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Hachisu K, Tsuchida A, Takada Y, Mizuno M, Ideo H. Galectin-4 Is Involved in the Structural Changes of Glycosphingolipid Glycans in Poorly Differentiated Gastric Cancer Cells with High Metastatic Potential. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:12305. [PMID: 37569679 PMCID: PMC10418866 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241512305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/29/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Gastric cancer with peritoneal dissemination is difficult to treat surgically, and frequently recurs and metastasizes. Currently, there is no effective treatment for this disease, and there is an urgent need to elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying peritoneal dissemination and metastasis. Our previous study demonstrated that galectin-4 participates in the peritoneal dissemination of poorly differentiated gastric cancer cells. In this study, the glycan profiles of cell surface proteins and glycosphingolipids (GSLs) of the original (wild), galectin-4 knockout (KO), and rescue cells were investigated to understand the precise mechanisms involved in the galectin-4-mediated regulation of associated molecules, especially with respect to glycosylation. Glycan analysis of the NUGC4 wild type and galectin-4 KO clones with and without peritoneal metastasis revealed a marked structural change in the glycans of neutral GSLs, but not in N-glycan. Furthermore, mass spectrometry (MS) combined with glycosidase digestion revealed that this structural change was due to the presence of the lacto-type (β1-3Galactosyl) glycan of GSL, in addition to the neolacto-type (β1-4Galactosyl) glycan of GSL. Our results demonstrate that galectin-4 is an important regulator of glycosylation in cancer cells and galectin-4 expression affects the glycan profile of GSLs in malignant cancer cells with a high potential for peritoneal dissemination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuko Hachisu
- Laboratory of Glyco-Organic Chemistry, The Noguchi Institute, 1-9-7, Kaga, Itabashi, Tokyo 173-0003, Japan; (K.H.); (M.M.)
| | - Akiko Tsuchida
- Laboratory of Glycobiology, The Noguchi Institute, 1-9-7, Kaga, Itabashi, Tokyo 173-0003, Japan; (A.T.); (Y.T.)
| | - Yoshio Takada
- Laboratory of Glycobiology, The Noguchi Institute, 1-9-7, Kaga, Itabashi, Tokyo 173-0003, Japan; (A.T.); (Y.T.)
| | - Mamoru Mizuno
- Laboratory of Glyco-Organic Chemistry, The Noguchi Institute, 1-9-7, Kaga, Itabashi, Tokyo 173-0003, Japan; (K.H.); (M.M.)
| | - Hiroko Ideo
- Laboratory of Glycobiology, The Noguchi Institute, 1-9-7, Kaga, Itabashi, Tokyo 173-0003, Japan; (A.T.); (Y.T.)
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2
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Werner LR, Gibson KA, Goodman ML, Helm DE, Walter KR, Holloran SM, Trinca GM, Hastings RC, Yang HH, Hu Y, Wei J, Lei G, Yang XY, Madan R, Molinolo AA, Markiewicz MA, Chalise P, Axelrod ML, Balko JM, Hunter KW, Hartman ZC, Lange CA, Hagan CR. Progesterone promotes immunomodulation and tumor development in the murine mammary gland. J Immunother Cancer 2021; 9:jitc-2020-001710. [PMID: 33958486 PMCID: PMC8103939 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2020-001710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Clinical studies have linked usage of progestins (synthetic progesterone [P4]) to breast cancer risk. However, little is understood regarding the role of native P4, signaling through the progesterone receptor (PR), in breast tumor formation. Recently, we reported a link between PR and immune signaling pathways, showing that P4/PR can repress type I interferon signaling pathways. Given these findings, we sought to investigate whether P4/PR drive immunomodulation in the mammary gland and promote tumor formation. METHODS To determine the effect of P4 on immune cell populations in the murine mammary gland, mice were treated with P4 or placebo pellets for 21 days. Immune cell populations in the mammary gland, spleen, and inguinal lymph nodes were subsequently analyzed by flow cytometry. To assess the effect of PR overexpression on mammary gland tumor development as well as immune cell populations in the mammary gland, a transgenic mouse model was used in which PR was overexpressed throughout the entire mouse. Immune cell populations were assessed in the mammary glands, spleens, and inguinal lymph nodes of 6-month-old transgenic and control mice by flow cytometry. Transgenic mice were also monitored for mammary gland tumor development over a 2-year time span. Following development of mammary gland tumors, immune cell populations in the tumors and spleens of transgenic and control mice were analyzed by flow cytometry. RESULTS We found that mice treated with P4 exhibited changes in the mammary gland indicative of an inhibited immune response compared with placebo-treated mice. Furthermore, transgenic mice with PR overexpression demonstrated decreased numbers of immune cell populations in their mammary glands, lymph nodes, and spleens. On long-term monitoring, we determined that multiparous PR-overexpressing mice developed significantly more mammary gland tumors than control mice. Additionally, tumors from PR-overexpressing mice contained fewer infiltrating immune cells. Finally, RNA sequencing analysis of tumor samples revealed that immune-related gene signatures were lower in tumors from PR-overexpressing mice as compared with control mice. CONCLUSION Together, these findings offer a novel mechanism of P4-driven mammary gland tumor development and provide rationale in investigating the usage of antiprogestin therapies to promote immune-mediated elimination of mammary gland tumors.
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MESH Headings
- Adaptive Immunity/drug effects
- Animals
- Breast Neoplasms/chemically induced
- Breast Neoplasms/immunology
- Breast Neoplasms/metabolism
- Breast Neoplasms/pathology
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/chemically induced
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/immunology
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/metabolism
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/pathology
- Drug Implants
- Female
- Galectin 4/genetics
- Galectin 4/metabolism
- Immunity, Innate/drug effects
- Lymphocytes, Tumor-Infiltrating/drug effects
- Lymphocytes, Tumor-Infiltrating/immunology
- Lymphocytes, Tumor-Infiltrating/metabolism
- Mammary Glands, Animal/drug effects
- Mammary Glands, Animal/immunology
- Mammary Glands, Animal/metabolism
- Mammary Glands, Animal/pathology
- Mice, Transgenic
- Ovariectomy
- Progesterone/administration & dosage
- Receptors, Progesterone/agonists
- Receptors, Progesterone/genetics
- Receptors, Progesterone/metabolism
- Signal Transduction
- Time Factors
- Tumor Burden/drug effects
- Tumor Escape/drug effects
- Tumor Microenvironment/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauryn R Werner
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
| | - Katelin A Gibson
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
| | - Merit L Goodman
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
| | - Dominika E Helm
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
| | - Katherine R Walter
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
| | - Sean M Holloran
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
| | - Gloria M Trinca
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
| | - Richard C Hastings
- Flow Cytometry Core Laboratory, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Molecular Genetics, and Immunology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
| | - Howard H Yang
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Ying Hu
- Center for Biomedical Informatics and Information Technology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Junping Wei
- Department of Surgery, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Gangjun Lei
- Department of Surgery, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Xiao-Yi Yang
- Department of Surgery, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Rashna Madan
- Division of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
| | - Alfredo A Molinolo
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego Moores Cancer Center, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Mary A Markiewicz
- Department of Microbiology, Molecular Genetics, and Immunology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
| | - Prabhakar Chalise
- Department of Biostatistics and Data Science, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
| | - Margaret L Axelrod
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Justin M Balko
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
- Department of Pathology Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Kent W Hunter
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Carol A Lange
- Department of Medicine (Hematology, Oncology, and Transplantation), University of Minnesota Cancer Center, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota Cancer Center, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Christy R Hagan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
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3
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Kutzner TJ, Higuero AM, Süßmair M, Kopitz J, Hingar M, Díez-Revuelta N, Caballero GG, Kaltner H, Lindner I, Abad-Rodríguez J, Reusch D, Gabius HJ. How presence of a signal peptide affects human galectins-1 and -4: Clues to explain common absence of a leader sequence among adhesion/growth-regulatory galectins. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2019; 1864:129449. [PMID: 31678146 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2019.129449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Revised: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 09/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Galectins are multifunctional effectors, which all share absence of a signal sequence. It is not clear why galectins belong to the small set of proteins, which avoid the classical export route. METHODS Products of recombinant galectin expression in P. pastoris were analyzed by haemagglutination, gel filtration and electrophoresis and lectin blotting as well as mass spectrometry on the level of tryptic peptides and purified glycopeptides(s). Density gradient centrifugation and confocal laser scanning microscopy facilitated localization in transfected human and rat cells, proliferation assays determined activity as growth mediator. RESULTS Directing galectin-1 to the classical secretory pathway in yeast produces N-glycosylated protein that is active. It cofractionates and -localizes with calnexin in human cells, only Gal-4 is secreted. Presence of N-glycan(s) reduces affinity of cell binding and growth regulation by Gal-1. CONCLUSIONS Folding and activity of a galectin are maintained in signal-peptide-directed routing, N-glycosylation occurs. This pathway would deplete cytoplasm and nucleus of galectin, presence of N-glycans appears to interfere with lattice formation. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE Availability of glycosylated galectins facilitates functional assays to contribute to explain why galectins invariably avoid classical routing for export.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanja J Kutzner
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Veterinärstr. 13, 80539 Munich, Germany
| | - Alonso M Higuero
- Membrane Biology and Axonal Repair Laboratory, Hospital Nacional de Parapléjicos (SESCAM), Finca La Peraleda s/n, 45071 Toledo, Spain
| | - Martina Süßmair
- Pharma Biotech Development Penzberg, Roche Diagnostics GmbH, 82777 Penzberg, Germany
| | - Jürgen Kopitz
- Department of Applied Tumor Biology, Institute of Pathology, Ruprecht-Karls-University Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 224, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Michael Hingar
- Pharma Biotech Development Penzberg, Roche Diagnostics GmbH, 82777 Penzberg, Germany
| | - Natalia Díez-Revuelta
- Membrane Biology and Axonal Repair Laboratory, Hospital Nacional de Parapléjicos (SESCAM), Finca La Peraleda s/n, 45071 Toledo, Spain
| | - Gabriel García Caballero
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Veterinärstr. 13, 80539 Munich, Germany
| | - Herbert Kaltner
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Veterinärstr. 13, 80539 Munich, Germany
| | - Ingo Lindner
- Pharma Biotech Development Penzberg, Roche Diagnostics GmbH, 82777 Penzberg, Germany
| | - José Abad-Rodríguez
- Membrane Biology and Axonal Repair Laboratory, Hospital Nacional de Parapléjicos (SESCAM), Finca La Peraleda s/n, 45071 Toledo, Spain.
| | - Dietmar Reusch
- Pharma Biotech Development Penzberg, Roche Diagnostics GmbH, 82777 Penzberg, Germany.
| | - Hans-Joachim Gabius
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Veterinärstr. 13, 80539 Munich, Germany.
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Chen J, Zhang L, Yang N, Tian M, Fu Q, Tan F, Li C. Expression profiling and microbial ligand binding analysis of galectin-4 in turbot (Scophthalmus maximus L.). Fish Shellfish Immunol 2019; 84:673-679. [PMID: 30359748 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2018.10.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2018] [Revised: 10/10/2018] [Accepted: 10/20/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Galectins are a family of galactoside-binding proteins with an affinity for β-galactosides, involved in mediating fundamental processes including development, inflammation, cell migration and apoptosis. Galectin-4 is a member of tendem-repeat galectins, plays vital roles in intestinal epithelial barrier. Here, one galectin-4 gene was captured in turbot (SmLgals4) contains a 1197 bp open reading frame (ORF). In comparison to other species, SmLgals4 showed the highest similarity and identity both to large yellow croaker. The genomic structure analysis showed that SmLgals4 had conserved exons in the CRD domains compared to other vertebrate species. The syntenic analysis revealed that galectin-4 had the same neighboring genes across all the selected species, which suggested the synteny encompassing galectin-4 region during vertebrate evolution. Subsequently, SmLgals4 was widely expressed in all the examined tissues, with the highest expression level in intestine and the lowest expression level in skin. In addition, SmLgals4 was significantly down-regulated in intestine following both Gram-negative bacteria Vibrio anguillarum, and Gram-positive bacteria Streptococcus iniae immersion challenge. Finally, the rSmLgals4 showed strong binding ability to all the examined microbial ligands. Taken together, our results suggested SmLgals4 plays vital roles in fish intestinal immune responses against infection, but the detailed roles of galectin-4 in teleost are still lacking, further studies are needed to be carried out to characterize whether galectin-4 plays similar roles in teleost intestinal immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinghua Chen
- Marine Science and Engineering College, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, People's Republic of China
| | - Lu Zhang
- Marine Science and Engineering College, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, People's Republic of China
| | - Ning Yang
- Marine Science and Engineering College, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, People's Republic of China
| | - Mengyu Tian
- Marine Science and Engineering College, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiang Fu
- Marine Science and Engineering College, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, People's Republic of China
| | - Fenghua Tan
- Marine Science and Engineering College, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, People's Republic of China
| | - Chao Li
- Marine Science and Engineering College, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, People's Republic of China.
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5
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Long MD, Campbell MJ. Integrative genomic approaches to dissect clinically-significant relationships between the VDR cistrome and gene expression in primary colon cancer. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2017; 173:130-138. [PMID: 28027912 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2016.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2016] [Revised: 12/01/2016] [Accepted: 12/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Recently, we undertook a pan-cancer analyses of the nuclear hormone receptor (NR) superfamily in The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA), and revealed that the vitamin D receptor (NR1I1/VDR) was commonly and significantly down-regulated specifically in colon adenocarcinoma cohort (COAD). To examine the consequence of down-regulated VDR expression we re-analyzed VDR chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing (ChIP-Seq) data from LS180 colon cancer cells (GSE31939). This analysis identified 1809 loci that displayed significant (p.adj<0.01) differential binding of the VDR in response 1,25(OH)2D3 treatment; 947 peaks annotated to 672 genes. We examined expression patterns in the COAD cohort of 286 tumors compared to 41 normal samples and revealed that VDR bound genes were significantly positively correlated to VDR expression compared to the background transcriptome, suggesting direct regulation by VDR. Gene set enrichment analyses revealed significant enrichment for genes known to be regulated by a number of other transcription factors including SMADs and JUN. Filtering VDR associated genes for those that were commonly and significantly altered in COAD revealed a cohort of 27 differentially expressed genes. The expression patterns of these genes clustered tumors and significantly associated with disease free survival. For instance, males with low expression of Lectin, Galactoside Binding Soluble 4 (LGALS4, encodes the colon tumor suppressor, Galactin 4) had significantly shorted disease free survival. These analyses suggest that reduced expression of VDR in colon cancer (but neither loss nor mutation) changes the actions of the VDR by both dampening the expression of tumor suppressors (e.g. LGALS4) whilst either stabilizing or not down-regulating expression of oncogenes (e.g. Carbonic Anhydrase 9 (CA9)). These integrative genomic approaches are relatively generic and applicable to the study of any transcription factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark D Long
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
| | - Moray J Campbell
- College of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, 536 Parks Hall, 500 West 12th Ave., The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
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6
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Arasu A, Kumaresan V, Ganesh MR, Pasupuleti M, Arasu MV, Al-Dhabi NA, Arockiaraj J. Bactericidal activity of fish galectin 4 derived membrane-binding peptide tagged with oligotryptophan. Dev Comp Immunol 2017; 71:37-48. [PMID: 28126555 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2017.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2016] [Revised: 01/22/2017] [Accepted: 01/22/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Galectins belong to the family of galactoside-binding proteins which act as pathogen recognition receptors by recognizing and binding to the carbohydrate present in the bacterial membranes. In this study, a Galectin-4 sequence was identified from the constructed cDNA library of Channa striatus and its structural features were reported. Gene expression analysis revealed that CsGal4 was highly expressed in liver and strongly induced by Epizootic Ulcerative Syndrome (EUS) causing pathogens such as Aphanomyces invadans, Aeromonas hydrophila and a viral analogue, poly I:C. To understand the antimicrobial role of putative dimerization site of CsGal4, the region was chemically synthesized and its bactericidal effect was determined. G4 peptide exhibited a weak bactericidal activity against Vibrio harveyi, an important aquaculture pathogen. We have also determined the bactericidal activity of the dimerization site by tagging pentamer oligotryptophan (W5) at the C-terminal of G4 peptide. Flow cytometry analysis revealed that G4W induced drastic reduction in cell counts than G4. Electron microscopic images showed membrane blebbings in V. harveyi which indicated the membrane disrupting activity of G4W. Interestingly, both the peptides did not exhibit any hemolytic activity and cytotoxicity towards peripheral blood cells of Channa striatus and the activity was specific only towards the bacterial membrane. Our results suggested that addition of W5 at the C-terminal of membrane-binding peptide remarkably improved its membrane disrupting activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abirami Arasu
- Division of Fisheries Biotechnology & Molecular Biology, Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Humanities, SRM University, Kattankulathur 603 203, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India; Department of Microbiology, SRM Arts & Science College, Kattankulathur 603 203, Chennai, India
| | - Venkatesh Kumaresan
- Division of Fisheries Biotechnology & Molecular Biology, Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Humanities, SRM University, Kattankulathur 603 203, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Munuswamy-Ramanujam Ganesh
- Interdisciplinary Institute of Indian System of Medicine (IIISM), SRM University, Kattankulathur 603 203, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Mukesh Pasupuleti
- Lab PCN 206, Microbiology Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, B.S. 10/1, Sector 10, Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow-226031, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Mariadhas Valan Arasu
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Addiriyah Chair for Environmental Studies, College of Science, King Saud University, P. O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Naif Abdullah Al-Dhabi
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Addiriyah Chair for Environmental Studies, College of Science, King Saud University, P. O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jesu Arockiaraj
- Division of Fisheries Biotechnology & Molecular Biology, Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Humanities, SRM University, Kattankulathur 603 203, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.
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7
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Rustiguel JK, Soares ROS, Meisburger SP, Davis KM, Malzbender KL, Ando N, Dias-Baruffi M, Nonato MC. Full-length model of the human galectin-4 and insights into dynamics of inter-domain communication. Sci Rep 2016; 6:33633. [PMID: 27642006 PMCID: PMC5027518 DOI: 10.1038/srep33633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2016] [Accepted: 08/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Galectins are proteins involved in diverse cellular contexts due to their capacity to decipher and respond to the information encoded by β-galactoside sugars. In particular, human galectin-4, normally expressed in the healthy gastrointestinal tract, displays differential expression in cancerous tissues and is considered a potential drug target for liver and lung cancer. Galectin-4 is a tandem-repeat galectin characterized by two carbohydrate recognition domains connected by a linker-peptide. Despite their relevance to cell function and pathogenesis, structural characterization of full-length tandem-repeat galectins has remained elusive. Here, we investigate galectin-4 using X-ray crystallography, small- and wide-angle X-ray scattering, molecular modelling, molecular dynamics simulations, and differential scanning fluorimetry assays and describe for the first time a structural model for human galectin-4. Our results provide insight into the structural role of the linker-peptide and shed light on the dynamic characteristics of the mechanism of carbohydrate recognition among tandem-repeat galectins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joane K. Rustiguel
- Laboratório de Cristalografia de Proteínas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Ricardo O. S. Soares
- Laboratório de Cristalografia de Proteínas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Nozomi Ando
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Marcelo Dias-Baruffi
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Maria Cristina Nonato
- Laboratório de Cristalografia de Proteínas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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8
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Papa Gobbi R, De Francesco N, Bondar C, Muglia C, Chirdo F, Rumbo M, Rocca A, Toscano MA, Sambuelli A, Rabinovich GA, Docena GH. A galectin-specific signature in the gut delineates Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis from other human inflammatory intestinal disorders. Biofactors 2016; 42:93-105. [PMID: 26891020 DOI: 10.1002/biof.1252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2015] [Accepted: 11/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) are chronic and relapsing inflammatory conditions of the gastrointestinal tract including Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC). Galectins, defined by shared consensus amino acid sequence and affinity for β-galactosides, are critical modulators of the inflammatory response. However, the relevance of the galectin network in the pathogenesis of human IBD has not yet been explored. Here, we analyzed the expression of relevant members of the galectin family in intestinal biopsies, and identified their contribution as novel mucosal markers in IBD. Colonic biopsies were obtained from 59 IBD patients (22 CD and 37 UC), 9 patients with gut rejection after transplantation, 8 adult celiac patients, and 32 non-IBD donors. Galectin mRNA expression was analyzed by RT-PCR and qPCR using specific primers for individual galectins. A linear discriminant analysis (LDA) was used to analyze galectin expression in individual intestinal samples. Expression of common mucosal-associated galectins (Gal-1, -3, -4, -9) is dysregulated in inflamed tissues of IBD patients compared with non-inflamed IBD or control samples. LDA discriminated between different inflammation grades in active IBD and showed that remission IBD samples were clusterized with control samples. Galectin profiling could not distinguish CD and UC. Furthermore, inflamed IBD was discriminated from inflamed tissue of rejected gut in transplanted patients and duodenum of celiac patients, which could not be distinguished from control duodenum samples. The integrative analysis of galectins discriminated IBD from other intestinal inflammatory conditions and could be used as potential mucosal biomarker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Papa Gobbi
- Instituto de Estudios Inmunológicos y Fisiopatológicos-(IIFP), Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Nicolás De Francesco
- Instituto de Estudios Inmunológicos y Fisiopatológicos-(IIFP), Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Constanza Bondar
- Instituto de Estudios Inmunológicos y Fisiopatológicos-(IIFP), Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Cecilia Muglia
- Instituto de Estudios Inmunológicos y Fisiopatológicos-(IIFP), Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Fernando Chirdo
- Instituto de Estudios Inmunológicos y Fisiopatológicos-(IIFP), Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Martín Rumbo
- Instituto de Estudios Inmunológicos y Fisiopatológicos-(IIFP), Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Andrés Rocca
- Servicio de Enfermedades Inflamatorias, Hospital de Gastroenterología Dr. Bonorino Udaondo, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Marta A Toscano
- Laboratorio de Inmunopatología, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Alicia Sambuelli
- Servicio de Enfermedades Inflamatorias, Hospital de Gastroenterología Dr. Bonorino Udaondo, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Gabriel A Rabinovich
- Laboratorio de Inmunopatología, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Guillermo H Docena
- Instituto de Estudios Inmunológicos y Fisiopatológicos-(IIFP), Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina
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9
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Rustiguel JK, Kumagai PS, Dias-Baruffi M, Costa-Filho AJ, Nonato MC. Recombinant expression, purification and preliminary biophysical and structural studies of C-terminal carbohydrate recognition domain from human galectin-4. Protein Expr Purif 2015; 118:39-48. [PMID: 26432949 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2015.09.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2015] [Revised: 09/26/2015] [Accepted: 09/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Galectin-4 (Gal4), a tandem-repeat type galectin, is expressed in healthy epithelium of the gastrointestinal tract. Altered levels of Gal4 expression are associated with different types of cancer, suggesting its usage as a diagnostic marker as well as target for drug development. The functional data available for this class of proteins suggest that the wide spectrum of cellular activities reported for Gal4 relies on distinct glycan specificity and structural characteristics of its two carbohydrate recognition domains. In the present work, two independent constructs for recombinant expression of the C-terminal domain of human galectin-4 (hGal4-CRD2) were developed. His6-tagged and untagged recombinant proteins were overexpressed in Escherichia coli, and purified by affinity chromatography followed by gel filtration. Correct folding and activity of hGal4-CRD2 were assessed by circular dichroism and fluorescence spectroscopies, respectively. Diffraction quality crystals were obtained by vapor-diffusion sitting drop setup and the crystal structure of CRD2 was solved by molecular replacement techniques at 1.78 Å resolution. Our work describes the development of important experimental tools that will allow further studies in order to correlate structure and binding properties of hGal4-CRD2 and human galectin-4 functional activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joane K Rustiguel
- Laboratório de Cristalografia de Proteínas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Café, s/n, 14040-903 Ribeirão Preto-SP, Brazil
| | - Patricia S Kumagai
- Grupo de Biofísica Molecular Sérgio Mascarenhas, Instituto de Física de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. João Dagnone, 1100, 13563-120 São Carlos-SP, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Dias-Baruffi
- Laboratório de Glicoimunologia, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Café, s/n, 14040-903 Ribeirão Preto-SP, Brazil
| | - Antonio J Costa-Filho
- Laboratório de Biofísica Molecular, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Bandeirantes, 3900, 14040-901 Ribeirão Preto-SP, Brazil
| | - Maria Cristina Nonato
- Laboratório de Cristalografia de Proteínas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Café, s/n, 14040-903 Ribeirão Preto-SP, Brazil.
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10
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Belo AI, van der Sar AM, Tefsen B, van Die I. Galectin-4 Reduces Migration and Metastasis Formation of Pancreatic Cancer Cells. PLoS One 2013; 8:e65957. [PMID: 23824659 PMCID: PMC3688853 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0065957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2013] [Accepted: 04/29/2013] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Galectin-4 (Gal-4) is a member of the galectin family of glycan binding proteins that shows a significantly higher expression in cystic tumors of the human pancreas and in pancreatic adenocarcinomas compared to normal pancreas. However, the putative function of Gal-4 in tumor progression of pancreatic cancer is still incompletely understood. In this study the role of Gal-4 in cancer progression was investigated, using a set of defined pancreatic cancer cell lines, Pa-Tu-8988S (PaTu-S) and Pa-Tu-8988T (PaTu-T), as a model. These two cell lines are derived from the same liver metastasis of a human primary pancreatic adenocarcinoma, but differ in their growth characteristics and metastatic capacity. We demonstrated that Gal-4 expression is high in PaTu-S, which shows poor migratory properties, whereas much lower Gal-4 levels are observed in the highly metastatic cell line PaTu-T. In PaTu-S, Gal-4 is found in the cytoplasm, but it is also secreted and accumulates at the membrane at sites of contact with neighboring cells. Moreover, we show that Gal-4 inhibits metastasis formation by delaying migration of pancreatic cancer cells in vitro using a scratch assay, and in vivo using zebrafish (Danio rerio) as an experimental model. Our data suggest that Gal-4 may act at the cell-surface of PaTu-S as an adhesion molecule to prevent release of the tumor cells, but has in addition a cytosolic function by inhibiting migration via a yet unknown mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana I. Belo
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Astrid M. van der Sar
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection control, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Boris Tefsen
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Irma van Die
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
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11
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Keirstead ND, Hayes MA, Vandervoort GE, Brooks AS, Squires EJ, Lillie BN. Single nucleotide polymorphisms in collagenous lectins and other innate immune genes in pigs with common infectious diseases. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2011; 142:1-13. [PMID: 21570129 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2011.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2010] [Revised: 02/15/2011] [Accepted: 02/18/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Innate immune recognition of pathogens involves various surface receptors and soluble proteins that precede agglutination, complement activation, phagocytosis, and the adaptive immune response. Mannan-binding lectins (MBLs), ficolins (FCNs) and surfactant protein A (SP-A) are soluble collagenous lectins that bind surface structures of various bacteria, viruses and fungi. Some single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in collagenous lectin genes of humans and other species, including pigs, have been implicated in variation in susceptibility to infectious and inflammatory diseases. In this study we determined the frequencies of 13 SNP alleles of MBL-A, MBL-C, ficolin-α, ficolin-β, and SP-A in 1324 healthy pigs and 461 pigs diagnosed with common infectious diseases at necropsy. For comparison, we also analyzed 12 other SNP alleles in several other innate immune genes, including galectins and TLRs. Several SNPs within genes encoding porcine MBL-A, MBL-C and SP-A were more frequent in pigs diagnosed at necropsy with various diseases or pathogens. These findings suggest that several collagenous lectin SNPs are associated with disease susceptibility and therefore might be genetic markers of impaired innate immune function.
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Affiliation(s)
- N D Keirstead
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
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12
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Tripodi D, Quéméner S, Renaudin K, Ferron C, Malard O, Guisle-Marsollier I, Sébille-Rivain V, Verger C, Géraut C, Gratas-Rabbia-Ré C. Gene expression profiling in sinonasal adenocarcinoma. BMC Med Genomics 2009; 2:65. [PMID: 19903339 PMCID: PMC2780459 DOI: 10.1186/1755-8794-2-65] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2008] [Accepted: 11/10/2009] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sinonasal adenocarcinomas are uncommon tumors which develop in the ethmoid sinus after exposure to wood dust. Although the etiology of these tumors is well defined, very little is known about their molecular basis and no diagnostic tool exists for their early detection in high-risk workers. METHODS To identify genes involved in this disease, we performed gene expression profiling using cancer-dedicated microarrays, on nine matched samples of sinonasal adenocarcinomas and non-tumor sinusal tissue. Microarray results were validated by quantitative RT-PCR and immunohistochemistry on two additional sets of tumors. RESULTS Among the genes with significant differential expression we selected LGALS4, ACS5, CLU, SRI and CCT5 for further exploration. The overexpression of LGALS4, ACS5, SRI, CCT5 and the downregulation of CLU were confirmed by quantitative RT-PCR. Immunohistochemistry was performed for LGALS4 (Galectin 4), ACS5 (Acyl-CoA synthetase) and CLU (Clusterin) proteins: LGALS4 was highly up-regulated, particularly in the most differentiated tumors, while CLU was lost in all tumors. The expression of ACS5, was more heterogeneous and no correlation was observed with the tumor type. CONCLUSION Within our microarray study in sinonasal adenocarcinoma we identified two proteins, LGALS4 and CLU, that were significantly differentially expressed in tumors compared to normal tissue. A further evaluation on a new set of tissues, including precancerous stages and low grade tumors, is necessary to evaluate the possibility of using them as diagnostic markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominique Tripodi
- Inserm, UMR 892, Nantes, F-44007, France; Université de Nantes, UFR Médecine et Techniques Médicales, Nantes, F-44000, France
- Service de Médecine du Travail et des Risques Professionnels, CHU de Nantes, Nantes, F-44093, France
| | - Sylvia Quéméner
- Inserm, UMR 892, Nantes, F-44007, France; Université de Nantes, UFR Médecine et Techniques Médicales, Nantes, F-44000, France
| | - Karine Renaudin
- Service d'Anatomie Pathologique, CHU de Nantes, Nantes, F-44093, France
- Université de Nantes, UFR Médecine et Techniques Médicales, EA Biométadys, Nantes, F-44093, France
| | | | | | - Isabelle Guisle-Marsollier
- Université de Nantes, UFR Médecine et Techniques Médicales, Plateforme Puces à ADN-OGP, Nantes, F-44000, France
| | - Véronique Sébille-Rivain
- Université de Nantes, UFR Médecine et Techniques Médicales, Laboratoire de Biomathématiques-Biostatistiques, Nantes, F-44000, France
| | - Christian Verger
- Consultation des Pathologies Professionnelles, CH Hôtel-Dieu, Rennes, F-35000, France
| | - Christian Géraut
- Service de Médecine du Travail et des Risques Professionnels, CHU de Nantes, Nantes, F-44093, France
| | - Catherine Gratas-Rabbia-Ré
- Inserm, UMR 892, Nantes, F-44007, France; Université de Nantes, UFR Médecine et Techniques Médicales, Nantes, F-44000, France
- Service de Biochimie, CHU de Nantes, Nantes, F-44093, France
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Marková V, Smetana K, Jeníková G, Láchová J, Krejciríková V, Poplstein M, Fábry M, Brynda J, Alvarez RA, Cummings RD, Maly P. Role of the carbohydrate recognition domains of mouse galectin-4 in oligosaccharide binding and epitope recognition and expression of galectin-4 and galectin-6 in mouse cells and tissues. Int J Mol Med 2006; 18:65-76. [PMID: 16786157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Galectin-4 and its homologue galectin-6 are members of the tandem-repeat subfamily of monomer divalent galectins. Expression of mouse galectin-4 and galectin-6 by RT-PCR using primers designed to distinguish both galectin transcripts indicates that both are expressed in the small intestine, colon, liver, kidney, spleen and heart and P19X1 cells while only galectin-4 is expressed in BW-5147 and 3T3 cell lines. In situ hybridization confirmed the presence of galectin-4/-6 transcripts in the liver and small intestine. Galectin-4 is expressed in spermatozoons and oocytes and its expression during early mouse emryogenesis appears in 8-cell embryos and remains in later stages, as tested by RT-PCR. To study the role of carbohydrate recognition domains (CRDs) in oligosaccharide binding and epitope recognition, we cloned mouse full-length galectin-4 and galectin-6 cDNA and constructed bacterial expression vectors producing histidin-tagged recombinant galectin-4 and its truncated CRD1 and CRD2 forms. Oligosaccharide binding profile for all recombinant forms was assessed using Glycan Array available through the Consortium for Functional Glycomics. Acquired data indicate that mGalectin-4 binds to alpha-GalNAc and alpha-Gal A and B type structures with or without fucose. While the CRD2 domain has a high specificity and affinity for A type-2 alpha-GalNAc structures, the CRD1 domain has a broader specificity in correlation to the total binding profile. These data suggest that CRD2 might be the dominant binding domain of mouse galectin-4. Mapping of epitopes reactive for biotinylated his-tagged CRD1, CRD2 and mGalectin-4 performed on mouse cryosections showed that all three forms bind to alveolar macrophages, macrophages of red pulp of the spleen and proximal tubuli of the kidney and this binding was inhibited by 5 mM lactose. Interestingly, mGalectin-4, but not CRD forms, binds to the suprabasal layer of squamous epithelium of the tongue, suggesting that the link region also plays an important role in ligand recognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimíra Marková
- Laboratory of Molecular Glycobiology, Department of Recombinant Expression and Structural Biology, Institute of Molecular Genetics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, 142 20 Prague 4, Czech Republic
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14
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Delacour D, Gouyer V, Zanetta JP, Drobecq H, Leteurtre E, Grard G, Moreau-Hannedouche O, Maes E, Pons A, André S, Le Bivic A, Gabius HJ, Manninen A, Simons K, Huet G. Galectin-4 and sulfatides in apical membrane trafficking in enterocyte-like cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 169:491-501. [PMID: 15883199 PMCID: PMC2171948 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.200407073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 208] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
We have previously reported that 1-benzyl-2-acetamido-2-deoxy-alpha-D-galactopyranoside (GalNAc alpha-O-bn), an inhibitor of glycosylation, perturbed apical biosynthetic trafficking in polarized HT-29 cells suggesting an involvement of a lectin-based mechanism. Here, we have identified galectin-4 as one of the major components of detergent-resistant membranes (DRMs) isolated from HT-29 5M12 cells. Galectin-4 was also found in post-Golgi carrier vesicles. The functional role of galectin-4 in polarized trafficking in HT-29 5M12 cells was studied by using a retrovirus-mediated RNA interference. In galectin-4-depleted HT-29 5M12 cells apical membrane markers accumulated intracellularly. In contrast, basolateral membrane markers were not affected. Moreover, galectin-4 depletion altered the DRM association characteristics of apical proteins. Sulfatides with long chain-hydroxylated fatty acids, which were also enriched in DRMs, were identified as high-affinity ligands for galectin-4. Together, our data propose that interaction between galectin-4 and sulfatides plays a functional role in the clustering of lipid rafts for apical delivery.
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Abstract
Lactose-binding proteins with molecular masses of 14-, 17-, 18-, 28-, and 34-kDa were identified in extracts from porcine small intestinal mucosa. Amino acid sequence analysis of peptides generated by CNBr cleavage of the 34-kDa protein, the most abundant of these proteins, identified this protein as porcine galectin-4. To determine if a porcine homolog of murine galectin-6 is expressed in small intestine, primers for a reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) were developed that amplified across the linker region of galectin-4, which is the region that differs between murine galectins-4 and -6. Using these primers, this RT-PCR approach identified two galectin-4 isoforms that differed in the length of their linker region. The larger isoform, galectin-4.1, is nine amino acids longer in its linker region than the smaller isoform, galectin-4.2. Based on nucleotide sequence similarities, the two isoforms are likely splice variants of galectin-4 pre-mRNA and not products of separate genes like murine galectins-4 and -6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa A Wooters
- Veterinary Science Department, South Dakota State University, North Campus Drive, PO Box 2175, Brookings, SD 57007, USA
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16
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Abstract
Galectin-4 belongs to a subfamily of galectins composed of two carbohydrate recognition domains within the same peptide chain. The two domains have all the conserved galectin signature amino acids, but their overall sequences are only approximately 40% identical. Both domains bind lactose with a similar affinity as other galectins, but their respective preferences for other disaccharides, and larger saccharides, are distinctly different. Thus galectin-4 has a property of a natural cross-linker, but in a modified sense since each domain prefers a different subset of ligands. Similarly to other galectins, galectin-4 is synthesized as a cytosolic protein, but can be externalized. During development and in adult normal tissues, galectin-4 is expressed only in the alimentary tract, from the tongue to the large intestine. It is often found in relatively insoluble complexes, as a component of either adherens junctions or lipid rafts in the microvillus membrane, and it has been proposed to stabilize these structures. Strong expression of galectin-4 can be induced, however, in cancers from other tissues including breast and liver. Within a collection of human epithelial cancer cell lines, galectin-4 is overexpressed and soluble in those forming highly differentiated polarized monolayers, but absent in less differentiated ones. In cultured cells, intracellular galectin-4 may promote resistance to nutrient starvation, whereas--as an extracellular protein--it can mediate cell adhesion. Because of its distinct induction in breast and other cancers, it may be a valuable diagnostic marker and target for the development of inhibitory carbohydrate-based drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret E Huflejt
- Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, 10835 Altman Row, San Diego, CA 92121, USA.
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Niepceron E, Simian F, Louisot P, Biol-N'garagba MC. Expression of galectin 4 in the rat small intestine during postnatal development. Biochimie 2004; 86:115-8. [PMID: 15016449 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2003.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2003] [Accepted: 12/17/2003] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
We determined the expression of an endogenous lectin, galectin 4, in the rat small intestine during postnatal development. The mRNA levels of galectin 4 did not change significantly between birth and adulthood. In contrast, the protein was present at higher levels after than before weaning, and the potential ligands for galectin 4 were more highly represented in the enterocyte microvilli of weaned than of suckling rats. These results suggest possible differences either in galectin 4 mRNA stability, in its translation regulation or in the protein stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elodie Niepceron
- Département de Biochimie, Faculté de Médecine Lyon-Sud, Unité Inserm 189, alliée CNRS, BP 12, 69600 Oullins, France
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Niepceron E, Simian-Lermé F, Louisot P, Biol-N'garagba MC. Expression and localization of galectin 4 in rat stomach during postnatal development. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2004; 36:909-19. [PMID: 15006643 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2003.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2003] [Revised: 10/08/2003] [Accepted: 10/14/2003] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Galectins are lectins implicated in cell-cell or cell-matrix adhesion, cell growth, the cell cycle, transcription processes, and apoptosis, and some of them are differentially regulated during pre- or post-natal development. The purpose of the present study was to determine whether the expression of galectin 4 is relevant to developmental processes during postnatal development in the rat stomach. Galectin 4 expression in the rat gastric mucosa, between birth and adulthood, was studied at the protein and mRNA levels by western and northern blotting, respectively. This lectin was localized precisely by immunoelectron microscopy. In the gastric mucosa, galectin 4 protein was present at lower levels in suckling than in weaned rats, but mRNA levels did not change significantly during postnatal development. This suggests possible differences in mRNA stability or in the translation regulation. Immunocytochemical examination of galectin 4 confirmed more highly elevated levels of the protein in endocrine, parietal, and chief cells in weaned rats than in suckling rats. Galectin 4 was more strongly localized in weaned rats than in suckling rats in the nuclei of all cell types and in or over secretory granules in endocrine and chief cells, suggesting that galectin 4 is implicated in nuclear events and perhaps in secretory processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elodie Niepceron
- Département de Biochimie, Unité INSERM 189-alliée CNRS, Faculté de Médecine Lyon-Sud, BP 12, 69600 Oullins, France
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Abstract
Defects in the glycocalyx of the bladder epithelium may be related to the development of bladder diseases including interstitial cystitis which is a chronic bladder disease of unknown etiology. Indirect evidence has implicated alterations in the bladder epithelial glycoconjugates in interstitial cystitis and vesicaler instillation of glycosaminoglycans is promoted as treatments. However, information on the nature of the glycoconjugates of the bladder epithelium and lectins that may interact with the exogenous instilled glycoconjugates is very limited. We have examined the endogenous lectin associated with bladder epithelium by immunohistochemistry using biotinylated neoglycoconjugates. The strong calcium-independent binding of beta-D-galactose probe suggested the presence of galectins in rabbit and human bladder. Extracts of rabbit bladder organ cultures metabolically labeled with [14C]-amino acids were subjected to affinity chromatography on immobilized lactose and the specifically bound material eluted with 0.2 M lactose. SDS-PAGE of the recovered proteins revealed a major band of approximately 30 kDa and a minor band of 21 kDa. Polymerase chain reaction and northern blot analysis showed that both galectin-3 and galectin-4 are expressed in rabbit bladder. Since galectin-3 from rabbit had been previously cloned, we cloned and sequenced galectin-4 from rabbit bladder. The deduced full length sequence of 328 amino acids revealed four distinct regions: a N-terminal peptide of 19 residues, two carbohydrate recognition domains of 130 residues each, and a linker region of 49 residues. Comparison of the rabbit galectin-4 sequence with those of human, pig, rat, and mouse revealed two invariant peptide motifs that are proposed as signature sequences for identifying related galectins.
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Affiliation(s)
- V P Bhavanandan
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033, USA
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