1
|
Ristroph KD, Prud'homme RK. Hydrophobic ion pairing: encapsulating small molecules, peptides, and proteins into nanocarriers. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2019; 1:4207-4237. [PMID: 33442667 PMCID: PMC7771517 DOI: 10.1039/c9na00308h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Hydrophobic ion pairing has emerged as a method to modulate the solubility of charged hydrophilic molecules ranging in class from small molecules to large enzymes. Charged hydrophilic molecules are ionically paired with oppositely-charged molecules that include hydrophobic moieties; the resulting uncharged complex is water-insoluble and will precipitate in aqueous media. Here we review one of the most prominent applications of hydrophobic ion pairing: efficient encapsulation of charged hydrophilic molecules into nano-scale delivery vehicles - nanoparticles or nanocarriers. Hydrophobic complexes are formed and then encapsulated using techniques developed for poorly-water-soluble therapeutics. With this approach, researchers have reported encapsulation efficiencies up to 100% and drug loadings up to 30%. This review covers the fundamentals of hydrophobic ion pairing, including nomenclature, drug eligibility for the technique, commonly-used counterions, and drug release of encapsulated ion paired complexes. We then focus on nanoformulation techniques used in concert with hydrophobic ion pairing and note strengths and weaknesses specific to each. The penultimate section bridges hydrophobic ion pairing with the related fields of polyelectrolyte coacervation and polyelectrolyte-surfactant complexation. We then discuss the state of the art and anticipated future challenges. The review ends with comprehensive tables of reported hydrophobic ion pairing and encapsulation from the literature.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kurt D. Ristroph
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Princeton UniversityPrincetonNew Jersey 08544USA
| | - Robert K. Prud'homme
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Princeton UniversityPrincetonNew Jersey 08544USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Cattò C, Secundo F, James G, Villa F, Cappitelli F. α-Chymotrypsin Immobilized on a Low-Density Polyethylene Surface Successfully Weakens Escherichia coli Biofilm Formation. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E4003. [PMID: 30545074 PMCID: PMC6321288 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19124003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2018] [Revised: 11/23/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The protease α-chymotrypsin (α-CT) was covalently immobilized on a low-density polyethylene (LDPE) surface, providing a new non-leaching material (LDPE-α-CT) able to preserve surfaces from biofilm growth over a long working timescale. The immobilized enzyme showed a transesterification activity of 1.24 nmol/h, confirming that the immobilization protocol did not negatively affect α-CT activity. Plate count viability assays, as well as confocal laser scanner microscopy (CLSM) analysis, showed that LDPE-α-CT significantly impacts Escherichia coli biofilm formation by (i) reducing the number of adhered cells (-70.7 ± 5.0%); (ii) significantly affecting biofilm thickness (-81.8 ± 16.7%), roughness (-13.8 ± 2.8%), substratum coverage (-63.1 ± 1.8%), and surface to bio-volume ratio (+7.1 ± 0.2-fold); and (iii) decreasing the matrix polysaccharide bio-volume (80.2 ± 23.2%). Additionally, CLSM images showed a destabilized biofilm with many cells dispersing from it. Notably, biofilm stained for live and dead cells confirmed that the reduction in the biomass was achieved by a mechanism that did not affect bacterial viability, reducing the chances for the evolution of resistant strains.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Cattò
- Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano 20133, Italy.
| | - Francesco Secundo
- Institute of Chemistry of Molecular Recognition, National Research Council, Milano 20131, Italy.
| | - Garth James
- Center for Biofilm Engineering, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA.
| | - Federica Villa
- Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano 20133, Italy.
| | - Francesca Cappitelli
- Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano 20133, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Kachel S, Scharfer P, Schabel W. Measurements and predictive modeling of water diffusion coefficients in bovine serum albumin/polymer blends for biosensors. J Appl Polym Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/app.45368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sibylle Kachel
- Thin Film Technology; Institute of Thermal Process Engineering, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT); Karlsruhe 76131 Germany
| | - Philip Scharfer
- Thin Film Technology; Institute of Thermal Process Engineering, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT); Karlsruhe 76131 Germany
| | - Wilhelm Schabel
- Thin Film Technology; Institute of Thermal Process Engineering, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT); Karlsruhe 76131 Germany
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Sun J, Yendluri R, Liu K, Guo Y, Lvov Y, Yan X. Enzyme-immobilized clay nanotube–chitosan membranes with sustainable biocatalytic activities. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2017; 19:562-567. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cp07450b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We have developed a simple and effective strategy to prepare an enzymatic membrane by the admixing of a halloysite clay nanotube–lipase complex and a chitosan solution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiajia Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering
- Institute of Process Engineering
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100190
- P. R. China
| | - Raghuvara Yendluri
- Institute for Micromanufacturing and Biomedical Engineering Program
- Louisiana Tech University
- Ruston
- USA
| | - Kai Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering
- Institute of Process Engineering
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100190
- P. R. China
| | - Ying Guo
- School of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering
- Harbin University of Science and Technology
- Harbin 150080
- China
| | - Yuri Lvov
- Institute for Micromanufacturing and Biomedical Engineering Program
- Louisiana Tech University
- Ruston
- USA
- I. Gubkin Russian State University of Oil and Gas
| | - Xuehai Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering
- Institute of Process Engineering
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100190
- P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Liu K, Su Z, Miao S, Ma G, Zhang S. Enzymatic waterborne polyurethane towards a robust and environmentally friendly anti-biofouling coating. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra04583a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A simple, green, robust and efficient method has been developed for the preparation of an anti-biofouling coating by directly mixing antifouling enzymes with a castor oil-based waterborne polyurethane (WPU) dispersion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kai Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering
- Institute of Process Engineering
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100190
- P. R. China
| | - Zhiguo Su
- National Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering
- Institute of Process Engineering
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100190
- P. R. China
| | - Shida Miao
- National Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering
- Institute of Process Engineering
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100190
- P. R. China
| | - Guanghui Ma
- National Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering
- Institute of Process Engineering
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100190
- P. R. China
| | - Songping Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering
- Institute of Process Engineering
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100190
- P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Wu Q, Qi Q, Zhao C, Liu C, Fan L, Zhang W, Shi J, Guo D. A hybrid proteolytic and antibacterial bifunctional film based on amphiphilic carbonaceous conjugates of trypsin and vancomycin. J Mater Chem B 2014; 2:1681-1688. [DOI: 10.1039/c3tb21641a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
7
|
Zhang X, Zhang S, Pan B, Hua M, Zhao X. Simple fabrication of polymer-based Trametes versicolor laccase for decolorization of malachite green. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2012; 115:16-20. [PMID: 22169216 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2011.11.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2011] [Revised: 11/16/2011] [Accepted: 11/17/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
A highly efficient and stable biocatalyst (denoted D201_Lac) was fabricated by encapsulating Trametes versicolor laccase within a macroporous and strongly basic exchange resin D201 through a simple adsorption process. Transmission electron micrographs and Fourier transform infrared spectra of the resultant D201_Lac proved that nanosized laccase clusters were embedded into the inner nano-pores/channels of D201. As compared to the free laccase, D201_Lac showed enhanced resistance in the pH range of 3-7 or at temperature of 30-60°C. Besides, negligible laccase was leached out from the host polymer D201 in solution of pH 3-7 and NaCl concentration up to 0.5M, which might be attributed to the electrostatic attraction and the possible twining between long-chain laccase and the cross-linking host resin. Continuous seven-cycle batch decoloration of malachite green demonstrates that decoloration efficiency of D201_Lac kept constant for more than 320-h operation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, PR China
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Wu S, Buthe A, Wang P. Organic-soluble enzyme nano-complexes formed by ion-pairing with surfactants. Methods Mol Biol 2011; 743:51-63. [PMID: 21553182 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-61779-132-1_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/13/2023]
Abstract
The solubilization of enzymes in organic solvents for non-aqueous biocatalysis has attracted considerable attention since the homogeneous distribution accounts for a drastically improved reaction efficiency compared to enzymes dispersed as aggregates in an organic phase. This chapter highlights ion-pairing as a valuable and facile method to make enzymes soluble in organic solvents. Ion-pairing denotes the formation of a nano-complex, in which a single enzyme molecule in the core is surrounded by counter-charged surfactant molecules. The special architecture of this nano-complex exposes the surfactant hydrophobic group toward the bulk solvent and renders the complex sufficiently soluble in organic media. This chapter also describes the underlying principle of ion-pairing as well as simple preparation and characterization techniques to yield highly active enzyme-surfactant nano-complexes. The general applicability of this technique is demonstrated on the base of the hydrolytic enzyme α-chymotrypsin (α-CT) and the redox enzyme glucose oxidase (GO( x )).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Songtao Wu
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems Engineering, Biotechnology Institute, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Cao S, Wang J, Chen H, Chen D. Progress of marine biofouling and antifouling technologies. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s11434-010-4158-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|
10
|
Holder PG, Finley DT, Stephanopoulos N, Walton R, Clark DS, Francis MB. Dramatic thermal stability of virus-polymer conjugates in hydrophobic solvents. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2010; 26:17383-8. [PMID: 20964388 DOI: 10.1021/la1039305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
We have developed a method for integrating the self-assembling tobacco mosaic virus capsid into hydrophobic solvents and hydrophobic polymers. The capsid was modified at tyrosine residues to display an array of linear poly(ethylene glycol) chains, allowing it to be transferred into chloroform. In a subsequent step, the capsids could be transferred to a variety of hydrophobic solvents, including benzyl alcohol, o-dichlorobenzene, and diglyme. The thermal stability of the material against denaturation increased from 70 °C in water to at least 160 °C in hydrophobic solvents. With a view toward material fabrication, the polymer-coated TMV rods were also incorporated into solid polystyrene and thermally cast at 110 °C. Overall, this process significantly expands the range of processing conditions for TMV-based materials, with the goal of incorporating these templated nanoscale systems into conductive polymer matrices.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patrick G Holder
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Caro A, Humblot V, Méthivier C, Minier M, Barbes L, Li J, Salmain M, Pradier CM. Bioengineering of stainless steel surface by covalent immobilization of enzymes. Physical characterization and interfacial enzymatic activity. J Colloid Interface Sci 2010; 349:13-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2009.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2009] [Revised: 11/12/2009] [Accepted: 12/01/2009] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
|
12
|
Hartmann M, Jung D. Biocatalysis with enzymes immobilized on mesoporous hosts: the status quo and future trends. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1039/b907869j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 280] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
13
|
Antifouling enzymes and the biochemistry of marine settlement. Biotechnol Adv 2008; 26:471-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2008.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2008] [Revised: 03/27/2008] [Accepted: 05/13/2008] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
14
|
Smitha S, Shajesh P, Mukundan P, Nair TDR, Warrier KGK. Synthesis of biocompatible hydrophobic silica–gelatin nano-hybrid by sol–gel process. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2007; 55:38-43. [PMID: 17178449 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2006.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2006] [Revised: 10/27/2006] [Accepted: 11/01/2006] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Silica-biopolymer hybrid has been synthesised using colloidal silica as the precursor for silica and gelatin as the biopolymer counterpart. The surface modification of the hybrid material has been done with methyltrimethoxysilane leading to the formation of biocompatible hydrophobic silica-gelatin hybrid. Here we are reporting hydrophobic silica-gelatin hybrid and coating precursor for the first time. The hybrid gel has been evaluated for chemical modification, thermal degradation, hydrophobicity, particle size, transparency under the UV-visible region and morphology. FTIR spectroscopy has been used to verify the presence of CH(3) groups which introduce hydrophobicity to the SiO2-MTMS-gelatin hybrids. The hydrophobic property has also been tailored by varying the concentration of methyltrimethoxysilane. Contact angle by Wilhelmy plate method of transparent hydrophobic silica-gelatin coatings has been found to be as high as approximately 95 degrees . Oxidation of the organic group which induces the hydrophobic character occurs at 530 degrees C which indicates that the surface hydrophobicity is retained up to that temperature. Optical transmittance of SiO2-MTMS-gelatin hybrid coatings on glass substrates has been found to be close to 100% which will enable the hybrid for possible optical applications and also for preparation of transparent biocompatible hydrophobic coatings on biological substrates such as leather.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Smitha
- Materials and Minerals Division, Regional Research Laboratory (CSIR), Trivandrum 695019, Kerala, India
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Asuri P, Karajanagi SS, Kane RS, Dordick JS. Polymer-nanotube-enzyme composites as active antifouling films. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2007; 3:50-3. [PMID: 17294467 DOI: 10.1002/smll.200600312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Prashanth Asuri
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Manso-Silván M, Valsesia A, Hasiwa M, Rodríguez-Navas C, Gilliland D, Ceccone G, García Ruiz JP, Rossi F. Micro-spot, UV and wetting patterning pathways for applications of biofunctional aminosilane-titanate coatings. Biomed Microdevices 2006; 9:287-94. [PMID: 17195109 DOI: 10.1007/s10544-006-9027-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The micropatterning of functional films for biomedical applications is a key part of the process leading to a precise application. In the present work we present three different methodologies to micro-design biofunctional aminosilane-titanate coatings. The chemical functionality of the surface immobilized amino groups was initially tested by surface characterization techniques. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy was used to analyze the films before and after derivatization with Trifluoromethylbenzaldehyde while atomic force microscopy was used to study the adsorption kinetics onto these hybrid films. The three micropatterning pathways were selected for three different kinds of applications: (1) 300 microm spots were satisfactorily used for oligonucleotide immobilization, (2) Masked regions protected from UV irradiation were intensively coated by colloidal gold nanoparticles creating a drastic contrast with respect to the UV exposed areas, and (3) radial micro stripes, used afterwards for culturing cells, were created onto Si substrates by wetting from modified precursor solutions. The results are a clear indication of the versatility of hybrid aminosilane-titanate coatings for biomedical applications requiring micropatterned biofunctional surfaces.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Manso-Silván
- Departamento de Física Aplicada C-XII y Departamento de Biología Molecular C-X, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049, Madrid, Spain.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Pettitt ME, Henry SL, Callow ME, Callow JA, Clare AS. Activity of commercial enzymes on settlement and adhesion of cypris larvae of the barnacle Balanus amphitrite, spores of the green alga Ulva linza, and the diatom Navicula perminuta. BIOFOULING 2004; 20:299-311. [PMID: 15804714 DOI: 10.1080/08927010400027068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Fouling species produce adhesive polymers during the settlement, adhesion and colonization of new surfaces in the marine environment. The present paper tests the hypothesis that enzymes of the appropriate specificity may prevent biofouling by hydrolysing these adhesive polymers. Seventeen commercially available enzyme preparations designed originally for bulk use in a range of end-use applications were tested for their effects on the settlement and/or adhesion of three major fouling species, viz. the green alga Ulva linza, the diatom Navicula perminuta and the barnacle Balanus amphitrite. The serine-proteases were found to have the broadest antifouling potential reducing the adhesion strength of spores and sporelings of U. linza, cells of N. perminuta and inhibiting settlement of cypris larvae of B. amphitrite. Mode-of-action studies on the serine-protease, Alcalase, indicated that this enzyme reduced adhesion of U. linza in a concentration-dependent manner, that spores of the species could recover their adhesive strength if the enzyme was removed and that the adhesive of U. linza and juvenile cement of B. amphitrite became progressively less sensitive to hydrolysis as they cured.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M E Pettitt
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, UK.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Lele BS, Papworth G, Katsemi V, Rüterjans H, Martyano I, Klabunde KJ, Russell AJ. Enhancing bioplastic-substrate interaction via pore induction and directed migration of enzyme location. Biotechnol Bioeng 2004; 86:628-36. [PMID: 15137073 DOI: 10.1002/bit.20106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
We demonstrate two novel approaches to enhance interactions of polymer-immobilized biomolecules with their substrates. In the first approach, diisopropylfluorophosphatase (DFPase) containing poly(urethane) (PU) coatings were made microporous by incorporating, then extracting, poly(ethylene glycol)-based diesters as porogens. Incorporation of 2% w/w porogen increased the effective diffusion coefficient of diisopropylfluorophosphate (DFP) through the coatings by 30% and increased the apparent turnover number of immobilized DFPase 3-fold. In the second approach, prior to immobilization, hydrophobic modification of DFPase was achieved through its conjugation with a dimer/trimer mixture of a uretdione based on 1,6-diisocyanatohexane. When the hydrophobically modified DFPase was immobilized in coatings, catalytic activity was 4-fold higher than that of the equivalent, immobilized, native DFPase. This activity enhancement was independent of the presence or absence of pores. Confocal microscopy images of coatings containing fluorescently labeled lysozyme show that the native enzyme is distributed uniformly over the entire thickness of the coatings. Hydrophobically modified and fluorescently labeled lysozyme is accumulated only in the upper 10 microm cross-sectional layer of a 100 microm-thick coating. Interactions of bioplastics with their substrates are tunable either by pore induction in a polymer or by directed migration of the hydrophobically modified biomolecule to the desired location. The latter approach has broad implications, including overcoming mass transfer limitations experienced by immobilized biocatalysts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bhalchandra S Lele
- Department of Bioengineering and McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Center for Biotechnology and Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15219, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Luckarift HR, Spain JC, Naik RR, Stone MO. Enzyme immobilization in a biomimetic silica support. Nat Biotechnol 2004; 22:211-3. [PMID: 14716316 DOI: 10.1038/nbt931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 431] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2003] [Accepted: 11/24/2003] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Robust immobilization techniques that preserve the activity of biomolecules have many potential applications. Silicates, primarily in the form of sol-gel composites or functionalized mesoporous silica, have been used to encapsulate a wide variety of biomolecules but the harsh conditions required for chemical synthesis limit their applicability. Silaffin polypeptides from diatoms catalyze the formation of silica in vitro at neutral pH and ambient temperature and pressure. Here we show that butyrylcholinesterase entrapped during the precipitation of silica nanospheres retained all of its activity. Ninety percent of the soluble enzyme was immobilized, and the immobilized enzyme was substantially more stable than the free enzyme. The mechanical properties of silica nanospheres facilitated application in a flow-through reactor. The use of biosilica for enzyme immobilization combines the excellent support properties of a silica matrix with a benign immobilization method that retains enzyme activity.
Collapse
|
20
|
Abstract
A two-step method was developed to homogeneously insert carbonic anhydrase (CA, E.C. 4.2.1.1) into Michael-adduct-based coatings. CA was first covalently coupled to an N-vinylformamide-based water-soluble polymer. Unlike native CA, the resulting polymer/CA system could be dispersed within a film matrix. The enzyme-containing coating (ECC) hydrolyzes p-nitrophenyl propionate in buffered media at high rates retaining approximately 7% apparent activity. In comparison, other two-step techniques for the chemical coupling of CA to the coating surface were less efficient and led to coatings with significantly less activity. A three-step immobilization process coupling the enzyme to the surface of a partially hydrolyzed coating also raised retention of activity after coating synthesis. CA-ECC is stable under ambient conditions retaining 45% activity after 90 days of storage at room temperature.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Géraldine F Drevon
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, 1249 Benedum Hall, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Drevon GF, Danielmeier K, Federspiel W, Stolz DB, Wicks DA, Yu PC, Russell AJ. High-activity enzyme-polyurethane coatings. Biotechnol Bioeng 2002; 79:785-94. [PMID: 12209801 DOI: 10.1002/bit.10334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of water-borne polyurethane coatings in the presence of diisopropylfluorophosphatase (DFPase, E.C. 3.8.2.1) enabled the irreversible attachment of the enzyme to the polymeric matrix. The distribution of immobilized DFPase as well as activity retention are homogeneous within the coating. The resulting enzyme-containing coating (ECC) film hydrolyzes diisopropylfluorophosphate (DFP) in buffered media at high rates, retaining approximately 39% intrinsic activity. Decreasing ECC hydrophilicity, via the use of a less hydrophilic polyisocyanate during polymerization, significantly enhanced the intrinsic activity of the ECC. DFPase-ECC has biphasic deactivation kinetics, where the initial rapid deactivation of DFPase-ECC leads to the formation of a hyperstable and active form of enzyme.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Géraldine F Drevon
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, 1249 Benedum Hall, Pennsylvania 15261, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Bain JR, Hoffman AS. Glycophase glass revisited: protein adsorption and cell growth on glass surfaces bearing immobilized glycerol monosaccharides. Biomaterials 2002; 23:3347-57. [PMID: 12099277 DOI: 10.1016/s0142-9612(02)00035-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Gamma-Glycerylpropylsilyl or "glycophase" glass has been promoted as a non-fouling surface, resistant to protein adsorption and cell attachment, on which one can immobilize oligopeptide ligands, and thus create cell-type-specific culture surfaces. The present study confirmed that the glycerol-rich glycophase surface is a useful support for peptide immobilization. But glycophase glass was observed to adsorb more albumin than glass. At pH 7.4, desorption studies revealed that albumin bound more tightly to glycophase glass than to glass. Moreover, the growth rates, morphologies, and functions of transgenic betaG I/17 insulinoma cell cultures were equivalent on the two surfaces. Glycophase glass is neither protein- nor cell-repellant.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- James R Bain
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Abstract
Highly active enzyme formulations can be prepared for use in nonaqueous media. Considerable progress has been made in the past two years on gaining an improved mechanistic understanding of enzyme function and activation in dehydrated environments. This increased fundamental understanding has led to the development of a broad array of techniques for generating active, stable, and enantioselective and regioselective tailored enzymes for synthetically relevant transformations. This, in turn, is resulting in an exponential increase in the opportunities for enzymatic processes to be developed on a commercial scale.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Moo-Yeal Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 12180, Troy, New York, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|