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Nagasawa K, Kanamori M, Yoon J, Kobayashi M, Mokrina M, Kato T, Osada M. Hemocytes of Yesso scallop characterized by cytological, molecular marker, and functional analyses. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2023; 137:108751. [PMID: 37105424 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2023.108751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Revised: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Bivalve hemocytes have pivotal role as cellular biodefense. However, no information is available for cytological parameters, marker gene and function of the hemocytes in Yesso scallop, a commercially important aquaculture species worldwide. Due to their extremely strong cell aggregation ability, the scallop hemocytes were not able to assess as a single cell so far. In the present study, we established methodologies for studying the hemocytes of Yesso scallop, assessed cell morphology, measured seasonal fluctuation, and analyzed transcriptomes and cellular behavior during the immune response. Our results showed that the Yesso scallop possesses a single type of leukocyte-type hemocytes similar to other bivalve granulocytes circulating at an average of 1 × 107 cells/ml throughout the year. In addition, we identified five molecular marker genes specific to the scallop hemocytes. These hemocyte markers enabled us to precisely detect the hemocyte localization. Using these markers, we confirmed that tissue transplantation can experimentally induce an immune response, leading to the mobilization of circulating hemocytes for encapsulation. This study provides a comprehensive understanding of scallop hemocytes and their role in the cellular biodefense system of bivalves and various methods for cytological analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazue Nagasawa
- Laboratory of Aquacultural Biology, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, 468-1 Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8572, Japan.
| | - Makoto Kanamori
- Hakodate Fisheries Research Institute, Fisheries Research Department, Hokkaido Research Organization, 20-5 Benten-cho, Hakodate, Hokkaido, 040-0051, Japan
| | - Jeongwoong Yoon
- Laboratory of Aquacultural Biology, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, 468-1 Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8572, Japan
| | - Mutsuko Kobayashi
- Laboratory of Aquacultural Biology, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, 468-1 Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8572, Japan
| | - Mariia Mokrina
- Laboratory of Aquacultural Biology, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, 468-1 Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8572, Japan
| | - Takahiro Kato
- Laboratory of Aquacultural Biology, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, 468-1 Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8572, Japan
| | - Makoto Osada
- Laboratory of Aquacultural Biology, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, 468-1 Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8572, Japan
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Sokolnikova Y, Mokrina M, Magarlamov T, Grinchenko A, Kumeiko V. Specification of hemocyte subpopulations based on immune-related activities and the production of the agglutinin MkC1qDC in the bivalve Modiolus kurilensis. Heliyon 2023; 9:e15577. [PMID: 37151667 PMCID: PMC10161718 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e15577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Revised: 02/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Bivalves, such as Modiolus are used as indicator organisms to monitor the state of the marine environment. Even though hemocytes are known to play a key role in the adaptive and protective mechanisms of bivalves, these cells are poorly studied in horse-mussel Modiolus kurilensis. In this paper, we present classification of horse-mussel hemocytes based on their immune functions, including the production of specific immune-related molecules, as well as their morphological composition after isolation by density gradient centrifugation. An effective fractionation protocol was adapted to separate four hemocyte subpopulations with distinct morphofunctional profiles. First subpopulation consisted of small under-differentiated hemoblasts (2.20 ± 0.85%) with a bromodeoxyuridine positive nucleus, and did not show any immune reactivity. Second was represented by agranulocytes (24.11 ± 2.40%), with evenly filled cytoplasm containing a well-developed protein-synthesizing apparatus, polysomes, smooth endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria, and positively stained for myeloperoxidase, acidic proteins, glycogen and neutral polysaccharides. Third subpopulation consisted of eosinophilic granulocytes (62.64 ± 9.32%) that contained the largest number of lysosomes, peroxisomes and vesicles with contents of different density, and showed the highest phosphatase, reactive oxygen species (ROS) and phagocytic activities. Lastly, fourth group, basophilic granulocytes (14.21 ± 0.34%), are main producers of lectin-like protein MkC1qDC, recently discovered in M. kurilensis and characterized by pronounced antibacterial and anticancer activity. These cells characterized by intracytoplasmic of the MkC1qDC localization, forming granule-like bodies visualized with specific antibody. Both granulocytes and agranulocytes showed phagocytic activity and ROS production, and these reactions were more pronounced for eosinophilic granulocytes, suggesting that this group is the key element of the cell-mediated immune response of M. kurilensis. Our results support a concept of bivalve's hemocyte specification with distinct phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulia Sokolnikova
- A.V. Zhirmunsky National Scientific Center of Marine Biology, Far Eastern Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, 690041, Vladivostok, Russian Federation
- Corresponding author. A.V. Zhirmunsky National Scientific Center of Marine Biology, FEB RAS, 690041, Vladivostok, Russian Federation
| | - Mariia Mokrina
- Laboratory of Aquacultural Biology, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, 468-1 Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-0845, Japan
- Far Eastern Federal University, 690922, Vladivostok, Russian Federation
| | - Timur Magarlamov
- A.V. Zhirmunsky National Scientific Center of Marine Biology, Far Eastern Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, 690041, Vladivostok, Russian Federation
| | - Andrey Grinchenko
- A.V. Zhirmunsky National Scientific Center of Marine Biology, Far Eastern Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, 690041, Vladivostok, Russian Federation
- Far Eastern Federal University, 690922, Vladivostok, Russian Federation
| | - Vadim Kumeiko
- A.V. Zhirmunsky National Scientific Center of Marine Biology, Far Eastern Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, 690041, Vladivostok, Russian Federation
- Far Eastern Federal University, 690922, Vladivostok, Russian Federation
- Corresponding author. Far Eastern Federal University, 690922, Vladivostok, Russian Federation
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Establishment of primary cell culture of Ruditapes decussatus haemocytes for metal toxicity assessment. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 2021; 57:477-484. [PMID: 33876341 DOI: 10.1007/s11626-021-00561-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
In ecotoxicology, in vitro testing on cell cultures represents an ideal alternative to in vivo strategies for emerging contaminants. These tests have limited use particularly with marine invertebrates like the clams Ruditapes decussatus. In the present study, a primary culture of R. decussatus haemocytes was realized for the first time in order to determine the effect of metals (copper, zinc, and cobalt) on haemocyte parameters like viability and phagocytosis. Results showed that (i) among the studied medium, the modified Leibovitz (L-15) is the best for R. decussatus haemocytes primary culture. (ii) The primary culture system used here represents a suitable in vitro model for assessing cytotoxic responses, (iii) a decrease of cell viability and phagocytosis after 24 h exposure to 100 μg mL-1 CoSO4 and an increase of phagocytosis after 24 h exposure to 50 μg mL-1CuSO4.
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Mao F, Wong NK, Lin Y, Zhang X, Liu K, Huang M, Xu D, Xiang Z, Li J, Zhang Y, Yu Z. Transcriptomic Evidence Reveals the Molecular Basis for Functional Differentiation of Hemocytes in a Marine Invertebrate, Crassostrea gigas. Front Immunol 2020; 11:911. [PMID: 32536915 PMCID: PMC7269103 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2019] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Hemocytes play unequivocally central roles in host immune defense of bivalve mollusks, though the exact mechanisms underlying their functional differentiation are only partially understood. To this end, granulocytes and hyalinocytes were sorted via flow cytometry from hemocytes of the Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas, and consequently quantitative transcriptomic analysis revealed a striking array of differentially expressed genes (DEGs), which were globally upregulated in granulocytes, dedicating to functional differentiation among oyster hemocytes. Our network of DEGs illustrated actively engaged signaling pathways, with Cdc42/Cdc42l being a core regulator of pathway network, which was validated by a dramatically reduced capacity for hemocyte phagocytosis in the presence of Cdc42 inhibitors. Additionally, a number of transcription factors were identified among DEGs, including ELK, HELT, and Fos, which were predominantly expressed in granulocytes. The AP-1 transcription factor Fos was confirmed to facilitate functional differentiation of hemocytes in an assay on binding to target genes by the AP-1 binding site, consistent with downstream phagocytosis and ROS production. Importantly, Cdc42/Cdc42l were also regulated by the expression of Fos, providing a possible regulatory mechanism-guided hemocyte functional differentiation. Findings in this study have bridged a knowledge gap on the mechanistic underpinnings of functional differentiation of hemocytes in a marine invertebrate C. gigas, which promise to facilitate research on the evolution of immune defense and functional differentiation of phagocyte in higher-order and more recent phyla.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Mao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Science, Guangzhou, China
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, China
- Innovation Academy of South China Sea Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Nai-Kei Wong
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, The Second Hospital Affiliated to Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yue Lin
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Science, Guangzhou, China
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, China
- Innovation Academy of South China Sea Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiangyu Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Science, Guangzhou, China
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, China
- Innovation Academy of South China Sea Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Kunna Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Science, Guangzhou, China
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, China
- Innovation Academy of South China Sea Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Minwei Huang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Science, Guangzhou, China
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, China
- Innovation Academy of South China Sea Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Duo Xu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Science, Guangzhou, China
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, China
- Innovation Academy of South China Sea Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhiming Xiang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Science, Guangzhou, China
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, China
- Innovation Academy of South China Sea Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jun Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Science, Guangzhou, China
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, China
- Innovation Academy of South China Sea Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yang Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Science, Guangzhou, China
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, China
- Innovation Academy of South China Sea Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ziniu Yu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Science, Guangzhou, China
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, China
- Innovation Academy of South China Sea Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
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Sousa H, Hinzmann M. Review: Antibacterial components of the Bivalve's immune system and the potential of freshwater bivalves as a source of new antibacterial compounds. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 98:971-980. [PMID: 31676427 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2019.10.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Revised: 10/09/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Antibacterial research is reaching new heights due to the increasing demand for the discovery of new substances capable of inhibiting bacteria, especially to respond to the appearance of more and more multi-resistant strains. Bivalves show enormous potential for the finding of new antibacterial compounds, although for that to be further explored, more research needs to be made regarding the immune system of these organisms. Beyond their primary cellular component responsible for bacterial recognition and destruction, the haemocytes, bivalves have various other antibacterial units dissolved in the haemolymph that intervene in the defense against bacterial infections, from the recognition factors that detect different bacteria to the effector molecules carrying destructive properties. Moreover, to better comprehend the immune system, it is important to understand the different survival strategies that bacteria possess in order to stay alive from the host's defenses. This work reviews the current literature regarding the components that intervene in a bacterial infection, as well as discussing the enormous potential that freshwater bivalves have in the discovery of new antibacterial compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henrique Sousa
- ICBAS - Abel Salazar Institute of Biomedical Sciences, R. Jorge de Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal.
| | - Mariana Hinzmann
- ICBAS - Abel Salazar Institute of Biomedical Sciences, R. Jorge de Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal; CIIMAR - Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, Terminal de Cruzeiros de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos, 4450-208, Matosinhos, Portugal.
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6
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Rolton A, Delisle L, Berry J, Venter L, Webb SC, Adams S, Hilton Z. Flow cytometric characterization of hemocytes of the flat oyster, Ostrea chilensis. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 97:411-420. [PMID: 31877358 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2019.12.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Revised: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 12/21/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The flat oyster, Ostrea chilensis, native to New Zealand (NZ) and Chile is considered an important ecological, cultural and fisheries resource. Currently, commercial landings of this species in NZ are restricted due to low population numbers caused by ongoing mortalities resulting from the presence of the haplosporidian parasite, Bonamia exitiosa. More recently, the arrival of B. ostreae in NZ led to major mortalities in farmed stocks. To understand how diseases caused by Bonamia spp. affect this oyster species, a more complete understanding of its biology, physiology and immune system is needed. The present study characterized, for the first time, hemocytes of adult O. chilensis, from the Foveaux Strait, NZ, using flow cytometry (FCM) and histology. Based on the internal complexity of the hemocytes, two main circulating hemocyte populations were identified: granulocytes and hyalinocytes (accounting for ~30% and ~70% of the total circulating hemocyte population, respectively). These were further divided into two sub-populations of each cell type using FCM. A third sub-population of granulocytes was identified using histology. Using FCM, functional and metabolic characteristics were investigated for the two main hemocyte types. Granulocytes showed higher phagocytic capabilities, lysosomal content, neutral lipid content and reactive oxygen species production compared to hyalinocytes, indicating their important role in cellular immune defence in this species. Methods of hemocyte sampling and storage were also investigated and flow cytometric protocols were detailed and verified to allow effective future investigations into the health status of this important species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Rolton
- Cawthron Institute, Private Bag 2, Nelson, 7042, New Zealand.
| | - Lizenn Delisle
- Cawthron Institute, Private Bag 2, Nelson, 7042, New Zealand
| | - Jolene Berry
- Cawthron Institute, Private Bag 2, Nelson, 7042, New Zealand
| | - Leonie Venter
- Aquaculture Biotechnology Research Group, School of Science, Faculty of Health and Environmental Sciences, Auckland University of Technology, Private Bag 92006, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | | | - Serean Adams
- Cawthron Institute, Private Bag 2, Nelson, 7042, New Zealand
| | - Zoë Hilton
- Cawthron Institute, Private Bag 2, Nelson, 7042, New Zealand
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Song X, Song Y, Dong M, Liu Z, Wang W, Wang L, Song L. A new member of the runt domain family from Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas (CgRunx) potentially involved in immune response and larvae hematopoiesis. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 89:228-236. [PMID: 30936046 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2019.03.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2018] [Revised: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The Runx family is a kind of heteromeric transcription factors, which is defined by the presence of a runt domain. As transcriptional regulator during development and cell fate specification, Runx is best known for its critical roles in hematopoiesis. In the present study, a Runx transcription factor (designed as CgRunx) was identified and characterized from the oyster Crassostrea gigas. The complete coding sequence of CgRunx was of 1638 bp encoding a predicted polypeptide of 545 amino acids with one conserved runt domain, which shared high similarity with other reported Runx proteins. CgRunx was highly expressed in hemocytes, gill and mantle both at the protein and nucleic acid levels. CgRunx protein was localized specifically in the cell nuclei of hemocytes, and distributed at the tubule lumen of gill filament. During the larval developmental stages, the mRNA transcripts of CgRunx gradually increased after fertilization, reached to a relative high level at the 8 cell embryos and the blastula stage of 2-4 hpf (hours post fertilization) (about 40-fold), and peaked at early trochophore larvae (10 hpf) (about 60-fold). Whole-mount immunofluorescence assay further revealed that the abundant immunofluorescence signals of CgRunx distributed through the whole embryo at blastula stage (5 hpf), and progressively reduced with the development to a ring structure around the dorsal region in trochophore larvae (10 hpf). Scattered positive immunoreactivity signals finally appeared in the velum region of D-veliger larvae. After LPS and Vibrio splendidus stimulations, the expression levels of CgRunx mRNA in hemocytes were up-regulated significantly compared with that in the control (0 h), which were 2.98- and 2.46-fold (p < 0.05), 2.67- and 1.5-fold (p < 0.05), 2.36- and 1.38-fold (p < 0.05) at 3 h, 6 h and 12 h, respectively. These results collectively suggested that CgRunx involved in immune response and might participate in larvae hematopoiesis in oyster.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaorui Song
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Ying Song
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Miren Dong
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Zhaoqun Liu
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Weilin Wang
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Lingling Wang
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Linsheng Song
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Laboratory of Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Process, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266071, China.
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Xue Q, Beguel JP, La Peyre J. Dominin and Segon Form Multiprotein Particles in the Plasma of Eastern Oysters ( Crassostrea virginica) and Are Likely Involved in Shell Formation. Front Physiol 2019; 10:566. [PMID: 31156455 PMCID: PMC6530089 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Dominin and segon are two proteins purified and characterized from the plasma of eastern oysters Crassostrea virginica, making up about 70% of the total plasma proteins. Their proposed functions are in host defense based on their pathogen binding properties and in metal metabolism based on their metal binding abilities. In the present study, the two proteins were further studied for their native states in circulation and extrapallial fluid and their possible involvement in shell formation. Two-dimensional electrophoresis confirmed that the oyster plasma was dominated by a few major proteins and size exclusion chromatography indicated that these proteins were present in circulation in a morphologically homogenous form. Density gradient ultracentrifugation in Cesium Chloride isolated morphologically homogenous particles of about 25 nm in diameter from the plasma and extrapallial fluids. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis identified dominin, segon and an unidentified protein as the principal components of the particles and the three proteins likely formed a multiprotein complex that associated to form the particle. Additionally, three major proteins extracted from shell organic matrix were identified based on the apparent molecular weight in SDS-PAGE to correspond to the three major proteins of plasma and protein particles. Moreover, the hemocyte expression of dominin and segon genes measured by real-time RT-PCR increased significantly upon the initiation of shell repair and were significantly greater in younger oysters. These findings suggest that dominin and segon form protein particles by association with each other and perhaps some other major plasma proteins and play a significant role in oyster shell formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinggang Xue
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Germplasm Resource of Zhejiang, Zhejiang Wanli University, Ningbo, China
- Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
- School of Animal Sciences, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, Baton Rouge, LA, United States
| | - Jean-Philipe Beguel
- School of Animal Sciences, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, Baton Rouge, LA, United States
| | - Jerome La Peyre
- School of Animal Sciences, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, Baton Rouge, LA, United States
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Zannella C, Mosca F, Mariani F, Franci G, Folliero V, Galdiero M, Tiscar PG, Galdiero M. Microbial Diseases of Bivalve Mollusks: Infections, Immunology and Antimicrobial Defense. Mar Drugs 2017. [PMID: 28629124 PMCID: PMC5484132 DOI: 10.3390/md15060182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A variety of bivalve mollusks (phylum Mollusca, class Bivalvia) constitute a prominent commodity in fisheries and aquacultures, but are also crucial in order to preserve our ecosystem’s complexity and function. Bivalve mollusks, such as clams, mussels, oysters and scallops, are relevant bred species, and their global farming maintains a high incremental annual growth rate, representing a considerable proportion of the overall fishery activities. Bivalve mollusks are filter feeders; therefore by filtering a great quantity of water, they may bioaccumulate in their tissues a high number of microorganisms that can be considered infectious for humans and higher vertebrates. Moreover, since some pathogens are also able to infect bivalve mollusks, they are a threat for the entire mollusk farming industry. In consideration of the leading role in aquaculture and the growing financial importance of bivalve farming, much interest has been recently devoted to investigate the pathogenesis of infectious diseases of these mollusks in order to be prepared for public health emergencies and to avoid dreadful income losses. Several bacterial and viral pathogens will be described herein. Despite the minor complexity of the organization of the immune system of bivalves, compared to mammalian immune systems, a precise description of the different mechanisms that induce its activation and functioning is still missing. In the present review, a substantial consideration will be devoted in outlining the immune responses of bivalves and their repertoire of immune cells. Finally, we will focus on the description of antimicrobial peptides that have been identified and characterized in bivalve mollusks. Their structural and antimicrobial features are also of great interest for the biotechnology sector as antimicrobial templates to combat the increasing antibiotic-resistance of different pathogenic bacteria that plague the human population all over the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Zannella
- Department of Experimental Medicine-University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Via Costantinopoli 16, 80138 Napoli, Italy.
| | - Francesco Mosca
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, Piano d'Accio, 64100 Teramo, Italy.
| | - Francesca Mariani
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, Piano d'Accio, 64100 Teramo, Italy.
| | - Gianluigi Franci
- Department of Experimental Medicine-University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Via Costantinopoli 16, 80138 Napoli, Italy.
| | - Veronica Folliero
- Department of Experimental Medicine-University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Via Costantinopoli 16, 80138 Napoli, Italy.
| | - Marilena Galdiero
- Department of Experimental Medicine-University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Via Costantinopoli 16, 80138 Napoli, Italy.
| | - Pietro Giorgio Tiscar
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, Piano d'Accio, 64100 Teramo, Italy.
| | - Massimiliano Galdiero
- Department of Experimental Medicine-University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Via Costantinopoli 16, 80138 Napoli, Italy.
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10
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Cheng SF, Wu XC, Zhang M. Production a monoclonal antibody specific to granulocytes of swimming crab (Portunus trituberculatus) and its cross reactivity with other crustaceans. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2016; 178:79-87. [PMID: 27496746 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2016.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2015] [Revised: 06/15/2016] [Accepted: 07/06/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
In this study, a monoclonal antibody (mAb) 3F4 specific to granulocytes of swimming crab, Portunus trituberculatus, was obtained by immunizing mice with whole haemocytes. mAb 3F4 showed strong immunofluorescent reaction with granulocytes, but no reaction with hyalinocytes. The positive cell percentage of granulocytes was 86.3% detected by Flow cytometry (FCM). A special antigen with molecular weight of about 26kDa was further recognized by mAb 3F4 in haemocytes of P. trituberculatus. mAb 3F4 also showed strong cross-reactivity with haemocytes of Eriocheir sinensis and Petalomera japonica, but no reaction with other crustaceans tested. In E. sinensis, the positive cell percentage was 73.4% for granulocytes and 59.8% for hyalinocytes; while in P. japonica, the positive cell percentage was 81.2% for granulocytes and 7.1% for hyalinocytes. There was also a special antigen with molecular weight of about 31kDa identified by mAb 3F4 in haemocytes of E.sinensis, but no corresponding protein band in P. japonica haemocytes. These results demonstrated that mAb 3F4 can be used as a marker for granulocytes of crabs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shun-Feng Cheng
- Marine Science and Engineering College, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, PR China
| | - Xiao-Chun Wu
- Marine Science and Engineering College, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, PR China
| | - Min Zhang
- Marine Science and Engineering College, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, PR China.
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11
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Song X, Wang H, Chen H, Sun M, Liang Z, Wang L, Song L. Conserved hemopoietic transcription factor Cg-SCL delineates hematopoiesis of Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 51:180-188. [PMID: 26915307 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2016.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2015] [Revised: 02/13/2016] [Accepted: 02/18/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Hemocytes are the effective immunocytes in bivalves, which have been reported to be derived from stem-like cells in gill epithelium of oyster. In the present work, a conserved haematopoietic transcription factor Tal-1/Scl (Stem Cell Leukemia) was identified in Pacific oyster (Cg-SCL), and it was evolutionarily close to the orthologs in deuterostomes. Cg-SCL was highly distributed in the hemocytes as well as gill and mantle. The hemocyte specific genes Integrin, EcSOD and haematopoietic transcription factors GATA3, C-Myb, c-kit, were down-regulated when Cg-SCL was interfered by dsRNA. During the larval developmental stages, the mRNA transcripts of Cg-SCL gradually increased after fertilization and peaked at early trochophore larvae stage (10 hpf, hours post fertilization), then sharply decreased in late trochophore larvae stage (15 hpf) before resuming in umbo larvae (120 hpf). Whole-mount immunofluorescence assay further revealed that the immunoreactivity of Cg-SCL appeared in blastula larvae with two approximate symmetric spots, and this expression pattern lasted in gastrula larvae. By trochophore, the immunoreactivity formed a ring around the dorsal region and then separated into two remarkable spots at the dorsal side in D-veliger larvae. After bacterial challenge, the mRNA expression levels of Cg-SCL were significantly up-regulated in the D-veliger and umbo larvae, indicating the available hematopoietic regulation in oyster larvae. These results demonstrated that Cg-SCL could be used as haematopoietic specific marker to trace potential developmental events of hematopoiesis during ontogenesis of oyster, which occurred early in blastula stage and maintained until D-veliger larvae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaorui Song
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Hao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Hao Chen
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Mingzhe Sun
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Zhongxiu Liang
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Lingling Wang
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Linsheng Song
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture & Stock Enhancement in North China's Sea, Ministry of Agriculture, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China.
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12
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Li Q, Qi RR, Wang YN, Qiao G, Ye SG, Li H. Ontogenesis of coelomocytes in sea cucumber (Apostichopus japonicus) studied with probes of monoclonal antibody. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 41:260-263. [PMID: 25218682 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2014.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2014] [Revised: 08/11/2014] [Accepted: 09/02/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) specifically against coelomocytes of Apostichopus japonicus were employed to study the ontogenesis of coelomocytes by indirect immunofluorescence assay technique (IIFAT). Different developmental stages were identified by histochemical staining method. Stages including blastula, gastrula, auricularia (small-auricular larvae, mid-auricular larvae and big-auricular larvae), doliolaria, pentactula and juvenile were examined. The positive reactions with both MAb1C2 against all the types of coelomocytes and MAb3F6 specific to spherulocytes, were observed firstly at the blastula stage of the embryos. The positive reaction with MAb1E2 against lymphoid cells was observed from the big-auricular larvae, which indicated that lymphoid cells may not be progenitor cells or stem cells for A. japonicus. An increase of fluorescence intensity for each cell may imply a possible enhancement of the innate defensive mechanism as the embryogenesis progress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Li
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture & Stock Enhancement in North China's Sea, Ministry of Agriculture, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Rui-rong Qi
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture & Stock Enhancement in North China's Sea, Ministry of Agriculture, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Yi-nan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture & Stock Enhancement in North China's Sea, Ministry of Agriculture, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Guo Qiao
- Department of Ocean Technology, College of Chemistry and Biology Engineering, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng 224051, China
| | - Shi-gen Ye
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture & Stock Enhancement in North China's Sea, Ministry of Agriculture, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Hua Li
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture & Stock Enhancement in North China's Sea, Ministry of Agriculture, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China.
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13
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Xing J, Tang X, Ni Y, Zhan W. Application of monoclonal antibody against granulocytes of scallop Chlamys farreri on granulocytes occurrence at different developmental stages and antigenic cross-reactivity of granulocytes in five other bivalve species. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 36:315-319. [PMID: 24220003 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2013.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2013] [Revised: 11/01/2013] [Accepted: 11/04/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
A monoclonal antibody (MAb) 6H7 raised specifically against granulocytes of scallop (Chlamys farreri) was employed to observe granulocyte occurrence successively in blastulae, gastrulae, trochophore larvae, D-shape larvae, umbo-veliger larvae and creeping larvae of C. farreri by immunohistochemistry assay contrasted with H&E stain using semi-thin sections. Moreover, the reactivity of the MAb with granulocytes of C. farreri, Bay scallop Argopecten irradians, Japanese scallop Patinopecten yessoensis, Blue mussel Mytilus edulis, Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas and Manila clam Ruditapes philippinarum, was detected by immunofluorescence assay (IFA) with differential interference contrast and fluorescent microscopy and flow cytometric immunofluorescence assay (FCIFA). The results showed that positive signals were first observed at D-shape larval stage, about 28 h post fertilization, after that, umbo-veliger larvae exhibited the positive cells with a diameter of 3-5 μm distributed in velum, digestive gland and esophagus. Then in creeping larvae, the number of positive cells increased with average diameter of 5-7 μm, and widely distributed in foot, digestive gland, gills and adductor muscles. No positive signal was found in blastulae, gastrulae and trochophore larvae. The results of IFA and FCIFA showed MAb 6H7 reacted to granulocytes of C. farreri, A. irradians, P. yessoensis and C. gigas, and the positive percentage reactivity were 53 ± 2.5%, 15 ± 2.5%, 12 ± 2.1% and 19 ± 2.1%, respectively, however, no cross-reaction was detected in hemocytes of R. philippinarum and M. edulis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Xing
- Laboratory of Pathology and Immunology of Aquatic Animals, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, PR China
| | - Xiaoqian Tang
- Laboratory of Pathology and Immunology of Aquatic Animals, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, PR China
| | - Yongqing Ni
- Laboratory of Pathology and Immunology of Aquatic Animals, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, PR China
| | - Wenbin Zhan
- Laboratory of Pathology and Immunology of Aquatic Animals, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, PR China.
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14
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Yue X, Huan P, Xiao G, Liu B. Expression patterns of an i-type lysozyme in the clam Meretrix meretrix along with larval development. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 41:27-32. [PMID: 23583308 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2013.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2012] [Revised: 04/03/2013] [Accepted: 04/03/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
An i-type lysozyme (MmeLys) has been proved to function in immunity of the clam Meretrix meretrix in our previous studies. In this study, the expression patterns of MmeLys mRNA and protein at four chief developmental stages of M. meretrix were analyzed, which was able to provide information about how ontogeny of immunity and, in particular, antibacterial ability occured in the bivalve. The results of real-time PCR and western blot showed that MmeLys expressions were activated in D-veligers and dramatically increased to the highest level in pediveligers. It is proposed that the expression changes at these two stages might be due to the visceral organs changes, which were related to the archenteron formation in D-veligers and the organ-restructuring in pediveligers during metamorphosis. In addition, new methods of whole mount in situ hybridization and whole mount immunofluorescence were applied to identify the MmeLys expression tissues, and these tissues (i.e. hepatopancreas, gill, mantle, mouth, velum and foot) may be involved in the immune function during development of clams. Our study is valuable to a certain extent for exploring the origin of immune functions in clams and provides new methodology for future studies on the immune ontogeny of bivalves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Yue
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 7 Nanhai Road, Qingdao 266071, China
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15
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Rebelo MDF, Figueiredo EDS, Mariante RM, Nóbrega A, de Barros CM, Allodi S. New insights from the oyster Crassostrea rhizophorae on bivalve circulating hemocytes. PLoS One 2013; 8:e57384. [PMID: 23451217 PMCID: PMC3581465 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0057384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2012] [Accepted: 01/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Hemocytes are the first line of defense of the immune system in invertebrates, but despite their important role and enormous potential for the study of gene-environment relationships, research has been impeded by a lack of consensus on their classification. Here we used flow cytometry combined with histological procedures, histochemical reactions and transmission electron microscopy to characterize the hemocytes from the oyster Crassostrea rhizophorae. Transmission electron microscopy revealed remarkable morphological characteristics, such as the presence of membranous cisternae in all mature cells, regardless of size and granulation. Some granular cells contained many cytoplasmic granules that communicated with each other through a network of channels, a feature never previously described for hemocytes. The positive reactions for esterase and acid phosphatase also indicated the presence of mature cells of all sizes and granule contents. Flow cytometry revealed a clear separation in complexity between agranular and granular populations, which could not be differentiated by size, with cells ranging from 2.5 to 25 µm. Based on this evidence we suggest that, at least in C. rhizophorae, the different subpopulations of hemocytes may in reality be different stages of one type of cell, which accumulates granules and loses complexity (with no reduction in size) as it degranulates in the event of an environmental challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauro de Freitas Rebelo
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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16
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Prado-Alvarez M, Romero A, Balseiro P, Dios S, Novoa B, Figueras A. Morphological characterization and functional immune response of the carpet shell clam (Ruditapes decussatus) haemocytes after bacterial stimulation. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 32:69-78. [PMID: 22051180 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2011.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2011] [Revised: 10/19/2011] [Accepted: 10/20/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The morphology and functionality of Ruditapes decussatus haemocytes have been characterized by light microscopy and flow cytometry, leading to the identification of three different cellular subpopulations. Granulocytes were the largest cells, the hyalinocytes were smaller and contained fewer granules and the intermediate cells showed a size similar to hyalinocytes and a higher number of granules. The phagocytosis of different particles and the associated production of oxygen radicals were measured by flow cytometric methods. Granulocytes were the most active cells, followed by the intermediate cells and hyalinocytes. The effect of stimulation of haemocytes with lipopolysaccharide (LPS), with a heat inactivated bacterial mixture or with the infection of Vibrio splendidus on the cell viability and the expression of selected immune-related genes were studied. While significant low levels of damaged cells were registered in LPS-stimulated cells, the treatment with dead bacteria or V. splendidus reduced cell viability 1 h, 3 h and 6 h after treatment. The stimulation of haemocytes with LPS and dead bacteria induced changes in the expression of defender against cell death (DAD-1), thrombin, prosaposin, inhibitor of apoptosis (IAP), factor B and C3 complement component.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Prado-Alvarez
- Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas, CSIC, C/Eduardo Cabello, 6, 36208 Vigo, Spain
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17
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Lin T, Xing J, Sheng X, Tang X, Zhan W. Development of a monoclonal antibody specific to granulocytes and its application for variation of granulocytes in scallop Chlamys farreri after acute viral necrobiotic virus (AVNV) infection. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 30:1348-1353. [PMID: 21419852 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2011.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2010] [Revised: 01/24/2011] [Accepted: 03/09/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
A monoclonal antibody (MAb 6H7) specific to granulocytes of scallop Chlamys farreri was produced by immunising mice with separated granulocytes as an antigen. Characterised using a flow cytometric immunofluorescence assay, MAb 6H7 reacted to granulocytes by 87.1% of total positive haemocytes. At the ultrastructural level, MAb 6H7 demonstrated epitope in cytoplasmic granules of granulocytes. Western blotting analysis indicated that a peptide of 155 kDa was recognised by MAb 6H7. It was therefore used to investigate granulocyte variation in C. farreri after acute viral necrobiotic virus (AVNV) infection using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The result illustrated that granulocytes varied greatly by AVNV infection, and their amount significantly increased on day 1 post-injection, then decreased on days 2, 3 and 4, thereafter, rebounded and approached to a second peak on day 6, finally went down gradually to the control level on day 8.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Lin
- Laboratory of Pathology and Immunology of Aquatic Animals, LMMEC, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, PR China
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18
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Seibert CH, Gargioni R, Rosa RD, Perazzolo LM, Nazari EM, Ammar D, Zanetti CR, Pinto AR. A novel monoclonal antibody that binds to hemocytes from shrimps and oysters. Hybridoma (Larchmt) 2010; 29:161-7. [PMID: 20443709 DOI: 10.1089/hyb.2009.0094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The monoclonal antibody (MAb) LITO-1 was produced from a stable hybridoma cell line generated by the fusion of NS1 myeloma cells with spleen cells isolated from Balb/c mice immunized with a paraformaldehyde-fixed hemocyte suspension of Litopenaeus vannamei. This MAb reacted with all three hemocyte subtypes, but no reaction was observed with components of plasma. Immunohistochemistry assays demonstrated that LITO-1 was very effective in specifically distinguishing hemocytes infiltrated in several tissues such as striated muscle, brain, and hepatopancreas. Moreover, this antibody was able to recognize hemocytes from two shrimp species, Litopenaeus schmitti and Farfantepenaeus paulensis, as well as hemocytes of the oyster Crassostrea gigas. No reaction was observed against hemocytes from the terrestrial insect Triatoma klugi or with mammalian RAW cells. This novel MAb can be useful in revealing the presence and function of a conservative epitope in hemocytes of marine crustaceans and mollusks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline H Seibert
- Laboratório de Imunologia Aplicada, Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
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19
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Williams HR, Macey BM, Burnett LE, Burnett KG. Differential localization and bacteriostasis of Vibrio campbellii among tissues of the Eastern oyster, Crassostrea virginica. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 33:592-600. [PMID: 19022286 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2008.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2008] [Revised: 10/16/2008] [Accepted: 10/22/2008] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
In bivalve mollusks the roles of individual tissues in antimicrobial defense remain unclear. In this study, Crassostrea virginica were injected in the adductor muscle with 10(5) live Vibrio campbellii. Major tissues were dissected at 10, 30, 60 or 120 min postinjection (PI); in each tissue undegraded (intact) bacteria were quantified by real-time PCR and culturable bacteria were enumerated by selective plating. At 10 min PI, accumulation of bacteria varied among tissues from approximately 2.4 x 10(3) (labial palps, digestive gland) to 24.2 x 10(3) (gonads) intact Vibrio g(-1). Neither distribution nor accumulation of intact bacteria changed with time except in the hemolymph. In most tissues, more than 80% of intact bacteria were culturable at 10 min PI and culturability decreased with time. In contrast, only 19% of intact bacteria in gonadal tissue could be cultured at 10 min PI, pointing to a major role for the gonadal tissues in antibacterial defense of molluscs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidi R Williams
- Grice Marine Laboratory, College of Charleston, Charleston, SC 29412, USA
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20
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Aladaileh S, Nair SV, Birch D, Raftos DA. Sydney rock oyster (Saccostrea glomerata) hemocytes: Morphology and function. J Invertebr Pathol 2007; 96:48-63. [PMID: 17412360 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2007.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2006] [Revised: 02/07/2007] [Accepted: 02/08/2007] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
In this study, three major hemocyte types were identified in the Sydney rock oyster. They were characterized primarily by light and electron microscopy based on the presence or absence of granules and nucleus to cytoplasm ratios. Hemoblast-like cells were the smallest cell type 4.0+/-0.4microm and comprised 15+/-3% of the hemocyte population. They had large nuclei and scanty basic cytoplasm. This cell type also had some endoplasmic reticuli and mitochondria. The second major type were hyalinocytes. Hyalinocytes represented 46+/-6% of all hemocytes. They were large cells (7.1+/-1.0microm) that had low nucleus:cytoplasm ratios and agranular basic or acidic cytoplasm. Hyalinocytes had the ability to phagocytose yeast cells and formed the core of hemocyte aggregates associated with agglutination. Four discrete sub-populations of hyalinocytes were identified. The third major cell type were the granulocytes, comprising 38+/-1% of the hemocyte population. These cells were large (9.3+/-0.3microm) and were characterized by cytoplasm containing many acidic or basic granules. Granulocytes were more phagocytic than hyalinocytes and they formed the inner layer of hemocytes during the encapsulation of fungal hyphae. Five discrete sub-populations of granulocytes were identified based on the types of granules in their cytoplasm. Flow cytometry showed that the hemocytes of rock oysters could be divided into between two and four major cell types based on their light scattering properties. The most common of the cell types identified by flow cytometry corresponded to hyalinocytes and granulocytes. Cytochemical assays showed that most enzymes associated with immunological activity were localized in granulocytes. Their granules contained acid phosphatase, peroxidase, phenoloxidase, superoxide and melanin. Hyalinocytes were positive only for acid phosphatase. All of these observations suggest that Sydney rock oysters have a broad variety of functionally specialized hemocytes, many of which are involved in host defense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saleem Aladaileh
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde, NSW 2109, Australia
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21
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Lin Y, Zhan W, Li Q, Zhang Z, Wei X, Sheng X. Ontogenesis of haemocytes in shrimp (Fenneropenaeus chinensis) studied with probes of monoclonal antibody. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2007; 31:1073-81. [PMID: 17428538 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2007.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2006] [Revised: 01/29/2007] [Accepted: 02/07/2007] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies (Mabs) specifically against haemocytes of shrimp (Fenneropenaeus chinensis) were employed to study the ontogenesis of haemocytes by immunofluorescence assay technique (IFAT) with the aids of avidin-biotin complex method. Different developmental stages were identified by means of histochemical staining. Stages including blastula, gastrula, limb bud stage, embryonic-nauplius and nauplius were examined. With Mab 2A3 against both hyline, semi-granular and granular haemocytes, the first positive cells were detected at the limb bud stage of the embryos. Distinguishable positive haemocytes with a diameter of about 7 microm appeared in embryonic-nauplius. Whereas, with Mab 1H11 specific to cytoplasmic granulars in haemocytes, the first positive granular haemocytes were observed at the stage of embryonic-nauplius. Increased number of both total and granular haemocytes at the stage of nauplius impressed a possible enhancement of the immune system as the embryogenesis progressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingbo Lin
- Laboratory of Pathology and Immunology of Aquatic Animals, LMMEC, Ocean University of China, No. 5, Yushan Road, Qingdao 266003, PR China
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22
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Lin W, Grant S, Beck G. Generation of monoclonal antibodies to coelomocytes of the purple sea urchin Arbacia punctulata: characterization and phenotyping. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2007; 31:465-75. [PMID: 17084892 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2006.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2006] [Revised: 07/18/2006] [Accepted: 08/11/2006] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Cellular cytotoxicity is a key component of animal innate immune responses that is one of the first lines of defense against invaders. There is increasing interest in the study of the cellular immune response, particularly non-specific cytotoxic cells and natural killer cells and their receptors. Studies of non-specific cytotoxic cell and natural killer cell recognition and killing (and the receptors involved) will reveal new and important insights into cellular mechanisms of host defense. Here we describe mAbs specific for coelomocyte sub-populations of the purple sea urchin, Arbacia punctulata, using highly purified coelomocyte populations as the antigen source. Monoclonal antibodies were selected using flow cytometric screening methods. Several of the mAbs were shown to bind to two sub-types of coelomocytes when assayed by fluorescence microscopy. Furthermore, these mAbs inhibited coelomocyte cytotoxicity against vertebrate target cells in a functional assay. The mAbs have been used in immunoprecipitation studies.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/immunology
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/isolation & purification
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/pharmacology
- Antigens, Surface/immunology
- Arbacia/cytology
- Arbacia/immunology
- Blotting, Western
- Cytotoxicity Tests, Immunologic
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic/drug effects
- Female
- Humans
- Hybridomas/immunology
- Immunity, Innate/drug effects
- Immunoprecipitation
- K562 Cells
- Lipopolysaccharides/pharmacology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Microscopy, Fluorescence
- Phagocytes/cytology
- Phagocytes/immunology
- Vaccination
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenyu Lin
- Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts--Boston, 100 Morrissey Blvd, Boston, MA 02125-3393, USA
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23
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Jing X, Wenbin Z. Comparison of antigenicity among haemocytes of seven bivalve species by monoclonal antibodies against haemocytes of scallop (Chlamys farreri). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2006; 20:528-35. [PMID: 16157487 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2005.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2005] [Revised: 06/08/2005] [Accepted: 07/04/2005] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, haemocyte antigenicity of seven bivalve species (scallop (Chlamys farreri), bay scallop (Argoecten irradians), oyster (Crassostrea talienwhanensis), asiatic hard clam (Meretrix meretrix), monila clam (Ruditapes philipinarum), purplish washington clam (Saxidomus purpuratus) and horny ark (Scapharca subcrenta)) were analysed using monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) 1E7, 1F12, 2C6 and 2H5 against haemocytes of C. farreri, employed methods of immuno-dotblotting (IDB), indirect immunofluorescence assay (IIFA) and western-blotting (WB). The four MAbs react with haemocytes of seven bivalve species. As the results for both IDB and IIFA, MAb 1E7 was positive with haemocytes of R. philipinarum, MAb 1F12 with haemocytes of A. irradians, M. meretrix, R. philipinarum and S. purpuratus; MAb 2C6 with haemocytes of the other five bivalve species except for S. purpuratus. MAb 2H5 was negative with haemocytes of the other six bivalve species in IDB, but was positive with haemocytes of R. philipinarum and S. purpuratus in IIFA. Further experiments by WB showed MAb 1F12 was able to recognise the protein of A. irradians haemocyte at molecular weights of 156 and 80 kDa, haemocytes of M. meretris, R. philipinarum, S. purpuratus, at 60, 30, 58 kDa, respectively. MAb 2C6 recognised haemocyte M. meretris proteins at 50 and 37 kDa, A. irradians, C. talienwhanensis, R. philipinarum, S. subcrenta at 40, 38, 38, 45 kDa, respectively. There were no protein bands reacting with MAb 1E7 and MAb 2H5. The results indicate antigenic similarities exist among haemocytes of the seven bivalve species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Jing
- Laboratory of Pathology and Immunology of Aquatic Animals, LMMEC, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, PR China
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24
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Jing X, Wenbin Z. Characterisation of monoclonal antibodies to haemocyte types of scallop (Chlamys farreri). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2005; 19:17-25. [PMID: 15722228 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2004.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2004] [Revised: 09/24/2004] [Accepted: 10/19/2004] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Four monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) (1E7, 1F12, 2H5, 2C6) against haemocytes of scallop (Chlamys farreri) were produced by immunising Balb/C mice. Analysed by the indirect immunofluorescence assay test (IIFAT), immunocytochemical assay, flow cytometry (FCM) and Western-blotting, they showed specificity for more than one haemocyte type (hyalinocyte and granulocyte) and various haemocyte components of scallop. Using IIFAT to detect monolayers separated from gradient density centrifugation, the four MAbs were positive with haemocytes at different interfaces. The percentage of positive cells (percent reactivity, PR) that MAb 1E7 reacted with at the 20-30%, 30-40% and 40-50% interfaces were 43.50%, 41.25% and 60.00% respectively, PR of MAb 1F12 were 31.00%, 63.50% and 41.00%, MAb 2C6 were 11.00%, 51.00%, 77.00%, and MAb 2H5 were 20.25%, 34.75%, 38.25%. For the immunocytochemical assay, MAb 1E7 1F12 and 2H5 was positive with the cytoplasm of both hyalinocyte and granulocyte, 2C6 was positive with the membrane and cytoplasm of hyalinocyte and granulocyte. Analysed by FCM, the PR of the four MAbs (1E7, 1F12, 2H5, 2C6) with haemocytes were 54.23%, 38.56%, 56.4%, and 79.7% respectively; moreover, the PR with different haemocyte types was variable. The results of Western-blotting showed that MAb 1E7 recognised an antigen of molecular weight 200 kDa, MAb 2C6 an antigen of 60 kDa, however, MAb 1F12 reacted with antigens of 70 kDa, 60 kDa and 45 kDa. There was no protein band that MAb 2H5 detected. In conclusion, 2C6 seems to be a very promising MAb to identify and differentiate granulocytes, and the four MAbs will be used in further studies on cellular defence mechanism research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Jing
- Laboratory of Pathology and Immunology of Aquatic Animals, LMMEC, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, PR China
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Engelmann P, Cooper EL, Németh P. Anticipating innate immunity without a Toll. Mol Immunol 2005; 42:931-42. [PMID: 15829285 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2004.09.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2004] [Accepted: 09/21/2004] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Earthworm innate immunity depends upon small and large leukocytes (coelomocytes) that synthesize and secrete humoral antimicrobial molecules (e.g. lysenin, fetidin, eiseniapore, coelomic cytolytic factor [CCF]; Lumbricin I). Small coelomocytes (cytotoxic) are positive (CD11a, CD45RA, CD45RO, CDw49b, CD54, beta(2)-m and Thy-1 [CD90]; CD24; TNF-alpha) but negative using other mammalian markers. Large coelomocytes (phagocytic) are uniformly negative. Specific earthworm anti-EFCC 1, 2, 3, 4 mAbs are negative for Drosophila melanogaster hemocytes and mammalian cells but positive those of earthworms. Coelomocytes contain several lysosomal enzymes involved in phagocytosis and a pattern recognition molecule (CCF) that may trigger the prophenoloxidase cascade a crucial innate immune response. Earthworms and other invertebrates possess natural, non-specific, non-clonal, and non-anticipatory immune response governed by germ line genes. Toll and Toll-like receptor signaling is essential for phagocytosis and antimicrobial peptide synthesis and secretion in insects and vertebrates but has not yet been shown to be essential in earthworm innate responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Engelmann
- Department of Immunology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Pécs, Szigeti u.12, H-7643 Pécs, Hungary.
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26
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Pruzzo C, Gallo G, Canesi L. Persistence of vibrios in marine bivalves: the role of interactions with haemolymph components. Environ Microbiol 2005; 7:761-72. [PMID: 15892695 DOI: 10.1111/j.1462-2920.2005.00792.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Marine bivalves are widespread in coastal environments and, due to their filter-feeding habit, they can accumulate large numbers of bacteria thus acting as passive carriers of human pathogens. Bivalves possess both humoral and cellular defence mechanisms that operate in a co-ordinated way to kill and eliminate infecting bacteria. Vibrio species are very abundant in coastal waters and are commonly isolated from edible bivalves tissues where they can persist after depuration processes in controlled waters. Such observations indicate that vibrios are regular components of bivalve microflora and that the molluscs can represent an important ecological niche for these bacteria. Here we tried to summarize data on the interactions between vibrios and bivalve haemolymph; the available evidence supports the hypothesis that persistence of bacteria in bivalve tissues depends, at least in part, on their sensitivity to the bactericidal activity of the haemolymph. Results obtained with an in vitro model of Vibrio cholerae challenged against Mytilus galloprovincialis haemocytes indicate that bacterial surface components, soluble haemolymph factors and the signalling pathways of the haemocyte host are involved in determining the result of vibrio-haemolymph interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Pruzzo
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università di Genova, Genova, Italy.
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Engelmann P, Pálinkás L, Cooper EL, Németh P. Monoclonal antibodies identify four distinct annelid leukocyte markers. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2004; 29:599-614. [PMID: 15784291 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2004.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2004] [Revised: 10/20/2004] [Accepted: 10/25/2004] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
This paper describes for the first time the production and characterization of a library of monoclonal antibodies (anti-EFCC clones) raised against coelomocyte (leukocyte) markers of Eisenia fetida earthworm. Leukocyte subgroups are components of earthworm innate immunity that require a more precise characterization using immunological markers. Flow cytometry, immunocytochemistry, and immunoprecipitation analyzed and confirmed the specificity of anti-EFCC clones. Anti-EFCC mAbs revealed different leukocyte subpopulations and various staining patterns on tissues. Two functional assays (e.g. phagocytosis and encapsulation) further characterized EFCC clusters revealing a common coelomocyte marker and three subpopulation-specific markers. No crossreactivity was found on human, mouse, rat or cells from Drosophila melanogaster but immunoreactivity was detected on snail (Planorbarius corneus) tissues. Immunohistochemical results suggest mesodermal origin of all coelomocyte subgroups that agree with classical morphological analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Péter Engelmann
- Department of Immunology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Pécs, H-7643, Pécs, Szigeti u.12, Hungary.
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28
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Canesi L, Gallo G, Gavioli M, Pruzzo C. Bacteria-hemocyte interactions and phagocytosis in marine bivalves. Microsc Res Tech 2002; 57:469-76. [PMID: 12112429 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.10100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 269] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Marine bivalves (such as mussels, oysters, and clams) are widespread mollusks in coastal waters at different latitudes; due to their filter-feeding habits, they accumulate large numbers of bacteria from the harvesting waters and may act as passive carriers of human pathogens. To cope with this challenge, bivalves possess both humoral and cellular defense mechanisms with remarkably effective capabilities. The circulating cells, or hemocytes, are primarily responsible for defense against parasites and pathogens; microbial killing results from the combined action of the phagocytic process with humoral defense factors such as agglutinins (e.g., lectins), lysosomal enzymes (e.g., acid phosphatase, lysozyme), toxic oxygen intermediates, and various antimicrobial peptides. In this work, current knowledge of the mechanisms underlying the interactions between bacteria and the hemolymph components of marine bivalves is summarized. Bacterial susceptibility to hemolymph killing in different bivalve species may be a consequence of the different ability of bacterial products to attract phagocytes, the presence or absence of specific opsonizing molecules, the hemocyte capability to bind and engulf different bacteria, and the different bacterial sensitivity to intracellular killing. The role of soluble (e.g., agglutinins and opsonins) and surface-bound factors in bacterial phagocytosis by hemocytes of the most common marine bivalve species is described and the possibility that environmental temperatures and other seasonal factors may influence this process is considered. Moreover, the potential strategies used by bacteria to evade phagocytic killing by hemocytes are discussed. From the available data it is clear that several questions need further investigation; the elucidation of the factors influencing phagocytosis in bivalves and the fundamental strategies used by bacteria to escape hemolymph killing are important not only to understand bivalve immune defenses but also to explain the persistence of pathogenic bacteria in bivalve tissues and to predict the consequent impact on human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Canesi
- Institute of Physiological Sciences, University of Urbino, Italy
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