1
|
García-López EI, Aoun N, Marcì G. An Overview of the Sustainable Depolymerization/Degradation of Polypropylene Microplastics by Advanced Oxidation Technologies. Molecules 2024; 29:2816. [PMID: 38930879 PMCID: PMC11207091 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29122816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2024] [Revised: 06/03/2024] [Accepted: 06/08/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Plastics have become indispensable in modern society; however, the proliferation of their waste has become a problem that can no longer be ignored as most plastics are not biodegradable. Depolymerization/degradation through sustainable processes in the context of the circular economy are urgent issues. The presence of multiple types of plastic materials makes it necessary to study the specific characteristics of each material. This mini-review aims to provide an overview of technological approaches and their performance for the depolymerization and/or degradation of one of the most widespread plastic materials, polypropylene (PP). The state of the art is presented, describing the most relevant technologies focusing on advanced oxidation technologies (AOT) and the results obtained so far for some of the approaches, such as ozonation, sonochemistry, or photocatalysis, with the final aim of making more sustainable the PP depolymerization/degradation process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elisa I. García-López
- Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (STEBICEF), University of Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, 90128 Palermo, Italy;
| | - Narimene Aoun
- Department of Engineering (DI), University of Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, 90128 Palermo, Italy;
| | - Giuseppe Marcì
- Department of Engineering (DI), University of Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, 90128 Palermo, Italy;
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Farr NTH, Workman VL, Saad S, Roman S, Hearnden V, Chapple CR, Murdoch C, Rodenburg C, MacNeil S. Uncovering the relationship between macrophages and polypropylene surgical mesh. BIOMATERIALS ADVANCES 2024; 159:213800. [PMID: 38377947 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioadv.2024.213800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Revised: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 02/11/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
Currently, in vitro testing examines the cytotoxicity of biomaterials but fails to consider how materials respond to mechanical forces and the immune response to them; both are crucial for successful long-term implantation. A notable example of this failure is polypropylene mid-urethral mesh used in the treatment of stress urinary incontinence (SUI). The mesh was largely successful in abdominal hernia repair but produced significant complications when repurposed to treat SUI. Developing more physiologically relevant in vitro test models would allow more physiologically relevant data to be collected about how biomaterials will interact with the body. This study investigates the effects of mechanochemical distress (a combination of oxidation and mechanical distention) on polypropylene mesh surfaces and the effect this has on macrophage gene expression. Surface topology of the mesh was characterised using SEM and AFM; ATR-FTIR, EDX and Raman spectroscopy was applied to detect surface oxidation and structural molecular alterations. Uniaxial mechanical testing was performed to reveal any bulk mechanical changes. RT-qPCR of selected pro-fibrotic and pro-inflammatory genes was carried out on macrophages cultured on control and mechanochemically distressed PP mesh. Following exposure to mechanochemical distress the mesh surface was observed to crack and craze and helical defects were detected in the polymer backbone. Surface oxidation of the mesh was seen after macrophage attachment for 7 days. These changes in mesh surface triggered modified gene expression in macrophages. Pro-fibrotic and pro-inflammatory genes were upregulated after macrophages were cultured on mechanochemically distressed mesh, whereas the same genes were down-regulated in macrophages exposed to control mesh. This study highlights the relationship between macrophages and polypropylene surgical mesh, thus offering more insight into the fate of an implanted material than existing in vitro testing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas T H Farr
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sir Robert Hadfield Building, Mappin Street, Sheffield, UK; Insigneo Institute for in silico Medicine, The Pam Liversidge Building, Sir Robert Hadfield Building, Mappin Street, Sheffield, UK.
| | - Victoria L Workman
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sir Robert Hadfield Building, Mappin Street, Sheffield, UK; Insigneo Institute for in silico Medicine, The Pam Liversidge Building, Sir Robert Hadfield Building, Mappin Street, Sheffield, UK
| | - Sanad Saad
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sir Robert Hadfield Building, Mappin Street, Sheffield, UK; Department of Urology, Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield, UK
| | - Sabiniano Roman
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sir Robert Hadfield Building, Mappin Street, Sheffield, UK
| | - Vanessa Hearnden
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sir Robert Hadfield Building, Mappin Street, Sheffield, UK; Insigneo Institute for in silico Medicine, The Pam Liversidge Building, Sir Robert Hadfield Building, Mappin Street, Sheffield, UK
| | | | - Craig Murdoch
- School of Clinical Dentistry, 19 Claremont Crescent, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Cornelia Rodenburg
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sir Robert Hadfield Building, Mappin Street, Sheffield, UK; Insigneo Institute for in silico Medicine, The Pam Liversidge Building, Sir Robert Hadfield Building, Mappin Street, Sheffield, UK
| | - Sheila MacNeil
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sir Robert Hadfield Building, Mappin Street, Sheffield, UK
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Oluwoye I, Machuca LL, Higgins S, Suh S, Galloway TS, Halley P, Tanaka S, Iannuzzi M. Degradation and lifetime prediction of plastics in subsea and offshore infrastructures. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 904:166719. [PMID: 37673242 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.166719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Revised: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
Engineering and civil developments have relied on synthetic polymers and plastics (including polyethylene, polypropylene, polyamide, etc.) for decades, especially where their durability protects engineering structures against corrosion and other environmental stimuli. Offshore oil and gas infrastructure and renewable energy platforms are typical examples, where these plastics (100,000 s of metric tonnes worldwide) are used primarily as functional material to protect metallic flowlines and subsea equipment against seawater corrosion. Despite this, the current literature on polymers is limited to sea-surface environments, and a model for subsea degradation of plastics is needed. In this review, we collate relevant studies on the degradation of plastics and synthetic polymers in marine environments to gain insight into the fate of these materials when left in subsea conditions. We present a new mathematical model that accounts for various physicochemical changes in the oceanic environment as a function of depth to predict the lifespan of synthetic plastics and the possible formation of plastic debris, e.g., microplastics. We found that the degradation rate of the plastics decreases significantly as a function of water depth and can be estimated quantitatively by the mathematical model that accounts for the effect (and sensitivity) of geographical location, temperature, light intensity, hydrostatic pressure, and marine sediments. For instance, it takes a subsea polyethylene coating about 800 years to degrade on ocean floor (as opposed to <400 years in shallow coastal waters), generating 1000s of particles per g of degradation under certain conditions. Our results demonstrate how suspended sediments in the water column are likely to compensate for the decreasing depth-corrected degradation rates, resulting in surface abrasion and the formation of plastic debris such as microplastics. This review, and the complementing data, will be significant for the environmental impact assessment of plastics in subsea infrastructures. Moreover, as these infrastructures reach the end of their service life, the management of the plastic components becomes of great interest to environmental regulators, industry, and the community, considering the known sizeable impacts of plastics on global biogeochemical cycles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ibukun Oluwoye
- Curtin Corrosion Centre, Western Australian School of Mines: Minerals, Energy and Chemical Engineering, Curtin University, Perth, Australia; Graduate School of Global Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Yoshida-Honmachi, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan.
| | - Laura L Machuca
- Curtin Corrosion Centre, Western Australian School of Mines: Minerals, Energy and Chemical Engineering, Curtin University, Perth, Australia
| | - Stuart Higgins
- Curtin University, GPO Box U1987, Perth, WA 6824, Australia
| | - Sangwon Suh
- Bren School of Environmental Science and Management, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
| | - Tamara S Galloway
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QD, UK
| | - Peter Halley
- School of Chemical Engineering, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Shuhei Tanaka
- Graduate School of Global Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Yoshida-Honmachi, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Mariano Iannuzzi
- Curtin Corrosion Centre, Western Australian School of Mines: Minerals, Energy and Chemical Engineering, Curtin University, Perth, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Fan Z, Yu Z, Steuernagel L, Fischlschweiger M. Thermomechanical degradation of polypropylene – polystyrene blends during extrusion‐based melt blending – A first survey of shear‐induced molecular architecture changes. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.202200206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zengxuan Fan
- Chair of Technical Thermodynamics and Energy Efficient Material Treatment Institute of Energy Process Engineering and Fuel Technology Clausthal University of Technology Agricolastraße 4 38678 Clausthal‐Zellerfeld Germany
| | - Zhou Yu
- Chair of Technical Thermodynamics and Energy Efficient Material Treatment Institute of Energy Process Engineering and Fuel Technology Clausthal University of Technology Agricolastraße 4 38678 Clausthal‐Zellerfeld Germany
| | - Leif Steuernagel
- Institute of Polymer Materials and Plastics Engineering Clausthal University of Technology Agricolastraße 6 38678 Clausthal‐Zellerfeld Germany
| | - Michael Fischlschweiger
- Chair of Technical Thermodynamics and Energy Efficient Material Treatment Institute of Energy Process Engineering and Fuel Technology Clausthal University of Technology Agricolastraße 4 38678 Clausthal‐Zellerfeld Germany
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Wang Z, An C, Chen X, Lee K, Zhang B, Feng Q. Disposable masks release microplastics to the aqueous environment with exacerbation by natural weathering. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 417:126036. [PMID: 34015713 PMCID: PMC8734940 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.126036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 54.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Revised: 04/11/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has driven explosive growth in the use of masks has resulted in many issues related to the disposal and management of waste masks. As improperly disposed masks enter the ocean, the risk to the marine ecological system is further aggravated, especially in the shoreline environment. The objective of this study is to explore the changing characteristics and environmental behaviors of disposable masks when exposed to the shoreline environment. The transformation of chain structure and chemical composition of masks as well as the decreased mechanical strength of masks after UV weathering were observed. The melt-blown cloth in the middle layer of masks was found to be particularly sensitive to UV irradiation. A single weathered mask can release more than 1.5 million microplastics to the aqueous environment. The physical abrasion caused by sand further exacerbated the release of microplastic particles from masks, with more than 16 million particles released from just one weathered mask in the presence of sand. The study results indicate that shorelines are not only the main receptor of discarded masks from oceans and lands, but also play host to further transformation of masks to plastic particles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Wang
- Department of Building, Civil and Environmental Engineering, Concordia University, Montreal, QC H3G 1M8, Canada
| | - Chunjiang An
- Department of Building, Civil and Environmental Engineering, Concordia University, Montreal, QC H3G 1M8, Canada.
| | - Xiujuan Chen
- Institute for Energy, Environment and Sustainable Communities, University of Regina, Regina, SK S4S 0A2, Canada
| | - Kenneth Lee
- Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Ecosystem Science, Ottawa, ON K1A 0E6, Canada
| | - Baiyu Zhang
- Northern Region Persistent Organic Pollutant Control (NRPOP) Laboratory, Faculty of Engineering and Applied Science, Memorial University, St. John's, NL A1B 3X5, Canada
| | - Qi Feng
- Department of Building, Civil and Environmental Engineering, Concordia University, Montreal, QC H3G 1M8, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Li H, Yang J, Tian F, Li X, Dong S. Study on the Microstructure of Polyether Ether Ketone Films Irradiated with 170 keV Protons by Grazing Incidence Small Angle X-ray Scattering (GISAXS) Technology. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12112717. [PMID: 33212888 PMCID: PMC7698423 DOI: 10.3390/polym12112717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Revised: 11/08/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyether ether ketone (PEEK) films irradiated with 170 keV protons were calculated by the stopping and ranges of ions in matter (SRIM) software. The results showed that the damage caused by 170 keV protons was only several microns of the PEEK surface, and the ionization absorbed dose and displacement absorbed dose were calculated. The surface morphology and roughness of PEEK after proton irradiation were studied by atomic force microscope (AFM). GISAXS was used to analyze the surface structural information of the pristine and irradiated PEEK. The experimental results showed that near the surface of the pristine and irradiated PEEK exists a peak, and the peak gradually disappeared with the increasing of the angles of incidence and the peak changed after irradiation, which implies the 170 keV protons have an effect on PEEK structure. The influences of PEEK irradiated with protons on the melting temperature and crystallization temperature was investigated by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The DSC results showed that the crystallinity of the polymer after irradiation decreased. The structure and content of free radicals of pristine and irradiated PEEK were studied by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR). The stress and strain test results showed that the yield strength of the PEEK irradiated with 5 × 1015 p/cm2 and 1 × 1016 p/cm2 was higher than the pristine, but the elongation at break of the PEEK irradiated with 5 × 1015 p/cm2 and 1 × 1016 p/cm2 decreased obviously.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hongxia Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China; (H.L.); (J.Y.)
| | - Jianqun Yang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China; (H.L.); (J.Y.)
| | - Feng Tian
- Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Zhangjiang Lab, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201204, China;
| | - Xingji Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China; (H.L.); (J.Y.)
- Correspondence: (X.L.); (S.D.); Tel.: +86-4518-6412-462 (X.L.)
| | - Shangli Dong
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China; (H.L.); (J.Y.)
- Correspondence: (X.L.); (S.D.); Tel.: +86-4518-6412-462 (X.L.)
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Non-Hydrolyzable Plastics - An Interdisciplinary Look at Plastic Bio-Oxidation. Trends Biotechnol 2020; 39:12-23. [PMID: 32487438 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2020.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Revised: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Enzymatic plastic conversion has emerged recently as a potential adjunct and alternative to conventional plastic waste management technology. Publicity over progress in the enzymatic degradation of polyesters largely neglects that the majority of commercial plastics, including polyethylene, polypropylene, polystyrene and polyvinyl chloride, are still not biodegradable. Details about the mechanisms used by enzymes and an understanding of macromolecular factors influencing these have proved to be vital in developing biodegradation methods for polyesters. To expand the application of enzymatic degradation to other more recalcitrant plastics, extensive knowledge gaps need to be addressed. By drawing on interdisciplinary knowledge, we suggest that physicochemical influences also have a crucial impact on reactions in less well-studied types of plastic, and these need to be investigated in detail.
Collapse
|
8
|
Pelegrini K, Maraschin TG, Brandalise RN, Piazza D. Study of the degradation and recyclability of polyethylene and polypropylene present in the marine environment. J Appl Polym Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/app.48215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kauê Pelegrini
- University of Caxias do Sul, Caxias do Sul‐RS, 95.070‐560 Brazil
| | | | | | - Diego Piazza
- University of Caxias do Sul, Caxias do Sul‐RS, 95.070‐560 Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Resmeriță AM, Coroaba A, Darie R, Doroftei F, Spiridon I, Simionescu BC, Navard P. Erosion as a possible mechanism for the decrease of size of plastic pieces floating in oceans. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2018; 127:387-395. [PMID: 29475675 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2017.12.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2017] [Revised: 12/07/2017] [Accepted: 12/08/2017] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
A sea water wave tank fitted in an artificial UV light weathering chamber was built to study the behaviour of polypropylene (PP) injected pieces in close ocean-like conditions. In air, the same pieces sees a degradation in the bulk with a decrease of mechanical properties, a little change of crystal properties and nearly no change of surface chemistry. Weathering in the sea water wave tank shows only a surface changes, with no effect on crystals or mechanical properties with loss of small pieces of matter in the sub-micron range and a change of surface chemistry. This suggests an erosion dispersion mechanism. Such mechanism could explain why no particle smaller than about one millimeter is found when collecting plastic debris at sea: there are much smaller, eroded from plastic surfaces by a mechano-chemical process similar to the erosion mechanism found in the dispersion of agglomerate under flow.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ana-Maria Resmeriță
- 'Petru Poni' Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, 41A Ghica Voda Alley, 700487 Iași, Romania
| | - Adina Coroaba
- 'Petru Poni' Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, 41A Ghica Voda Alley, 700487 Iași, Romania
| | - Raluca Darie
- 'Petru Poni' Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, 41A Ghica Voda Alley, 700487 Iași, Romania
| | - Florica Doroftei
- 'Petru Poni' Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, 41A Ghica Voda Alley, 700487 Iași, Romania
| | - Iuliana Spiridon
- 'Petru Poni' Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, 41A Ghica Voda Alley, 700487 Iași, Romania
| | - Bogdan C Simionescu
- 'Petru Poni' Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, 41A Ghica Voda Alley, 700487 Iași, Romania
| | - Patrick Navard
- MINES ParisTech, PSL Research University, CEMEF(1) - Centre de Mise en Forme des Matériaux, CNRS UMR 7635, CS 10207 rue Claude Daunesse, 06904 Sophia Antipolis Cedex, France.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Shen D, Shi S, Xu T. Effects of two-dimensional programming on microstructures and thermal properties of shape memory polymer-based composites. J Appl Polym Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/app.45480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dongya Shen
- Department of Traffic Infrastructure Engineering; School of Civil Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University; 159, Longpan Road Nanjing Jiangsu 210037 China
| | - Shuang Shi
- Department of Traffic Infrastructure Engineering; School of Civil Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University; 159, Longpan Road Nanjing Jiangsu 210037 China
| | - Tao Xu
- Department of Traffic Infrastructure Engineering; School of Civil Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University; 159, Longpan Road Nanjing Jiangsu 210037 China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Gewert B, Plassmann MM, MacLeod M. Pathways for degradation of plastic polymers floating in the marine environment. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2015; 17:1513-1521. [PMID: 26216708 DOI: 10.1039/c5em00207a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 635] [Impact Index Per Article: 70.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Each year vast amounts of plastic are produced worldwide. When released to the environment, plastics accumulate, and plastic debris in the world's oceans is of particular environmental concern. More than 60% of all floating debris in the oceans is plastic and amounts are increasing each year. Plastic polymers in the marine environment are exposed to sunlight, oxidants and physical stress, and over time they weather and degrade. The degradation processes and products must be understood to detect and evaluate potential environmental hazards. Some attention has been drawn to additives and persistent organic pollutants that sorb to the plastic surface, but so far the chemicals generated by degradation of the plastic polymers themselves have not been well studied from an environmental perspective. In this paper we review available information about the degradation pathways and chemicals that are formed by degradation of the six plastic types that are most widely used in Europe. We extrapolate that information to likely pathways and possible degradation products under environmental conditions found on the oceans' surface. The potential degradation pathways and products depend on the polymer type. UV-radiation and oxygen are the most important factors that initiate degradation of polymers with a carbon-carbon backbone, leading to chain scission. Smaller polymer fragments formed by chain scission are more susceptible to biodegradation and therefore abiotic degradation is expected to precede biodegradation. When heteroatoms are present in the main chain of a polymer, degradation proceeds by photo-oxidation, hydrolysis, and biodegradation. Degradation of plastic polymers can lead to low molecular weight polymer fragments, like monomers and oligomers, and formation of new end groups, especially carboxylic acids.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Berit Gewert
- Stockholm University, Department of Environmental Science & Analytical Chemistry (ACES), Stockholm, Sweden.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Huang Z, Li Y, Ren X. Comparing cracking time and structure changes of different high-density polyethylenes during stress and photo-oxidative aging. J Appl Polym Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/app.40904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhengyu Huang
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering; Sichuan University; Chengdu 610065 China
| | - Yongliang Li
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering; Sichuan University; Chengdu 610065 China
| | - Xiancheng Ren
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering; Sichuan University; Chengdu 610065 China
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Thermal degradation behavior of polypropylene in the melt state: molecular weight distribution changes and chain scission mechanism. Polym Bull (Berl) 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s00289-011-0560-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
14
|
Guzman A, Gnutek N, Janik H. Biodegradable Polymers for Food Packing – Factors Influencing their Degradation and Certification Types – a Comprehensive Review. CHEMISTRY & CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY 2011. [DOI: 10.23939/chcht05.01.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
15
|
Fechine G, Christensen P, Egerton T, White J. Evaluation of poly(ethylene terephthalate) photostabilisation using FTIR spectrometry of evolved carbon dioxide. Polym Degrad Stab 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2008.10.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
|
16
|
Lucas N, Bienaime C, Belloy C, Queneudec M, Silvestre F, Nava-Saucedo JE. Polymer biodegradation: mechanisms and estimation techniques. CHEMOSPHERE 2008; 73:429-442. [PMID: 18723204 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2008.06.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 457] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2008] [Revised: 06/19/2008] [Accepted: 06/23/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Within the frame of the sustainable development, new materials are being conceived in order to increase their biodegradability properties. Biodegradation is considered to take place throughout three stages: biodeterioration, biofragmentation and assimilation, without neglect the participation of abiotic factors. However, most of the techniques used by researchers in this area are inadequate to provide evidence of the final stage: assimilation. In this review, we describe the different stages of biodegradation and we state several techniques used by some authors working in this domain. Validate assimilation (including mineralisation) is an important aspect to guarantee the real biodegradability of items of consumption (in particular friendly environmental new materials). The aim of this review is to emphasise the importance of measure as well as possible, the last stage of the biodegradation, in order to certify the integration of new materials into the biogeochemical cycles. Finally, we give a perspective to use the natural labelling of stable isotopes in the environment, by means of a new methodology based on the isotopic fractionation to validate assimilation by microorganisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Lucas
- Laboratoire des Technologies Innovantes (EA 3899), Université de Picardie Jules Verne, Avenue des Facultés, 80025 Amiens Cedex 1, France
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Chapter 10 Polymer Degradation and Oxidation: An Introduction. MOLECULAR CHARACTERIZATION AND ANALYSIS OF POLYMERS 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/s0166-526x(08)00410-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
|
18
|
Liang M, Lu C, Huang Y, Zhang C. Morphological and structural development of poly(ether ether ketone) during mechanical pulverization. J Appl Polym Sci 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/app.26916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
|
19
|
White J, Shyichuk A. Effect of stabilizer on scission and crosslinking rate changes during photo-oxidation of polypropylene. Polym Degrad Stab 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2007.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
|
20
|
|
21
|
Mouzakis DE, Kandilioti G, Elenis A, Gregoriou VG. Ultraviolet Radiation Induced Cold Chemi‐Crystallization in Syndiotactic Polypropylene Clay‐Nanocomposites. JOURNAL OF MACROMOLECULAR SCIENCE PART A-PURE AND APPLIED CHEMISTRY 2007. [DOI: 10.1080/10601320500437110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Georgia Kandilioti
- b Foundation for Research and Technology‐Hellas , Institute of Chemical Engineering and High Temperature Chemical Processes, (FORTH/ICE‐HT) , Patras , Greece
| | - Athanasios Elenis
- a Department of Materials Science , University of Patras , Rion , Patras , Greece
| | - Vasilis G. Gregoriou
- b Foundation for Research and Technology‐Hellas , Institute of Chemical Engineering and High Temperature Chemical Processes, (FORTH/ICE‐HT) , Patras , Greece
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
White J, Shyichuk A, Turton T, Syrotynska I. Effect of stabilizer and pigment on photodegradation of polypropylene as revealed by macromolecule scission and crosslinking measurements. Polym Degrad Stab 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2005.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
|
23
|
Nakamura H, Nakamura T, Noguchi T, Imagawa K. Photodegradation of PEEK sheets under tensile stress. Polym Degrad Stab 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2005.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
24
|
Marek A, Kaprálková L, Schmidt P, Pfleger J, Humlíček J, Pospíšil J, Pilař J. Spatial resolution of degradation in stabilized polystyrene and polypropylene plaques exposed to accelerated photodegradation or heat aging. Polym Degrad Stab 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2005.01.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
25
|
Shyichuk A, Cysewski P. Polyolefin Macroradical Properties: A Semiempirical Quantum Chemistry Study. MACROMOL THEOR SIMUL 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/mats.200500011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
|
26
|
Kruczala K, Aris W, Schlick S. Stabilization and Early Degradation of UV-Irradiated Heterophasic Propylene−Ethylene Copolymers Based on ESR, ESR Imaging, UV−Vis, and DSC: Effect of Ethylene Content and UV Wavelength. Macromolecules 2005. [DOI: 10.1021/ma0502194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Krzysztof Kruczala
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Detroit Mercy, Detroit, Michigan 48221
| | - Wasim Aris
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Detroit Mercy, Detroit, Michigan 48221
| | - Shulamith Schlick
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Detroit Mercy, Detroit, Michigan 48221
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Shyichuk A, White J, Craig I, Syrotynska I. Comparison of UV-degradation depth-profiles in polyethylene, polypropylene and an ethylene–propylene copolymer. Polym Degrad Stab 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2004.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
28
|
Craig I, White J, Shyichuk A, Syrotynska I. Photo-induced scission and crosslinking in LDPE, LLDPE, and HDPE. POLYM ENG SCI 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.20313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
|
29
|
Craig I, White J, Kin PC. Crystallization and chemi-crystallization of recycled photo-degraded polypropylene. POLYMER 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2004.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
30
|
Bhowmick AK, Ray S, Shanmugharaj AM, Heslop J, Köppen N, White JR. Photomechanical degradation of thermoplastic elastomers. J Appl Polym Sci 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/app.21913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
|
31
|
Tyler DR. Mechanistic Aspects of the Effects of Stress on the Rates of Photochemical Degradation Reactions in Polymers. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1081/mc-200033682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
|
32
|
Different degradability of two similar polypropylenes as revealed by macromolecule scission and crosslinking rates. Polym Degrad Stab 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2004.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
33
|
Jin C, Christensen P, Egerton T, White J. Effect of anisotropy on photo-mechanical oxidation of polyethylene. POLYMER 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0032-3861(03)00550-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
|
34
|
Shyichuk A, Melnyk D, White JR. Delocalized free electron densities in degraded polystyrene and polypropylene macroradicals: The source of different photooxidation rates. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.10645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
|
35
|
|
36
|
Turton T, White J. Effect of stabilizer and pigment on photo-degradation depth profiles in polypropylene. Polym Degrad Stab 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s0141-3910(01)00193-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
|