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Korotkov SM. Mitochondrial Oxidative Stress Is the General Reason for Apoptosis Induced by Different-Valence Heavy Metals in Cells and Mitochondria. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:14459. [PMID: 37833908 PMCID: PMC10572412 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241914459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Revised: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
This review analyzes the causes and consequences of apoptosis resulting from oxidative stress that occurs in mitochondria and cells exposed to the toxic effects of different-valence heavy metals (Ag+, Tl+, Hg2+, Cd2+, Pb2+, Al3+, Ga3+, In3+, As3+, Sb3+, Cr6+, and U6+). The problems of the relationship between the integration of these toxic metals into molecular mechanisms with the subsequent development of pathophysiological processes and the appearance of diseases caused by the accumulation of these metals in the body are also addressed in this review. Such apoptosis is characterized by a reduction in cell viability, the activation of caspase-3 and caspase-9, the expression of pro-apoptotic genes (Bax and Bcl-2), and the activation of protein kinases (ERK, JNK, p53, and p38) by mitogens. Moreover, the oxidative stress manifests as the mitochondrial permeability transition pore (MPTP) opening, mitochondrial swelling, an increase in the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and H2O2, lipid peroxidation, cytochrome c release, a decline in the inner mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨmito), a decrease in ATP synthesis, and reduced glutathione and oxygen consumption as well as cytoplasm and matrix calcium overload due to Ca2+ release from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). The apoptosis and respiratory dysfunction induced by these metals are discussed regarding their interaction with cellular and mitochondrial thiol groups and Fe2+ metabolism disturbance. Similarities and differences in the toxic effects of Tl+ from those of other heavy metals under review are discussed. Similarities may be due to the increase in the cytoplasmic calcium concentration induced by Tl+ and these metals. One difference discussed is the failure to decrease Tl+ toxicity through metallothionein-dependent mechanisms. Another difference could be the decrease in reduced glutathione in the matrix due to the reversible oxidation of Tl+ to Tl3+ near the centers of ROS generation in the respiratory chain. The latter may explain why thallium toxicity to humans turned out to be higher than the toxicity of mercury, lead, cadmium, copper, and zinc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergey M Korotkov
- Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Thorez pr. 44, 194223 St. Petersburg, Russia
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Jambor T, Tvrdá E, Tušimová E, Kováčik A, Bistáková J, Forgács Z, Lukáč N. In vitro effect of 4-nonylphenol on human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) stimulated hormone secretion, cell viability and reactive oxygen species generation in mice Leydig cells. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2017; 222:219-225. [PMID: 28104344 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2016.12.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Revised: 11/28/2016] [Accepted: 12/20/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Nonylphenol is considered an endocrine disruptor and has been reported to affect male reproductive functions. In our in vitro study, we evaluated the effects of 4-nonylphenol (4-NP) on cholesterol levels, hormone formation and viability in cultured Leydig cells from adult ICR male mice. We also determined the potential impact of 4-NP on generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) after 44 h of cultivation. The cells were cultured with addition of 0.04; 0.2; 1.0; 2.5 and 5.0 μg/mL of 4-NP in the present of 1 IU/mL human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) and compared to the control. The quantity of cholesterol was determined from culture medium using photometry. Determination of hormone production was performed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Metabolic activity assay was used for quantification of cell viability. The chemiluminescence technique, which uses a luminometer to measure reactive oxygen species, was employed. Applied doses of 4-NP (0.04-5.0 μg/mL) slight increase cholesterol levels and decrease production of dehydroepiandrosterone after 44 h of cultivation, but not significantly. Incubation of 4-NP treated cells with hCG significantly (P < 0.001) inhibited androstenedione, but not testosterone, formation at the highest concentration (5.0 μg/mL). The viability was significantly (P < 0.05); (P < 0.001) increased at 1.0; 2.5 and 5.0 μg/mL of 4-NP after 44 h treatment. Furthermore, 44 h treatment of 4-NP (0.04-5.0 μg/mL) caused significant (P < 0.001) intracellular accumulation of ROS in exposed cells. Taken together, the results of our in vitro study reported herein is consistent with the conclusion that 4-nonylphenol is able to influence hormonal profile, cell viability and generate ROS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomáš Jambor
- Department of Animal Physiology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra, Tr. A. Hlinku 2,94976 Nitra, Slovakia Republic.
| | - Eva Tvrdá
- Department of Animal Physiology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra, Tr. A. Hlinku 2,94976 Nitra, Slovakia Republic.
| | - Eva Tušimová
- Department of Animal Physiology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra, Tr. A. Hlinku 2,94976 Nitra, Slovakia Republic.
| | - Anton Kováčik
- Department of Animal Physiology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra, Tr. A. Hlinku 2,94976 Nitra, Slovakia Republic.
| | - Jana Bistáková
- Department of Animal Physiology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra, Tr. A. Hlinku 2,94976 Nitra, Slovakia Republic.
| | - Zsolt Forgács
- National Institute of Chemical Safety, Nagyvaradter 2, H-1450, Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Norbert Lukáč
- Department of Animal Physiology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra, Tr. A. Hlinku 2,94976 Nitra, Slovakia Republic.
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García-Niño WR, Pedraza-Chaverrí J. Protective effect of curcumin against heavy metals-induced liver damage. Food Chem Toxicol 2014; 69:182-201. [PMID: 24751969 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2014.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 222] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2014] [Revised: 04/05/2014] [Accepted: 04/08/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Occupational or environmental exposures to heavy metals produce several adverse health effects. The common mechanism determining their toxicity and carcinogenicity is the generation of oxidative stress that leads to hepatic damage. In addition, oxidative stress induced by metal exposure leads to the activation of the nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2/Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1/antioxidant response elements (Nrf2/Keap1/ARE) pathway. Since antioxidant and chelating agents are generally used for the treatment of heavy metals poisoning, this review is focused on the protective role of curcumin against liver injury induced by heavy metals. Curcumin has shown, in clinical and preclinical studies, numerous biological activities including therapeutic efficacy against various human diseases and anti-hepatotoxic effects against environmental or occupational toxins. Curcumin reduces the hepatotoxicity induced by arsenic, cadmium, chromium, copper, lead and mercury, prevents histological injury, lipid peroxidation and glutathione (GSH) depletion, maintains the liver antioxidant enzyme status and protects against mitochondrial dysfunction. The preventive effect of curcumin on the noxious effects induced by heavy metals has been attributed to its scavenging and chelating properties, and/or to the ability to induce the Nrf2/Keap1/ARE pathway. However, additional research is needed in order to propose curcumin as a potential protective agent against liver damage induced by heavy metals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wylly Ramsés García-Niño
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Chemistry, National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM), University City, 04510 D.F., Mexico
| | - José Pedraza-Chaverrí
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Chemistry, National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM), University City, 04510 D.F., Mexico.
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Tributyltin-driven enhancement of the DCCD insensitive Mg-ATPase activity in mussel digestive gland mitochondria. Biochimie 2012; 94:727-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2011.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2011] [Accepted: 11/06/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Hirner AV, Rettenmeier AW. Methylated Metal(loid) Species in Humans. ORGANOMETALLICS IN ENVIRONMENT AND TOXICOLOGY 2010. [DOI: 10.1039/9781849730822-00465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
While the metal(loid)s arsenic, bismuth, and selenium (probably also tellurium) have been shown to be enzymatically methylated in the human body, this has not yet been demonstrated for antimony, cadmium, germanium, indium, lead, mercury, thallium, and tin, although the latter elements can be biomethylated in the environment. Methylated metal(loid)s exhibit increased mobility, thus leading to a more efficient metal(loid) transport within the body and, in particular, opening chances for passing membrane barriers (blood-brain barrier, placental barrier). As a consequence human health may be affected. In this review, relevant data from the literature are compiled, and are discussed with respect to the evaluation of assumed and proven health effects caused by alkylated metal(loid) species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfred V. Hirner
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen D-45117 Essen Germany
| | - Albert W. Rettenmeier
- Institute of Hygiene and Occupational Medicine, University of Duisburg-Essen D-45122 Essen Germany
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Bragadin M, Marton D, Manente S. Trialkyllead compounds induce the opening of the MTP pore in rat liver mitochondria. J Inorg Biochem 2007; 101:876-8. [PMID: 17368777 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2007.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2006] [Revised: 01/29/2007] [Accepted: 01/29/2007] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The interactions of the tributyl, triethyl and trimethyllead compounds with energized mitochondria have been investigated in this paper. It has been shown that the (alkyl)(3)Pb-Cl compounds induce swelling in mitochondria suspended in a sucrose medium. The phenomenon is more marked the higher the lipophilicity and occurs in the following order: (Bu)(3)Pb>(Et)(3)Pb>(Me)(3)Pb. As swelling is inhibited by cyclosporine, this suggests that the swelling is due to the opening of a trans-membrane pore (MTP pore) in the mitochondria. As this pore can be responsible for the inhibition of the ATP synthesis, and, consequently for cell death, the opening of the pore could be one of the reasons for the toxicity of the (alkyl)(3)Pb-X compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcantonio Bragadin
- Environmental Sciences Department, Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Dorsoduro D2137, 30123 Venice, Italy.
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Bragadin M, Manente S, Marton D, Cima F, Rigobello MP, Bindoli A. The interaction of zinc pyrithione with mitochondria from rat liver and a study of the mechanism of inhibition of ATP synthesis. Appl Organomet Chem 2003. [DOI: 10.1002/aoc.535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Bragadin M, Marton D, Manente S, Grasso M, Toninello A. Methylmercury induces the opening of the permeability transition pore in rat liver mitochondria. J Inorg Biochem 2002; 89:159-62. [PMID: 11931977 DOI: 10.1016/s0162-0134(01)00366-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Interactions of methylmercury (CH(3)HgCl) with non-energized mitochondria from rat liver (non-respiring mitochondria) have been investigated in this paper. It has been shown that CH(3)HgCl induces swelling in mitochondria suspended in a sucrose medium. Swelling has also been induced by detergent compounds and by phenylarsine, a chemical compound which induces opening of the permeant transition pore (MTP). Opening of the MTP is inhibited by means of cyclosporine A. Results indicate that the swelling induced by CH(3)HgCl, as in the case of phenylarsine, is inhibited by cyclosporine A and Mg(2+), while swelling induced by detergent compounds is not cyclosporine sensitive. This comparison suggests that CH(3)HgCl induces opening of a permeability transition pore (MTP). Since the opening of an MTP induces cell death, this interaction with MTP could be one of the causes of toxicity of CH(3)HgCl.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcantonio Bragadin
- Dipartimento di Scienze Ambientali, Università di Venezia, DD2137 30123, Venice, Italy.
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Bragadin M, Moret I, Piazza R, Grasso M, Manente S. The interactions of cetyltrimethylammonium with mitochondria: an uncoupler or a detergent? CHEMOSPHERE 2002; 46:219-223. [PMID: 11827278 DOI: 10.1016/s0045-6535(01)00095-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The interactions of cetyltrimethylammonium (CTA) with mitochondria have been investigated. We confirm, as already observed in a previous paper, that this compound behaves as proton carrier (or uncoupler) of the oxidative phosphorylation, but evidences suggest that this compound enhances the membrane permeability to many other compounds such as sucrose. We conclude therefore that CTA as a detergent enhances membrane permeability to all ions including protons. Some evidences are also given that the inhibitory effect of CTA on the mitochondrial respiratory chain is a consequence of the swelling induced.
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Bragadin M, Marton D, Manente S, Toninello A. The interaction of tributyllead with lysosomes from rat liver. J Inorg Biochem 2001; 83:229-32. [PMID: 11237264 DOI: 10.1016/s0162-0134(00)00195-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The interactions of tributyllead with lysosomes from rat liver have been studied. It results that the organometal compound induces a fast alkalinization in energized lysosomes. The interpretation is that the compound is a potent proton carrier. This function could explain the toxicity, in particular at neurological level of the compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Bragadin
- Dipartimento Scienze Ambientali, Università di Venezia, Italy.
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Bragadin M, Marton D, Scutari G, Dell'Antone P. The interactions of trialkyltin compounds with lysosomes from rat liver. J Inorg Biochem 2000; 78:205-7. [PMID: 10805176 DOI: 10.1016/s0162-0134(00)00004-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Interactions of two trialkyltin compounds with the lysosomes from a rat liver have been studied. It is shown that these compounds induce a fast alkalinisation in the matrix of energised lysosomes. The fast alkalinisation rate is similar to the one obtained with uncouplers of the oxidative phosphorylation. An identical effect has been obtained with lysosomes energised in a chloride-free medium. This supports the hypothesis that trialkyltin compounds behave not only as Cl-/OH- exchangers, but also as proton carriers in biological membranes. This result could explain the toxicity and in particular the neurotoxicity of trialkyltin compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Bragadin
- Dipartimento Scienze Ambientali, Università di Venezia, Venice, Italy.
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