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Klimovich A, Bosch TCG. Novel technologies uncover novel 'anti'-microbial peptides in Hydra shaping the species-specific microbiome. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2024; 379:20230058. [PMID: 38497265 PMCID: PMC10945409 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2023.0058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2024] Open
Abstract
The freshwater polyp Hydra uses an elaborate innate immune machinery to maintain its specific microbiome. Major components of this toolkit are conserved Toll-like receptor (TLR)-mediated immune pathways and species-specific antimicrobial peptides (AMPs). Our study harnesses advanced technologies, such as high-throughput sequencing and machine learning, to uncover a high complexity of the Hydra's AMPs repertoire. Functional analysis reveals that these AMPs are specific against diverse members of the Hydra microbiome and expressed in a spatially controlled pattern. Notably, in the outer epithelial layer, AMPs are produced mainly in the neurons. The neuron-derived AMPs are secreted directly into the glycocalyx, the habitat for symbiotic bacteria, and display high selectivity and spatial restriction of expression. In the endodermal layer, in contrast, endodermal epithelial cells produce an abundance of different AMPs including members of the arminin and hydramacin families, while gland cells secrete kazal-type protease inhibitors. Since the endodermal layer lines the gastric cavity devoid of symbiotic bacteria, we assume that endodermally secreted AMPs protect the gastric cavity from intruding pathogens. In conclusion, Hydra employs a complex set of AMPs expressed in distinct tissue layers and cell types to combat pathogens and to maintain a stable spatially organized microbiome. This article is part of the theme issue 'Sculpting the microbiome: how host factors determine and respond to microbial colonization'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Klimovich
- Zoological Institute, Christian-Albrechts University of Kiel, Am Botanischen Garten 1-9, Kiel 24118, Germany
| | - Thomas C. G. Bosch
- Zoological Institute, Christian-Albrechts University of Kiel, Am Botanischen Garten 1-9, Kiel 24118, Germany
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Zhang TX, Li MR, Liu C, Wang SP, Yan ZG. A review of the toxic effects of ammonia on invertebrates in aquatic environments. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 336:122374. [PMID: 37634564 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.122374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2023] [Revised: 07/29/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023]
Abstract
Aquatic invertebrates are the organisms most susceptible to ammonia toxicity. However, the toxic effects of ammonia on invertebrates are still poorly understood. This study reviews the research progress in ammonia toxicology for the period from 1986 to 2023, focusing on the effects on invertebrates. Through examining the toxic effects of ammonia at different levels of organization (community, individual, tissue and physiology, and molecular) as well as the results from omics studies, we determined that the most significant effects were on the reproductive capacity of invertebrates and the growth of offspring, although different populations show variation in their tolerance to ammonia, and tissues have varied potential to respond to ammonia stress. A multicomponent analysis is an in-depth technique employed in toxicological studies, as it can be used to explore the enrichment pathways and functional genes expressed under ammonia stress. This study comprehensively discusses ammonia toxicity from multiple aspects in order to provide new insights into the toxic effects of ammonia on aquatic invertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian-Xu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Ming-Rui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Chen Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Shu-Ping Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Zhen-Guang Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China.
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Klimovich AV, Bosch TCG. Rethinking the Role of the Nervous System: Lessons From the Hydra Holobiont. Bioessays 2018; 40:e1800060. [PMID: 29989180 DOI: 10.1002/bies.201800060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2018] [Revised: 05/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Here we evaluate our current understanding of the function of the nervous system in Hydra, a non-bilaterian animal which is among the first metazoans that contain neurons. We highlight growing evidence that the nervous system, with its rich repertoire of neuropeptides, is involved in controlling resident beneficial microbes. We also review observations that indicate that microbes affect the animal's behavior by directly interfering with neuronal receptors. These findings provide new insight into the original role of the nervous system, and suggest that it emerged to orchestrate multiple functions including host-microbiome interactions. The excitement of future research in the Hydra model now relies on uncovering the common rules and principles that govern the interaction between neurons and microbes and the extent to which such laws might apply to other and more complex organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Thomas C G Bosch
- Zoological Institute, Christian-Albrechts University, 24118 Kiel, Germany
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Park HG, Yeo MK. Toxic effects against bacteria of silver nanocolloids and silver nanotubes in the presence of hydra cells. Mol Cell Toxicol 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s13273-017-0004-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Mariottini GL, Grice ID. Antimicrobials from Cnidarians. A New Perspective for Anti-Infective Therapy? Mar Drugs 2016; 14:E48. [PMID: 27005633 PMCID: PMC4820302 DOI: 10.3390/md14030048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2015] [Revised: 02/14/2016] [Accepted: 02/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The ability of microbes to counter the scientific and therapeutic advancements achieved during the second half of the twentieth century to provide effective disease treatments is currently a significant challenge for researchers in biology and medicine. The discovery of antibiotics, and the subsequent development of synthetic antimicrobial compounds, altered our therapeutic approach towards infectious diseases, and improved the quality and length of life for humans and other organisms. The current alarming rise in cases of antibiotic-resistance has forced biomedical researchers to explore new ways to recognize and/or produce new antimicrobials or to find other approaches for existing therapeutics. Aquatic organisms are known to be a source of compounds having the potential to play a role in fighting the battle against pathogenic microbes. In this connection, cnidarians occupy a pre-eminent role. Over the past few decades several studies have explored the antimicrobial/antibiotic properties of cnidarian extracts with the aim of isolating compounds possessing useful therapeutic features. This paper aims to review the existing data on this subject, taking into account the possible utilization of identified compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gian Luigi Mariottini
- Department of Earth, Environment and Life Sciences (DISTAV), University of Genova, Viale Benedetto XV 5, Genova I-16132, Italy.
| | - Irwin Darren Grice
- Institute for Glycomics and School of Medical Science, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, Parklands Drive, Southport 4222, Queensland, Australia.
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Buzgariu W, Al Haddad S, Tomczyk S, Wenger Y, Galliot B. Multi-functionality and plasticity characterize epithelial cells in Hydra. Tissue Barriers 2015; 3:e1068908. [PMID: 26716072 PMCID: PMC4681288 DOI: 10.1080/21688370.2015.1068908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2015] [Revised: 06/23/2015] [Accepted: 06/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Epithelial sheets, a synapomorphy of all metazoans but porifers, are present as 2 layers in cnidarians, ectoderm and endoderm, joined at their basal side by an extra-cellular matrix named mesoglea. In the Hydra polyp, epithelial cells of the body column are unipotent stem cells that continuously self-renew and concomitantly express their epitheliomuscular features. These multifunctional contractile cells maintain homeostasis by providing a protective physical barrier, by digesting nutrients, by selecting a stable microbiota, and by rapidly closing wounds. In addition, epithelial cells are highly plastic, supporting the adaptation of Hydra to physiological and environmental changes, such as long starvation periods where survival relies on a highly dynamic autophagy flux. Epithelial cells also play key roles in developmental processes as evidenced by the organizer activity they develop to promote budding and regeneration. We propose here an integrative view of the homeostatic and developmental aspects of epithelial plasticity in Hydra.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Buzgariu
- Department of Genetics and Evolution; Institute of Genetics and Genomics in Geneva (IGe3); Faculty of Sciences; University of Geneva; Geneva, Switzerland
| | - S Al Haddad
- Department of Genetics and Evolution; Institute of Genetics and Genomics in Geneva (IGe3); Faculty of Sciences; University of Geneva; Geneva, Switzerland
| | - S Tomczyk
- Department of Genetics and Evolution; Institute of Genetics and Genomics in Geneva (IGe3); Faculty of Sciences; University of Geneva; Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Y Wenger
- Department of Genetics and Evolution; Institute of Genetics and Genomics in Geneva (IGe3); Faculty of Sciences; University of Geneva; Geneva, Switzerland
| | - B Galliot
- Department of Genetics and Evolution; Institute of Genetics and Genomics in Geneva (IGe3); Faculty of Sciences; University of Geneva; Geneva, Switzerland
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Distinct antimicrobial peptide expression determines host species-specific bacterial associations. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 110:E3730-8. [PMID: 24003149 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1304960110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 224] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Animals are colonized by coevolved bacterial communities, which contribute to the host's health. This commensal microbiota is often highly specific to its host-species, inferring strong selective pressures on the associated microbes. Several factors, including diet, mucus composition, and the immune system have been proposed as putative determinants of host-associated bacterial communities. Here we report that species-specific antimicrobial peptides account for different bacterial communities associated with closely related species of the cnidarian Hydra. Gene family extensions for potent antimicrobial peptides, the arminins, were detected in four Hydra species, with each species possessing a unique composition and expression profile of arminins. For functional analysis, we inoculated arminin-deficient and control polyps with bacterial consortia characteristic for different Hydra species and compared their selective preferences by 454 pyrosequencing of the bacterial microbiota. In contrast to control polyps, arminin-deficient polyps displayed decreased potential to select for bacterial communities resembling their native microbiota. This finding indicates that species-specific antimicrobial peptides shape species-specific bacterial associations.
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Adamo SA. The effects of the stress response on immune function in invertebrates: an evolutionary perspective on an ancient connection. Horm Behav 2012; 62:324-30. [PMID: 22381405 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2012.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2011] [Revised: 02/04/2012] [Accepted: 02/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Stress-induced changes in immune function occur in animals across phyla, and these effects are usually immunosuppressive. The function of this immunomodulation remains elusive; however, the existence of specialized receptors on immune cells suggests that it is adaptive. A comparative approach may provide a useful perspective. Although invertebrates have simpler endocrine/neuroendocrine systems and immune systems than vertebrates, they have robust stress responses that include the release of stress hormones/neurohormones. Stress hormones modify immune function in mollusks, insects, and crustaceans. As in vertebrates, the effects of stress hormones/neurohormones on invertebrate immune function are complex, and are not always immunosuppressive. They are context-, stressor-, time- and concentration-dependent. Stress hormone effects on invertebrate immune function may help to re-align resources during fight-or-flight behavior. The data are consistent with the hypothesis that stress hormones induce a reconfiguration of networks at molecular, cellular and physiological levels that allow the animal to maintain optimal immunity as the internal environment changes. This reconfiguration enhances some immune functions while suppressing others. Knowing the molecular details of these shifts will be critical for understanding the adaptive function of stress hormones on immune function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shelley A Adamo
- Dept. of Psychology and Neuroscience, Dalhousie Univ., Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada.
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Augustin R, Fraune S, Bosch TCG. How Hydra senses and destroys microbes. Semin Immunol 2009; 22:54-8. [PMID: 20005124 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2009.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2009] [Accepted: 11/11/2009] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Molecular genetic evidence has revealed that the basic templates of innate immune sensors were laid down in ancient animals such as the cnidarian Hydra. Important functions of Hydra's innate immune sensors and effectors include not only protection against pathogens but also controlling tissue-microbiota homeostasis. The deep evolutionary connections imply that invertebrate and mammalian immune pathways have evolved from a reduced number of common ancestral building blocks to their present configurations.
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Affiliation(s)
- René Augustin
- Zoological Institute, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Olshausenstrasse 40, 24098 Kiel, Germany
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Fraune S, Abe Y, Bosch TCG. Disturbing epithelial homeostasis in the metazoanHydraleads to drastic changes in associated microbiota. Environ Microbiol 2009; 11:2361-9. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1462-2920.2009.01963.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Bosch TCG, Augustin R, Anton-Erxleben F, Fraune S, Hemmrich G, Zill H, Rosenstiel P, Jacobs G, Schreiber S, Leippe M, Stanisak M, Grötzinger J, Jung S, Podschun R, Bartels J, Harder J, Schröder JM. Uncovering the evolutionary history of innate immunity: the simple metazoan Hydra uses epithelial cells for host defence. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 33:559-569. [PMID: 19013190 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2008.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2008] [Revised: 10/10/2008] [Accepted: 10/13/2008] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Although many properties of the innate immune system are shared among multicellular animals, the evolutionary origin remains poorly understood. Here we characterize the innate immune system in Hydra, one of the simplest multicellular animals known. In the complete absence of both protective mechanical barriers and mobile phagocytes, Hydra's epithelium is remarkably well equipped with potent antimicrobial peptides to prevent pathogen infection. Induction of antimicrobial peptide production is mediated by the interaction of a leucine-rich repeats (LRRs) domain containing protein with a TIR-domain containing protein lacking LRRs. Conventional Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are absent in the Hydra genome. Our findings support the hypothesis that the epithelium represents the ancient system of host defence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas C G Bosch
- Zoological Institute, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Germany.
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A pharmacological solution for a conspecific conflict: ROS-mediated territorial aggression in sea anemones. Toxicon 2008; 51:1038-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2008.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2007] [Revised: 01/19/2008] [Accepted: 01/28/2008] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Hemmrich G, Miller DJ, Bosch TCG. The evolution of immunity: a low-life perspective. Trends Immunol 2007; 28:449-54. [PMID: 17855167 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2007.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2007] [Revised: 07/19/2007] [Accepted: 08/29/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Several of the key genes and pathways of vertebrate immunity appear to have much earlier origins than has been assumed previously and are present in some of the simplest of true animals. Surveys of recently released whole-genome sequences and large EST (expressed sequence tag) datasets imply that both the canonical Toll/Toll-like receptor (TLR) pathway and a prototypic complement-effector pathway, involving C3 and several membrane attack complex-perforin proteins, are present in corals and sea anemones, members of the basal phylum Cnidaria. However, both pathways are likely to have degenerated substantially in Hydra, leaving open the molecular mechanism by which antimicrobial activities are induced in this cnidarian. Surprisingly, the cnidarian genomes also encode a protein related to deuterostome RAG1 (recombination activation gene 1). The finding that RAG1 is likely to have originated from a Transib transposase implies that it might be possible to use in silico approaches to identify its target loci in 'lower' animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georg Hemmrich
- Zoological Insitute, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Olshausenstrasse 40, 24098 Kiel, Germany
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Kasahara S, Cooper EL. Nervous, endocrine, immune systems as a target for complementary and alternative medicine. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2005; 546:405-23. [PMID: 15584388 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4757-4820-8_27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Shinji Kasahara
- Laboratory of Comparative Neuroimmunology, Department of Neurobiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, 10833 Le Conte Avenue, Box 951763, Los Angeles, California 90095-1763, USA.
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