1
|
Abstract
Ficolins are pattern-recognition molecules of the innate immune system able to trigger the lectin pathway of the complement activation upon binding to microbial surfaces. In humans, two plasma ficolins have been identified and characterized, whereas a third cell-associated ficolin (M-ficolin) was found on monocyte surfaces. The mouse homologue of M-ficolin is called ficolin B. Although the spatial—temporal expression patterns of mouse ficolins have been described recently, the subcellular localization of ficolin B protein is so far unknown. By using ficolin B-specific antibodies and confocal microscopy, we show that ficolin B is expressed within mouse peritoneal exudate macrophages and is co-localized with Lamp-1, a marker for lysosomes and late endosomes. In addition, the data indicate that ficolin B expression is up-regulated upon macrophage activation.
Collapse
|
2
|
Nahid MA, Ross SJ, Umiker BR, Li H, Sugii S, Bari L. Development of porcine ficolin-alpha monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies for determining the binding capacity of multiple GlcNAc-binding proteins to bacterial danger components. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2016; 170:13-9. [PMID: 26872626 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2015.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2015] [Revised: 10/10/2015] [Accepted: 12/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Ficolins are a group of oligomeric defense proteins assembled from collagen-like stalks and fibrinogen-like domains that have common biochemical specificity for N-acetyl-d-glucose amine (GlcNAc) and can function as opsonins. In this report, GlcNAc-binding protein (GBP) purified from porcine nonimmune serum was biochemically characterized as ficolin-α. Ficolin-α was used as an immunogen to generate both rabbit polyclonal and murine monoclonal anti-ficolin-α antibodies, which are not yet commercially available. GBPs have been shown to be present in many animals, including humans; however, their functions are largely unknown. GBPs from chicken, dog, horse, bovine, and human sera were isolated using various chromatography methods. Interestingly, anti-ficolin-α antibody showed cross-reaction with those animal sera GBPs. Furthermore, anti-ficolin-α antibody was reactive with the GlcNAc eluate of Escherichia coli O26-bound and Salmonella-bound porcine serum proteins. Functionally, GBPs and bacteria-reactive pig serum proteins were able to bind with pathogen-associated molecular patterns such as lipopolysaccharides and lipoteichoic acids. Our studies demonstrate that ficolin-α specific antibody was reactive with GBPs from many species as well as bacteria-reactive serum proteins. These proteins may play important roles in innate immunity by sensing danger components that can lead to antibacterial activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Abu Nahid
- Immunology, Oncology and IMR Discovery Research, Merck Research Laboratories, Boston, MA 021159, USA; Department of Veterinary Science, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Sakai, Osaka 599-853, Japan
| | - Steven J Ross
- Department of Oral Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Benjamin R Umiker
- Immunology, Oncology and IMR Discovery Research, Merck Research Laboratories, Boston, MA 021159, USA
| | - Huapeng Li
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Sunji Sugii
- Department of Veterinary Science, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Sakai, Osaka 599-853, Japan
| | - Latiful Bari
- Center for Advanced Research in Sciences, University of Dhaka, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Ligand and pathogen specificity of the Atlantic salmon serum C-type lectin. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2013; 1830:2129-38. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2012.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2012] [Revised: 09/11/2012] [Accepted: 09/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
4
|
Uribe E, Venkatesan M, Rose DR, Ewart KV. Expression of recombinant Atlantic salmon serum C-type lectin in Drosophila melanogaster Schneider 2 cells. Cytotechnology 2012; 65:513-21. [PMID: 23076800 DOI: 10.1007/s10616-012-9505-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2012] [Accepted: 09/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) serum lectin (SSL) is a soluble C-type lectin that binds bacteria, including salmon pathogens. This lectin is a cysteine-rich oligomeric protein. Consequently, a Drosophila melanogaster expression system was evaluated for use in expressing SSL. A cDNA encoding SSL was cloned into a vector designed to express it as a fusion protein with a hexahistidine tag, under the control of the Drosophila methallothionein promoter. The resulting construct was stably transfected into Drosophila S2 cells. After CdCl2 induction, transfected S2 cells secreted recombinant SSL into the cell culture medium. A cell line derived from stably transformed polyclonal cell populations expressing SSL was used for large-scale expression of SSL. Recombinant SSL was purified from the culture medium using a two-step purification scheme involving affinity binding to yeast cells and metal-affinity chromatography. Although yields of SSL were very low, correct folding and functionality of the recombinant SSL purified in this manner was demonstrated by its ability to bind to Aeromonas salmonicida. Therefore, Drosophila S2 cells may be an ideal system for the production of SSL if yields can be increased.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elke Uribe
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, B3H 1X5, Canada
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Keirstead ND, Hayes MA, Vandervoort GE, Brooks AS, Squires EJ, Lillie BN. Single nucleotide polymorphisms in collagenous lectins and other innate immune genes in pigs with common infectious diseases. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2011; 142:1-13. [PMID: 21570129 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2011.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2010] [Revised: 02/15/2011] [Accepted: 02/18/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Innate immune recognition of pathogens involves various surface receptors and soluble proteins that precede agglutination, complement activation, phagocytosis, and the adaptive immune response. Mannan-binding lectins (MBLs), ficolins (FCNs) and surfactant protein A (SP-A) are soluble collagenous lectins that bind surface structures of various bacteria, viruses and fungi. Some single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in collagenous lectin genes of humans and other species, including pigs, have been implicated in variation in susceptibility to infectious and inflammatory diseases. In this study we determined the frequencies of 13 SNP alleles of MBL-A, MBL-C, ficolin-α, ficolin-β, and SP-A in 1324 healthy pigs and 461 pigs diagnosed with common infectious diseases at necropsy. For comparison, we also analyzed 12 other SNP alleles in several other innate immune genes, including galectins and TLRs. Several SNPs within genes encoding porcine MBL-A, MBL-C and SP-A were more frequent in pigs diagnosed at necropsy with various diseases or pathogens. These findings suggest that several collagenous lectin SNPs are associated with disease susceptibility and therefore might be genetic markers of impaired innate immune function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N D Keirstead
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Endo Y, Fujita T. [Pattern-recognition molecule, Ficolin]. Nihon Saikingaku Zasshi 2008; 63:399-405. [PMID: 19317229 DOI: 10.3412/jsb.63.399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuichi Endo
- Department of Immunology, Fukushima Medical University, 1 Hikarigaoka, Fukushima 960-1295
| | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Keirstead ND, Lee C, Yoo D, Brooks AS, Hayes MA. Porcine plasma ficolin binds and reduces infectivity of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) in vitro. Antiviral Res 2008; 77:28-38. [PMID: 17850894 PMCID: PMC7172368 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2007.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2007] [Revised: 07/28/2007] [Accepted: 08/01/2007] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Ficolins are collagenous lectins that bind N-acetylated glycans and participate in innate immune responses, including phagocytosis and complement activation. Related collagenous lectins such as mannan binding lectin (MBL) and surfactant proteins A and D possess antiviral activity, but this activity has not been demonstrated for ficolins. In these studies, we used purified porcine plasma ficolin alpha and recombinant ficolin alpha to assess their ability to bind and neutralize porcine reproductive and respiratory virus (PRRSV) in various assays. Recombinant ficolin alpha was designed with a C-terminal 6-histidine tag using a pcDNA3.1 expression vector system in CHO K1 cells. Plasma-purified and recombinant ficolin alpha reduced cytopathic effect of PRRSV-infected Marc-145 cells in neutralization assays and inhibited replication of infectious viral particles in a GlcNAc-dependent manner. In vitro replication determined by plaque assay was inhibited in the presence of plasma-purified ficolin alpha and recombinant ficolin. Immunoreactive plasma ficolin alpha and recombinant ficolin alpha also bound PRRSV-coated wells in a GlcNAc-dependent manner. These studies indicate that porcine ficolin can bind and neutralize a common arterivirus that is a major pathogen of swine.
Collapse
Key Words
- anova, analysis of variance
- cho k1 cells, chinese hamster ovary k1 cell line
- cpe, cytopathic effect
- elisa, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
- glcnac, n-acetyl-d-glucosamine
- kda, kilodaltons
- mbl, mannan binding lectin
- maldi, matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization
- marc-145 cells, african monkey kidney cell line
- ms/ms, tandem mass spectrometry
- pfu, plaque-forming units
- pfcn, plasma ficolin α
- pi, isoelectric point
- plsd, protected least significant difference
- prrsv, porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus
- rfcn, recombinant ficolin
- sds-page, sodium dilauryl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis
- ficolins
- mannan binding lectins
- innate immunity
- pigs
- n-acetylglucosamine
- prrsv
Collapse
|
8
|
Young KM, Russell S, Smith M, Huber P, Ostland VE, Brooks AS, Anthony Hayes M, Lumsden JS. Bacterial-binding activity and plasma concentration of ladderlectin in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2007; 23:305-15. [PMID: 17383895 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2006.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2006] [Revised: 10/16/2006] [Accepted: 10/30/2006] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Soluble, defense lectins bind conserved microbial patterns leading to pathogen opsonization, enhanced phagocytosis and activation of complement. These immune functions, however, vary widely among individuals due to genetic and acquired differences affecting binding capacity or plasma concentration. Most evidence for the defensive function of soluble lectins is based on mammals, but several functionally homologous, but less well-characterized, lectins have been identified in fish. In this study, we compared binding of rainbow trout plasma ladderlectin to relevant, intact bacterial targets. A polyclonal antiserum raised against a synthetic peptide identical to the 20 N-terminal amino acids of the reduced 16 kDa rainbow trout ladderlectin subunit was used to detect plasma ladderlectin in immunoblots and indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Ladderlectin binding to Aeromonas salmonicida subsp. salmonicida, Aeromonas hydrophila, Yersinia ruckeri and Pseudomonas sp. was detected by PAGE and immunoblots of saccharide elutions from intact bacteria incubated in the presence of normal trout plasma. Although plasma concentrations of immunoreactive ladderlectin were low in the majority of trout, significant (P < 0.0001) variation between individual fish was observed in two separate populations. In addition, one population demonstrated a subset of individuals whose ladderlectin levels were approximately seven-fold higher than the population median. These findings indicate that rainbow trout have variable amounts of plasma ladderlectin capable of binding to the surfaces of several relevant bacterial targets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karrie M Young
- Fish Pathology Laboratory, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada, N1G 2W1
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Endo Y, Matsushita M, Fujita T. Role of ficolin in innate immunity and its molecular basis. Immunobiology 2007; 212:371-9. [PMID: 17544822 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2006.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2006] [Revised: 11/07/2006] [Accepted: 11/29/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Ficolin is a multimeric protein consisting of an N-terminal collagen-like domain and a C-terminal fibrinogen-like domain. The structure is similar to mannose-binding lectin (MBL) and complement C1q owing to the collagen-like stalk. Accumulating data indicate that a key function of ficolin is to recognize the carbohydrate moieties on pathogens as a pattern-recognition molecule. Two or three kinds of ficolin have been identified in each species of mammals. They are similar but with some differences in the expression site, location site, ligand-binding specificity and ability to form complexes with MBL-associated serine proteases (MASPs). Like MBL, some ficolins are serum lectins and can form a complex with MASPs and small MBL-associated protein (sMAP). This complex activates the complement through "the lectin pathway". Our recent study suggests that ficolin acts through two distinct routes: the lectin pathway and a primitive opsonophagocytosis. All these observations suggest that ficolins function in clearance of non-self, based on their location sites and their molecular features.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuichi Endo
- Department of Immunology, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, 1-Hikarigaoka, Fukushima 960-1295, Japan.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Endo Y, Liu Y, Fujita T. Structure and function of ficolins. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2006; 586:265-79. [PMID: 16893078 DOI: 10.1007/0-387-34134-x_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuichi Endo
- Department of Immunology, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, 1-Hikarigaoka, Fukushima 960-1295, Japan
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Lillie BN, Brooks AS, Keirstead ND, Hayes MA. Comparative genetics and innate immune functions of collagenous lectins in animals. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2005; 108:97-110. [PMID: 16098608 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2005.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Collagenous lectins such as mannan-binding lectins (MBLs), ficolins (FCNs), surfactant proteins A and D (SP-A, SP-D), conglutinin (CG), and related ruminant lectins are multimeric proteins with carbohydrate-binding domains aligned in a manner that facilitates binding to microbial surface polysaccharides. MBLs and FCNs are structurally related to C1q, but activate the lectin complement pathway via interaction with MBL-associated serine proteases (MASPs). MBLs, FCNs, and other collagenous lectins also bind to some host macromolecules and contribute to their removal. While there is evidence that some lectins and the lectin complement pathway are conserved in vertebrates, many differences in collagenous lectins have been observed among humans, rodents, and other vertebrates. For example, humans have only one MBL but three FCNs, whereas most other species express two FCNs and two MBLs. Bovidae express CG and other SP-D-related collectins that are not found in monogastric species. Some dysfunctions of human MBL are due to single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that affect its expression or structure and thereby increase susceptibility to some infections. Collagenous lectins have well-established roles in innate immunity to various microorganisms, so it is possible that some lectin genotypes or induced phenotypes influence resistance to some infectious or inflammatory diseases in animals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brandon N Lillie
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ont., Canada N1G 2W1
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Brooks AS, Hammermueller J, DeLay JP, Hayes MA. Expression and secretion of ficolin beta by porcine neutrophils. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2003; 1624:36-45. [PMID: 14642811 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2003.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Ficolins are collagenous lectins that bind N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) as well as some bacterial surfaces, and may have opsonic and complement-activating functions. Ficolin alpha in porcine plasma binds Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae serotype 5 (APP) in a GlcNAc-dependent manner. In the present study, we discovered that porcine neutrophils, but not platelets or mononuclear cells, contained a different ficolin that migrated as a 39-kDa band on SDS-PAGE and resembled a minor component of plasma ficolins that binds APP. However, neutrophil ficolins (pI range 6.4-7.4) were readily distinguished from plasma ficolin alpha (pI 5.2-5.8) by 2D PAGE. Neutrophil ficolin was consistent with ficolin beta by pI and peptide mass fingerprinting with matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry. Porcine neutrophils expressed ficolin beta, but not ficolin alpha, as determined by RT-PCR. Ficolin beta was present in the membrane and cytoplasmic fractions of nonactivated neutrophils, but the majority of ficolin beta was secreted upon activation with PMA. Ficolin alpha readily bound to intact APP, but ficolin beta did not under the same conditions. These studies demonstrate that neutrophils express ficolin beta and secrete it when activated; however, ficolin beta may have different binding functions than ficolin alpha.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew S Brooks
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 2W1
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Brooks AS, DeLay JP, Hayes MA. Characterization of porcine plasma ficolins that bind Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae serotype 5B. Immunobiology 2003; 207:327-37. [PMID: 14575148 DOI: 10.1078/0171-2985-00245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Ficolins are collagenous lectins implicated in resistance to infection by some micro-organisms with surfaces containing N-acetylglucosamine residues. Pigs have two known ficolin genes, alpha and beta, but ficolins in pig plasma appear in various electrophoretic forms, the origin and function of which are unclear. In this investigation the forms of ficolin in pig plasma that bind to the pneumonic pathogen Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae serotype 5b (APP5) were compared with affinity-purified porcine plasma ficolins. APP5-bound ficolins consisted of two distinct multimeric (non-denatured) forms composed of subunits that migrated as multiple 38,40 and 42 kDa forms (apparent MW) with pI range 5.2-6.0. The APPS-binding forms of ficolin were consistent with ficolin alpha and were indistinguishable from affinity-purified plasma ficolins by peptide mass fingerprint analysis. Subunit bands separated by 2D-PAGE were consistent with porcine ficolin alpha. Affinity-purified plasma ficolins had a major subunit mass of 35081 Da by MALDI-TOF MS. Affinity-purified ficolins digested with N-glycosidase F retained APP5-binding activity and migrated faster as a single band of 38 kDa. These studies indicate that ficolin alpha is the major APPS-binding form in porcine plasma and suggest that N-glycosylation contributes to the apparent electrophoretic heterogeneity of porcine ficolins but is not required for APP5-binding activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew S Brooks
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 2W1
| | | | | |
Collapse
|