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Xu C, Hong Y. Rational design of biodegradable thermoplastic polyurethanes for tissue repair. Bioact Mater 2022; 15:250-271. [PMID: 35386346 PMCID: PMC8940769 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2021.11.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
As a type of elastomeric polymers, non-degradable polyurethanes (PUs) have a long history of being used in clinics, whereas biodegradable PUs have been developed in recent decades, primarily for tissue repair and regeneration. Biodegradable thermoplastic (linear) PUs are soft and elastic polymeric biomaterials with high mechanical strength, which mimics the mechanical properties of soft and elastic tissues. Therefore, biodegradable thermoplastic polyurethanes are promising scaffolding materials for soft and elastic tissue repair and regeneration. Generally, PUs are synthesized by linking three types of changeable blocks: diisocyanates, diols, and chain extenders. Alternating the combination of these three blocks can finely tailor the physio-chemical properties and generate new functional PUs. These PUs have excellent processing flexibilities and can be fabricated into three-dimensional (3D) constructs using conventional and/or advanced technologies, which is a great advantage compared with cross-linked thermoset elastomers. Additionally, they can be combined with biomolecules to incorporate desired bioactivities to broaden their biomedical applications. In this review, we comprehensively summarized the synthesis, structures, and properties of biodegradable thermoplastic PUs, and introduced their multiple applications in tissue repair and regeneration. A whole picture of their design and applications along with discussions and perspectives of future directions would provide theoretical and technical supports to inspire new PU development and novel applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cancan Xu
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX, 76019, USA
| | - Yi Hong
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX, 76019, USA
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Tyubaeva P, Varyan I, Krivandin A, Shatalova O, Karpova S, Lobanov A, Olkhov A, Popov A. The Comparison of Advanced Electrospun Materials Based on Poly(-3-hydroxybutyrate) with Natural and Synthetic Additives. J Funct Biomater 2022; 13:23. [PMID: 35323223 PMCID: PMC8955504 DOI: 10.3390/jfb13010023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Revised: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The comparison of the effect of porphyrins of natural and synthetic origin containing the same metal atom on the structure and properties of the semi-crystalline polymer matrix is of current concern. A large number of modifying additives and biodegradable polymers for biomedical purposes, composed of poly(-3-hydroxybutyrate)-porphyrin, are of particular interest because of the combination of their unique properties. The objective of this work are electrospun fibrous material based on poly(-3-hydroxybutyrate) (PHB), hemin (Hmi), and tetraphenylporphyrin with iron (Fe(TPP)Cl). The structure of these new materials was investigated by methods such as optical and scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction analysis, Electron paramagnetic resonance method, and Differential scanning calorimetry. The properties of the electrospun materials were analyzed by mechanical and biological tests, and the wetting contact angle was measured. In this work, it was found that even small concentrations of porphyrin can increase the antimicrobial properties by 12 times, improve the physical and mechanical properties by at least 3.5 times, and vary hydrophobicity by at least 5%. At the same time, additives similar in the structure had an oppositely directed effect on the supramolecular structure, the composition of the crystalline, and the amorphous phases. The article considers assumptions about the nature of such differences due to the influence of Hmi and Fe(TPP)Cl) on the macromolecular and fibrous structure of PHB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Polina Tyubaeva
- Academic Department of Innovational Materials and Technologies Chemistry, Plekhanov Russian University of Economics, 36 Stremyanny Per., 117997 Moscow, Russia; (I.V.); (A.L.); (A.O.); (A.P.)
- Department of Biological and Chemical Physics of Polymers, Emanuel Institute of Biochemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 4 Kosygina Str., 119334 Moscow, Russia; (A.K.); (O.S.); (S.K.)
| | - Ivetta Varyan
- Academic Department of Innovational Materials and Technologies Chemistry, Plekhanov Russian University of Economics, 36 Stremyanny Per., 117997 Moscow, Russia; (I.V.); (A.L.); (A.O.); (A.P.)
- Department of Biological and Chemical Physics of Polymers, Emanuel Institute of Biochemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 4 Kosygina Str., 119334 Moscow, Russia; (A.K.); (O.S.); (S.K.)
| | - Alexey Krivandin
- Department of Biological and Chemical Physics of Polymers, Emanuel Institute of Biochemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 4 Kosygina Str., 119334 Moscow, Russia; (A.K.); (O.S.); (S.K.)
| | - Olga Shatalova
- Department of Biological and Chemical Physics of Polymers, Emanuel Institute of Biochemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 4 Kosygina Str., 119334 Moscow, Russia; (A.K.); (O.S.); (S.K.)
| | - Svetlana Karpova
- Department of Biological and Chemical Physics of Polymers, Emanuel Institute of Biochemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 4 Kosygina Str., 119334 Moscow, Russia; (A.K.); (O.S.); (S.K.)
| | - Anton Lobanov
- Academic Department of Innovational Materials and Technologies Chemistry, Plekhanov Russian University of Economics, 36 Stremyanny Per., 117997 Moscow, Russia; (I.V.); (A.L.); (A.O.); (A.P.)
- Department of Biological and Chemical Physics of Polymers, Emanuel Institute of Biochemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 4 Kosygina Str., 119334 Moscow, Russia; (A.K.); (O.S.); (S.K.)
| | - Anatoly Olkhov
- Academic Department of Innovational Materials and Technologies Chemistry, Plekhanov Russian University of Economics, 36 Stremyanny Per., 117997 Moscow, Russia; (I.V.); (A.L.); (A.O.); (A.P.)
- Department of Biological and Chemical Physics of Polymers, Emanuel Institute of Biochemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 4 Kosygina Str., 119334 Moscow, Russia; (A.K.); (O.S.); (S.K.)
| | - Anatoly Popov
- Academic Department of Innovational Materials and Technologies Chemistry, Plekhanov Russian University of Economics, 36 Stremyanny Per., 117997 Moscow, Russia; (I.V.); (A.L.); (A.O.); (A.P.)
- Department of Biological and Chemical Physics of Polymers, Emanuel Institute of Biochemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 4 Kosygina Str., 119334 Moscow, Russia; (A.K.); (O.S.); (S.K.)
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Ngo HX, Bai Y, Sha J, Ishizuka S, Toda E, Osako R, Kato A, Morioka R, Ramanathan M, Tatsumi H, Okui T, Kanno T. A Narrative Review of u-HA/PLLA, a Bioactive Resorbable Reconstruction Material: Applications in Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 15:150. [PMID: 35009297 PMCID: PMC8746248 DOI: 10.3390/ma15010150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Revised: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The advent of bioresorbable materials to overcome limitations and replace traditional bone-reconstruction titanium-plate systems for bone fixation, thus achieving greater efficiency and safety in medical and dental applications, has ushered in a new era in biomaterial development. Because of its bioactive osteoconductive ability and biocompatibility, the forged composite of uncalcined/unsintered hydroxyapatite and poly L-lactic acid (u-HA/PLLA) has attracted considerable interest from researchers in bone tissue engineering, as well as from clinicians, particularly for applications in maxillofacial reconstructive surgery. Thus, various in vitro studies, in vivo studies, and clinical trials have been conducted to investigate the feasibility and weaknesses of this biomaterial in oral and maxillofacial surgery. Various technical improvements have been proposed to optimize its advantages and limit its disadvantages. This narrative review presents an up-to-date, comprehensive review of u-HA/PLLA, a bioactive osteoconductive and bioresorbable bone-reconstruction and -fixation material, in the context of oral and maxillofacial surgery, notably maxillofacial trauma, orthognathic surgery, and maxillofacial reconstruction. It simultaneously introduces new trends in the development of bioresorbable materials that could used in this field. Various studies have shown the superiority of u-HA/PLLA, a third-generation bioresorbable biomaterial with high mechanical strength, biocompatibility, and bioactive osteoconductivity, compared to other bioresorbable materials. Future developments may focus on controlling its bioactivity and biodegradation rate and enhancing its mechanical strength.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Takahiro Kanno
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Shimane University Faculty of Medicine, Izumo 693-8501, Shimane, Japan; (H.X.N.); (Y.B.); (J.S.); (S.I.); (E.T.); (R.O.); (A.K.); (R.M.); (M.R.); (H.T.); (T.O.)
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Tyubaeva P, Varyan I, Lobanov A, Olkhov A, Popov A. Effect of the Hemin Molecular Complexes on the Structure and Properties of the Composite Electrospun Materials Based on Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate). Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:4024. [PMID: 34833324 PMCID: PMC8622405 DOI: 10.3390/polym13224024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Revised: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The creation of innovative fibrous materials based on biodegradable semicrystalline polymers and modifying additives is an urgent scientific problem. In particular, the development of biomedical materials based on molecular complexes and biopolymers with controlled properties is of great interest. The paper suggests an approach to modifying the structure and properties of the composite materials based on poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) (PHB) obtained by the electrospinning method using molecular complexes of hemin. The introduction of 1-5 wt. % of hemin has a significant effect on the supramolecular structure, morphology and properties of PHB-based fibers. Changes in the supramolecular structure intensified with the increasing hemin concentration. On the one hand, a decrease in the fraction of the crystalline phase by 8-10% was observed. At the same time, there is a decrease in the density of the amorphous phase by 15-70%. Moreover, the addition of hemin leads to an improvement in the strength characteristics of the material: the elongation at break increased by 1.5 times, and in the tensile strength, it increased by 3 times. The antimicrobial activity of the hemin-containing composite materials against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus was confirmed. The obtained materials are proposed to be used in the creation of composite systems for regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Polina Tyubaeva
- Academic Department of Innovational Materials and Technologies Chemistry, Plekhanov Russian University of Economics, 36 Stremyanny Lane, 117997 Moscow, Russia; (I.V.); (A.L.); (A.O.); (A.P.)
- Department of Biological and Chemical Physics of Polymers, Emanuel Institute of Biochemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 4 Kosygina Street, 119334 Moscow, Russia
| | - Ivetta Varyan
- Academic Department of Innovational Materials and Technologies Chemistry, Plekhanov Russian University of Economics, 36 Stremyanny Lane, 117997 Moscow, Russia; (I.V.); (A.L.); (A.O.); (A.P.)
- Department of Biological and Chemical Physics of Polymers, Emanuel Institute of Biochemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 4 Kosygina Street, 119334 Moscow, Russia
| | - Anton Lobanov
- Academic Department of Innovational Materials and Technologies Chemistry, Plekhanov Russian University of Economics, 36 Stremyanny Lane, 117997 Moscow, Russia; (I.V.); (A.L.); (A.O.); (A.P.)
- Department of Biological and Chemical Physics of Polymers, Emanuel Institute of Biochemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 4 Kosygina Street, 119334 Moscow, Russia
| | - Anatoly Olkhov
- Academic Department of Innovational Materials and Technologies Chemistry, Plekhanov Russian University of Economics, 36 Stremyanny Lane, 117997 Moscow, Russia; (I.V.); (A.L.); (A.O.); (A.P.)
- Department of Biological and Chemical Physics of Polymers, Emanuel Institute of Biochemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 4 Kosygina Street, 119334 Moscow, Russia
| | - Anatoly Popov
- Academic Department of Innovational Materials and Technologies Chemistry, Plekhanov Russian University of Economics, 36 Stremyanny Lane, 117997 Moscow, Russia; (I.V.); (A.L.); (A.O.); (A.P.)
- Department of Biological and Chemical Physics of Polymers, Emanuel Institute of Biochemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 4 Kosygina Street, 119334 Moscow, Russia
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Arai S, Sakakibara S, Mareschal R, Ooi T, Zinn M, Matsumoto K. Biosynthesis of Random-Homo Block Copolymer Poly[Glycolate- ran-3-Hydroxybutyrate (3HB)]- b-Poly(3HB) Using Sequence-Regulating Chimeric Polyhydroxyalkanoate Synthase in Escherichia coli. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 8:612991. [PMID: 33364233 PMCID: PMC7752996 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.612991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycolate (GL)-containing polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) was synthesized in Escherichia coli expressing the engineered chimeric PHA synthase PhaC AR and coenzyme A transferase. The cells produced poly[GL-co-3-hydroxybutyrate (3HB)] with the supplementation of GL and 3HB, thus demonstrating that PhaC AR is the first known class I PHA synthase that is capable of incorporating GL units. The triad sequence analysis using 1H nuclear magnetic resonance indicated that the obtained polymer was composed of two distinct regions, a P(GL-ran-3HB) random segment and P(3HB) homopolymer segment. The random segment was estimated to contain a 71 mol% GL molar ratio, which was much greater than the value (15 mol%) previously achieved by using PhaC1 P s STQK. Differential scanning calorimetry analysis of the polymer films supported the presence of random copolymer and homopolymer phases. The solvent fractionation of the polymer indicated the presence of a covalent linkage between these segments. Therefore, it was concluded that PhaC AR synthesized a novel random-homo block copolymer, P(GL-ran-3HB)-b-P(3HB).
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuzo Arai
- Graduate School of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Sayaka Sakakibara
- Graduate School of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Robin Mareschal
- Department of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
- Institute of Life Technologies, University of Applied Sciences and Arts Western Switzerland (HES-SO Valais-Wallis), Sion, Switzerland
| | - Toshihiko Ooi
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Manfred Zinn
- Institute of Life Technologies, University of Applied Sciences and Arts Western Switzerland (HES-SO Valais-Wallis), Sion, Switzerland
| | - Ken’ichiro Matsumoto
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
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6
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Kavitha G, Rengasamy R, Inbakandan D. Polyhydroxybutyrate production from marine source and its application. Int J Biol Macromol 2018; 111:102-108. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.12.155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2017] [Revised: 10/18/2017] [Accepted: 12/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Camarero-Espinosa S, Rothen-Rutishauser B, Foster EJ, Weder C. Articular cartilage: from formation to tissue engineering. Biomater Sci 2016; 4:734-67. [PMID: 26923076 DOI: 10.1039/c6bm00068a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Hyaline cartilage is the nonlinear, inhomogeneous, anisotropic, poro-viscoelastic connective tissue that serves as friction-reducing and load-bearing cushion in synovial joints and is vital for mammalian skeletal movements. Due to its avascular nature, low cell density, low proliferative activity and the tendency of chondrocytes to de-differentiate, cartilage cannot regenerate after injury, wear and tear, or degeneration through common diseases such as osteoarthritis. Therefore severe damage usually requires surgical intervention. Current clinical strategies to generate new tissue include debridement, microfracture, autologous chondrocyte transplantation, and mosaicplasty. While articular cartilage was predicted to be one of the first tissues to be successfully engineered, it proved to be challenging to reproduce the complex architecture and biomechanical properties of the native tissue. Despite significant research efforts, only a limited number of studies have evolved up to the clinical trial stage. This review article summarizes the current state of cartilage tissue engineering in the context of relevant biological aspects, such as the formation and growth of hyaline cartilage, its composition, structure and biomechanical properties. Special attention is given to materials development, scaffold designs, fabrication methods, and template-cell interactions, which are of great importance to the structure and functionality of the engineered tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Camarero-Espinosa
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland.
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8
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Horst M, Milleret V, Noetzli S, Gobet R, Sulser T, Eberli D. Polyesterurethane and acellular matrix based hybrid biomaterial for bladder engineering. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2015; 105:658-667. [DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.33591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2015] [Revised: 11/12/2015] [Accepted: 11/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Maya Horst
- Laboratory for Tissue Engineering and Stem Cell Therapy, Department of Urology; University Hospital Zurich; Zurich Switzerland
- Division of Pediatric Urology; University Children's Hospital; Zurich Switzerland
| | - Vincent Milleret
- Laboratory for Cell and Tissue Engineering, Department of Obstetrics; University Hospital Zurich; Zurich Switzerland
| | - Sarah Noetzli
- Laboratory for Tissue Engineering and Stem Cell Therapy, Department of Urology; University Hospital Zurich; Zurich Switzerland
| | - Rita Gobet
- Division of Pediatric Urology; University Children's Hospital; Zurich Switzerland
| | - Tullio Sulser
- Laboratory for Tissue Engineering and Stem Cell Therapy, Department of Urology; University Hospital Zurich; Zurich Switzerland
| | - Daniel Eberli
- Laboratory for Tissue Engineering and Stem Cell Therapy, Department of Urology; University Hospital Zurich; Zurich Switzerland
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9
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Mosiewicki MA, Aranguren MI. Recent developments in plant oil based functional materials. POLYM INT 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/pi.5033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mirna A Mosiewicki
- Institute of Research in Materials Science and Technology (INTEMA) and Facultad de Ingeniería; Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata − National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET); Argentina
| | - Mirta I Aranguren
- Institute of Research in Materials Science and Technology (INTEMA) and Facultad de Ingeniería; Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata − National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET); Argentina
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10
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Xiao Z, Zhang Y, Xi L, Huo F, Zhao JY, Li J. Thermophilic production of polyhydroxyalkanoates by a novel Aneurinibacillus strain isolated from Gudao oilfield, China. J Basic Microbiol 2015; 55:1125-33. [PMID: 25832555 DOI: 10.1002/jobm.201400843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2014] [Accepted: 03/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) are usually biosynthesized using mesophilic strains, but the fermentation processes often suffer from bacterial contamination. This work reports the screening of thermophilic bacteria capable of producing PHAs under elevated temperatures to reduce the contamination risk. Strain XH2 was isolated from an oilfield and identified as Aneurinibacillus sp. by morphology, physiological-biochemical characterization, and 16S rDNA phylogenetic analysis. This strain can produce PHA granules, which was detected by Nile red staining and transmission electron microscopic imaging. At 55 °C, 111.6 mg l(-1) of PHA was produced in a fermentation medium containing glucose, peptone, and yeast extract. If peptone was removed from the medium, the yield of PHA would be enhanced by 2.4 times. The main monomers of the PHA product were identified to be 3-hydroxybutyrate and 3-hydroxyvalerate with a molar ratio of 17.2:1 by gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC-MS) and nuclear magnetic resonance analyses. Two minor homologues, 3-hydroxyoctanoate, and 3-hydroxy-4-phenylbutanoate, were tentatively identified by GC-MS as well. This is the first report of thermophilic PHA bacterial producer from the Firmicutes phylum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zijun Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing and Center for Bioengineering & Biotechnology, China University of Petroleum, Qingdao, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing and Center for Bioengineering & Biotechnology, China University of Petroleum, Qingdao, China
| | - Lijun Xi
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing and Center for Bioengineering & Biotechnology, China University of Petroleum, Qingdao, China
| | - Fangfang Huo
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing and Center for Bioengineering & Biotechnology, China University of Petroleum, Qingdao, China
| | - Jing-yi Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing and Center for Bioengineering & Biotechnology, China University of Petroleum, Qingdao, China
| | - Jing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing and Center for Bioengineering & Biotechnology, China University of Petroleum, Qingdao, China
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11
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Chan RTH, Russell RA, Marçal H, Lee TH, Holden PJ, Foster LJR. BioPEGylation of Polyhydroxybutyrate Promotes Nerve Cell Health and Migration. Biomacromolecules 2013; 15:339-49. [DOI: 10.1021/bm401572a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Robert A. Russell
- Australian
Nuclear
Science and Technology Organisation, Lucas Heights, New South Wales, Australia
| | | | | | - Peter J. Holden
- Australian
Nuclear
Science and Technology Organisation, Lucas Heights, New South Wales, Australia
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12
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Chan RTH, Marçal H, Ahmed T, Russell RA, Holden PJ, Foster LJR. Poly(ethylene glycol)-modulated cellular biocompatibility of polyhydroxyalkanoate films. POLYM INT 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/pi.4451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rodman TH Chan
- Bio/Polymer Research Group, Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design, School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Science; University of New South Wales; Sydney; NSW; 2052; Australia
| | - Helder Marçal
- Bio/Polymer Research Group, Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design, School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Science; University of New South Wales; Sydney; NSW; 2052; Australia
| | - Tania Ahmed
- Bio/Polymer Research Group, Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design, School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Science; University of New South Wales; Sydney; NSW; 2052; Australia
| | | | - Peter J Holden
- Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation; Lucas Heights; New South Wales; Australia
| | - L John R Foster
- Bio/Polymer Research Group, Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design, School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Science; University of New South Wales; Sydney; NSW; 2052; Australia
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13
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Polyhydroxyalkanoates: The Natural Polymers Produced by Bacterial Fermentation. ADVANCES IN NATURAL POLYMERS 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-20940-6_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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14
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Evaluation of polyurethane based on cellulose derivative-ketoprofen biosystem for implant biomedical devices. Int J Biol Macromol 2013; 52:32-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2012.09.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2012] [Revised: 09/18/2012] [Accepted: 09/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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15
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Prabhakaran MP, Nair AS, Kai D, Ramakrishna S. Electrospun composite scaffolds containing poly(octanediol-co-citrate) for cardiac tissue engineering. Biopolymers 2012; 97:529-38. [PMID: 22328272 DOI: 10.1002/bip.22035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2011] [Revised: 01/15/2012] [Accepted: 01/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
A biocompatible and elastomeric nanofibrous scaffold is electrospun from a blend of poly(1,8-octanediol-co-citrate) [POC] and poly(L-lactic acid) -co-poly-(3-caprolactone) [PLCL] for application as a bioengineered patch for cardiac tissue engineering. The characterization of the scaffolds was carried out by Fourier transform infra red spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and tensile measurement. The mechanical properties of the scaffolds are studied with regard to the percentage of POC incorporated with PLCL and the results of the study showed that the mechanical property and degradation behavior of the composites can be tuned with respect to the concentration of POC blended with PLCL. The composite scaffolds with POC: PLCL weight ratio of 40:60 [POC/PLCL4060] was found to have a tensile strength of 1.04 ± 0.11 MPa and Young's Modulus of 0.51 ± 0.10 MPa, comparable to the native cardiac tissue. The proliferation of cardiac myoblast cells on the electrospun POC/PLCL scaffolds was found to increase from Days 2 to 8, with the increasing concentration of POC in the composite. The morphology and cytoskeletal observation of the cells also demonstrated the biocompatibility of the POC containing scaffolds. Electrospun POC/PLCL4060 nanofibers are promising elastomeric substrates that might provide the necessary mechanical cues to cardiac muscle cells for regeneration of the heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Molamma P Prabhakaran
- Healthcare and Energy Materials Laboratory, Nanoscience and Nanotechnology Initiative, Faculty of Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117576.
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16
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Fioretta ES, Fledderus JO, Burakowska-Meise EA, Baaijens FPT, Verhaar MC, Bouten CVC. Polymer-based Scaffold Designs For In Situ Vascular Tissue Engineering: Controlling Recruitment and Differentiation Behavior of Endothelial Colony Forming Cells. Macromol Biosci 2012; 12:577-90. [DOI: 10.1002/mabi.201100315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2011] [Revised: 10/08/2011] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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17
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Sathiskumar P, Madras G. Synthesis, characterization, degradation of biodegradable castor oil based polyesters. Polym Degrad Stab 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2011.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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18
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Application of Polyethylene Glycol to Promote Cellular Biocompatibility of Polyhydroxybutyrate Films. INT J POLYM SCI 2011. [DOI: 10.1155/2011/473045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) is a biomaterial with potential for applications in biomedical and tissue engineering; however, its brittle nature and high crystallinity limit its potential. Blending PHB with a variety of PEGs produced natural-synthetic composite films composed of FDA-approved polymers with significant reductions in crystallinity, from 70.1% for PHB films to 41.5% for its composite with a 30% (w/w) loading of PEG2000. Blending also enabled manipulation of the material properties, increasing film flexibility with an extension to break of2.49±1.01%for PHB films and8.32±1.06%for films containing 30% (w/w) PEG106. Significant changes in the film surface properties, as measured by porosity, contact angles, and water uptake, were also determined as a consequence of the blending process, and these supported greater adhesion and proliferation of neural-associated olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs). A growth rate of7.2×105cells per day for PHB films with 30% (w/w) PEG2000 loading compared to2.5×105for PHB films was observed. Furthermore, while cytotoxicity of the films as measured by lactate dehydrogenase release was unaffected, biocompatibility, as measured by mitochondrial activity, was found to increase. It is anticipated that fine control of PEG composition in PHB-based composite biomaterials can be utilised to support their applications in medicinal and tissue engineering applications.
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Han X, Pan J, Buchanan F, Weir N, Farrar D. Analysis of degradation data of poly(l-lactide-co-l,d-lactide) and poly(l-lactide) obtained at elevated and physiological temperatures using mathematical models. Acta Biomater 2010; 6:3882-9. [PMID: 20580861 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2010.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2010] [Revised: 04/23/2010] [Accepted: 05/19/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The degradation of resorbable polymeric devices often takes months to years. Accelerated testing at elevated temperatures is an attractive but controversial technique. The purposes of this paper include: (a) to provide a summary of the mathematical models required to analyse accelerated degradation data and to indicate the pitfalls of using these models; (b) to improve the model previously developed by Han and Pan; (c) to provide a simple version of the model of Han and Pan with an analytical solution that is convenient to use; (d) to demonstrate the application of the improved model in two different poly(lactic acid) systems. It is shown that the simple analytical relations between molecular weight and degradation time widely used in the literature can lead to inadequate conclusions. In more general situations the rate equations are only part of a complete degradation model. Together with previous works in the literature, our study calls for care in using the accelerated testing technique.
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Milleret V, Simonet M, Bittermann AG, Neuenschwander P, Hall H. Cyto- and hemocompatibility of a biodegradable 3D-scaffold material designed for medical applications. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2009; 91:109-21. [DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.31379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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21
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Henry JA, Pandit A. Perspective on biomaterials used in the surgical treatment of morbid obesity. Obes Rev 2009; 10:324-32. [PMID: 19243516 DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-789x.2008.00551.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Morbid obesity is defined as having a body mass index greater than or equal to 40.0 kg m(-2), or 37.0 kg m(-2) with comorbidities. Bariatric surgery remains the most effective treatment for morbid obesity. Bariatric procedures such as sleeve gastrectomy, vertical banded gastroplasty and adjustable gastric banding all generate excess body-weight loss typically over 3-5 years. The biomaterials used during these procedures, namely silicone, polypropylene, expanded polytetrafluoroethylene and titanium, are all non-degradable biomaterials. Hence, their presence in vivo exceeds the functional requirement of an implant to treat morbid obesity. Accordingly, research into non-invasive and reversible surgical procedures has increased, particularly in light of the dramatic increase in paediatric obesity. Tissue engineering is an alternative approach to treat morbid obesity, as it incorporates both engineering and biological principles into the design and development of an implant to surgically treat morbid obesity. It is hypothesized that a biodegradable polymer to treat morbid obesity could be developed to effectively promote excess weight loss. The aim of this review is to discuss morbid obesity with regards to its aetiology, prevalence and current modalities of treatment. Specifically, the shortcomings of the biomaterials currently used to surgically treat morbid obesity shall be reviewed, and alternative biomaterials shall be proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Henry
- National Centre for Biomedical Engineering Science, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
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22
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Shah PN, Manthe RL, Lopina ST, Yun YH. Electrospinning of l-tyrosine polyurethanes for potential biomedical applications. POLYMER 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2009.02.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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23
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Analysis of Effective Interconnectivity of DegraPol-foams Designed for Negative Pressure Wound Therapy. MATERIALS 2009. [PMCID: PMC5445698 DOI: 10.3390/ma2010292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Many wounds heal slowly and are difficult to manage. Therefore Negative Pressure Wound Therapy (NPWT) was developed where polymer foams are applied and a defined negative pressure removes wound fluid, reduces bacterial burden and increases the formation of granulation tissue. Although NPWT is used successfully, its mechanisms are not well understood. In particular, different NPWT dressings were never compared. Here a poly-ester urethane Degrapol® (DP)-foam was produced and compared with commercially available dressings (polyurethane-based and polyvinyl-alcohol-based) in terms of apparent pore sizes, swelling and effective interconnectivity of foam pores. DP-foams contain relatively small interconnected pores; PU-foams showed large pore size and interconnectivity; whereas PVA-foams displayed heterogeneous and poorly interconnected pores. PVA-foams swelled by 40 %, whereas DP- and PU-foams remained almost without swelling. Effective interconnectivity was investigated by submitting fluorescent beads of 3, 20 and 45 μm diameter through the foams. DP- and PU-foams removed 70-90 % of all beads within 4 h, independent of the bead diameter or bead pre-adsorption with serum albumin. For PVA-foams albumin pre-adsorbed beads circulated longer, where 20 % of 3 μm and 10 % of 20 μm diameter beads circulated after 96 h. The studies indicate that efficient bead perfusion does not only depend on pore size and swelling capacity, but effective interconnectivity might also depend on chemical composition of the foam itself. In addition due to the efficient sieve-effect of the foams uptake of wound components in vivo might occur only for short time suggesting other mechanisms being decisive for success of NPWT.
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Marçal H, Wanandy NS, Sanguanchaipaiwong V, Woolnough CE, Lauto A, Mahler SM, Foster LJR. BioPEGylation of Polyhydroxyalkanoates: Influence on Properties and Satellite-Stem Cell Cycle. Biomacromolecules 2008; 9:2719-26. [DOI: 10.1021/bm800418e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Helder Marçal
- Bio/Polymer Research Group and Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design, School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW2052, Australia, and Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Qld 4072, Australia
| | - Nico S. Wanandy
- Bio/Polymer Research Group and Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design, School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW2052, Australia, and Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Qld 4072, Australia
| | - Vorapat Sanguanchaipaiwong
- Bio/Polymer Research Group and Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design, School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW2052, Australia, and Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Qld 4072, Australia
| | - Catherine E. Woolnough
- Bio/Polymer Research Group and Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design, School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW2052, Australia, and Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Qld 4072, Australia
| | - Antonio Lauto
- Bio/Polymer Research Group and Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design, School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW2052, Australia, and Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Qld 4072, Australia
| | - Stephen M. Mahler
- Bio/Polymer Research Group and Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design, School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW2052, Australia, and Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Qld 4072, Australia
| | - L. John R. Foster
- Bio/Polymer Research Group and Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design, School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW2052, Australia, and Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Qld 4072, Australia
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Guelcher SA. Biodegradable polyurethanes: synthesis and applications in regenerative medicine. TISSUE ENGINEERING PART B-REVIEWS 2008; 14:3-17. [PMID: 18454631 DOI: 10.1089/teb.2007.0133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 366] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Biostable polyurethanes (PURs) have been incorporated in biomedical devices since the 1960s. The mechanisms of degradation and compositions with improved in vivo biostability have been investigated extensively. In recent years, biodegradable PURs have been investigated for applications in regenerative medicine. In contrast to the biostable implants, these biomaterials are designed to undergo controlled degradation in vivo and promote ingrowth of new tissue. Tissue-engineered scaffolds have been fabricated from biodegradable PURs using a variety of techniques, including thermally induced phase separation, salt leaching, wet spinning, electrospinning, and carbon dioxide foaming. These materials have been reported to support the ingrowth of cells and tissue in vitro and in vivo, and undergo controlled degradation to noncytotoxic decomposition products. Due to their tunable biological, mechanical, and physicochemical properties, biodegradable PURs present compelling future opportunities as scaffolds for regeneration of tissue. This review article summarizes recent advances made in the synthesis of biodegradable PURs and the application of these materials as scaffolds for regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott A Guelcher
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, USA.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Biodegradable elastomers have been used in many different manners for controlled drug delivery. The development of new biodegradable elastomers has recently increased, driven mainly by tissue engineering research. OBJECTIVE This review outlines the different uses of biodegradable elastomers in controlled release. METHODS This review was limited to those papers wherein the polymer chosen as the delivery vehicle was demonstrably elastomeric. CONCLUSION Biodegradable elastomers have an established role in controlled release and an expanding role in combination scaffolds providing controlled release and mechanical stimulation capability for tissue regeneration/engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian G Amsden
- Queen's University, Department of Chemical Engineering, Kingston, Ontario, Canada.
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Scaffolds from electrospun polyhydroxyalkanoate copolymers: Fabrication, characterization, bioabsorption and tissue response. Biomaterials 2008; 29:1307-17. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2007.11.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2007] [Accepted: 11/24/2007] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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28
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Chee JW, Amirul A, Tengku Muhammad T, Majid M, Mansor S. The influence of copolymer ratio and drug loading level on the biocompatibility of P(3HB-co-4HB) synthesized by Cupriavidus sp. (USMAA2-4). Biochem Eng J 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2007.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Ali AQ, Kannan TP, Ahmad A, Samsudin AR. In vitro genotoxicity tests for polyhydroxybutyrate – A synthetic biomaterial. Toxicol In Vitro 2008; 22:57-67. [PMID: 17892925 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2007.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2007] [Revised: 06/18/2007] [Accepted: 08/01/2007] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The aims of this study are to determine the mutagenicity of a locally produced polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) using Salmonella mutagenicity test and to find out if PHB altered the expression of p53 and c-myc proto-oncogenes and bcl-xl and bcl-xs anti-apoptotic genes in the human fibroblast cell line, MRC-5. Different concentrations of PHB were incubated with special genotypic variants of Salmonella strains (TA1535, TA1537, TA1538, TA98 and TA100) carrying mutations in several genes both with and without metabolic activation (S9) and the test was assessed based on the number of revertant colonies. The average number of revertant colonies per plate treated with PHB was less than double as compared to that of negative control. For the gene expression analyses, fibroblast cell lines were treated with PHB at different concentrations and incubated for 1, 12, 24 and 48 h separately. The total RNA was isolated and analysed for the expression of p53, c-myc, bcl-xl and bcl-xs genes. The PHB did not show over or under expression of the genes studied. The above tests indicate that the locally produced PHB is non-genotoxic and does not alter the expression of the proto-oncogenes and anti-apoptotic genes considered in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdulaziz Qaid Ali
- School of Dental Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 16150 Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
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Cool SM, Kenny B, Wu A, Nurcombe V, Trau M, Cassady AI, Grøndahl L. Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) composite biomaterials for bone tissue regeneration: in vitro performance assessed by osteoblast proliferation, osteoclast adhesion and resorption, and macrophage proinflammatory response. J Biomed Mater Res A 2007; 82:599-610. [PMID: 17315229 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.31174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The efficacy of composite materials for bone tissue engineering is dependent on the materials' ability to support bone regeneration whilst inducing a minimal inflammatory response. In this study we examined the in vitro osteogenic and inflammatory properties of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-valerate) (PHBV) with various calcium phosphate-reinforcing phases: nano-sized hydroxyapatite (HA); submicron-sized calcined hydroxyapatite (cHA); and submicron-sized beta-tricalcium phosphate (beta-TCP), using bioassays of cultured osteoblasts, osteoclasts, and macrophages. Our study showed that the addition of a nano-sized reinforcing phase to PHBV, whilst improving osteogenic properties, also reduces the proinflammatory response. Proinflammatory responses of RAW264.7/ELAM-eGFP macrophages to PHBV were shown to be markedly reduced by the introduction of a reinforcing phase, with HA/PHBV composites having the lowest inflammatory response. Osteoclasts, whilst able to attach to all the materials, failed to form functional actin rings or resorption pits on any of the materials under investigation. Cultures of osteoblasts (MC3T3-E1) readily attached and mineralised on all the materials, with HA/PHBV inducing the highest levels of mineralization. The improved biological performance of HA/PHBV composites when compared with cHA/PHBV and beta-TCP/PHBV composites is most likely a result of the nano-sized reinforcing phase of HA/PHBV and the greater surface presentation of mineral in these composites. Our results provide a new strategy for improving the suitability of PHBV-based materials for bone tissue regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Cool
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Queensland, Queensland 4072, Australia.
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31
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Cui Y, Barford JP, Renneberg R. Gas Chromatographic Determination of Poly(3‐hydroxybutyrate) with Alkaline Hydrolysis and Acid Esterification. ANAL LETT 2007. [DOI: 10.1080/00032710701603959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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32
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Haba E, Vidal-Mas J, Bassas M, Espuny M, Llorens J, Manresa A. Poly 3-(hydroxyalkanoates) produced from oily substrates by Pseudomonas aeruginosa 47T2 (NCBIM 40044): Effect of nutrients and incubation temperature on polymer composition. Biochem Eng J 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2006.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Srinivas A, Ramamurthi A. Effects of Gamma-Irradiation on Physical and Biologic Properties of Crosslinked Hyaluronan Tissue Engineering Scaffolds. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 13:447-59. [PMID: 17518597 DOI: 10.1089/ten.2006.0196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Hydrogels containing divinyl sulfone (DVS)-crosslinked hyaluronan (HA) (hylans) are potentially useful implant biomaterials because of their non-cytotoxicity and -antigenicity. However, to successfully fulfill their intended role in vivo, their properties (e.g., mechanics, pore size, surface topography, hydrophilicity, swelling) must be modulated to match the demands of the target application. This study explored whether controlled irradiation with gamma (gamma) can strengthen hylans and modulate their physical and biologic properties, as has previously been shown to be possible with other natural and synthetic polymers. Hydrated hylans containing two different amounts of DVS were irradiated in vacuum to increasing doses of gamma (0-13.5 kGy). The properties of the irradiated gels were compared with those of non-irradiated controls. Changes to bulk structure were evaluated using swelling tests, surface topography and pore structure were evaluated using scanning electron microscopy, mechanics were evaluated using unconfined compression tests, and surface hydrophilicity was evaluated by measuring contact angle changes. Irradiated gels exhibited lower swelling capacity, structural weakening, increase in elasticity, surface texturing, increased pore size, and decreased surface hydrophilicity in direct correlation with received dose. Cells adhered and proliferated readily on the irradiated gel surfaces but not on control gels. The irradiated gels, however, deteriorated during long-term (<60 days) storage. Irradiation of hylans in a lyophilized state instead resulted in gels that were more compact, swelled less, and exhibited smaller pores than their hydrated counterparts. The results show that gamma-irradiation, although useful to modulate hylan gel properties, presents challenges of degradation that may be associated with its generation of free-radicals, HA chain fragmentation, and disruption of DVS crosslinks, particularly when the gels are irradiated in their native hydrated state (>98% water content). Future studies will optimize parameters for gamma-mediated modulation of hylan properties through irradiation under water-free conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arvind Srinivas
- Department of Bioengineering, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina 29425, USA
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Henry JA, Simonet M, Pandit A, Neuenschwander P. Characterization of a slowly degrading biodegradable polyesterurethane for tissue engineering scaffolds. J Biomed Mater Res A 2007; 82:669-79. [PMID: 17323319 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.31094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this research was to develop and characterize a novel, slowly degrading polyester-urethane. In this study, a polyester-urethane with a crystalline segment of poly((R)-3-hydroxybutyric acid)-diol linked by a diisocyanate to an amorphous segment of poly(epsilon-caprolactone-co-glycolide)-diol was synthesized. Porous and nonporous scaffolds were processed using electrospinning and solvent casting respectively. The morphology, pore size, and filament diameter of the mesh and film were characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The thermal properties were examined using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). A degradation study was initiated to characterize the change in mechanical properties, molecular weight, and surface morphology over 12 months using tensile testing, gel permeation chromatography (GPC), and SEM respectively. Concomitantly, cell morphology and viability on these variants were investigated using fibroblasts. The mechanical test data indicated a gradual decrease in the ultimate tensile strength and strain to break while the modulus of elasticity remained stable. GPC data suggested a slow decrease in the molecular weight while SEM examination revealed changed surface morphologies. The in vitro studies implied that the novel polyester-urethane was not cytotoxic and that the mesh was a more favorable scaffold towards cell viability. The summation of these results suggests that this polyester-urethane has the potential for tissue engineering applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerome A Henry
- Department of Mechanical and Biomedical Engineering, National University of Ireland, Galway, Galway, Ireland.
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Wang Y, Ke Y, Ren L, Wu G, Chen X. Photografting polymerization of polyacrylamide on poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) films. II. Wettability and crystallization behaviors of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate)-graft-polyacrylamide films. J Appl Polym Sci 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/app.27415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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36
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Cui Y, Barford J, Renneberg R. Determination of Poly(3‐Hydroxybutyrate) using a Combination of Enzymatic Spectrophotometry and Alkaline Hydrolysis. ANAL LETT 2006. [DOI: 10.1080/00032710600822882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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37
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Wang W, Ping P, Yu H, Chen X, Jing X. Synthesis and characterization of a novel biodegradable, thermoplastic polyurethane elastomer. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.21643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Zheng Y, Wang Y, Yang H, Chen X, Chen Z. Characteristic comparison of bioactive scaffolds based on polyhydroxyalkoanate/bioceramic hybrids. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2006; 80:236-43. [PMID: 16850476 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.30589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
In this study, bioactive hybrid scaffolds were prepared by combining poly(beta-hydroxybutyrate-co-beta-hydroxyvalerate) (PHBV) with three kinds of bioceramics, which are sol-gel bioglass (SGBG), tricalcium phosphate (TCP), and hydroxyapatite. The bioactivity and biodegradation of various scaffolds were analyzed with simulated experiments in vitro by immersing the scaffolds into simulated body fluid to evaluate their biomineralizing ability. The changes of the surface components and structures were determined by FTIR, XRD, and SEM analyses. Cell cultures and observation were made in vitro to assess the proliferation of osteoblast on these scaffolds. The results show that there might be ion exchanges and biodegradation reactions occurring between the hybrids and simulated body fluid solution, which result in the weight loss of the scaffolds and the pH changes in solution. An obvious biomineralized deposit layer was formed on the surface of the PHBV/SGBG and PHBV/TCP scaffolds, which was determined to be the bonelike crystalline hydroxyl-carbonate-apatite. The experiments on cell culture show that osteoblast could grow and proliferate on the bioactive hybrid scaffolds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yudong Zheng
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China.
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Cui Y, Barford JP, Renneberg R. Determination of Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) Using a Combination of Enzyme-based Biosensor and Alkaline Hydrolysis. ANAL SCI 2006; 22:1323-6. [PMID: 17038770 DOI: 10.2116/analsci.22.1323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The combination of an enzyme-based biosensor and alkaline hydrolysis was developed for the measurement of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) (PHB). The principle of the determination is based on that the alkaline condition converts PHB to produce its monomer, 3-hydroxybutyrate (3-HB), which generates a detectable current signal by an amperometric biosensor through coupled two-enzyme reactions on an electrode. This method takes less than 40 min, and results in a linear detection range of 0.5-110 mg L-1 PHB with a detection limit of 0.3 mg L-1 by the saturated production of 3-HB; it can also take less than 15 min and result in a linear detection range of 1.0-160 mg L-1 PHB with a detection limit of 0.5 mg L-1 by a part production of 3-HB. The method also shows simple operation and high reproducibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Cui
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, China.
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Synthesis and characterization of biodegradable non-toxic poly(ester-urethane-urea)s based on poly(ε-caprolactone) and amino acid derivatives. POLYMER 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2005.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Delamarre SC, Batt CA. Comparative study of promoters for the production of polyhydroxyalkanoates in recombinant strains of Wautersia eutropha. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2005; 71:668-79. [PMID: 16362422 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-005-0217-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2005] [Revised: 10/15/2005] [Accepted: 10/17/2005] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Recombinant strains of Wautersia eutropha expressing an artificial polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) biosynthesis operon under the control of different native promoters linked to polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) (P(phb)), acetoin (P(acoE), P(acoD), and P(acoX)) or pyruvate (P(pdhE)) metabolism were constructed and tested. The promoters were representative either of the enterobacterial sigma70 (P(phb), P(acoE), and P(pdhE))- or sigma54 (P(acoD) and P(acoX))-dependent promoters. To obtain polymers consisting of C4-C12 monomer units, an artificial operon consisting of the PHA synthase gene from Pseudomonas sp. 61-3 (phaC1 (Ps)) tandemly linked to the W. eutropha genes encoding beta-ketothiolase (phbA (We)) and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate dependent acetoacetyl-coenzyme A (CoA) reductase (phbB (We)) was constructed. All recombinant strains produced PHA, indicating that the PHA biosynthesis genes were expressed under the control of the different promoters. Cell growth and PHA synthesis on MS medium complemented with gluconate or octanoate, and different concentrations of acetoin (0, 0.15, and 0.3%) clearly differed among the recombinant strains. While the P(acoD) and P(acoX) promoters mediated only low PHA yields (<1%) in the presence of the inducer acetoin, the remaining promoters-independent of the addition of acetoin-resulted in the production of PHA polymers with high 3HB fractions (90-100 mol%) and with high 3HO contents (70-86 mol%) from gluconate and octanoate, respectively. Interestingly, on octanoate-MS medium with 0.15% acetoin, the P(acoE) promoter mediated the synthesis of PHA with a relatively high 3HB fraction (48 mol%). While PHAs with high 3HB contents were obtained, the overall PHA product yields were low (<10%); thus, their potential application for further commercial exploitation appears limited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soazig C Delamarre
- Department of Food Science, Stocking Hall, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
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Yang J, Webb AR, Pickerill SJ, Hageman G, Ameer GA. Synthesis and evaluation of poly(diol citrate) biodegradable elastomers. Biomaterials 2005; 27:1889-98. [PMID: 16290904 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2005.05.106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 232] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2005] [Accepted: 05/27/2005] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Herein, we report the synthesis and evaluation of a novel family of biodegradable and elastomeric polyesters, poly(diol citrates). Poly(diol citrates) were synthesized by reacting citric acid with various diols to form a covalent cross-linked network via a polycondensation reaction without using exogenous catalysts. The tensile strength of poly(diol citrates) were as high as 11.15+/-2.62 MPa and Young's modulus ranged from 1.60+/-0.05 to 13.98+/-3.05 MPa under the synthesis conditions that were investigated. Elongation was as high as 502+/-16%. No permanent deformation was found during mechanical tests. The equilibrium water-in-air contact angles of measured poly(diol citrates) films ranged from 15 degrees to 53 degrees . The mechanical properties, degradation and surface characteristics of poly(diol citrates) could be controlled by choosing different diols as well as by controlling the cross-link density of the polyester network. Various types of poly(diol citrate) scaffolds were fabricated to demonstrate their processing potential. These scaffolds were soft and could recover from deformation. In vitro and in vivo evaluation using cell culture and subcutaneous implantation, respectively, confirmed cell and tissue compatibility. The introduction of poly(diol citrates) will expand the repertoire of currently available biodegradable polymeric elastomers and should help meet the requirements of tissue engineering applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Yang
- Biomedical Engineering Department, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
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43
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Marques AP, Cruz HR, Coutinho OP, Reis RL. Effect of starch-based biomaterials on the in vitro proliferation and viability of osteoblast-like cells. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE. MATERIALS IN MEDICINE 2005; 16:833-42. [PMID: 16167112 DOI: 10.1007/s10856-005-3580-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2004] [Accepted: 12/17/2004] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The cytotoxicity of starch-based polymers was investigated using different methodologies. Poly-L-lactic acid (PLLA) was used as a control for comparison purposes. Extracts of four different starch-based blends (corn starch and ethylene vinyl alcohol (SEVA-C), corn starch and cellulose acetate (SCA), corn starch and polycaprolactone (SPCL) and starch and poly-lactic acid (SPLA70) were prepared in culture medium and their toxicity was analysed. Osteoblast-like cells (SaOs-2) were incubated with the extracts and cell viability was assessed using the MTT test and a lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) assay. In addition DNA and total protein were quantified in order to evaluate cell proliferation. Cells were also cultured in direct contact with the polymers for 3 and 7 days and observed in light and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). LDH and DNA quantification revealed to be the most sensitive tests to assess respectively cell viability and cell proliferation after incubation with starch-based materials and PLLA. SCA was the starch blend with higher cytotoxicity index although similar to PLLA polymer. Cell adhesion tests confirmed the worst performance of the blend of starch with cellulose acetate but also showed that SPCL does not perform as well as it could be expected. All the other materials were shown to present a comparable behaviour in terms of cell adhesion showing slight differences in morphology that seem to disappear for longer culture times. The results of this study suggest that not only the extract of the materials but also their three-dimensional form has to be biologically tested in order to analyse material-associated parameters that are not possible to consider within the degradation extract. In this study, the majority of the starch-based biomaterials presented very promising results in terms of cytotoxicity, comparable to the currently used biodegradable PLLA which might lead the biocompatibility evaluation of those novel biomaterials to other studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- A P Marques
- 3B's Research Group--Biomaterials, Biodegradables, Biomimetics, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal
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Foster L, Sanguanchaipaiwong V, Gabelish C, Hook J, Stenzel M. A natural-synthetic hybrid copolymer of polyhydroxyoctanoate-diethylene glycol: biosynthesis and properties. POLYMER 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2005.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Timbart L, Renard E, Langlois V, Guerin P. Novel Biodegradable Copolyesters Containing Blocks of Poly(3-hydroxyoctanoate) and Poly(?-caprolactone): Synthesis and Characterization. Macromol Biosci 2004; 4:1014-20. [PMID: 15540249 DOI: 10.1002/mabi.200400104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Novel biodegradable polyester block copolymers have been synthesized by using well-defined poly(3-hydroxyoctanoate) (PHO) oligomers having a hydroxyl end group and an ester end group with M(n) values of 800, 2,500, 5,300, 8,000, or 20,000 as an elastomeric soft segment and poly(epsilon-caprolactone) as a more crystalline segment. These PHO oligomers prepared by methanolysis were subjected to block copolymerization with epsilon-caprolactone. The chemical structure of the copolymers was confirmed by (1)H NMR and (13)C NMR spectroscopy. All the copolyesters are semi-crystalline and two T(g) were observed by differential scanning calorimetry when the molecular weight of the PHO block is about 20,000.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurianne Timbart
- LRP, UMR 7581, Université Paris XII, 2 à 8, rue H. Dunant, 94 320 Thiais, France
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Amsden BG, Misra G, Gu F, Younes HM. Synthesis and Characterization of A Photo-Cross-Linked Biodegradable Elastomer. Biomacromolecules 2004; 5:2479-86. [PMID: 15530066 DOI: 10.1021/bm049578h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis and characterization of a photocurable biodegradable elastomer as a potential biomaterial for the delivery of thermosensitive drugs are described. The elastomer was prepared from UV initiated cross-linking of an acrylated star-poly(epsilon-caprolactone-co-D,L-lactide) prepolymer. The influence of the molecular weight of the acrylated prepolymer on the final elastomer mechanical and thermal properties was determined. The glass-transition temperature of the elastomers was independent of the prepolymer molecular weight and was from -6 to -8 degrees C. The Young's modulus and stress at break of the elastomers was proportional to the inverse of the prepolymer molecular weight, while the strain at break increased in a linear fashion with the prepolymer molecular weight. Over a degradation period of 12 weeks in phosphate buffered saline, the elastomers exhibited little mass loss, appreciable mechanical strength loss, and little dimensional or strain at break change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian G Amsden
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Queens University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada, K7L 3N6.
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47
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Surface melting and crystallization behavior of polyhydroxyalkanoates studied by attenuated total reflection infrared spectroscopy. POLYMER 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2004.07.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Grad S, Kupcsik L, Gorna K, Gogolewski S, Alini M. The use of biodegradable polyurethane scaffolds for cartilage tissue engineering: potential and limitations. Biomaterials 2004; 24:5163-71. [PMID: 14568433 DOI: 10.1016/s0142-9612(03)00462-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to evaluate the capability of novel biodegradable polyurethane scaffolds to support attachment, growth and maintenance of differentiated chondrocytes in vitro for up to 42 days. After an initial decrease, although not significant, the DNA content of the constructs remained constant over the culture time. A progressive increase in glycosaminoglycans and collagen was observed during the culture period. However, a significant release of matrix molecules into the culture medium was also noticeable. At the transcriptional level, a decrease in aggrecan and procollagen II mRNA expression was noticeable, whereas procollagen I expression was increased. To conclude, the present data demonstrate that biodegradable polyurethane porous scaffolds seeded with articular chondrocytes support cell attachment and the production of extracellular matrix proteins. The limitations of the system are the diffusion of large amounts of matrix molecules into the culture medium and the dedifferentiation of the chondrocytes with prolonged time in culture. However, due to the favourable mechanical properties of the polyurethane scaffold, stimulation of chondrocytes by mechanical loading can be considered in order to improve the formation of a functional cartilage-like extracellular matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sibylle Grad
- Biochemistry & Cell Biology Unit, AO Research Institute, 7270 Davos Platz, Switzerland
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Köse GT, Korkusuz F, Korkusuz P, Purali N, Ozkul A, Hasirci V. Bone generation on PHBV matrices: an in vitro study. Biomaterials 2004; 24:4999-5007. [PMID: 14559013 DOI: 10.1016/s0142-9612(03)00417-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Bone formation was investigated in vitro by culturing rat marrow stromal osteoblasts in biodegradable, macroporous poly(3-hydroxybutyric acid-co-3-hydroxyvaleric acid) (PHBV) matrices over a period of 60 days. Foams were prepared after solvent evaporation and solute leaching. PHBV solutions with different concentrations were prepared in chloroform: dichloromethane (1:2, v/v). In order to create a matrix with high porosity and uniform pore sizes, sieved sucrose crystals (300-500 microm) were used. PHBV foams were treated with rf-oxygen plasma (100 W 10 min) to modify their surface chemistry and hydrophilicity with the aim of increasing the reattachment of osteoblasts. Osteoblasts were isolated from rat bone marrow and seeded onto PHBV foams. The cell density on and in the foams was determined with MTS assay. MTS results showed that osteoblasts proliferated on PHBV. Twenty-one days after seeding of incubation, growth of osteoblasts on matrices and initiation of mineralization were observed by confocal laser scanning microscopy. Increasing ALP and osteocalcin secretion during 60 days confirmed the osteoblastic phenotype of the derived stromal cells. SEM, histological evaluations and confocal laser scanning microscopy showed that osteoblasts could grow inside the matrices and lead to mineralization. Cells exhibited spindle-like morphology and had a diameter of 10-30 microm. Based on these, it could confidently be stated that PHBV seems to be a promising polymeric matrix material for bone tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Torun Köse
- Department of Pharmacy, Yeditepe University, Istanbul 81120, Turkey
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Zheng Z, Deng Y, Lin XS, Zhang LX, Chen GQ. Induced production of rabbit articular cartilage-derived chondrocyte collagen II on polyhydroxyalkanoate blends. JOURNAL OF BIOMATERIALS SCIENCE. POLYMER EDITION 2004; 14:615-24. [PMID: 12903731 DOI: 10.1163/156856203322274888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Three-dimensional porous scaffolds made from blend polyesters of polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) were evaluated with respect to their effects on collagen II production. Semi-quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was used to assay collagen II mRNA for evaluation of the ability for the blend scaffolds to induce collagen II production. It was found that scaffold of poly-3-hydroxybutyrate (PHB) blended with a copolyester consisting of 3-hydoxybutyrate-co3-hydroxyhexanate (PHBHHx) in a radio of 1:2 had strong ability to induce collagen II production compared with other ratios of PHB/PHBHHx and poly-L-lactic acid (PLA). Collagen II expression level remained approx. 1.5-times higher on the above-mentioned blend compared with that of PLA throughout four weeks cultivation. At the same time, the PHB/PHBHHx blend (1:2) exhibited a similar tendency as PLA to maintain the collagen 11 expression level over the entire culture period. The results showed that the PHB/PHBHHx blend (1:2) reported to improve mechanical properties compared with PHB or PHBHHx improved biocompatibility in comparison with PHB, PHBHHx, PLA and other blending systems consisting of PHB/PHBHHX in ratios of 2:1 and 1:1, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhong Zheng
- Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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