1
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Verstraete P, De Keersmaecker K, Kampen KR. Drivers of de novo Serine/Glycine synthesis in acute leukemia. FEBS Lett 2023; 597:2145-2146. [PMID: 37526379 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.14700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/02/2023]
Abstract
Cancer cells hijack metabolic pathways in order to provide themselves with building blocks to support their proliferation and survival. Upregulation and addiction to de novo serine/glycine synthesis is an example of metabolic rewiring in cancer cells whereby serine and glycine are synthesised via a side branch of glycolysis. In this review, we focus on upregulation of endogenous serine/glycine production in acute leukemia, namely T-cell acute leukemia (T-ALL) and acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Several genetic lesions directly driving the serine/glycine addiction in acute leukemia have been established. Additionally, indirect regulation of de novo serine/glycine synthesis is observed in acute leukemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulien Verstraete
- Laboratory for Disease Mechanisms in Cancer, Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Leuven Cancer Institute (LKI), Leuven, Belgium
| | - Kim De Keersmaecker
- Laboratory for Disease Mechanisms in Cancer, Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Leuven Cancer Institute (LKI), Leuven, Belgium
| | - Kim Rosalie Kampen
- Laboratory for Disease Mechanisms in Cancer, Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Leuven Cancer Institute (LKI), Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Radiation Oncology (MAASTRO), GROW School for Oncology and Reproduction, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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2
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Li W, Hu JK, Hu MG. CDK6: an attractive therapeutic target for T-ALL/LBL. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2023; 27:1087-1096. [PMID: 37975616 DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2023.2285775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Human T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia/T-cell lymphoblastic lymphoma (T-ALL/LBL) is a type of cancer that originates from the bone marrow and spreads quickly to other organs. Long-term survival rate with current available chemotherapy is less than 20%. Despite the potentially huge market, a truly effective and safe therapy for T-ALL/LBL is elusive. Thus, it is imperative to identify new therapeutic ways to target essential pathways in T-ALL that regulate the proliferation and survival of these cancer cells. AREAS COVERED The role of the Cyclin-dependent kinase 6 (CDK6) pathway in human T-ALL is of significant interest with major clinical/translational relevance. This review covers the recent advances in elucidating the essential roles of CDK6 and its closely regulated networks in proliferation, survival, and metabolism of T-ALL cells, with new insight into its mechanisms of action which hopefully could trigger the identification of new therapeutic avenues. EXPERT OPINION Animal models showed that inhibition of CDK6 and its related networks blocked initiation, growth, and survival of T-ALL in vivo. Numerous clinical trials of CDK4/6 inhibitors are ongoing in T-ALL. Specific CDK6 inhibitors alone or novel combination regimens may hopefully delay the progression, or even reverse the symptoms of T-ALL, leading to disease eradication and cure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Li
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, USA
| | - Jamie Katy Hu
- Dr. Phillip Frost Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Miaofen G Hu
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, USA
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3
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Simonin M, Andrieu GP, Birsen R, Balsat M, Hypolite G, Courtois L, Graux C, Grardel N, Cayuela JM, Huguet F, Chalandon Y, Le Bris Y, Macintyre E, Gandemer V, Petit A, Rousselot P, Baruchel A, Bouscary D, Hermine O, Boissel N, Asnafi V. Prognostic value and oncogenic landscape of TP53 alterations in adult and pediatric T-ALL. Blood 2023; 141:1353-1358. [PMID: 36599110 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2022017755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu Simonin
- Laboratory of Onco-Hematology, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Necker Enfants-Malades, Université de Paris Cité, Paris, France
- Institut Necker-Enfants Malades, INSERM U1151, Paris, France
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Armand Trousseau Hospital, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Guillaume P Andrieu
- Laboratory of Onco-Hematology, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Necker Enfants-Malades, Université de Paris Cité, Paris, France
- Institut Necker-Enfants Malades, INSERM U1151, Paris, France
| | - Rudy Birsen
- Department of Hematology, Hôpital Cochin, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Université de Paris Cité, Paris, France
- Institut Cochin, INSERM U1016, Paris, France
| | - Marie Balsat
- Hospices Civils de Lyon, Service d'Hématologie Clinique, Centre Hospitalier Lyon-Sud, Pierre-Bénite, France
| | - Guillaume Hypolite
- Laboratory of Onco-Hematology, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Necker Enfants-Malades, Université de Paris Cité, Paris, France
- Institut Necker-Enfants Malades, INSERM U1151, Paris, France
| | - Lucien Courtois
- Laboratory of Onco-Hematology, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Necker Enfants-Malades, Université de Paris Cité, Paris, France
- Institut Necker-Enfants Malades, INSERM U1151, Paris, France
| | - Carlos Graux
- CHU UCLouvain Namur-Godinne, service d'Hématologie, Yvoir, Belgium
| | - Nathalie Grardel
- Laboratory of Hematology, CHRU Lille, Lille, France
- INSERM U1172, Lille, France
| | - Jean-Michel Cayuela
- Laboratory of Hematology and EA3518, Saint-Louis University Hospital, Université de Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Françoise Huguet
- Department of Hematology, CHRU-Institut Universitaire de Cancer Toulouse-Oncopole, Toulouse, France
| | - Yves Chalandon
- Division of Hematology, Department of Oncology, University Hospital of Geneva and Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Swiss Group for Clinical Cancer Research, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Yannick Le Bris
- Hematology Biology, Nantes University Hospital and Nantes-Angers Cancer and Immunology Research Center, Nantes, France
| | - Elizabeth Macintyre
- Laboratory of Onco-Hematology, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Necker Enfants-Malades, Université de Paris Cité, Paris, France
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Armand Trousseau Hospital, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Virginie Gandemer
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital of Rennes, Rennes, France
| | - Arnaud Petit
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Armand Trousseau Hospital, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Philippe Rousselot
- Department of Hematology, Centre Hospitalier de Versailles, Le Chesnay, France
- Université Paris-Saclay, Communauté Paris-Saclay, France
| | - André Baruchel
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Immunology, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Robert Debré Hospital, Université de Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Didier Bouscary
- Department of Hematology, Hôpital Cochin, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Université de Paris Cité, Paris, France
- Institut Cochin, INSERM U1016, Paris, France
| | - Olivier Hermine
- Department of Hematology, INSERM U1163, IMAGINE Institute, Paris University, Necker Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Nicolas Boissel
- Université Paris Cité, Institut de Recherche Saint-Louis, URP-3518, Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Saint-Louis University Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Vahid Asnafi
- Laboratory of Onco-Hematology, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Necker Enfants-Malades, Université de Paris Cité, Paris, France
- Institut Necker-Enfants Malades, INSERM U1151, Paris, France
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4
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Lancho O, Singh A, da Silva-Diz V, Aleksandrova M, Khatun J, Tottone L, Nunes PR, Luo S, Zhao C, Zheng H, Chiles E, Zuo Z, Rocha PP, Su X, Khiabanian H, Herranz D. A Therapeutically Targetable NOTCH1-SIRT1-KAT7 Axis in T-cell Leukemia. Blood Cancer Discov 2023; 4:12-33. [PMID: 36322781 PMCID: PMC9818047 DOI: 10.1158/2643-3230.bcd-22-0098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Revised: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) is a NOTCH1-driven disease in need of novel therapies. Here, we identify a NOTCH1-SIRT1-KAT7 link as a therapeutic vulnerability in T-ALL, in which the histone deacetylase SIRT1 is overexpressed downstream of a NOTCH1-bound enhancer. SIRT1 loss impaired leukemia generation, whereas SIRT1 overexpression accelerated leukemia and conferred resistance to NOTCH1 inhibition in a deacetylase-dependent manner. Moreover, pharmacologic or genetic inhibition of SIRT1 resulted in significant antileukemic effects. Global acetyl proteomics upon SIRT1 loss uncovered hyperacetylation of KAT7 and BRD1, subunits of a histone acetyltransferase complex targeting H4K12. Metabolic and gene-expression profiling revealed metabolic changes together with a transcriptional signature resembling KAT7 deletion. Consistently, SIRT1 loss resulted in reduced H4K12ac, and overexpression of a nonacetylatable KAT7-mutant partly rescued SIRT1 loss-induced proliferation defects. Overall, our results uncover therapeutic targets in T-ALL and reveal a circular feedback mechanism balancing deacetylase/acetyltransferase activation with potentially broad relevance in cancer. SIGNIFICANCE We identify a T-ALL axis whereby NOTCH1 activates SIRT1 through an enhancer region, and SIRT1 deacetylates and activates KAT7. Targeting SIRT1 shows antileukemic effects, partly mediated by KAT7 inactivation. Our results reveal T-ALL therapeutic targets and uncover a rheostat mechanism between deacetylase/acetyltransferase activities with potentially broader cancer relevance. This article is highlighted in the In This Issue feature, p. 1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Lancho
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey
| | - Amartya Singh
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey.,Center for Systems and Computational Biology, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey
| | - Victoria da Silva-Diz
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey
| | - Maya Aleksandrova
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey
| | - Jesminara Khatun
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey
| | - Luca Tottone
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey
| | - Patricia Renck Nunes
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey
| | - Shirley Luo
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey
| | - Caifeng Zhao
- Biological Mass Spectrometry Facility, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey
| | - Haiyan Zheng
- Biological Mass Spectrometry Facility, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey
| | - Eric Chiles
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey
| | - Zhenyu Zuo
- Unit on Genome Structure and Regulation, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Pedro P. Rocha
- Unit on Genome Structure and Regulation, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland.,National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Xiaoyang Su
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey.,Department of Medicine, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey
| | - Hossein Khiabanian
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey.,Center for Systems and Computational Biology, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey
| | - Daniel Herranz
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey.,Department of Pharmacology, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey.,Department of Pediatrics, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey.,Corresponding Author: Daniel Herranz, Department of Pharmacology and Pediatrics, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 195 Little Albany Street, Office Room 3037, Lab Room 3026, New Brunswick, NJ 08901. Phone: 1-732-235-4064; E-mail:
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5
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Jorge J, Magalhães N, Alves R, Lapa B, Gonçalves AC, Sarmento-Ribeiro AB. Antitumor Effect of Brusatol in Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia Models Is Triggered by Reactive Oxygen Species Accumulation. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10092207. [PMID: 36140308 PMCID: PMC9496058 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10092207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Revised: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is one of the most common hematological malignancies at pediatric ages and is characterized by different chromosomal rearrangements and genetic abnormalities involved in the differentiation and proliferation of lymphoid precursor cells. Brusatol is a quassinoid plant extract extensively studied due to its antineoplastic effect through global protein synthesis and nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor-2 (NRF2) signaling inhibition. NRF2 is the main regulator of cellular antioxidant response and reactive oxygen species (ROS), which plays an important role in oxidative stress regulation. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of brusatol in in vitro models of ALL. KOPN-8 (B-ALL), CEM (T-ALL), and MOLT-4 (T-ALL) cell lines were incubated with increasing concentrations of brusatol, and the metabolic activity was evaluated using the resazurin assay. Flow cytometry was used to evaluate cell death, cell cycle, mitochondrial membrane potential (Δψmit), and to measure ROS and reduced glutathione (GSH) levels. Our results show that brusatol promoted a decrease in metabolic activity in ALL cell lines in a time-, dose-, and cell-line-dependent manner. Brusatol induced a cytostatic effect by cell cycle arrest in G0/G1 in all cell lines; however, cell death mediated by apoptosis was only observed in T-ALL cells. Brusatol leads to an oxidative stress imbalance by the increase in ROS levels, namely, superoxide anion. Redox imbalance and cellular apoptosis induced by brusatol are highly modulated by mitochondria disruption as a decrease in mitochondrial membrane potential is detected. These data suggest that brusatol might represent a new therapeutic approach for acute lymphoblastic leukemia, particularly for ALL T-cell lineage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana Jorge
- Laboratory of Oncobiology and Hematology (LOH) and University Clinic of Hematology, Faculty of Medicine University of Coimbra (FMUC), University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
- Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR)—Group of Environmental Genetics of Oncobiology (CIMAGO), Faculty of Medicine University of Coimbra (FMUC), University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
- Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal
- Clinical Academic Center of Coimbra (CACC), 3000-061 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Nisa Magalhães
- Laboratory of Oncobiology and Hematology (LOH) and University Clinic of Hematology, Faculty of Medicine University of Coimbra (FMUC), University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Raquel Alves
- Laboratory of Oncobiology and Hematology (LOH) and University Clinic of Hematology, Faculty of Medicine University of Coimbra (FMUC), University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
- Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR)—Group of Environmental Genetics of Oncobiology (CIMAGO), Faculty of Medicine University of Coimbra (FMUC), University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
- Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal
- Clinical Academic Center of Coimbra (CACC), 3000-061 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Beatriz Lapa
- Laboratory of Oncobiology and Hematology (LOH) and University Clinic of Hematology, Faculty of Medicine University of Coimbra (FMUC), University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
- Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR)—Group of Environmental Genetics of Oncobiology (CIMAGO), Faculty of Medicine University of Coimbra (FMUC), University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
- Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Ana Cristina Gonçalves
- Laboratory of Oncobiology and Hematology (LOH) and University Clinic of Hematology, Faculty of Medicine University of Coimbra (FMUC), University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
- Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR)—Group of Environmental Genetics of Oncobiology (CIMAGO), Faculty of Medicine University of Coimbra (FMUC), University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
- Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal
- Clinical Academic Center of Coimbra (CACC), 3000-061 Coimbra, Portugal
- Correspondence: (A.C.G.); (A.B.S.-R.); Tel.: +351-239-480-024 (A.C.G.)
| | - Ana Bela Sarmento-Ribeiro
- Laboratory of Oncobiology and Hematology (LOH) and University Clinic of Hematology, Faculty of Medicine University of Coimbra (FMUC), University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
- Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR)—Group of Environmental Genetics of Oncobiology (CIMAGO), Faculty of Medicine University of Coimbra (FMUC), University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
- Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal
- Clinical Academic Center of Coimbra (CACC), 3000-061 Coimbra, Portugal
- Hematology Service, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra (CHUC), 3000-061 Coimbra, Portugal
- Correspondence: (A.C.G.); (A.B.S.-R.); Tel.: +351-239-480-024 (A.C.G.)
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6
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Schirripa A, Sexl V, Kollmann K. Cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors in malignant hematopoiesis. Front Oncol 2022; 12:916682. [PMID: 36033505 PMCID: PMC9403899 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.916682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The cell-cycle is a tightly orchestrated process where sequential steps guarantee cellular growth linked to a correct DNA replication. The entire cell division is controlled by cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs). CDK activation is balanced by the activating cyclins and CDK inhibitors whose correct expression, accumulation and degradation schedule the time-flow through the cell cycle phases. Dysregulation of the cell cycle regulatory proteins causes the loss of a controlled cell division and is inevitably linked to neoplastic transformation. Due to their function as cell-cycle brakes, CDK inhibitors are considered as tumor suppressors. The CDK inhibitors p16INK4a and p15INK4b are among the most frequently altered genes in cancer, including hematopoietic malignancies. Aberrant cell cycle regulation in hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) bears severe consequences on hematopoiesis and provokes hematological disorders with a broad array of symptoms. In this review, we focus on the importance and prevalence of deregulated CDK inhibitors in hematological malignancies.
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7
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Canté-Barrett K, Meijer MT, Cordo' V, Hagelaar R, Yang W, Yu J, Smits WK, Nulle ME, Jansen JP, Pieters R, Yang JJ, Haigh JJ, Goossens S, Meijerink JP. MEF2C opposes Notch in lymphoid lineage decision and drives leukemia in the thymus. JCI Insight 2022; 7:150363. [PMID: 35536646 PMCID: PMC9310523 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.150363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Rearrangements that drive ectopic MEF2C expression have recurrently been found in patients with human early thymocyte progenitor acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ETP-ALL). Here, we show high levels of MEF2C expression in patients with ETP-ALL. Using both in vivo and in vitro models of ETP-ALL, we demonstrate that elevated MEF2C expression blocks NOTCH-induced T cell differentiation while promoting a B-lineage program. MEF2C activates a B cell transcriptional program in addition to RUNX1, GATA3, and LMO2; upregulates the IL-7R; and boosts cell survival by upregulation of BCL2. MEF2C and the Notch pathway, therefore, demarcate opposite regulators of B- or T-lineage choices, respectively. Enforced MEF2C expression in mouse or human progenitor cells effectively blocks early T cell differentiation and promotes the development of biphenotypic lymphoid tumors that coexpress CD3 and CD19, resembling human mixed phenotype acute leukemia. Salt-inducible kinase (SIK) inhibitors impair MEF2C activity and alleviate the T cell developmental block. Importantly, this sensitizes cells to prednisolone treatment. Therefore, SIK-inhibiting compounds such as dasatinib are potentially valuable additions to standard chemotherapy for human ETP-ALL.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mariska T Meijer
- Princess Máxima Center for pediatric oncology, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Valentina Cordo'
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Rico Hagelaar
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Wentao Yang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Childen's Research Hospital, Memphis, United States of America
| | - Jiyang Yu
- Computational Biology Department, St. Jude Childen's Research Hospital, Memphis, United States of America
| | - Willem K Smits
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Marloes E Nulle
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Joris P Jansen
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Rob Pieters
- Pieters Group, Princess Máxima Center for pediatric oncology, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Jun J Yang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, United States of America
| | - Jody J Haigh
- Research Institute of Oncology and Hematology, University of Manitoba, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Steven Goossens
- Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jules Pp Meijerink
- Meijerink Group, Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, Netherlands
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8
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Rodrigues GOL, Cramer SD, Winer HY, Hixon JA, Li W, Yunes JA, Durum SK. Mutations that collaborate with IL-7Ra signaling pathways to drive ALL. Adv Biol Regul 2021; 80:100788. [PMID: 33578108 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbior.2021.100788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The IL-7 pathway is required for normal T cell development and survival. In recent years the pathway has been shown to be a major driver of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), the most common cancer in children. Gain-of-function mutations in the alpha chain of the IL-7 receptor found in ALL patients clearly demonstrated that this pathway was a driver. However mutant IL-7R alone was insufficient to transform primary T cell progenitors, indicating that cooperating mutations were required. Here we review evidence for additional oncogenic mutations in the IL-7 pathway. We discuss several oncogenes, loss of tumor suppressor genes and epigenetic effects that can cooperate with mutant IL-7 receptor. These include NRas, HOXA, TLX3, Notch 1, Arf, PHF6, WT1, PRC, PTPN2 and CK2. As new therapeutics targeting the IL-7 pathway are developed, combination with agents directed to cooperating pathways offer hope for novel therapies for ALL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gisele O L Rodrigues
- Cytokines and Immunity Section, Laboratory of Cancer Immunometabolism, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Frederick, MD, USA; Molecular Biology Laboratory, Boldrini Children's Center, Campinas, Brazil; Department of Genetics, Evolution and Bioagents, Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Sarah D Cramer
- Cytokines and Immunity Section, Laboratory of Cancer Immunometabolism, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Frederick, MD, USA; Comparative Biomedical Scientist Training Program, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA; Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Hila Y Winer
- Cytokines and Immunity Section, Laboratory of Cancer Immunometabolism, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Julie A Hixon
- Cytokines and Immunity Section, Laboratory of Cancer Immunometabolism, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Frederick, MD, USA
| | - WenQing Li
- Cytokines and Immunity Section, Laboratory of Cancer Immunometabolism, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Frederick, MD, USA
| | - José Andres Yunes
- Department of Genetics, Evolution and Bioagents, Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Scott K Durum
- Cytokines and Immunity Section, Laboratory of Cancer Immunometabolism, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Frederick, MD, USA.
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9
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Pandit S, Wasekar N, Badarkhe G, Yasam VR, Nagarkar R. Acute lymphoblastic leukemia to acute myeloid leukemia: an unusual case report of lineage switching. Hematol Transfus Cell Ther 2020; 44:112-115. [PMID: 32737020 PMCID: PMC8885375 DOI: 10.1016/j.htct.2020.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Revised: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
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10
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Lotfi Garavand A, Mohammadi M, Mohammadzadeh S. Evaluation of TP53 Codon 72, P21 Codon 31, and MDM2 SNP309 Polymorphisms in Iranian Patients with Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia. Rep Biochem Mol Biol 2020; 9:26-32. [PMID: 32821748 PMCID: PMC7424426 DOI: 10.29252/rbmb.9.1.26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 01/04/2020] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The tumor suppressing protein p53 and its downstream effector p21 play important roles in cell cycle regulation. Deficiency or deactivation of these proteins as a result of gene alterations has been indicated in several cancers. Such genetic variations could be considered as susceptibility indicators in acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL). Therefore, we investigated the associations between ALL risk and TP53 codon 72, p21 codon 31, and MDM2 SNP309 polymorphisms in an Iranian population. METHODS Polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) was used to determine the MDM2 T309G (rs2279744), TP53 codon Arg72Pro (rs1042522), and p21 Ser31Arg (rs1801270) single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). This study was performed in 115 ALL patients and 115 healthy controls in Khuzestan province in southwest Iran. RESULTS In the control group and ALL patients, p21 Ser/Arg, and MDM2 TG and GG genotypes were associated with significant 1.81-fold (95% confidence interval CI= 1.008-3.267; P < 0.05), 11.07-fold (95% CI= 5.10-24.05; P < 0.0001), and 19.41-fold (95% CI= 8.56-43.99; P < 0.0001) increased risks for ALL, respectively. The TP53 72 Arg allele was significantly more prevalent in ALL patients (56.96%) than in control subjects (47.39%), and was significantly associated with ALL (OR= 1.47; 95% CI = 1.017-2.121, P < 0.05). CONCLUSION The MDM2T309G and the p21 Ser31Arg SNPs indicate a significantly increased risk for developing ALL in Khuzestan province.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Lotfi Garavand
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran.
| | - Mohammad Mohammadi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran.
| | - Sara Mohammadzadeh
- Medical Biology Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran.
- Corresponding author: Sara Mohammadzadeh; Tel: +98 83 34276473; E-mail:
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11
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Kasai F, Asou H, Ozawa M, Kobayashi K, Kuramitsu H, Satoh M, Kohara A, Kaneko Y, Kawamura M. Kasumi leukemia cell lines: characterization of tumor genomes with ethnic origin and scales of genomic alterations. Hum Cell 2020; 33:868-876. [PMID: 32180206 PMCID: PMC7324421 DOI: 10.1007/s13577-020-00347-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Kasumi-1 has played an important role in an experimental model with t(8;21) translocation, which is a representative example of leukemia cell lines. However, previous studies using Kasumi-1 show discrepancies in the genome profile. The wide use of leukemia cell lines is limited to lines that are well-characterized. The use of additional cell lines extends research to various types of leukemia, and to further explore leukemia pathogenesis, which can be achieved by uncovering the fundamental features of each cell line with accurate data. In this study, ten Kasumi cell lines established in Japan, including five that were previously unknown, have been characterized by SNP microarray and targeted sequencing. SNP genotyping suggested that the genetic ancestry in four of the ten Kasumi cell lines was not classified as Japanese but covered several different east-Asian ethnicities, suggesting that patients in Japan are genetically diverse. TP53 mutations were detected in two cell lines with complex array profiles, indicating chromosomal instability (CIN). A quantitative assessment of tumor genomes at the chromosomal level was newly introduced to reveal total DNA sizes and Scales of Genomic Alterations (SGA) for each cell line. Kasumi-1 and 6 derived from relapsed phases demonstrated high levels of SGA, implying that the level of SGA would reflect on the tumor progression and could serve as an index of CIN. Our results extend the leukemia cellular resources with an additional five cell lines and provide reference genome data with ethnic identities for the ten Kasumi cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumio Kasai
- Japanese Collection of Research Bioresources (JCRB) Cell Bank, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Saito-Asagi 7-6-8, Ibaraki, Osaka, 567-0085, Japan.
| | - Hiroya Asou
- Medicine Development Unit, Eli Lilly, Kobe, 651-0086, Japan
| | - Midori Ozawa
- Japanese Collection of Research Bioresources (JCRB) Cell Bank, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Saito-Asagi 7-6-8, Ibaraki, Osaka, 567-0085, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Kobayashi
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Saitama Cancer Center, Saitama, 362-0806, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Kuramitsu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Saitama Cancer Center, Saitama, 362-0806, Japan
| | - Motonobu Satoh
- Japanese Collection of Research Bioresources (JCRB) Cell Bank, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Saito-Asagi 7-6-8, Ibaraki, Osaka, 567-0085, Japan
| | - Arihiro Kohara
- Japanese Collection of Research Bioresources (JCRB) Cell Bank, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Saito-Asagi 7-6-8, Ibaraki, Osaka, 567-0085, Japan
| | - Yasuhiko Kaneko
- Research Institute for Clinical Oncology, Saitama Cancer Center, Saitama, 362-0806, Japan.,Department of Hematology, Saitama Cancer Center, Saitama, 362-0806, Japan
| | - Machiko Kawamura
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Saitama Cancer Center, Saitama, 362-0806, Japan.,Department of Hematology, Saitama Cancer Center, Saitama, 362-0806, Japan
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12
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Sakhdari A, Thakral B, Loghavi S, Kanagal-Shamanna R, Yin CC, Zuo Z, Routbort MJ, Luthra R, Medeiros LJ, Wang SA, Patel KP, Ok CY. RAS and TP53 can predict survival in adults with T-cell lymphoblastic leukemia treated with hyper-CVAD. Cancer Med 2019; 9:849-858. [PMID: 31804006 PMCID: PMC6997098 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.2757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Revised: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Adult T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) is a heterogeneous group of acute leukemias that account for about one third of all cases of Philadelphia chromosome (Ph)-negative ALL. Recently, a molecular classifier using the mutational status of NOTCH1, FBXW7, RAS, and PTEN (NFRP) has been shown to distinguish low- vs high-risk groups in adult T-ALL patients treated using the Berlin-Frankfurt-Münster ALL protocol. However, it is unknown if this molecular classifier can stratify adult T-ALL patients treated with hyper-CVAD ± nelarabine. We identified a relatively small cohort of 27 adults with T-ALL who were uniformly treated with hyper-CVAD ± nelarabine with available mutational analysis at time of diagnosis. The most commonly mutated genes in this group were NOTCH1 (52%), NRAS (22%), DNMT3A (19%), KRAS (15%), and TP53 (7%). The NFRP molecular classifier failed to stratify overall survival (OS; P = .84) and relapse-free survival (RFS; P = .18) in this cohort. We developed a new stratification model combining K/NRAS and TP53 mutations as high-risk factors and showed that mutations in these genes predicted poorer OS (P = .03) and RFS (P = .04). While the current study is limited by cohort size, these data suggest that the NFRP molecular classifier might not be applicable to adult T-ALL patients treated with hyper-CVAD ± nelarabine. RAS/TP53 mutation status, however, was useful in risk stratification in adults with T-ALL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Sakhdari
- Department of Hematopathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Beenu Thakral
- Department of Hematopathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Sanam Loghavi
- Department of Hematopathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Rashmi Kanagal-Shamanna
- Department of Hematopathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - C Cameron Yin
- Department of Hematopathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Zhuang Zuo
- Department of Hematopathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Mark J Routbort
- Department of Hematopathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Rajyalakshmi Luthra
- Department of Hematopathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - L Jeffrey Medeiros
- Department of Hematopathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Sa A Wang
- Department of Hematopathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Keyur P Patel
- Department of Hematopathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Chi Young Ok
- Department of Hematopathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
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13
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van der Zwet JCG, Cordo' V, Canté-Barrett K, Meijerink JPP. Multi-omic approaches to improve outcome for T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia patients. Adv Biol Regul 2019; 74:100647. [PMID: 31523030 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbior.2019.100647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Revised: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 08/23/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In the last decade, tremendous progress in curative treatment has been made for T-ALL patients using high-intensive, risk-adapted multi-agent chemotherapy. Further treatment intensification to improve the cure rate is not feasible as it will increase the number of toxic deaths. Hence, about 20% of pediatric patients relapse and often die due to acquired therapy resistance. Personalized medicine is of utmost importance to further increase cure rates and is achieved by targeting specific initiation, maintenance or resistance mechanisms of the disease. Genomic sequencing has revealed mutations that characterize genetic subtypes of many cancers including T-ALL. However, leukemia may have various activated pathways that are not accompanied by the presence of mutations. Therefore, screening for mutations alone is not sufficient to identify all molecular targets and leukemic dependencies for therapeutic inhibition. We review the extent of the driving type A and the secondary type B genomic mutations in pediatric T-ALL that may be targeted by specific inhibitors. Additionally, we review the need for additional screening methods on the transcriptional and protein levels. An integrated 'multi-omic' screening will identify potential targets and biomarkers to establish significant progress in future individualized treatment of T-ALL patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Valentina Cordo'
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, the Netherlands
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14
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Yeh TC, Liang DC, Liu HC, Jaing TH, Chen SH, Hou JY, Yang CP, Huang YJ, Yao HW, Huang TY, Lin TH, Shih LY. Clinical and biological relevance of genetic alterations in pediatric T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia in Taiwan. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2019; 66:e27496. [PMID: 30280491 DOI: 10.1002/pbc.27496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Revised: 08/23/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The leukemogenesis of T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) involves multistep processes of genetic alterations. We aimed to determine the genetic alterations including common fusion transcripts, overexpression of T-cell transcription factor oncogenes, and deletion or mutation of targeted genes in pediatric T-ALL in Taiwan as well as their impact on outcomes in those treated with the Taiwan Pediatric Oncology Group-ALL-2002 protocol. PROCEDURE Between 1995 and 2015, bone marrow samples obtained from 102 children aged <18 years consecutively diagnosed with T-ALL were examined. Thirty-two genetic alterations were examined by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays-PCR-based assays-followed by direct sequencing, real time quantitative PCR with TaqMan assays, or multiplex ligase probe amplification. RESULTS TAL1 overexpression, CDKN2A/2B deletions, and NOTCH1 mutation were the most frequent aberrations while none had NF1, SUZ12 deletion, JAK1 or JAK2 mutations, or NUP214-ABL1 fusion in our cohort. The most frequent cooperating occurrence of genetic alterations included CDKN2A/2B and MTAP, MTAP and CDKN2B, LEF1 and PTPN2, and HOX11L2 and PHF6 mutation/deletion. NOTCH1 mutations conferred a favorable overall survival, whereas SIL-TAL1 fusion, TAL overexpression, LEF1 deletion, and PHF6 deletion/mutation were associated with an inferior outcome. By multivariate analysis, PHF6 mutation/deletion was the only independent predictor for inferior overall survival. CONCLUSIONS The present study showed that the frequencies of genetic alterations in Taiwanese children with T-ALL differed considerably from those reported in Western countries. PHF6 mutation/deletion was an independently adverse predictor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting-Chi Yeh
- Division of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Mackay Memorial Hospital and Mackay Medical College, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Der-Cherng Liang
- Division of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Mackay Memorial Hospital and Mackay Medical College, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsi-Che Liu
- Division of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Mackay Memorial Hospital and Mackay Medical College, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tang-Her Jaing
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital-Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Hsiang Chen
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital-Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Jen-Yin Hou
- Division of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Mackay Memorial Hospital and Mackay Medical College, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chao-Ping Yang
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital-Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Jung Huang
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital-Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Hsien-Wen Yao
- Division of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Mackay Memorial Hospital and Mackay Medical College, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ting-Yu Huang
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital-Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Tung-Huei Lin
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital-Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Lee-Yung Shih
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Division of Hematology-Oncology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital-Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan
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15
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Inhibiting Janus Kinase 1 and BCL-2 to treat T cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia with IL7-Rα mutations. Oncotarget 2018; 9:22605-22617. [PMID: 29854301 PMCID: PMC5978251 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.25194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2017] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is the most common cancer in children. Current chemotherapy is quite toxic in growing children and more directed therapeutics are being sought. The IL-7R pathway is a major driver of ALL and here we evaluate two drugs directed to that pathway using a model of T cell ALL. Mutant gain-of-function IL-7Rα was transduced into an IL-7-dependent murine thymocyte line conferring ligand-independent survival and growth. JAK1 is associated with IL-7Rα and mediates signaling from the mutant receptor. In vitro, treating the transformed cell line with the JAK1/2 inhibitor ruxolitinib inhibited ligand-independent signaling and induced cell death. Transfer of the transformed cell line into mice resulted in aggressive leukemia and untreated mice succumbed in about three weeks. Treatment with ruxolitinib incorporated into chow showed a potent therapeutic benefit with reduction in leukemic burden and extension of survival. BCL-2 is an anti-apoptotic downstream mediator of the IL-7R survival mechanism. Venetoclax, an inhibitor of BCL-2, showed activity against the transformed cell line in vitro and could be combined with ruxolitinib in vivo. These findings support the therapeutic potential of treating T-ALL by targeting the IL-7R pathway.
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16
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Abstract
Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is characterized by a great biological and clinical heterogeneity. Despite most adult patients enter complete hematologic remission after induction therapy only 40% survive five or more years. Over the last 20 years, the definition of an accurate biologic leukemia profile and the minimal residual disease evaluation in addition to conventional risk criteria led to a significant improvement for the risk stratification. The alterations of the oncosuppressor gene TP53, including deletions, sequence mutations and defect in its expression due to regulatory defects, define a new important predictor of adverse outcome. More recently, new drugs have been developed with the aim of targeting p53 protein itself or its regulatory molecules, such as Mdm2, and restoring the pathway functionality. Therefore, TP53 alterations should be considered in the diagnostic work-up to identify high risk ALL patients in need of intensive treatment strategies or eligible for new innovative targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Salmoiraghi
- a Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplant Unit of Azienda Ospedaliera Papa Giovanni XXIII , Bergamo , Italy
| | - Alessandro Rambaldi
- a Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplant Unit of Azienda Ospedaliera Papa Giovanni XXIII , Bergamo , Italy.,b Department of Hematology-Oncology , University of Milan , Milan , Italy
| | - Orietta Spinelli
- a Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplant Unit of Azienda Ospedaliera Papa Giovanni XXIII , Bergamo , Italy
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17
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Phelps CA, Lai SC, Mu D. Roles of Thyroid Transcription Factor 1 in Lung Cancer Biology. VITAMINS AND HORMONES 2017; 106:517-544. [PMID: 29407447 DOI: 10.1016/bs.vh.2017.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Thyroid transcription factor 1 (TTF-1 or NKX2-1) is a transcription factor of fundamental importance in driving lung maturation and morphogenesis. In the last decade, scientists began to appreciate the functional roles of TTF-1 in lung tumorigenesis. This movement was triggered by the discoveries of genetic alterations of TTF-1 in the form of gene amplification in lung cancer. Many downstream target genes of TTF-1 relevant to the lung cancer biology of TTF-1 have been documented. One of the most surprising findings was that TTF-1 may exhibit either pro- or antitumorigenic activities, an outcome with the complexity exceeding the original anticipation purely based on the fact that TTF-1 undergoes gene amplification in lung cancer. In the coming decade, we believe, we will witness additional surprises as the research exploring the cancer roles of TTF-1 progresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cody A Phelps
- Leroy T. Canoles Jr. Cancer Research Center, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA, United States
| | - Shao-Chiang Lai
- Leroy T. Canoles Jr. Cancer Research Center, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA, United States
| | - David Mu
- Leroy T. Canoles Jr. Cancer Research Center, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA, United States.
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18
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McCormick DL, Kavet R. Animal Models for the Study of Childhood Leukemia: Considerations for Model Identification and Optimization to Identify Potential Risk Factors. Int J Toxicol 2016; 23:149-61. [PMID: 15204718 DOI: 10.1080/10915810490471325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Leukemias are the most common pediatric malignancies diagnosed in western industrialized societies. In spite of the substantial incidence of childhood leukemia in the United States and other countries, neither epidemiology studies conducted in human populations nor hazard identification studies conducted using traditional animal models have identified environmental or other factors that are directly linked to increased risk of disease. Molecular biology data and mathematical modeling of incidence patterns suggest that pediatric leukemogenesis may occur through a multistage or “multihit” mechanism that involves both in utero and postnatal events. The authors propose that pediatric leukemias can be modeled experimentally using a “multihit” paradigm analogous to the “initiation-promotion” and “complete carcinogenesis” models developed for tumor induction in mouse skin and rat liver. In this model for childhood leukemia, an initial genetic alteration occurs during in utero or early postnatal development, but clinical disease develops only upon additional genetic or nongenetic events that occur during the postnatal period. Application of this multistage or “multihit” model to hazard assessment studies conducted in transgenic or knockout mice carrying relevant molecular lesions may provide a sensitive approach to the identification of environmental agents that are important risk factors for childhood leukemia.
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19
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High selective pressure for Notch1 mutations that induce Myc in T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Blood 2016; 128:2229-2240. [PMID: 27670423 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2016-01-692855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2016] [Accepted: 09/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Activating NOTCH1 mutations are frequent in human T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) and Notch inhibitors (γ-secretase inhibitors [GSIs]) have produced responses in patients with relapsed, refractory disease. However, sustained responses, although reported, are uncommon, suggesting that other pathways can substitute for Notch in T-ALL. To address this possibility, we first generated KrasG12D transgenic mice with T-cell-specific expression of the pan-Notch inhibitor, dominant-negative Mastermind (DNMAML). These mice developed leukemia, but instead of accessing alternative oncogenic pathways, the tumor cells acquired Notch1 mutations and subsequently deleted DNMAML, reinforcing the notion that activated Notch1 is particularly transforming within the context of T-cell progenitors. We next took a candidate approach to identify oncogenic pathways downstream of Notch, focusing on Myc and Akt, which are Notch targets in T-cell progenitors. KrasG12D mice transduced with Myc developed T-ALLs that were GSI-insensitive and lacked Notch1 mutations. In contrast, KrasG12D mice transduced with myristoylated AKT developed GSI-sensitive T-ALLs that acquired Notch1 mutations. Thus, Myc can substitute for Notch1 in leukemogenesis, whereas Akt cannot. These findings in primary tumors extend recent work using human T-ALL cell lines and xenografts and suggest that the Notch/Myc signaling axis is of predominant importance in understanding both the selective pressure for Notch mutations in T-ALL and response and resistance of T-ALL to Notch pathway inhibitors.
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20
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Gusscott S, Jenkins CE, Lam SH, Giambra V, Pollak M, Weng AP. IGF1R Derived PI3K/AKT Signaling Maintains Growth in a Subset of Human T-Cell Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemias. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0161158. [PMID: 27532210 PMCID: PMC4988785 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0161158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2015] [Accepted: 08/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor (IGF1R) is a prevalent signaling pathway in human cancer that supports cell growth/survival and thus contributes to aggressive biological behavior. Much work has gone into development of IGF1R inhibitors; however, candidate agents including small molecule tyrosine kinase inhibitors and blocking antibodies have yet to fulfill their promise clinically. Understanding cellular features that define sensitivity versus resistance are important for effective patient selection and anticipation of outgrowth of a resistant clone. We previously identified an important role for IGF signaling in T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) relying primarily upon genetically defined mouse models. We present here an assessment of IGF1R dependence in human T-ALL using a broad panel of 27 established cell lines that capture a spectrum of the genetic variation that might be encountered in clinical practice. We observed that a subset of cell lines are sensitive to IGF1R inhibition and are characterized by high levels of surface IGF1R expression and PTEN positivity. Interestingly, lentiviral expression or knock-down of PTEN in PTEN-negative/positive cell lines, respectively, had limited effects on their response to IGF1R inhibition, suggesting that PTEN contributes to, but does not define IGF dependence. Additionally, we characterize downstream PI3K/AKT signaling as dominant over RAS/RAF/MEK/ERK in mediating growth and/or survival in this context. Finally, we demonstrate that IGF and interleukin-7 (IL-7) fulfill non-overlapping roles in supporting T-ALL growth. These findings are significant in that they reveal cellular features and downstream mechanisms that may determine the response of an individual patient’s tumor to IGF1R inhibitor therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Gusscott
- Terry Fox Laboratory, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 1L3, Canada
| | | | - Sonya H. Lam
- Terry Fox Laboratory, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 1L3, Canada
| | - Vincenzo Giambra
- Terry Fox Laboratory, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 1L3, Canada
| | - Michael Pollak
- Department of Oncology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Andrew P. Weng
- Terry Fox Laboratory, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 1L3, Canada
- * E-mail:
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21
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MEK and PI3K-AKT inhibitors synergistically block activated IL7 receptor signaling in T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Leukemia 2016; 30:1832-43. [PMID: 27174491 PMCID: PMC5240021 DOI: 10.1038/leu.2016.83] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2015] [Revised: 03/02/2016] [Accepted: 03/14/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
We identified mutations in the IL7Ra gene or in genes encoding the downstream signaling molecules JAK1, JAK3, STAT5B, N-RAS, K-RAS, NF1, AKT and PTEN in 49% of patients with pediatric T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL). Strikingly, these mutations (except RAS/NF1) were mutually exclusive, suggesting that they each cause the aberrant activation of a common downstream target. Expressing these mutant signaling molecules—but not their wild-type counterparts—rendered Ba/F3 cells independent of IL3 by activating the RAS-MEK-ERK and PI3K-AKT pathways. Interestingly, cells expressing either IL7Ra or JAK mutants are sensitive to JAK inhibitors, but respond less robustly to inhibitors of the downstream RAS-MEK-ERK and PI3K-AKT-mTOR pathways, indicating that inhibiting only one downstream pathway is not sufficient. Here, we show that inhibiting both the MEK and PI3K-AKT pathways synergistically prevents the proliferation of BaF3 cells expressing mutant IL7Ra, JAK and RAS. Furthermore, combined inhibition of MEK and PI3K/AKT was cytotoxic to samples obtained from 6 out of 11 primary T-ALL patients, including 1 patient who had no mutations in the IL7R signaling pathway. Taken together, these results suggest that the potent cytotoxic effects of inhibiting both MEK and PI3K/AKT should be investigated further as a therapeutic option using leukemia xenograft models.
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22
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Al-Kzayer LFY, Sakashita K, Al-Jadiry MF, Al-Hadad SA, Ghali HH, Uyen LTN, Liu T, Matsuda K, Abdulkadhim JMH, Al-Shujairi TA, Matti ZIIK, Sughayer MA, Rihani R, Madanat FF, Inoshita T, Kamata M, Koike K. Analysis of KRAS and NRAS Gene Mutations in Arab Asian Children With Acute Leukemia: High Frequency of RAS Mutations in Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2015. [PMID: 26222068 DOI: 10.1002/pbc.25683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND KRAS and NRAS gene mutations are frequently observed in childhood leukemia. The objective of this study was to determine the frequency of RAS mutations and the association between RAS mutations and other genetic aberrations in Arab Asian children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) or acute myeloid leukemia (AML). METHODS Diagnostic samples of 485 patients (<18 years) with acute leukemia from Iraq and Jordan were obtained, using Flinders Technology Associates filter papers. Polymerase chain reaction and direct sequencing were performed in Japan. RESULTS RAS mutations were detected in 86/318 (27%) of ALL cases and 35/167 (21%) of AML cases. The frequency of NRAS mutation was similar to that of KRAS mutation in ALL. Two RAS mutations were detected in nine patients. Among 264 Iraqi patients with ALL, RAS mutation was significantly associated with lower initial white blood cell count. Of 57 patients with chimeric transcripts, only two patients with either TEL-AML1 or E2A-PBX1 had KRAS mutation. The frequency of NRAS mutation was four times higher than that of KRAS mutation in AML. FAB-M4 and M5 subsets were associated with RAS mutation. Among 134 Iraqi patients with AML, 18 patients had RAS mutations and other genetic aberrations. In particular, 9 of 25 (36%) with MLL-rearrangement had RAS mutations. CONCLUSION The prevalence of oncogenic RAS mutations was higher among Arab Asian children than in other countries. RAS mutations in AML were found to coexist with other genetic aberrations, particularly MLL rearrangement.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kazuo Sakashita
- Department of Pediatrics, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Nagano, Japan
| | - Mazin Faisal Al-Jadiry
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, Baghdad University, Baghdad Medical City, Baghdad, Iraq.,Department of Pediatric Oncology, Children's Welfare Teaching Hospital, Baghdad Medical City, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Salma Abbas Al-Hadad
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, Baghdad University, Baghdad Medical City, Baghdad, Iraq.,Department of Pediatric Oncology, Children's Welfare Teaching Hospital, Baghdad Medical City, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Hasanein Habeeb Ghali
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, Baghdad University, Baghdad Medical City, Baghdad, Iraq.,Department of Pediatric Oncology, Children's Welfare Teaching Hospital, Baghdad Medical City, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Le T N Uyen
- Department of Pediatrics, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Nagano, Japan
| | - Tingting Liu
- Department of Pediatrics, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Nagano, Japan
| | - Kazuyuki Matsuda
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shinshu University Hospital, Matsumoto, Nagano, Japan
| | | | | | - Zead Ismael I K Matti
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Central Teaching Hospital for Children, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Maher A Sughayer
- Department of Pathology, King Hussein Cancer Center, Amman, Jordan
| | - Rawad Rihani
- Department of Pediatrics, King Hussein Cancer Center, Amman, Jordan
| | - Faris F Madanat
- Department of Pediatrics, King Hussein Cancer Center, Amman, Jordan
| | | | - Minoru Kamata
- Japan Chernobyl Foundation, Matsumoto, Nagano, Japan
| | - Kenichi Koike
- Department of Pediatrics, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Nagano, Japan
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Schnell SA, Ambesi-Impiombato A, Sanchez-Martin M, Belver L, Xu L, Qin Y, Kageyama R, Ferrando AA. Therapeutic targeting of HES1 transcriptional programs in T-ALL. Blood 2015; 125:2806-14. [PMID: 25784680 PMCID: PMC4424629 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2014-10-608448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2014] [Accepted: 03/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Oncogenic activation of NOTCH1 signaling plays a central role in the pathogenesis of T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia, with mutations on this signaling pathway affecting more than 60% of patients at diagnosis. However, the transcriptional regulatory circuitries driving T-cell transformation downstream of NOTCH1 remain incompletely understood. Here we identify Hairy and Enhancer of Split 1 (HES1), a transcriptional repressor controlled by NOTCH1, as a critical mediator of NOTCH1-induced leukemogenesis strictly required for tumor cell survival. Mechanistically, we demonstrate that HES1 directly downregulates the expression of BBC3, the gene encoding the PUMA BH3-only proapoptotic factor in T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Finally, we identify perhexiline, a small-molecule inhibitor of mitochondrial carnitine palmitoyltransferase-1, as a HES1-signature antagonist drug with robust antileukemic activity against NOTCH1-induced leukemias in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Laura Belver
- Institute for Cancer Genetics, Columbia University, New York, NY
| | - Luyao Xu
- Institute for Cancer Genetics, Columbia University, New York, NY
| | - Yue Qin
- Institute for Cancer Genetics, Columbia University, New York, NY
| | | | - Adolfo A Ferrando
- Institute for Cancer Genetics, Columbia University, New York, NY; Department of Pathology and Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY
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24
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Karrman K, Castor A, Behrendtz M, Forestier E, Olsson L, Ehinger M, Biloglav A, Fioretos T, Paulsson K, Johansson B. Deep sequencing and SNP array analyses of pediatric T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia reveal NOTCH1 mutations in minor subclones and a high incidence of uniparental isodisomies affecting CDKN2A. J Hematol Oncol 2015; 8:42. [PMID: 25903014 PMCID: PMC4412034 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-015-0138-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2015] [Accepted: 04/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Pediatric T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) is a genetically heterogeneous disease that arises in a multistep fashion through acquisition of several genetic aberrations, subsequently giving rise to a malignant, clonal expansion of T-lymphoblasts. The aim of the present study was to identify additional as well as cooperative genetic events in T-ALL. Methods A population-based pediatric T-ALL series comprising 47 cases was investigated by SNP array and deep sequencing analyses of 75 genes, in order to ascertain pathogenetically pertinent aberrations and to identify cooperative events. Results The majority (92%) of cases harbored copy number aberrations/uniparental isodisomies (UPIDs), with a median of three changes (range 0–11) per case. The genes recurrently deleted comprised CDKN2A, CDKN2B, LEF1, PTEN, RBI, and STIL. No case had a whole chromosome UPID; in fact, literature data show that this is a rare phenomenon in T-ALL. However, segmental UPIDs (sUPIDs) were seen in 42% of our cases, with most being sUPID9p that always were associated with homozygous CDKN2A deletions, with a heterozygous deletion occurring prior to the sUPID9p in all instances. Among the 75 genes sequenced, 14 (19%) were mutated in 28 (72%) of 39 analyzed cases. The genes targeted are involved in signaling transduction, epigenetic regulation, and transcription. In some cases, NOTCH1 mutations were seen in minor subclones and lost at relapse; thus, such mutations can be secondary events. Conclusions Deep sequencing and SNP array analyses of T-ALL revealed lack of wUPIDs, a high proportion of sUPID9p targeting CDKN2A, NOTCH1 mutations in subclones, and recurrent mutations of genes involved in signaling transduction, epigenetic regulation, and transcription. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13045-015-0138-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Karrman
- Department of Clinical Genetics, University and Regional Laboratories, Region Skåne, SE-221 85, Lund, Sweden. .,Division of Clinical Genetics, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
| | - Anders Castor
- Department of Pediatrics, Skåne University Hospital, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
| | - Mikael Behrendtz
- Department of Pediatrics, Linköping University Hospital, Linköping, Sweden.
| | - Erik Forestier
- Department of Medical Biosciences, Clinical Genetics, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.
| | - Linda Olsson
- Division of Clinical Genetics, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
| | - Mats Ehinger
- Department of Pathology, University and Regional Laboratories, Region Skåne, Lund, Sweden.
| | - Andrea Biloglav
- Division of Clinical Genetics, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
| | - Thoas Fioretos
- Department of Clinical Genetics, University and Regional Laboratories, Region Skåne, SE-221 85, Lund, Sweden. .,Division of Clinical Genetics, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
| | - Kajsa Paulsson
- Division of Clinical Genetics, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
| | - Bertil Johansson
- Department of Clinical Genetics, University and Regional Laboratories, Region Skåne, SE-221 85, Lund, Sweden. .,Division of Clinical Genetics, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
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25
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Goswami A, Shah BA, Kumar A, Rizvi MA, Kumar S, Bhushan S, Malik FA, Batra N, Joshi A, Singh J. Antiproliferative potential of a novel parthenin analog P16 as evident by apoptosis accompanied by down-regulation of PI3K/AKT and ERK pathways in human acute lymphoblastic leukemia MOLT-4 cells. Chem Biol Interact 2014; 222:60-7. [PMID: 25196075 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2014.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2014] [Revised: 08/09/2014] [Accepted: 08/25/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Leukemia is one of the deadliest types of cancer. Lack of effective treatment strategies has resulted in an extensive quest for new therapeutic molecules against it. This study explores the molecular mechanism of anticancer activity of P16, a semisynthetic analog of parthenin, against the human acute lymphoblastic leukemia MOLT-4 cells. P16 displayed antiproliferative activity in different cancer cell lines; however, MOLT-4 cells showed highest sensitivity for P16 with IC50 value of 0.6μM. Further studies revealed that P16 induced cell death by apoptosis. It caused mitochondrial stress, which was mediated by the translocation of Bax from cytosol to mitochondria and release of cytochrome c into the cytosol and consequent activation of caspase-9. However, P16 was also able to activate caspase-8, thus involving both extrinsic and intrinsic pathways of apoptosis. Further, activation of caspase-3 led to cleavage of its target proteins PARP-1 and ICAD, which resulted in apoptotic DNA damage. P16 induced apoptosis was accompanied by the down-regulation of important leukemic cell survival proteins like pAKT (S473), pAKT (T308), pP70S6K, pCRAF, and pERK1/2. However, inhibition of caspases by Z-VAD-FMK reversed the down-regulatory effect of P16 on pAKT (S473) and pP70S6K, as evident by the cell viability assay and flow cytometric analysis but this inhibition did not completely reverse the antiproliferative effect of P16, thereby indicating the role of additional factors apart from caspases in P16 induced apoptosis in MOLT-4 cells. Owing to its antiproliferative potential against leukemia cells, P16 can further be explored as an effective therapeutics against leukemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akshra Goswami
- Department of Biotechnology, Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, India
| | - Bhahwal Ali Shah
- Division of Natural Products Microbes, Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu 180001, India
| | - Ajay Kumar
- Division of Cancer Pharmacology, Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu 180001, India
| | - Masood Ahmad Rizvi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kashmir, Srinagar 190006, J&K, India
| | - Suresh Kumar
- Division of Cancer Pharmacology, Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu 180001, India
| | - Shashi Bhushan
- Division of Cancer Pharmacology, Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu 180001, India
| | - Fayaz Ahmed Malik
- Division of Cancer Pharmacology, Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu 180001, India
| | - Navneet Batra
- Department of Biotechnology, Goswami Ganesh Dutt Sanatan Dharam College, Sector-32, Chandigarh 160047, India
| | - Amit Joshi
- Department of Biotechnology, Sri Guru Gobind Singh College, Sector-26, Chandigarh 160019, India.
| | - Jagtar Singh
- Department of Biotechnology, Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, India.
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26
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Knight T, Irving JAE. Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK Pathway Activation in Childhood Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia and Its Therapeutic Targeting. Front Oncol 2014; 4:160. [PMID: 25009801 PMCID: PMC4067595 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2014.00160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2014] [Accepted: 06/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Deregulation of the Ras/Raf/MEK/extracellular signal-regulated kinase pathway is a common event in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia and is caused by point mutation, gene deletion, and chromosomal translocation of a vast array of gene types, highlighting its importance in leukemia biology. Pathway activation can be therapeutically exploited and may guide new therapies needed for relapsed acute lymphoblastic leukemia and other high risk subgroups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Knight
- Newcastle Cancer Centre at the Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Julie Anne Elizabeth Irving
- Newcastle Cancer Centre at the Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
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27
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Winter E, Dal Pizzol C, Filippin-Monteiro FB, Brondani P, Silva AMPW, Silva AH, Bonacorso HG, Martins MAP, Zanatta N, Creczynski-Pasa TB. Antitumoral activity of a trichloromethyl pyrimidine analogue: molecular cross-talk between intrinsic and extrinsic apoptosis. Chem Res Toxicol 2014; 27:1040-9. [PMID: 24848672 DOI: 10.1021/tx500094x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is a malignant disorder caused by the proliferation of lymphoid progenitor cells and is the most common cancer in children. Cytotoxic nucleoside analogues are important chemotherapeutic agents, which are used in many cancers, including leukemias. In this study, we investigated the effects of the synthetic nucleoside analogue 1-(5,5,5-trichloro-2-methoxy-4-oxopenten-2-yl)-4-trichloromethyl-pyrimidin-2(1H)-one, named compound 3 or C3, on leukemia cell lines. The compound stimulated cell death by apoptosis, evidenced by DNA fragmentation, phosphatidylserine externalization, and caspase-3 activation. Compound 3 seemed to trigger several cell death pathways. The mitochondrial pathway was evidenced through a disturbance of mitochondrial membrane potential, strong cytochrome c liberation, decrease of antiapoptotic Bcl-2 protein expression, and caspase-9 activation. The C3 also induced caspase-8 and -12 activation, an increase in the intracellular calcium level, and an overproduction of reactive oxygen species. Increased caspase 8 activity suggests that the extrinsic pathway was activated and that the ROS production and enzyme activity alteration (glutathione S-transferase, glutathione peroxidase, catalase, and glutathione reductase) might be related to oxidative stress. Finally, the increase in calcium release, CHOP expression, and caspase-12 activity might characterize endoplasmic reticulum stress. Compound 3 was likewise cytotoxic to leukemic and melanoma human cell lines. Taken together, the results contribute to further understanding the new pyrimidine analogue as a potential chemotherapeutic drug or lead molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evelyn Winter
- Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Programa de Pós-graduação em Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina , 88040-900 Florianópolis SC, Brazil
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28
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Blackburn JS, Liu S, Wilder JL, Dobrinski KP, Lobbardi R, Moore FE, Martinez SA, Chen EY, Lee C, Langenau DM. Clonal evolution enhances leukemia-propagating cell frequency in T cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia through Akt/mTORC1 pathway activation. Cancer Cell 2014; 25:366-78. [PMID: 24613413 PMCID: PMC3992437 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2014.01.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2013] [Revised: 11/19/2013] [Accepted: 01/31/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Clonal evolution and intratumoral heterogeneity drive cancer progression through unknown molecular mechanisms. To address this issue, functional differences between single T cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) clones were assessed using a zebrafish transgenic model. Functional variation was observed within individual clones, with a minority of clones enhancing growth rate and leukemia-propagating potential with time. Akt pathway activation was acquired in a subset of these evolved clones, which increased the number of leukemia-propagating cells through activating mTORC1, elevated growth rate likely by stabilizing the Myc protein, and rendered cells resistant to dexamethasone, which was reversed by combined treatment with an Akt inhibitor. Thus, T-ALL clones spontaneously and continuously evolve to drive leukemia progression even in the absence of therapy-induced selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica S Blackburn
- Department of Pathology, Regenerative Medicine and Center for Cancer Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Boston, MA 02138, USA
| | - Sali Liu
- Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60208, USA
| | | | - Kimberly P Dobrinski
- Center for Integrative Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA
| | - Riadh Lobbardi
- Department of Pathology, Regenerative Medicine and Center for Cancer Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Boston, MA 02138, USA
| | - Finola E Moore
- Department of Pathology, Regenerative Medicine and Center for Cancer Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Boston, MA 02138, USA
| | - Sarah A Martinez
- Department of Pathology, Regenerative Medicine and Center for Cancer Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Eleanor Y Chen
- Department of Pathology, Regenerative Medicine and Center for Cancer Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Boston, MA 02138, USA; Department of Pathology, University of Washington Medical Center, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Charles Lee
- The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, CT 06030, USA; Department of Graduate Studies, Seoul National University School of Medicine, Seoul 110-744, South Korea
| | - David M Langenau
- Department of Pathology, Regenerative Medicine and Center for Cancer Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Boston, MA 02138, USA.
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Involvement of extrinsic and intrinsic apoptotic pathways together with endoplasmic reticulum stress in cell death induced by naphthylchalcones in a leukemic cell line: advantages of multi-target action. Toxicol In Vitro 2014; 28:769-77. [PMID: 24583196 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2014.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2013] [Revised: 01/25/2014] [Accepted: 02/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Chalcones, naturally occurring open-chain flavonoids abundant in plants, have demonstrated anticancer activity in multiple tumor cells. In a previous work, the potential anticancer activity of three naphthylchalcones named R7, R13 and R15 was shown. In this study, the mechanism of actions of these chalcones was originally shown. The chalcones presented concentration and time-dependent cytotoxicity. To determine the type of cell death induced by chalcones, we assessed a series of assays including measurements of the caspase-8, -9 and -12 activities, expression of important apoptosis-related genes and proteins, changes in the cell calcium concentration and cytochrome c release. The activities of caspase-8, -9 and -12 increased after the treatment of L1210 cells with the three compounds. Chalcones R7 and R13 induced an increase of pro-apoptotic proteins Bax, Bid and Bak (only chalcone R13), as well as a decrease in anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 expression. These chalcones also induced an increase in Fas and a decrease in p21 and p53 expression. Chalcone R15 seems to act by a different mechanism to promote cell death, as it did not change the mitochondrion-related proteins, nor did it induce the cytochrome c release. All compounds induced an increase in cell calcium concentration and an increase in CHOP expression, which together with an increase in caspase-12 activity, suggest that chalcones could induce an endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. Taken together, these results suggest that chalcones induce apoptosis by different pathways, being an interesting strategy to suggest for cancer therapy.
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30
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Hales EC, Taub JW, Matherly LH. New insights into Notch1 regulation of the PI3K–AKT–mTOR1 signaling axis: Targeted therapy of γ-secretase inhibitor resistant T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Cell Signal 2014; 26:149-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2013.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2013] [Accepted: 09/30/2013] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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Hsp90 inhibitor BIIB021 enhances triptolide-induced apoptosis of human T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia cells in vitro mainly by disrupting p53-MDM2 balance. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2013; 34:1545-53. [PMID: 24241349 DOI: 10.1038/aps.2013.124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2013] [Accepted: 08/02/2013] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To investigate the effects of BIIB021, an inhibitor of heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90) alone or in combination with triptolide (TPL) on T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) and the mechanisms of action. METHODS Human T-ALL cells line Molt-4 was examined. The cell viability was measured using MTT assay. Apoptotic cells were studied with Hoechst 33258 staining. Cell apoptosis and cell cycle were analyzed using flow cytometry with Annexin V/PI staining and PI staining, respectively. The levels of multiple proteins, including Akt, p65, CDK4/6, p18, Bcl-2 family proteins, MDM2, and p53, were examined with Western blotting. The level of MDM2 mRNA was determined using RT-PCR. RESULTS Treatment of Molt-4 cells with BIIB021 (50-800 nmol/L) inhibited the cell growth in a dose-dependent manner (the IC50 value was 384.6 and 301.8 nmol/L, respectively, at 48 and 72 h). BIIB021 dose-dependently induced G0/G1 phase arrest, followed by apoptosis of Molt-4 cells. Furthermore, BIIB021 increased the expression of p18, decreased the expression of CDK4/6, and activated the caspase pathway in Molt-4 cells. Moreover, BIIB021 (50-400 nmol/L) dose-dependently decreased the phospho-MDM2 and total MDM2 protein levels, but slightly increased the phospho-p53 and total p53 protein levels, whereas TPL (5-40 nmol/L) dose-dependently enhanced p53 activation without affecting MDM2 levels. Co-treatment with BIIB021 and TPL showed synergic inhibition on Molt-4 cell growth. The co-treatment disrupted p53-MDM2 balance, thus markedly enhanced p53 activation. In addition, the co-treatment increased the expression of Bak and Bim, followed by increased activation of caspase-9. CONCLUSION The combination of BIIB021 and TPL may provide a novel strategy for treating T-ALL by overcoming multiple mechanisms of apoptosis resistance.
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Ksionda O, Limnander A, Roose JP. RasGRP Ras guanine nucleotide exchange factors in cancer. FRONTIERS IN BIOLOGY 2013; 8:508-532. [PMID: 24744772 PMCID: PMC3987922 DOI: 10.1007/s11515-013-1276-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
RasGRP proteins are activators of Ras and other related small GTPases by the virtue of functioning as guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs). In vertebrates, four RasGRP family members have been described. RasGRP-1 through -4 share many structural domains but there are also subtle differences between each of the different family members. Whereas SOS RasGEFs are ubiquitously expressed, RasGRP proteins are expressed in distinct patterns, such as in different cells of the hematopoietic system and in the brain. Most studies have concentrated on the role of RasGRP proteins in the development and function of immune cell types because of the predominant RasGRP expression profiles in these cells and the immune phenotypes of mice deficient for Rasgrp genes. However, more recent studies demonstrate that RasGRPs also play an important role in tumorigenesis. Examples are skin- and hematological-cancers but also solid malignancies such as melanoma or prostate cancer. These novel studies bring up many new and unanswered questions related to the molecular mechanism of RasGRP-driven oncogenesis, such as new receptor systems that RasGRP appears to respond to as well as regulatory mechanism for RasGRP expression that appear to be perturbed in these cancers. Here we will review some of the known aspects of RasGRP biology in lymphocytes and will discuss the exciting new notion that RasGRP Ras exchange factors play a role in oncogenesis downstream of various growth factor receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Ksionda
- Department of Anatomy, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Andre Limnander
- Department of Anatomy, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Jeroen P. Roose
- Department of Anatomy, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
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Chiaretti S, Brugnoletti F, Tavolaro S, Bonina S, Paoloni F, Marinelli M, Patten N, Bonifacio M, Kropp MG, Sica S, Guarini A, Foà R. TP53 mutations are frequent in adult acute lymphoblastic leukemia cases negative for recurrent fusion genes and correlate with poor response to induction therapy. Haematologica 2013; 98:e59-61. [PMID: 23403321 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2012.076786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
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34
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Yan-Fang T, Dong W, Li P, Wen-Li Z, Jun L, Na W, Jian W, Xing F, Yan-Hong L, Jian N, Jian P. Analyzing the gene expression profile of pediatric acute myeloid leukemia with real-time PCR arrays. Cancer Cell Int 2012; 12:40. [PMID: 22958424 PMCID: PMC3495223 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2867-12-40] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2012] [Accepted: 09/06/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The Real-time PCR Array System is the ideal tool for analyzing the expression of a focused panel of genes. In this study, we will analyze the gene expression profile of pediatric acute myeloid leukemia with real-time PCR arrays. Methods Real-time PCR array was designed and tested firstly. Then gene expression profile of 11 pediatric AML and 10 normal controls was analyzed with real-time PCR arrays. We analyzed the expression data with MEV (Multi Experiment View) cluster software. Datasets representing genes with altered expression profile derived from cluster analyses were imported into the Ingenuity Pathway Analysis Tool. Results We designed and tested 88 real-time PCR primer pairs for a quantitative gene expression analysis of key genes involved in pediatric AML. The gene expression profile of pediatric AML is significantly different from normal control; there are 19 genes up-regulated and 25 genes down-regulated in pediatric AML. To investigate possible biological interactions of differently regulated genes, datasets representing genes with altered expression profile were imported into the Ingenuity Pathway Analysis Tool. The results revealed 12 significant networks. Of these networks, Cellular Development, Cellular Growth and Proliferation, Tumor Morphology was the highest rated network with 36 focus molecules and the significance score of 41. The IPA analysis also groups the differentially expressed genes into biological mechanisms that are related to hematological disease, cell death, cell growth and hematological system development. In the top canonical pathways, p53 and Huntington’s disease signaling came out to be the top two most significant pathways with a p value of 1.5E-8 and2.95E-7, respectively. Conclusions The present study demonstrates the gene expression profile of pediatric AML is significantly different from normal control; there are 19 genes up-regulated and 25 genes down-regulated in pediatric AML. We found some genes dyes-regulated in pediatric AML for the first time as FASLG, HDAC4, HDAC7 and some HOX family genes. IPA analysis showed the top important pathways for pediatric AML are p53 and Huntington’s disease signaling. This work may provide new clues of molecular mechanism in pediatric AML.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Yan-Fang
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China.
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Bonn BR, Krieger D, Burkhardt B. Cell cycle regulatory molecular profiles of pediatric T-cell lymphoblastic leukemia and lymphoma. Leuk Lymphoma 2012; 53:557-68. [DOI: 10.3109/10428194.2011.616614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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36
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The genetic basis of early T-cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. Nature 2012; 481:157-63. [PMID: 22237106 DOI: 10.1038/nature10725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1229] [Impact Index Per Article: 102.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2011] [Accepted: 11/18/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Early T-cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ETP ALL) is an aggressive malignancy of unknown genetic basis. We performed whole-genome sequencing of 12 ETP ALL cases and assessed the frequency of the identified somatic mutations in 94 T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukaemia cases. ETP ALL was characterized by activating mutations in genes regulating cytokine receptor and RAS signalling (67% of cases; NRAS, KRAS, FLT3, IL7R, JAK3, JAK1, SH2B3 and BRAF), inactivating lesions disrupting haematopoietic development (58%; GATA3, ETV6, RUNX1, IKZF1 and EP300) and histone-modifying genes (48%; EZH2, EED, SUZ12, SETD2 and EP300). We also identified new targets of recurrent mutation including DNM2, ECT2L and RELN. The mutational spectrum is similar to myeloid tumours, and moreover, the global transcriptional profile of ETP ALL was similar to that of normal and myeloid leukaemia haematopoietic stem cells. These findings suggest that addition of myeloid-directed therapies might improve the poor outcome of ETP ALL.
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Wang Q, Qiu H, Jiang H, Wu L, Dong S, Pan J, Wang W, Ping N, Xia J, Sun A, Wu D, Xue Y, Drexler HG, Macleod RAF, Chen S. Mutations of PHF6 are associated with mutations of NOTCH1, JAK1 and rearrangement of SET-NUP214 in T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Haematologica 2011; 96:1808-14. [PMID: 21880637 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2011.043083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mutations in the PHF6 gene were recently described in patients with T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia and in those with acute myeloid leukemia. The present study was designed to determine the prevalence of PHF6 gene alterations in T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia. DESIGN AND METHODS We analyzed the incidence and prognostic value of PHF6 mutations in 96 Chinese patients with T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia. PHF6 deletions were screened by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction and array-based comparative genomic hybridization. Patients were also investigated for NOTCH1, FBXW7, WT1, and JAK1 mutations together with CALM-AF10, SET-NUP214, and SIL-TAL1 gene rearrangements. RESULTS PHF6 mutations were identified in 11/59 (18.6%) adult and 2/37 (5.4%) pediatric cases of T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia, these incidences being significantly lower than those recently reported. Although PHF6 is X-linked and mutations have been reported to occur almost exclusively in male patients, we found no sex difference in the incidences of PHF6 mutations in Chinese patients with T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia. PHF6 deletions were detected in 2/79 (2.5%) patients analyzed. NOTCH1 mutations, FBXW7 mutations, WT1 mutations, JAK1 mutations, SIL-TAL1 fusions, SET-NUP214 fusions and CALM-AF10 fusions were present in 44/96 (45.8%), 9/96 (9.4%), 4/96 (4.1%), 3/49 (6.1%), 9/48 (18.8%), 3/48 (6.3%) and 0/48 (0%) of patients, respectively. The molecular genetic markers most frequently associated with PHF6 mutations were NOTCH1 mutations (P=0.003), SET-NUP214 rearrangements (P=0.002), and JAK1 mutations (P=0.005). No differences in disease-free survival and overall survival between T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia patients with and without PHF6 mutations were observed in a short-term follow-up. CONCLUSIONS Overall, these results indicate that, in T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia, PHF6 mutations are a recurrent genetic abnormality associated with mutations of NOTCH1, JAK1 and rearrangement of SET-NUP214.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Wang
- Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Jiangsu province, People's Republic of China
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Medyouf H, Gusscott S, Wang H, Tseng JC, Wai C, Nemirovsky O, Trumpp A, Pflumio F, Carboni J, Gottardis M, Pollak M, Kung AL, Aster JC, Holzenberger M, Weng AP. High-level IGF1R expression is required for leukemia-initiating cell activity in T-ALL and is supported by Notch signaling. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 208:1809-22. [PMID: 21807868 PMCID: PMC3171095 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20110121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Notch-driven expression of IGF1R promotes the growth, viability, and transplantability of T-ALL cells. T cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) is an aggressive cancer of immature T cells that often shows aberrant activation of Notch1 and PI3K–Akt pathways. Although mutations that activate PI3K–Akt signaling have previously been identified, the relative contribution of growth factor-dependent activation is unclear. We show here that pharmacologic inhibition or genetic deletion of insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor (IGF1R) blocks the growth and viability of T-ALL cells, whereas moderate diminution of IGF1R signaling compromises leukemia-initiating cell (LIC) activity as defined by transplantability in syngeneic/congenic secondary recipients. Furthermore, IGF1R is a Notch1 target, and Notch1 signaling is required to maintain IGF1R expression at high levels in T-ALL cells. These findings suggest effects of Notch on LIC activity may be mediated in part by enhancing the responsiveness of T-ALL cells to ambient growth factors, and provide strong rationale for use of IGF1R inhibitors to improve initial response to therapy and to achieve long-term cure of patients with T-ALL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hind Medyouf
- Terry Fox Laboratory/Department of Pathology, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC, V52 1L3 Canada.
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Homminga I, Pieters R, Langerak AW, de Rooi JJ, Stubbs A, Verstegen M, Vuerhard M, Buijs-Gladdines J, Kooi C, Klous P, van Vlierberghe P, Ferrando AA, Cayuela JM, Verhaaf B, Beverloo HB, Horstmann M, de Haas V, Wiekmeijer AS, Pike-Overzet K, Staal FJT, de Laat W, Soulier J, Sigaux F, Meijerink JPP. Integrated transcript and genome analyses reveal NKX2-1 and MEF2C as potential oncogenes in T cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Cancer Cell 2011; 19:484-97. [PMID: 21481790 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2011.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 283] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2010] [Revised: 11/15/2010] [Accepted: 02/04/2011] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
To identify oncogenic pathways in T cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL), we combined expression profiling of 117 pediatric patient samples and detailed molecular-cytogenetic analyses including the Chromosome Conformation Capture on Chip (4C) method. Two T-ALL subtypes were identified that lacked rearrangements of known oncogenes. One subtype associated with cortical arrest, expression of cell cycle genes, and ectopic NKX2-1 or NKX2-2 expression for which rearrangements were identified. The second subtype associated with immature T cell development and high expression of the MEF2C transcription factor as consequence of rearrangements of MEF2C, transcription factors that target MEF2C, or MEF2C-associated cofactors. We propose NKX2-1, NKX2-2, and MEF2C as T-ALL oncogenes that are activated by various rearrangements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Homminga
- Department of Pediatric Oncology/Hematology, Erasmus MC/Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Abstract
T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) is a hematologic neoplasm characterized by malignant expansion of immature T cells. Activated NOTCH (Notch(IC)) and c-MYC expression are increased in a large percentage of human T-ALL tumors. Furthermore, c-MYC has been shown to be a NOTCH target gene. Although activating mutations of Notch have been found in human T-ALL tumors, there is little evidence that the c-MYC locus is altered in this neoplasm. It was previously demonstrated that Notch and c-Myc-regulated genes have a broadly overlapping profile, including genes involved in cell cycle progression and metabolism. Given that Notch and c-Myc appear to function similarly in T-ALL, we sought to determine whether these two oncogenes could substitute for each other in T-ALL tumors. Here we report that NOTCH(IC) is able to maintain T-ALL tumors formed in the presence of exogenous NOTCH(IC) and c-MYC when exogenous c-MYC expression is extinguished. In contrast, c-MYC is incapable of maintaining these tumors in the absence of NOTCH(IC). We propose that failure of c-MYC to maintain these tumors is the result of p53-mediated apoptosis. These results demonstrate that T-ALL maintenance is dependent on NOTCH(IC), but not c-MYC, demonstrating that NOTCH is oncogenic dominant in T-ALL tumors.
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41
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Abstract
Loss of function mutations and deletions encompassing the plant homeodomain finger 6 (PHF6) gene are present in about 20% of T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemias (ALLs). Here, we report the identification of recurrent mutations in PHF6 in 10/353 adult acute myeloid leukemias (AMLs). Genetic lesions in PHF6 found in AMLs are frameshift and nonsense mutations distributed through the gene or point mutations involving the second plant homeodomain (PHD)-like domain of the protein. As in the case of T-ALL, where PHF6 alterations are found almost exclusively in males, mutations in PHF6 were seven times more prevalent in males than in females with AML. Overall, these results identify PHF6 as a tumor suppressor gene mutated in AML and extend the role of this X-linked tumor suppressor gene in the pathogenesis of hematologic tumors.
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De Keersmaecker K, Real PJ, Gatta GD, Palomero T, Sulis ML, Tosello V, Van Vlierberghe P, Barnes K, Castillo M, Sole X, Hadler M, Lenz J, Aplan PD, Kelliher M, Kee BL, Pandolfi PP, Kappes D, Gounari F, Petrie H, Van der Meulen J, Speleman F, Paietta E, Racevskis J, Wiernik PH, Rowe JM, Soulier J, Avran D, Cavé H, Dastugue N, Raimondi S, Meijerink JPP, Cordon-Cardo C, Califano A, Ferrando AA. The TLX1 oncogene drives aneuploidy in T cell transformation. Nat Med 2010; 16:1321-7. [PMID: 20972433 PMCID: PMC2974790 DOI: 10.1038/nm.2246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2010] [Accepted: 09/21/2010] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The TLX1 transcription factor oncogene plays an important role in the pathogenesis of T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL). However, the specific mechanisms of T-cell transformation downstream of TLX1 remain to be elucidated. Here we show that forced expression of TLX1 in transgenic mice induces T-ALL tumors with frequent deletions and mutations in Bcl11b, and identify the presence of recurrent mutations and deletions in BCL11B in 16% of human T-ALLs. Most notably, mouse TLX1 tumors were typically aneuploid and showed a marked defect in the activation of the mitotic checkpoint. Mechanistically, TLX1 directly downregulates the expression of CHEK1 and additional mitotic control genes and induces loss of the mitotic checkpoint in non transformed preleukemic thymocytes. These results identify a novel mechanism contributing to chromosomal missegregation and aneuploidy active at the earliest stages of tumor development in the pathogenesis of cancer.
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Paganin M, Ferrando A. Molecular pathogenesis and targeted therapies for NOTCH1-induced T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Blood Rev 2010; 25:83-90. [PMID: 20965628 DOI: 10.1016/j.blre.2010.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) is an aggressive hematologic tumor resulting from the malignant transformation of immature T-cell progenitors. Originally associated with a dismal prognosis, the outcome of T-ALL patients has improved remarkably over the last two decades as a result of the introduction of intensified chemotherapy protocols. However, these treatments are associated with significant acute and long-term toxicities, and the treatment of patients presenting with primary resistant disease or those relapsing after a transient response remains challenging. T-ALL is a genetically heterogeneous disease in which numerous chromosomal and genetic alterations cooperate to promote the aberrant proliferation and survival of leukemic lymphoblasts. However, the identification of activating mutations in the NOTCH1 gene in over 50% of T-ALL cases has come to define aberrant NOTCH signaling as a central player in this disease. Therefore, the NOTCH pathway represents an important potential therapeutic target. In this review, we will update our current understanding of the molecular basis of T-ALL, with a particular focus on the role of the NOTCH1 oncogene and the development of anti-NOTCH1 targeted therapies for the treatment of this disease.
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44
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Meijerink JP. Genetic rearrangements in relation to immunophenotype and outcome in T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. Best Pract Res Clin Haematol 2010; 23:307-18. [DOI: 10.1016/j.beha.2010.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Tremblay CS, Hoang T, Hoang T. Early T cell differentiation lessons from T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2010; 92:121-56. [PMID: 20800819 DOI: 10.1016/s1877-1173(10)92006-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
T cells develop from bone marrow-derived self-renewing hematopoietic stem cells (HSC). Upon entering the thymus, these cells undergo progressive commitment and differentiation driven by the thymic stroma and the pre-T cell receptor (pre-TCR). These processes are disrupted in T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL). More than 70% of recurring chromosomal rearrangements in T-ALL activate the expression of oncogenic transcription factors, belonging mostly to three families, basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH), homeobox (HOX), and c-MYB. This prevalence is indicative of their importance in the T lineage, and their dominant mechanisms of transformation. For example, bHLH oncoproteins inhibit E2A and HEB, revealing their tumor suppressor function in the thymus. The induction of T-ALL, nonetheless, requires collaboration with constitutive NOTCH1 signaling and the pre-TCR, as well as loss-of-function mutations for CDKN2A and PTEN. Significantly, NOTCH1, the pre-TCR pathway, and E2A/HEB proteins control critical checkpoints and branchpoints in early thymocyte development whereas several oncogenic transcription factors, HOXA9, c-MYB, SCL, and LYL-1 control HSC self-renewal. Together, these genetic lesions alter key regulatory processes in the cell, favoring self-renewal and subvert the normal control of thymocyte homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cédric S Tremblay
- Institute of Research in Immunology and Cancer, University of Montreal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
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46
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Krieger D, Moericke A, Oschlies I, Zimmermann M, Schrappe M, Reiter A, Burkhardt B. Frequency and clinical relevance of DNA microsatellite alterations of the CDKN2A/B, ATM and p53 gene loci: a comparison between pediatric precursor T-cell lymphoblastic lymphoma and T-cell lymphoblastic leukemia. Haematologica 2009; 95:158-62. [PMID: 19586936 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2009.007526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Although deletions of cell cycle regulatory gene loci have long been reported in various malignancies, little is known regarding their relevance in pediatric T-cell lymphoblastic lymphoma (T-LBL) and T-cell lymphoblastic leukemia (TALL). The current study focused on loss of heterozygosity (LOH) analyses of the CDKN2A/B (chromosome 9p), ATM (chromosome 11q) and p53 (chromosome 17p) gene loci. Frequencies of LOH were compared in 113 pediatric T-LBL and 125 T-ALL who were treated uniformly according to ALL-BFM strategies. Furthermore, LOH findings were correlated with clinical characteristics and tested for their prognostic relevance. LOH at 9p was detected in 47% of T-LBL and 51% of T-ALL, and was associated with male gender in both. In T-ALL, LOH at 9p was associated with favorable initial treatment response. A tendency for favorable event-free-survival was observed in LOH 9p positive T-LBL. The frequency of LOH at chromosomes 11q and 17p was 5% or less for both diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Krieger
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
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47
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Meijerink JPP, den Boer ML, Pieters R. New genetic abnormalities and treatment response in acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Semin Hematol 2009; 46:16-23. [PMID: 19100364 DOI: 10.1053/j.seminhematol.2008.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Numerous genetic abnormalities have been identified in acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). Here we review the recurrent abnormalities with emphasis on those recently discovered, and discuss their association with chemotherapy resistance or sensitivity and with clinical response to therapy. Also, the role of genetic abnormalities in leukemogenesis and their potential as therapeutic targets will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jules P P Meijerink
- Department of Pediatric Oncology/Hematology, Erasmus Medical Center Rotterdam-Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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A comprehensive analysis of the CDKN2A gene in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia reveals genomic deletion, copy number neutral loss of heterozygosity, and association with specific cytogenetic subgroups. Blood 2008; 113:100-7. [PMID: 18838613 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2008-07-166801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Inactivation of the tumor suppressor gene, CDKN2A, can occur by deletion, methylation, or mutation. We assessed the principal mode of inactivation in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) and frequency in biologically relevant subgroups. Mutation or methylation was rare, whereas genomic deletion occurred in 21% of B-cell precursor ALL and 50% of T-ALL patients. Single nucleotide polymorphism arrays revealed copy number neutral (CNN) loss of heterozygosity (LOH) in 8% of patients. Array-based comparative genomic hybridization demonstrated that the mean size of deletions was 14.8 Mb and biallelic deletions composed a large and small deletion (mean sizes, 23.3 Mb and 1.4 Mb). Among 86 patients, only 2 small deletions were below the resolution of detection by fluorescence in situ hybridization. Patients with high hyperdiploidy, ETV6-RUNX1, or 11q23/MLL rearrangements had low rates of deletion (11%, 15%, 13%), whereas patients with t(9;22), t(1;19), TLX3, or TLX1 rearrangements had higher frequencies (61%, 42%, 78%, and 89%). In conclusion, CDKN2A deletion is a significant secondary abnormality in childhood ALL strongly correlated with phenotype and genotype. The variation in the incidence of CDKN2A deletions by cytogenetic subgroup may explain its inconsistent association with outcome. CNN LOH without apparent CDKN2A inactivation suggests the presence of other relevant genes in this region.
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Chiang MY, Xu L, Shestova O, Histen G, L'heureux S, Romany C, Childs ME, Gimotty PA, Aster JC, Pear WS. Leukemia-associated NOTCH1 alleles are weak tumor initiators but accelerate K-ras-initiated leukemia. J Clin Invest 2008; 118:3181-94. [PMID: 18677410 DOI: 10.1172/jci35090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2008] [Accepted: 06/11/2008] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Gain-of-function NOTCH1 mutations are found in 50%-70% of human T cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia/lymphoma (T-ALL) cases. Gain-of-function NOTCH1 alleles that initiate strong downstream signals induce leukemia in mice, but it is unknown whether the gain-of-function NOTCH1 mutations most commonly found in individuals with T-ALL generate downstream signals of sufficient strength to induce leukemia. We addressed this question by expressing human gain-of-function NOTCH1 alleles of varying strength in mouse hematopoietic precursors. Uncommon gain-of-function NOTCH1 alleles that initiated strong downstream signals drove ectopic T cell development and induced leukemia efficiently. In contrast, although gain-of-function alleles that initiated only weak downstream signals also induced ectopic T cell development, these more common alleles failed to efficiently initiate leukemia development. However, weak gain-of-function NOTCH1 alleles accelerated the onset of leukemia initiated by constitutively active K-ras and gave rise to tumors that were sensitive to Notch signaling pathway inhibition. These data show that induction of leukemia requires doses of Notch1 greater than those needed for T cell development and that most NOTCH1 mutations found in T-ALL cells do not generate signals of sufficient strength to initiate leukemia development. Furthermore, low, nonleukemogenic levels of Notch1 can complement other leukemogenic events, such as activation of K-ras. Even when Notch1 participates secondarily, the resulting tumors show "addiction" to Notch, providing a further rationale for evaluating Notch signaling pathway inhibitors in leukemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Y Chiang
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
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Smock KJ, Nelson M, Tripp SR, Sanger WG, Abromowitch M, Cairo MS, Perkins SL. Characterization of childhood precursor T-lymphoblastic lymphoma by immunophenotyping and fluorescent in situ hybridization: a report from the Children's Oncology Group. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2008; 51:489-94. [PMID: 18618503 PMCID: PMC2712233 DOI: 10.1002/pbc.21666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND T-lymphoblastic lymphoma (T-LBL) accounts for 25-30% of childhood non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and is closely related to T-lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL). Recently, we demonstrated distinct differences in gene expression between childhood T-LBL and T-ALL, but molecular pathogenesis and relevant protein expression patterns in T-LBL remain poorly understood. PROCEDURE Children with T-LBL with disseminated disease were registered and treated on COG protocol 5971. Paraffin-embedded tumor tissue was obtained at diagnosis for immunohistochemistry (IHC) and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) studies. We determined the pattern and intensity of staining for c-Myc, Skp2, Mib-1, p53, TCL-1, bcl-2, and bcl-6 proteins by IHC and c-Myc, p53, bcl-2, bcl-6, and TCR alpha/delta molecular alterations by FISH in 22 pediatric T-LBL cases. RESULTS The majority of T-LBL samples expressed Mib-1 (59%) and c-Myc (77%) proteins in greater than 50% of the cells, but Skp2 (14%), p53 (14%), and bcl-2 (23%) expression was less common. FISH studies demonstrated 18% gains and 10% losses in c-Myc, 16% gains in p53, 12% gains and 6% losses in bcl-2, and 6% gains and 19% losses in bcl-6 with little direct correlation between the IHC and FISH studies. CONCLUSIONS Childhood T-LBL is a highly proliferative tumor associated with enhanced expression of c-Myc protein, but without detectable c-Myc molecular alterations. FISH studies did not identify consistent etiologies of molecular dysregulation, and future studies with other molecular approaches may be required to elucidate the molecular pathogenesis of childhood T-LBL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristi J. Smock
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah Health Sciences Center and ARUP Laboratories, Salt Lake City, UT
| | - Marilu Nelson
- Center for Human Genetics, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE
| | - Sheryl R. Tripp
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah Health Sciences Center and ARUP Laboratories, Salt Lake City, UT
| | - Warren G. Sanger
- Center for Human Genetics, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE
| | - Minnie Abromowitch
- Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Children’s Memorial Hospital of Omaha, Omaha, NE
| | - Mitchell S. Cairo
- Department of Pediatrics, Medicine & Pathology, Columbia University, New York, NY
| | - Sherrie L. Perkins
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah Health Sciences Center and ARUP Laboratories, Salt Lake City, UT
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