI-GA pre-treated CT and alkali treated PE yielded 25% and 60% cell adhesion, respectively. Adsorption rate (K(a)) ranged from 0.06 to 0.17 for CT and 0.06-0.16 for PE at varied pH. Adhesion increased by 15% in the presence of ethanol, low pH and ionic strength, and decreased by 23% in the presence of yeast extract and glucose. Shear flow and 1% Triton X-100 detached 62% and 36% nonviable cells from PE and CT, respectively, suggesting that cell immobilization in fibrous-bed bioreactors can be controlled to optimize cell density for long-term stability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peter Kilonzo
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Arabi H, Yazdi MT, Faramarzi M. Influence of whole microalgal cell immobilization and organic solvent on the bioconversion of androst-4-en-3,17-dione to testosterone by Nostoc muscorum. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcatb.2009.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
|
16
|
Chen D, Chen J, Zhong W, Cheng Z. Degradation of methyl tert-butyl ether by gel immobilized Methylibium petroleiphilum PM1. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2008; 99:4702-4708. [PMID: 17983743 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2007.09.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2007] [Revised: 09/25/2007] [Accepted: 09/26/2007] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Cells of Methylibium petroleiphilum PM1 were immobilized in gel beads to degrade methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE). Calcium alginate, agar, polyacrylamide and polyvinvyl alcohol were screened as suitable immobilization matrices, with calcium alginate demonstrating the fastest MTBE-degradation rate. The rate was accelerated by 1.8-fold when the beads had been treated in physiological saline for 24h at 28 degrees C. MTBE degradation in mineral salts medium (MSM) was accompanied by the increase of biomass. The half-life of MTBE-degradation activity for the encapsulated cells stored at 28 degrees C was about 120 h, which was obviously longer than that of free cells (approximately 36 h). Efficient reusability of the beads up to 30 batches was achieved in poor nutrition solution as compared to only 6 batches in MSM. The immobilized cells could be operated in a packed-bed reactor for degradation of 10 mg L(-1) MTBE in groundwater with more than 99% removal efficiency at hydraulic retention time of 20 min. These results suggested that immobilized cells of PM1 in bioreactor might be applicable to a groundwater treatment system for the removal of MTBE.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dongzhi Chen
- College of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Claudino MJC, Soares D, Van Keulen F, Marques MPC, Cabral JMS, Fernandes P. Immobilization of mycobacterial cells onto silicone--assessing the feasibility of the immobilized biocatalyst in the production of androstenedione from sitosterol. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2008; 99:2304-11. [PMID: 17596940 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2007.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2006] [Revised: 05/06/2007] [Accepted: 05/07/2007] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Silicone rubbers are hydrophobic, a feature that may prove advantageous if this material is to be used as immobilization matrix in bioconversion systems where hydrophobic species are present, such as sterols and mycobacterial cells. Mycobacterium sp. cells with sitosterol side chain cleavage activity were accordingly effectively adsorbed onto silicone and the potential application of the concept was assessed by matching the behavior of the resulting immobilized biocatalyst with free cells and Celite immobilized cells. Mass transfer, kinetics, thermal and storage stability characterization of a biotransformation system based in the use of the silicone immobilized biocatalyst was performed. The feasibility of biocatalyst reutilization was tentatively explored.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M J C Claudino
- Departamento de Engenharias e Ciências Naturais, Universidade Lusófona de Humanidades e Tecnologias, Av. Campo Grande 376, 1749-024 Lisboa, Portugal
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Hekmat D, Bauer R, Neff V. Optimization of the microbial synthesis of dihydroxyacetone in a semi-continuous repeated-fed-batch process by in situ immobilization of Gluconobacter oxydans. Process Biochem 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2006.07.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
19
|
de Alteriis E, Silvestro G, Poletto M, Romano V, Parascandola P. Heterologous glucoamylase production with immobilised Kluyveromyces lactis cells in a fluidised bed reactor operating as a two-(liquid–solid) or a three-(gas–liquid–solid) phases system. Process Biochem 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2006.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
|
20
|
Villena GK, Gutiérrez-Correa M. Production of cellulase by Aspergillus niger biofilms developed on polyester cloth. Lett Appl Microbiol 2006; 43:262-8. [PMID: 16910929 DOI: 10.1111/j.1472-765x.2006.01960.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To compare cellulase production by Aspergillus niger ATCC 10864 biofilms on polyester cloth and freely suspended cultures in shaken flasks and microbioreactors of bubble column type. METHODS AND RESULTS Both shaken flasks and oxygenated microbioreactors containing 40 ml of production medium were used to compare cellulase secretion by free mycelium and biofilm cultures. Free mycelium cultures grew better in flasks than in microbioreactors producing compact and fluffy pellets, respectively, while the opposite was found for biofilm cultures without any visible change in biofilm morphology. Cellulase activities and volumetric productivities attained by biofilms in flask cultures were 70% higher than that produced by free mycelium cultures and threefold higher when biofilms were grown in microbioreactors. CONCLUSIONS Fungal biofilms developed on polyester cloth in both flasks and microbioreactors produce higher cellulase yields and volumetric productivities than free mycelium cultures at lower biomass levels. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY The results of the present study are of commercial and biological interest. All productivity parameters revealed that fungal biofilms may be used for the production of cellulase and other proteins in various types of bioreactors. Moreover, they may be used as model systems to study differential gene expression related to cell adhesion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G K Villena
- Laboratorio de Micología y Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Agraria La Molina, Lima, Peru
| | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Qiu GL, Li YL, Zhao K. Thiobacillus thioparus immobilized by magnetic porous beads: Preparation and characteristic. Enzyme Microb Technol 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2005.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
|
22
|
Efficiency of a fixed-bed and a gas-lift three-column reactor for continuous production of ethanol by pectate-and alginate-immobilized Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells. CHEMICAL PAPERS 2006. [DOI: 10.2478/s11696-006-0028-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
AbstractEthanol-tolerant and thermo-tolerant yeast strain Saccharomyces cerevisiae C11-3 cells immobilized in calcium pectate and calcium alginate gels were used for ethanol fermentation in a three-reactor system with a gradient temperature control. The fermentation process has been tested in a fixed-bed and a gas-lift arrangement. The gas-lift system was more efficient due to a better mass transport between the phases. Abrasion was more evident in calcium alginate particles, while calcium pectate beads were not significantly damaged. Two different concentrations of alginate were tested and calcium pectate gel was demonstrated to be more suitable as an immobilization material in comparison with calcium alginate due to its mechanical resistance and favourable diffusion parameters, providing an ethanol production of more than 7.5 g dm−3 h−1 over a period of 630 h.
Collapse
|
23
|
Deracemisation of aromatic β-hydroxy esters using immobilised whole cells of Candida parapsilosis ATCC 7330 and determination of absolute configuration by 1H NMR. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetasy.2005.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
24
|
Vilain S, Cosette P, Hubert M, Lange C, Junter GA, Jouenne T. Comparative proteomic analysis of planktonic and immobilized Pseudomonas aeruginosa cells: a multivariate statistical approach. Anal Biochem 2005; 329:120-30. [PMID: 15136174 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2004.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2003] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The protein maps of Pseudomonas aeruginosa cells from two natural (attached) and one artificial (gel-entrapped) immobilized-cell (IC) systems, together with their free (suspended) counterparts, were compared after incubation for 18 or 48 h in a minimal salt medium. Principal component analysis (PCA) was used to interpret the variations in protein spot densities that were observed on electropherogram obtained by two-dimensional electrophoresis (2-DE). PCA of the 2-DE data, a matrix of 933 rows (observations, i.e., spot density values) and 12 columns (variables, i.e., incubation conditions), in which observations were standardized horizontally, extracted four principal components (PCs) accounting for 78.75% of the variability in the protein expression profiles. PC1 opposed the two modes of growth (planktonic and immobilized) while PC2 discriminated between the incubation times of free cell cultures. The incubation conditions of ICs, including the immobilization procedure (entrapment vs attachment) and the nature of the biofilm substratum, were fairly separated in PC3xPC4. The dependence of the protein patterns on the cell immobilization process was further illustrated by the identification of a number of peptides whose amount remained unchanged or was altered in ICs compared to free bacteria. These results reinforce the topical assertion that bacteria in the immobilized state display a specific physiological behavior but also question the existence of a unique IC phenotype.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien Vilain
- Bacteria Immobilization, Biofilms and Resistance Group, UMR 6522 CNRS, University of Rouen, Mont-Saint-Aignan, France
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Guobin S, Jianmin X, Chen G, Huizhou L, Jiayong C. Biodesulfurization using Pseudomonas delafieldii in magnetic polyvinyl alcohol beads. Lett Appl Microbiol 2005; 40:30-6. [PMID: 15612999 DOI: 10.1111/j.1472-765x.2004.01617.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To immobilize Pseudomonas delafieldii R-8 cells in magnetic polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) beads for biodesulfurization. METHODS AND RESULTS Magnetic PVA beads were prepared by a freezing-thawing technique under liquid nitrogen. The beads have distinct super-paramagnetic properties and their saturation magnetization is 8.02 emu g(-1). The desulfurization rate of the immobilized cells could reach 40.2 mmol kg(-1) h(-1). Desulfurization patterns of dibenzothiophene in model oil with the immobilized and free cells were represented by the Michaelis-Menten equation. The Michaelis constant for both immobilized and free cells was 1.3 mmol l(-1). CONCLUSIONS The cells immobilized in magnetic PVA beads could be stably stored and be repeatedly used over 12 times for biodesulfurization. The immobilized cells could be easily separated by magnetic field. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY Magnetic PVA beads are easy to prepare. The immobilization process in the paper is to increase the efficiency of cells and to decrease the cost of operations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Guobin
- Laboratory of Separation Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Junter GA, Jouenne T. Immobilized viable microbial cells: from the process to the proteome… or the cart before the horse. Biotechnol Adv 2004; 22:633-58. [PMID: 15364350 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2004.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2004] [Revised: 06/21/2004] [Accepted: 06/21/2004] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Biotechnological processes based on immobilized viable cells have developed rapidly over the last 30 years. For a long time, basic studies of the physiological behaviour of immobilized cells (IC) have remained in the shadow of the applications. Natural IC structures, i.e. biofilms, are being increasingly investigated at the cellular level owing to their definite importance for human health and in various areas of industrial and environmental relevance. This review illustrates this paradoxical development of research on ICs, starting from the initial rationale for IC emergence and main application fields of the technology--with particular emphasis on those that exploit the extraordinary resistance of ICs to antimicrobial compounds--to recent advances in the proteomic approach of IC physiology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guy-Alain Junter
- UMR 6522 CNRS and European Institute for Peptide Research (IFRMP 23), University of Rouen, 76821 Mont-Saint-Aignan Cedex, France.
| | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Kourkoutas Y, Bekatorou A, Banat I, Marchant R, Koutinas A. Immobilization technologies and support materials suitable in alcohol beverages production: a review. Food Microbiol 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2003.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 416] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
|
28
|
Buque-Taboada EM, Straathof AJJ, Heijnen JJ, van der Wielen LAM. In situ product removal using a crystallization loop in asymmetric reduction of 4-oxoisophorone bySaccharomyces cerevisiae. Biotechnol Bioeng 2004; 86:795-800. [PMID: 15162455 DOI: 10.1002/bit.20093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
In situ product crystallization was investigated for solid product crystals that were obtained during fermentation. The model reaction was the asymmetric reduction of 4-oxoisophorone (OIP) using baker's yeast (S. cerevisiae) as a biocatalyst. The target product was 6R-dihydro-oxoisophorone (DOIP), also known as levodione, a key intermediate in carotenoid synthesis. DOIP was degraded by baker's yeast mainly to (4S,6R)-actinol, an unwanted byproduct in the process. Actinol formation reached up to 12.5% of the initial amount of OIP in the reactor during a batch process. However, better results were obtained when the dissolved DOIP concentration was controlled using an integrated fermentation-crystallization process because: (a) actinol formation was reduced to 4%; and (b) DOIP crystal formation in the reactor was avoided. DOIP productivity was improved by 50% and its selectivity was raised from 87% to 96% relative to the batch process. In the integrated process, most of the product was recovered as pure crystals; this may already minimize, if not eliminate, the need for organic solvents in the final purification steps. An almost sixfold reduction in biocatalyst consumption per kilogram product was achieved, which also can contribute to the minimization of waste streams.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Evelyn M Buque-Taboada
- Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Julianalaan 67, 2628 BC Delft, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Bruggink A, Straathof AJJ, van der Wielen LAM. A 'Fine' chemical industry for life science products: green solutions to chemical challenges. ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 2003; 80:69-113. [PMID: 12747542 DOI: 10.1007/3-540-36782-9_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2023]
Abstract
Modern biotechnology, in combination with chemistry and process technology, is crucial for the development of new clean and cost effective manufacturing concepts for fine-chemical, food specialty and pharmaceutical products. The impact of biocatalysis on the fine-chemicals industry is presented, where reduction of process development time, the number of reaction steps and the amount of waste generated per kg of end product are the main targets. Integration of biosynthesis and organic chemistry is seen as a key development. The advances in bioseparation technology need to keep pace with the rate of development of novel bio- or chemocatalytic process routes with revised demands on process technology. The need for novel integrated reactors is also presented. The necessary acceleration of process development and reduction of the time-to-market seem well possible, particularly by integrating high-speed experimental techniques and predictive modelling tools. This is crucial for the development of a more sustainable fine-chemicals industry. The evolution of novel 'green' production routes for semi-synthetic antibiotics (SSAs) that are replacing existing chemical processes serves as a recent and relevant case study of this ongoing integration of disciplines. We will also show some challenges in this specific field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Bruggink
- DSM Research, P.O. Box 18, 6160 MD Geleen, The Netherlands
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Kumar S, Chandrasekaran M. Continuous production of l-glutaminase by an immobilized marine Pseudomonas sp BTMS-51 in a packed bed reactor. Process Biochem 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0032-9592(03)00035-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
|
31
|
Silva S, Santos J, Carvalho W, Aracava K, Vitolo M. Use of a fluidized bed reactor operated in semi-continuous mode for xylose-to-xylitol conversion by Candida guilliermondii immobilized on porous glass. Process Biochem 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0032-9592(02)00177-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
32
|
Abstract
Today, biocatalysis is a standard technology for the production of chemicals. An analysis of 134 industrial biotransformations reveals that hydrolases (44%) and redox biocatalysts (30%) are the most prominent categories. Most products are chiral (89%) and are used as fine chemicals. In the chemical industry, successful product developments involve on average a yield of 78%, a volumetric productivity of 15.5 g/(L.h) and a final product concentration of 108 g/L. By contrast, the pharmaceutical industry focuses on time-to-market. The implications of this for future research and development on biocatalysis are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adrie J J Straathof
- Delft University of Technology, Kluyver Laboratory for Biotechnology, Julianalaan 67, NL-2628 BC, Delft, The Netherlands.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Schroën CGPH, Fretz CB, DeBruin VH, Berendsen W, Moody HM, Roos EC, VanRoon JL, Kroon PJ, Strubel M, Janssen AEM, Tramper J. Modelling of the enzymatic kinetically controlled synthesis of cephalexin: influence of diffusion limitation. Biotechnol Bioeng 2002; 80:331-40. [PMID: 12226866 DOI: 10.1002/bit.10384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
In this study the influence of diffusion limitation on enzymatic kinetically controlled cephalexin synthesis from phenylglycine amide and 7-aminodeacetoxycephalosporinic acid (7-ADCA) was investigated systematically. It was found that if diffusion limitation occurred, both the synthesis/hydrolysis ratio (S/H ratio) and the yield decreased, resulting in lower product and higher by-product concentrations. The effect of pH, enzyme loading, and temperature was investigated, their influence on the course of the reaction was evaluated, and eventually diffusion limitation was minimised. It was found that at pH >or=7 the effect of diffusion limitation was eminent; the difference in S/H ratio and yield between free and immobilised enzyme was considerable. At lower pH, the influence of diffusion limitation was minimal. At low temperature, high yields and S/H ratios were found for all enzymes tested because the hydrolysis reactions were suppressed and the synthesis reaction was hardly influenced by temperature. The enzyme loading influenced the S/H ratio and yield, as expected for diffusion-limited particles. For Assemblase 3750 (the number refers to the degree of enzyme loading), it was proven that both cephalexin synthesis and hydrolysis were diffusion limited. For Assemblase 7500, which carries double the enzyme load of Assemblase 3750, these reactions were also proven to be diffusion limited, together with the binding-step of the substrate phenylglycine amide to the enzyme. For an actual process, the effects of diffusion limitation should preferably be minimised. This can be achieved at low temperature, low pH, and high substrate concentrations. An optimum in S/H ratio and yield was found at pH 7.5 and low temperature, where a relatively low reaction pH can be combined with a relatively high solubility of 7-ADCA. When comparing the different enzymes at these conditions, the free enzyme gave slightly better results than both immobilised biocatalysts, but the effect of diffusion limitation was minimal.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C G P H Schroën
- Wageningen University, Department of Agrotechnology and Food Sciences, Food and Bioprocess Engineering Group, P.O. Box 8129, 6700 EV Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Junter GA, Coquet L, Vilain S, Jouenne T. Immobilized-cell physiology: current data and the potentialities of proteomics. Enzyme Microb Technol 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0141-0229(02)00073-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
35
|
Becerra M, Baroli B, Fadda A, Blanco Méndez J, González Siso M. Lactose bioconversion by calcium-alginate immobilization of Kluyveromyces lactis cells. Enzyme Microb Technol 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s0141-0229(01)00409-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
36
|
Carragher JM, McClean WS, Woodley JM, Hack CJ. The use of oxygen uptake rate measurements to control the supply of toxic substrate: toluene hydroxylation by Pseudomonas putida UV4. Enzyme Microb Technol 2001; 28:183-188. [PMID: 11166810 DOI: 10.1016/s0141-0229(00)00289-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
During toluene hydroxylation, catalyzed by Pseudomonas putida UV4 one molecule of oxygen is added to the aromatic ring to produce the dihydroxylated (non-aromatic) ring structure, toluene cis-glycol. Toluene, which is toxic to the cells at aqueous phase concentration above ( approximately 2.4 mmol), is fed to the reactor. A feed-back control system based on oxygen uptake rate measurements was used to control the feed rate, and thus maintain the aqueous phase toluene concentration in the desired range for zero order kinetics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J M. Carragher
- Biotechnology Research Group, University of Ulster at Coleraine, BT52 1SA, Co.Londonderry, UK
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Biocatalytic asymmetric hydroxylation of hydrocarbons by free and immobilized Bacillus megaterium cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s1381-1177(00)00028-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|