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An Add-On Treatment for Moderate COPD with Squill-Oxymel (a Traditional Formulation from Drimia maritima (L.) Stearn): A Pilot Randomized Triple-Blinded Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2022; 2022:5024792. [PMID: 35677368 PMCID: PMC9170410 DOI: 10.1155/2022/5024792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Revised: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Background. In traditional Persian medicine, Drimia maritima, with the popular name Squill, has been used to alleviate phlegm dyspnea. Squill has also been shown to have anti-inflammatory and anticholinergic properties. The goal of this research was to see how effective and safe Squill-Oxymel was in treating COPD patients. Method. Forty-two COPD patients were examined for eight weeks in two groups. Patients underwent a 6-minute walk test to assess the treatment’s effectiveness at the beginning and conclusion of the intervention. We utilized St. George’s Respiratory Questionnaire (SGRQ) to evaluate the subjective symptoms of patients in order to measure their quality of life. Results. Patients who received Squill-Oxymel showed a statistically significant increase in 6MWT distance (
). The mean O2 saturation at the end of the 6MWT before the intervention was significantly greater in the placebo group. (
). In terms of questionnaire variables, there was a significant difference between placebo and Squill-Oxymel groups in the mean presymptom score (
) and the mean post-symptom score (
). Conclusions. The findings of this research provide preliminary evidence for the effectiveness and safety of Squill-Oxymel as an add-on therapy in individuals with mild COPD.
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Bozorgi M, Amin G, Shekarchi M, Rahimi R. Traditional medical uses of Drimia species in terms of phytochemistry, pharmacology and toxicology. J TRADIT CHIN MED 2018; 37:124-39. [PMID: 29960283 DOI: 10.1016/s0254-6272(17)30036-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Drimia genus includes plants that used from ancient time for various ailments such as dropsy, respiratory
ailment, bone and joint complications, skin disorders, epilepsy and cancer. Toxic properties
of some Drimia species also were noted by ancient scientists and these plants have been traditionally
used for rat control. Bufadienolides have been identified as the main constituents in the genus of
Drimia. Phenolics, sterols, protein and some of other phytochemicals have been also isolated from
these plants. Pharmacological and clinical studies have strongly approved their effect on cardiovascular
system. Extracts and compounds isolated from Drimia species showed biological activities such as
antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and insecticidal effects through several
in vivo and in vitro studies. Moreover, cytotoxic and antitumor activities which may be related
to bufadienolide content of these plants have been considered by many researchers. Traditional therapeutic
values of these plants for treating respiratory and rheumatic ailments as well as skin disorders
are needed to be validated through more researches. Toxic effects of these plants and isolated compounds
have been investigated through several in vivo studies. Drimia plants and their isolated compounds
have narrow therapeutic index, so patients should be prohibited from applying these plants
without medical supervision and should be informed about the main intoxication symptoms before
starting treatment. Moreover, interaction of Drimia plants with other constituents of traditional
herbal mixtures as well as chemical and biological modalities for reducing toxicity of bufadienolide
compounds can be subjected for future studies.
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Klupczynska A, Pawlak M, Kokot ZJ, Matysiak J. Application of Metabolomic Tools for Studying Low Molecular-Weight Fraction of Animal Venoms and Poisons. Toxins (Basel) 2018; 10:toxins10080306. [PMID: 30042318 PMCID: PMC6116190 DOI: 10.3390/toxins10080306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2018] [Revised: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Both venoms and poisonous secretions are complex mixtures that assist in defense, predation, communication, and competition in the animal world. They consist of variable bioactive molecules, such as proteins, peptides, salts and also metabolites. Metabolomics opens up new perspectives for the study of venoms and poisons as it gives an opportunity to investigate their previously unexplored low molecular-weight components. The aim of this article is to summarize the available literature where metabolomic technologies were used for examining the composition of animal venoms and poisons. The paper discusses only the low molecular-weight components of venoms and poisons collected from snakes, spiders, scorpions, toads, frogs, and ants. An overview is given of the analytical strategies used in the analysis of the metabolic content of the samples. We paid special attention to the classes of compounds identified in various venoms and poisons and potential applications of the small molecules (especially bufadienolides) discovered. The issues that should be more effectively addressed in the studies of animal venoms and poisons include challenges related to sample collection and preparation, species-related chemical diversity of compounds building the metabolome and a need of an online database that would enhance identification of small molecule components of these secretions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Klupczynska
- Department of Inorganic & Analytical Chemistry, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Grunwaldzka 6 Street, 60-780 Poznan, Poland.
| | - Magdalena Pawlak
- Department of Inorganic & Analytical Chemistry, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Grunwaldzka 6 Street, 60-780 Poznan, Poland.
| | - Zenon J Kokot
- Department of Inorganic & Analytical Chemistry, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Grunwaldzka 6 Street, 60-780 Poznan, Poland.
| | - Jan Matysiak
- Department of Inorganic & Analytical Chemistry, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Grunwaldzka 6 Street, 60-780 Poznan, Poland.
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4
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Lan YL, Wang X, Lou JC, Xing JS, Zou S, Yu ZL, Ma XC, Wang H, Zhang B. Marinobufagenin inhibits glioma growth through sodium pump α1 subunit and ERK signaling-mediated mitochondrial apoptotic pathway. Cancer Med 2018; 7:2034-2047. [PMID: 29582577 PMCID: PMC5943480 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.1469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Revised: 01/02/2018] [Accepted: 03/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Malignant glioma is one of the most challenging central nervous system diseases to treat and has high rates of recurrence and mortality. Current therapies often fail to control tumor progression or improve patient survival. Marinobufagenin (MBG) is an endogenous mammalian cardiotonic steroid involved in sodium pump inhibition. Currently, various studies have indicated the potential of MBG in cancer treatments; however, the precise mechanisms are poorly understood. The functions of MBG were examined using colony formation, migration, cell cycle, and apoptosis assays in glioma cells. A mitochondrial membrane potential assay was performed to determine the mitochondrial transmembrane potential change, and cytochrome c release from mitochondria was assayed by fluorescence microscopy. An immunofluorescence assay was performed, and the nuclear translocation of NF‐κB in glioma cells was confirmed by confocal microscopy. Western blotting and RT‐qPCR were used to detect the protein and gene expression levels, respectively. In addition, transfection experiment of ATP1A1‐siRNA was further carried out to confirm the role of sodium pump α1 subunit in the anticancer effect of MBG in human glioma. The apoptosis‐promoting and anti‐inflammatory effects of MBG were further investigated, and the sodium pump α1 subunit and the ERK signaling pathway were found to be involved in the anticancer effect of MBG. The in vivo anticancer efficacy of MBG was also tested in xenografts in nude mice. Thus, therapies targeting the ERK signaling‐mediated mitochondrial apoptotic pathways regulated by MBG might represent potential treatments for human glioma, and this study could accelerate the finding of newer therapeutic approaches for malignant glioma treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Long Lan
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116023, China.,Department of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116044, China.,Department of Physiology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116044, China
| | - Xun Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Jia-Cheng Lou
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Jin-Shan Xing
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Shuang Zou
- Department of Physiology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116044, China
| | - Zhen-Long Yu
- Department of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116044, China
| | - Xiao-Chi Ma
- Department of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116044, China
| | - Hongjin Wang
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Bo Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116023, China
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5
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Qing X, Guo Y, Shan X, Ding Y, Gao Q, Li Y, Wang C. An efficient synthesis of 3β,14β-dihydroxy-5α-androst-15-en-17-one. JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL RESEARCH 2017. [DOI: 10.3184/174751917x14944355549168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
An efficient four-step method has been developed for the synthesis of 3 β,14 β-dihydroxy-5 α-androst-15-en-17-one from a common androstane derivative. The X-ray crystal structures of the alkenes, the epoxide and the 14-hydroxy compound have been determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xushun Qing
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, 180 Siwangting Street, Yangzhou 225002, P.R. China
| | - Yayun Guo
- Shandong Academy of Grape, 1–27 Shanda South Road, Licheng District, Jinan 250100, P.R. China
| | - Xiaojie Shan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, 180 Siwangting Street, Yangzhou 225002, P.R. China
| | - Yue Ding
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, 180 Siwangting Street, Yangzhou 225002, P.R. China
| | - Qi Gao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, 180 Siwangting Street, Yangzhou 225002, P.R. China
| | - Yang Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, 180 Siwangting Street, Yangzhou 225002, P.R. China
| | - Cunde Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, 180 Siwangting Street, Yangzhou 225002, P.R. China
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Nejatbakhsh F, Karegar-Borzi H, Amin G, Eslaminejad A, Hosseini M, Bozorgi M, Gharabaghi MA. Squill Oxymel, a traditional formulation from Drimia Maritima (L.) Stearn, as an add-on treatment in patients with moderate to severe persistent asthma: A pilot, triple-blind, randomized clinical trial. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2017; 196:186-192. [PMID: 27998692 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2016.12.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2016] [Revised: 12/12/2016] [Accepted: 12/16/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE In Traditional Iranian Medicine (TIM), Squill (Drimia maritima (L.) Stearn) Oxymel was utilized in the treatment of asthma. Squill has been reported to exert anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, anti-cholinergic, and mucus secretion modulating effects. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to make a preliminary evaluation of the efficacy and safety of an add-on Squill Oxymel treatment in patients with moderate to severe persistent asthma. METHODS In a 6-week, triple-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial, 60 patients with stable moderate to severe persistent asthma were randomly allocated to receive either 10ml syrup of Squill Oxymel, simple oxymel, or a placebo 2 times a day, as an add-on to their routine treatment (inhaled corticosteroids and β2 agonists). Spirometry and plethysmography were performed on patients to evaluate the effect of the treatment at baseline and end of intervention. Forced Expiratory Volume in first second (FEV1) was considered the primary outcome. St. George's respiratory questionnaire (SGRQ) was also used for the subjective evaluation of patients' responses. RESULTS Fifty-four patients completed the study. The results showed significant improvement in spirometry parameters, especially FEV1 (1.54±.38 vs. 2.11±.49l), in the Squill Oxymel group compared with the other groups. The increases in FEV1 liter, FEV1%, FEV1/FVC%, and MEF 25-75% during the intervention were significantly higher in the Squill Oxymel group than in the other groups (p<.001). However, the improvement of plethysmographic parameters showed no significant difference between the study groups (p>.05). The SGRQ scores (symptoms, activity, and total score) were significantly improved after intervention in both the Squill Oxymel and the simple honey oxymel groups (p<.001), but not in the placebo group. Nausea and vomiting was reported in 5 patients in Squill oxymel and simple oxymel groups. No other serious adverse event was observed. CONCLUSIONS The results of the current study show preliminary evidence for the efficacy and safety of the add-on treatment of Squill Oxymel in patients with moderate to severe persistent asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Nejatbakhsh
- Department of Iranian Traditional Medicine, School of Traditional Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hossein Karegar-Borzi
- Department of Iranian Traditional Medicine, School of Traditional Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Gholamreza Amin
- Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Alireza Eslaminejad
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Masih Daneshvari Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mostafa Hosseini
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahbubeh Bozorgi
- Department of Traditional Pharmacy, Faculty of Traditional Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehrnaz Asadi Gharabaghi
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Imam Khomeini Hospital, Keshavarz Boulevard, Medical Sciences/Tehran University, Tehran, Iran.
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7
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Hui C, Pu F, Xu J. Metal-Catalyzed Asymmetric Michael Addition in Natural Product Synthesis. Chemistry 2016; 23:4023-4036. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201604110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chunngai Hui
- Department of Chemistry; South University of Science and Technology of China; No. 1088 Xueyuan Ave., Nanshan District Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055 P. R. China
| | - Fan Pu
- Department of Chemistry; South University of Science and Technology of China; No. 1088 Xueyuan Ave., Nanshan District Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055 P. R. China
| | - Jing Xu
- Department of Chemistry; South University of Science and Technology of China; No. 1088 Xueyuan Ave., Nanshan District Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055 P. R. China
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8
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Kaplan W, Khatri HR, Nagorny P. Concise Enantioselective Total Synthesis of Cardiotonic Steroids 19-Hydroxysarmentogenin and Trewianin Aglycone. J Am Chem Soc 2016; 138:7194-8. [PMID: 27232585 PMCID: PMC5015484 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b04029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The expedient and scalable approach to cardiotonic steroids carrying oxygenation at the C11- and C19-positions has been developed and applied to the total asymmetric synthesis of steroids 19-hydroxysarmentogenin and trewianin aglycone as well as to the assembly of the panogenin core. This new approach features enantioselective organocatalytic oxidation of an aldehyde, diastereoselective Cu(OTf)2-catalyzed Michael reaction/tandem aldol cyclizations, and one-pot reduction/transposition reactions allowing a rapid (7 linear steps) assembly of a functionalized cardenolide skeleton. The ability to quickly set this steroidal core with preinstalled functional handles and diversity elements eliminates the need for difficult downstream functionalizations and substantially improves the accessibility to the entire class of cardenolides and their derivatives for biological evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Will Kaplan
- Chemistry Department, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Hem Raj Khatri
- Chemistry Department, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Pavel Nagorny
- Chemistry Department, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
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9
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Anti-gastric cancer activity in three-dimensional tumor spheroids of bufadienolides. Sci Rep 2016; 6:24772. [PMID: 27098119 PMCID: PMC4838868 DOI: 10.1038/srep24772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2016] [Accepted: 03/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Multicellular spheroids of cancer cells have been increasingly used to screen anti-tumor compounds, owing to their in vivo like microenvironment and structure as well as compatibility to high-throughput/high-content screening. Here we report the potency and efficacy of a family of bufadienolides to inhibit the growth of gastric cancer cell line HGC-27 in three-dimensional (3D) spheroidal models. Examining the morphological and growth patterns of several cell lines in round-bottomed ultra-low attachment microplate suggested that HGC-27 cells formed reproducibly multicellular spheroidal structures. Profiling of 15 natural bufadienolides isolated from toad skin indicated that 8 14-hydroxy bufadienolides displayed inhibitory activity of the growth of HGC-27 spheroids in a dose-dependent manner. Notably, compared to clinical drugs taxol and epirubicin, active bufadienolides were found to penetrate more effectively into the HGC-27 spheroids, but with a narrower effective concentration range and a shorter lasting inhibitory effect. Furthermore, compared to two-dimensional (2D) cell monolayer assays, active bufadienolides exhibited weaker efficacy and different potency in 3D spheroid model, demonstrating the great potential of 3D multicellular cell spheroid models in anti-cancer drug discovery and development.
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10
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Zhang Y, Jin H, Li X, Zhao J, Guo X, Wang J, Guo Z, Zhang X, Tao Y, Liu Y, Chen D, Liang X. Separation and characterization of bufadienolides in toad skin using two-dimensional normal-phase liquid chromatography×reversed-phase liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2015; 1026:67-74. [PMID: 26621782 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2015.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2015] [Revised: 11/03/2015] [Accepted: 11/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Bufadienolides possess various bioactivities especially antitumor. Due to the high structural diversity, the separation of bufadienolides often suffers from coelution problem on conventional RP columns. In this work, an off-line two-dimensional normal-phase liquid chromatography×reversed-phase liquid chromatography (2D-NPLC×RPLC) method was developed to separate and characterize bufadienolides in toad skin. Several RP and NP columns were evaluated with five reference bufadienlides. The XUnion C18 and XAmide columns exhibited superior chromatographic performances for bufadienlide separation, and were selected in RPLC and NPLC, respectively. RPLC was used in the second-dimension for the good compatibility with MS, while NPLC was adopted in the first-dimension. The orthogonality of the 2D-NPLC×RPLC system was investigated by the geometric approach using fifteen bufadienolide mixtures. The result was 49.6%, demonstrating reasonable orthogonality of this 2D-LC system. By combining the 2D-LC system with MS, 64 bufadienlides including 33 minor ones and 11 pairs of isomers in toad skin were identified. This off-line 2D-NPLC×RPLC allowed to solve the coelution problem of bufadienlides in one-dimension RPLC, and thus facilitated the identification significantly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Zhang
- Key Lab of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Hongli Jin
- Key Lab of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Xiaolong Li
- Key Lab of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Jianqiang Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Medicine Research, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining 810001, PR China
| | - Xiujie Guo
- Key Lab of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Jixia Wang
- Key Lab of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Zhimou Guo
- Key Lab of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Xiuli Zhang
- Key Lab of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Yanduo Tao
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Medicine Research, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining 810001, PR China
| | - Yanfang Liu
- Key Lab of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China.
| | - Deliang Chen
- Wuhan Univ., Zhongnan Hosp., Dept. Internal Med., Div. Cardiol., Wuhan 430071, Hubei Province, PR China.
| | - Xinmiao Liang
- Key Lab of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
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Yu Z, Guo W, Ma X, Zhang B, Dong P, Huang L, Wang X, Wang C, Huo X, Yu W, Yi C, Xiao Y, Yang W, Qin Y, Yuan Y, Meng S, Liu Q, Deng W. Gamabufotalin, a bufadienolide compound from toad venom, suppresses COX-2 expression through targeting IKKβ/NF-κB signaling pathway in lung cancer cells. Mol Cancer 2014; 13:203. [PMID: 25175164 PMCID: PMC4161895 DOI: 10.1186/1476-4598-13-203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2014] [Accepted: 08/25/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gamabufotalin (CS-6), a major bufadienolide of Chansu, has been used for cancer therapy due to its desirable metabolic stability and less adverse effect. However, the underlying mechanism of CS-6 involved in anti-tumor activity remains poorly understood. METHODS The biological functions of gamabufotalin (CS-6) were investigated by migration, colony formation and apoptosis assays in NSCLC cells. The nuclear localization and interaction between transcriptional co-activator p300 and NF-κB p50/p65 and their binding to COX-2 promoter were analyzed after treatment with CS-6. Molecular docking study was used to simulate the interaction of CS-6 with IKKβ. The in vivo anti-tumor efficacy of CS-6 was also analyzed in xenografts nude mice. Western blot was used to detect the protein expression level. RESULTS Gamabufotalin (CS-6) strongly suppressed COX-2 expression by inhibiting the phosphorylation of IKKβ via targeting the ATP-binding site, thereby abrogating NF-κB binding and p300 recruitment to COX-2 promoter. In addition, CS-6 induced apoptosis by activating the cytochrome c and caspase-dependent apoptotic pathway. Moreover, CS-6 markedly down-regulated the protein levels of COX-2 and phosphorylated p65 NF-κB in tumor tissues of the xenograft mice, and inhibited tumor weight and size. CONCLUSIONS Our study provides pharmacological evidence that CS-6 exhibits potential use in the treatment of COX-2-mediated diseases such as lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenlong Yu
- />Institute of Cancer Stem Cell; College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Lvshun South Road No 9, Dalian, 116044 China
| | - Wei Guo
- />Institute of Cancer Stem Cell; College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Lvshun South Road No 9, Dalian, 116044 China
| | - Xiaochi Ma
- />Institute of Cancer Stem Cell; College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Lvshun South Road No 9, Dalian, 116044 China
| | - Baojing Zhang
- />Institute of Cancer Stem Cell; College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Lvshun South Road No 9, Dalian, 116044 China
| | - Peipei Dong
- />Institute of Cancer Stem Cell; College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Lvshun South Road No 9, Dalian, 116044 China
| | - Lin Huang
- />Institute of Cancer Stem Cell; College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Lvshun South Road No 9, Dalian, 116044 China
| | - Xiuli Wang
- />Institute of Cancer Stem Cell; College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Lvshun South Road No 9, Dalian, 116044 China
| | - Chao Wang
- />Institute of Cancer Stem Cell; College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Lvshun South Road No 9, Dalian, 116044 China
| | - Xiaokui Huo
- />Institute of Cancer Stem Cell; College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Lvshun South Road No 9, Dalian, 116044 China
| | - Wendan Yu
- />Institute of Cancer Stem Cell; College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Lvshun South Road No 9, Dalian, 116044 China
| | - Canhui Yi
- />Institute of Cancer Stem Cell; College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Lvshun South Road No 9, Dalian, 116044 China
| | - Yao Xiao
- />Institute of Cancer Stem Cell; College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Lvshun South Road No 9, Dalian, 116044 China
| | - Wenjing Yang
- />Institute of Cancer Stem Cell; College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Lvshun South Road No 9, Dalian, 116044 China
| | - Yu Qin
- />Institute of Cancer Stem Cell; College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Lvshun South Road No 9, Dalian, 116044 China
| | - Yuhui Yuan
- />Institute of Cancer Stem Cell; College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Lvshun South Road No 9, Dalian, 116044 China
| | - Songshu Meng
- />Institute of Cancer Stem Cell; College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Lvshun South Road No 9, Dalian, 116044 China
| | - Quentin Liu
- />Institute of Cancer Stem Cell; College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Lvshun South Road No 9, Dalian, 116044 China
- />Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center; State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Canter of Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wuguo Deng
- />Institute of Cancer Stem Cell; College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Lvshun South Road No 9, Dalian, 116044 China
- />Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center; State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Canter of Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China
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12
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Aasim M, Khawar K, Özcan S. In VitroRegeneration of Red SquillUrginea Maritima(L.) Baker. Using Thidiazuron. BIOTECHNOL BIOTEC EQ 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/13102818.2008.10817580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
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13
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Ferreira PMP, Lima DJB, Debiasi BW, Soares BM, Machado KDC, Noronha JDC, Rodrigues DDJ, Sinhorin AP, Pessoa C, Vieira Júnior GM. Antiproliferative activity of Rhinella marina and Rhaebo guttatus venom extracts from Southern Amazon. Toxicon 2013; 72:43-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2013.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2013] [Revised: 06/11/2013] [Accepted: 06/13/2013] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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14
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Moreno Y Banuls L, Urban E, Gelbcke M, Dufrasne F, Kopp B, Kiss R, Zehl M. Structure-activity relationship analysis of bufadienolide-induced in vitro growth inhibitory effects on mouse and human cancer cells. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2013; 76:1078-84. [PMID: 23706005 DOI: 10.1021/np400034d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
The in vitro growth inhibitory effects of 27 bufadienolides and eight degradation products, with two cardenolides (ouabain and digoxin) chosen as reference compounds, were analyzed by means of an MTT colorimetric assay in six human and two mouse cancer cell lines. A structure-activity analysis was then performed to highlight the most important substituents relating to the in vitro growth inhibitory activity of bufadienolides in cancer cells. Thus, the current study revealed that various bufadienolides, including gamabufotalin rhamnoside (1a), bufotalin (2a), and hellebrin (3a), displayed higher growth inhibitory activities for various human cancer cell lines when compared to ouabain and digoxin. Gamabufotalin rhamnoside (1a) was the only compound that displayed growth inhibitory effects of <1 μM in mouse cancer cells that expressed mutated forms of the Na(+),K(+)-ATPase α-1 subunit. In addition, all genins and degradation products displayed weaker (if any) in vitro growth inhibitory effects on cancer cells when compared to their respective glycosylated homologue, with the exception of hellebrigenin (3b), which was as active as hellebrin (3a).
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Affiliation(s)
- Laetitia Moreno Y Banuls
- Laboratoire de Toxicologie, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), 1050 Brussels, Belgium
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15
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Ma H, Hong M, Duan J, Liu P, Fan X, Shang E, Su S, Guo J, Qian D, Tang Y. Altered cytokine gene expression in peripheral blood monocytes across the menstrual cycle in primary dysmenorrhea: a case-control study. PLoS One 2013; 8:e55200. [PMID: 23390521 PMCID: PMC3563666 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0055200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2012] [Accepted: 12/19/2012] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Primary dysmenorrhea is one of the most common gynecological complaints in young women, but potential peripheral immunologic features underlying this condition remain undefined. In this paper, we compared 84 common cytokine gene expression profiles of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from six primary dysmenorrheic young women and three unaffected controls on the seventh day before (secretory phase), and the first (menstrual phase) and the fifth (regenerative phase) days of menstruation, using a real-time PCR array assay combined with pattern recognition and gene function annotation methods. Comparisons between dysmenorrhea and normal control groups identified 11 (nine increased and two decreased), 14 (five increased and nine decreased), and 15 (seven increased and eight decreased) genes with ≥2-fold difference in expression (P<0.05) in the three phases of menstruation, respectively. In the menstrual phase, genes encoding pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL1B, TNF, IL6, and IL8) were up-regulated, and genes encoding TGF-β superfamily members (BMP4, BMP6, GDF5, GDF11, LEFTY2, NODAL, and MSTN) were down-regulated. Functional annotation revealed an excessive inflammatory response and insufficient TGF-β superfamily member signals with anti-inflammatory consequences, which may directly contribute to menstrual pain. In the secretory and regenerative phases, increased expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and decreased expression of growth factors were also observed. These factors may be involved in the regulation of decidualization, endometrium breakdown and repair, and indirectly exacerbate primary dysmenorrhea. This first study of cytokine gene expression profiles in PBMCs from young primary dysmenorrheic women demonstrates a shift in the balance between expression patterns of pro-inflammatory cytokines and TGF-β superfamily members across the whole menstrual cycle, underlying the peripheral immunologic features of primary dysmenorrhea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyue Ma
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for TCM Formulae Research, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Min Hong
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for TCM Formulae Research, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Jinao Duan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for TCM Formulae Research, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
- * E-mail:
| | - Pei Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for TCM Formulae Research, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Xinsheng Fan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for TCM Formulae Research, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Erxin Shang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for TCM Formulae Research, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Shulan Su
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for TCM Formulae Research, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Jianming Guo
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for TCM Formulae Research, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Dawei Qian
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for TCM Formulae Research, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Yuping Tang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for TCM Formulae Research, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
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Interactions between bufadienolides derived from toad venom and verapamil in langendorff-perfused guinea-pig hearts. Toxicol In Vitro 2013; 27:396-401. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2012.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2012] [Revised: 07/21/2012] [Accepted: 08/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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17
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Bhatti HN, Khera RA. Biological transformations of steroidal compounds: a review. Steroids 2012; 77:1267-90. [PMID: 22910289 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2012.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2012] [Revised: 07/15/2012] [Accepted: 07/26/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Microbial transformation is an important tool for structural modification of organic compounds, especially natural products with complex structures like steroids. It can be used to synthesize chemical structures that are difficult to obtain by ordinary methods and as a model of mammalian metabolism due to similarity between mammalian and microbial enzyme systems. During recent years research has been focused on the structural modifications of bioactive steroids by using various microorganisms, in order to obtain biologically potent compounds with diverse structures. Steroidal compounds are responsible for important biological functions in the cells and manifest a variety of activities. This article covers the microbial transformation of sterols, steroidal hormones and some new types of steroids known as bufadienolides. Emphasis has placed on reporting metabolites that may be of general interest and on the practical aspects of work in the field of microbial transformations. The review covers the literature from 1994 to 2011.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haq Nawaz Bhatti
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38040, Pakistan.
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18
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The novel antidote Bezoar Bovis prevents the cardiotoxicity of Toad (Bufo bufo gargarizans Canto) Venom in mice. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 64:417-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.etp.2010.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2010] [Revised: 10/10/2010] [Accepted: 10/18/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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19
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Ma H, Jiang J, Zhang J, Zhou J, Ding A, Lv G, Xu H, You F, Zhan Z, Duan J. Protective effect of taurine on cardiotoxicity of the bufadienolides derived from toad (Bufo bufo gargarizans Canto) venom in guinea-pigs in vivo and in vitro. Toxicol Mech Methods 2012; 22:1-8. [PMID: 22150009 DOI: 10.3109/15376516.2011.583295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
In China, toad venom is an anti-inflammatory agent used in small doses for the treatment of various types of inflammation. Bufadienolides are cardioactive steroids responsible for the anti-inflammatory actions of toad venom. We studied the protective effect of taurine on the cardiotoxicity of bufadienolides in guinea-pigs. Bufadienolides (8 mg/kg) caused arrhythmias, cardiac dysfunction and death in guinea-pigs. Pretreatment with taurine (150, 300 mg/kg) significantly prevented bufadienolide-induced cardiotoxicity and reduced the mortality in vivo. Taurine markedly increased the cumulative doses of bufadienolides and resibufogenin required for lethal arrhythmia in ex vivo isolated guinea-pig heart. Taurine did not compromise the anti-inflammatory activity of the bufadienolides on concanavalin-A-stimulated proliferation of guinea-pig splenocytes in vitro. These data indicate that taurine can prevent bufadienolide-induced cardiotoxicity and could be a novel antidote in combination with bufadienolide therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyue Ma
- Jiangsu Key laboratory for TCM formulae research, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
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20
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Ekholm FS, Schneider G, Wölfling J, Leino R. An approach to the synthesis and attachment of scillabiose to steroids. Steroids 2011; 76:588-95. [PMID: 21352842 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2011.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2010] [Revised: 02/03/2011] [Accepted: 02/16/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Hellebrin and transvaalin are two naturally occurring saponins with biological activity. In the present paper, we describe a high yielding route to the synthesis and coupling of their shared glycone, scillabiose, to a model steroid. A convergent coupling strategy utilizing a scillabiose-based glycosyl donor was devised for the glycosylation. This convergent approach is appealing due to its high efficiency and simple deprotection procedure and may find further use in total synthesis of naturally occurring saponins and related compounds sharing the same glycone. Due to the widespread occurrence of this glycone in nature, the complete NMR spectroscopic characterization of all compounds prepared herein is provided as reference material. In addition, glycosylations were performed with the monosaccharide constituents of scillabiose, thereby providing a limited series of glycosylated steroids for potential future evaluation of the effects of the glycone on the overall biological activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filip S Ekholm
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Åbo Akademi University, Biskopsgatan 8, FI-20500 Åbo, Finland
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21
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Gao H, Popescu R, Kopp B, Wang Z. Bufadienolides and their antitumor activity. Nat Prod Rep 2011; 28:953-69. [DOI: 10.1039/c0np00032a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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22
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Cunha-Filho GA, Resck IS, Cavalcanti BC, Pessoa CÓ, Moraes MO, Ferreira JR, Rodrigues FA, dos Santos ML. Cytotoxic profile of natural and some modified bufadienolides from toad Rhinella schneideri parotoid gland secretion. Toxicon 2010; 56:339-48. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2010.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2009] [Revised: 03/13/2010] [Accepted: 03/23/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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23
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Puschett JB, Agunanne E, Uddin MN. Emerging Role of the Bufadienolides in Cardiovascular and Kidney Diseases. Am J Kidney Dis 2010; 56:359-70. [DOI: 10.1053/j.ajkd.2010.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2009] [Accepted: 01/05/2010] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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24
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Li F, Weng Y, Wang L, He H, Yang J, Tang X. The efficacy and safety of bufadienolides-loaded nanostructured lipid carriers. Int J Pharm 2010; 393:203-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2010.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2010] [Revised: 03/25/2010] [Accepted: 04/05/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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25
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Zhan J, Zhang Y, Liu W, Guo H, Guo D. Directional Modifications of Resibufogenin by Mucor subtilissimus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. BIOCATAL BIOTRANSFOR 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/10242420310001597793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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26
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Zhang J, Sun Y, Liu JH, Yu BY, Xu Q. Microbial transformation of three bufadienolides by Nocardia sp. and some insight for the cytotoxic structure–activity relationship (SAR). Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2007; 17:6062-5. [PMID: 17911017 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2007.09.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2007] [Revised: 09/12/2007] [Accepted: 09/19/2007] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Resibufogenin, cinobufagin, and bufalin are cytotoxic steroids isolated from the Chinese drug Chan'su. Biotransformation of these three bufadienolides by Nocardia sp. NRRL 5646 was investigated. Notably, resibufogenin was converted to 3-acetyl 15beta-hydroxyl bufotalin, via an unprecedented 14beta,15beta-epoxy ring cleavage and a regio-selective acetoxylation. This product showed significantly increased cytotoxic activity. The regio-selective acetylation of the 3-OH was also involved in the other reactions. The structures of metabolites were established by ESI-LC/MS and 2D NMR techniques. The in vitro cytotoxic activities against human cancer cell lines of the substrates and the transformed products were determined by the MTT method and their structure-activity relationship (SAR) was discussed. This investigation provided a useful approach to prepare new bufadienolides and the SAR research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Zhang
- Department of Complex Prescription of TCM, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
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27
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Soliev AB, Mirzaakhmedov SY, Tashmukhamedov MS, Kamaev FG, Salikhov SI, Zakirova NI, Abramov AY, Usanova IV, Syrov VN, Khushbaktova ZA. Chemical composition and biological activity of total bufadienolides from the Central-Asian Bufo viridis toad venom. Pharm Chem J 2007. [DOI: 10.1007/s11094-008-0024-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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28
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Ma HY, Kou JP, Wang JR, Yu BY. Evaluation of the anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities of Liu-Shen-Wan and its individual fractions. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2007; 112:108-14. [PMID: 17368990 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2007.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2006] [Revised: 01/11/2007] [Accepted: 02/07/2007] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Liu-Shen-Wan (LSW), a famous traditional Chinese medicine for treatment of upper respiratory tract inflammation, was evaluated for its anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities. Acetic acid-elevated vascular permeability, carboxymethylcellulose sodium (CMC-Na)-induced leukocyte migration and ear edema induced by picryl chloride were used to test anti-inflammatory activity. Moreover, acetic acid-induced writhing and hot-plate tests were used to determine analgesic effect. It was observed that LSW exerted significant anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities in these models at doses of 30 and 90mg/kg crude drug in vivo. In addition, LSW potently inhibited proliferation of human peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) stimulated by streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxin at doses of 0.5-5microg/ml in vitro. LSW was then partitioned with chloroform, methanol, water and mineral fraction. Several fractions inhibited inflammation and pain in varying degrees. Among them, chloroform fraction was the most active in hot-plate and writhing tests, and exerted the remarkable inhibitory effect on human PBMC proliferation. Methanol and water fractions had more suppressive activities in vascular permeability, leukocyte migration and PC-DTH tests. These results suggest that LSW has significantly anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities. The chloroform fraction is a key fraction of LSW to the overall anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects, while methanol and water fractions also partly contribute to anti-inflammatory activities of LSW.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Yue Ma
- Department of Complex Prescription of TCM, China Pharmaceutical University, 1 Shennong Road, Nanjing 210038, PR China
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29
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Schoner W, Scheiner-Bobis G. Endogenous and exogenous cardiac glycosides: their roles in hypertension, salt metabolism, and cell growth. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2007; 293:C509-36. [PMID: 17494630 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00098.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 341] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Cardiotonic steroids (CTS), long used to treat heart failure, are endogenously produced in mammals. Among them are the hydrophilic cardenolide ouabain and the more hydrophobic cardenolide digoxin, as well as the bufadienolides marinobufagenin and telecinobufagin. The physiological effects of endogenous ouabain on blood pressure and cardiac activity are consistent with the "Na(+)-lag" hypothesis. This hypothesis assumes that, in cardiac and arterial myocytes, a CTS-induced local increase of Na(+) concentration due to inhibition of Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase leads to an increase of intracellular Ca(2+) concentration ([Ca(2+)](i)) via a backward-running Na(+)/Ca(2+) exchanger. The increase in [Ca(2+)](i) then activates muscle contraction. The Na(+)-lag hypothesis may best explain short-term and inotropic actions of CTS. Yet all data on the CTS-induced alteration of gene expression are consistent with another hypothesis, based on the Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase "signalosome," that describes the interaction of cardiac glycosides with the Na(+) pump as machinery activating various signaling pathways via intramembrane and cytosolic protein-protein interactions. These pathways, which may be activated simultaneously or selectively, elevate [Ca(2+)](i), activate Src and the ERK1/2 kinase pathways, and activate phosphoinositide 3-kinase and protein kinase B (Akt), NF-kappaB, and reactive oxygen species. A recent development indicates that new pharmaceuticals with antihypertensive and anticancer activities may be found among CTS and their derivatives: the antihypertensive rostafuroxin suppresses Na(+) resorption and the Src-epidermal growth factor receptor-ERK pathway in kidney tubule cells. It may be the parent compound of a new principle of antihypertensive therapy. Bufalin and oleandrin or the cardenolide analog UNBS-1450 block tumor cell proliferation and induce apoptosis at low concentrations in tumors with constitutive activation of NF-kappaB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilhelm Schoner
- Institut für Biochemie und Endokrinologie, Fachbereich Veterinärmedizin, Justus-Liebig-Universität Giessen, Frankfurter Str 100, Giessen, Germany.
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30
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Ma XC, Zheng J, Guo DA. Highly selective isomerization and dehydrogenation of three major bufadienolides at 3-OH by Fusarium solani. Enzyme Microb Technol 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2006.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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31
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Nesher M, Shpolansky U, Rosen H, Lichtstein D. The digitalis-like steroid hormones: new mechanisms of action and biological significance. Life Sci 2007; 80:2093-2107. [PMID: 17499813 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2007.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2007] [Revised: 03/08/2007] [Accepted: 03/14/2007] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Digitalis-like compounds (DLC) are a family of steroid hormones synthesized in and released from the adrenal gland. DLC, the structure of which resembles that of plant cardiac glycosides, bind to and inhibit the activity of the ubiquitous cell surface enzyme Na(+), K(+)-ATPase. However, there is a large body of evidence suggesting that the regulation of ion transport by Na(+), K(+)-ATPase is not the only physiological role of DLC. The binding of DLC to Na(+), K(+)-ATPase induces the activation of various signal transduction cascades that activate changes in intracellular Ca(++) homeostasis, and in specific gene expression. These, in turn, stimulate endocytosis and affect cell growth and proliferation. At the systemic level, DLC were shown to be involved in the regulation of major physiological parameters including water and salt homeostasis, cardiac contractility and rhythm, systemic blood pressure and behavior. Furthermore, the DLC system has been implicated in several pathological conditions, including cardiac arrhythmias, hypertension, cancer and depressive disorders. This review evaluates the evidence for the different aspects of DLC action and delineates open questions in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maoz Nesher
- Department of Physiology, The Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Uri Shpolansky
- Department of Physiology, The Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Haim Rosen
- The Kuvin Center for the Study of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, The Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - David Lichtstein
- Department of Physiology, The Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel.
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Abstract
The mechanisms by which digitalis causes its therapeutic and toxic actions have been studied for nearly a half century, revealing a great deal about cardiac cell regulation of intracellular ions via the Na-K-ATPase (NKA) and how it is altered by cardiac glycosides. However, recent observations suggest that digitalis may have additional effects on cardiac cell function in both the short and long term that include intracellular effects, interactions with specific NKA isoforms in different cellular locations, effects on intracellular (including nuclear) signaling, and long-term regulation of intracellular ionic balances through circulating ouabain-like compounds. The purpose of this review is to examine the current status of a number of the newest and most interesting developments in the study of digitalis with a particular focus on cardiac function, although we will also discuss some of the new advances in other relevant cardiovascular effects. This new information has important implications for both our understanding of ionic regulation in normal and diseased hearts as well as for potential avenues for the development of future therapeutic interventions for the treatment of heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Andrew Wasserstrom
- Dept. of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
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33
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Komiyama Y, Dong XH, Nishimura N, Masaki H, Yoshika M, Masuda M, Takahashi H. A novel endogenous digitalis, telocinobufagin, exhibits elevated plasma levels in patients with terminal renal failure. Clin Biochem 2005; 38:36-45. [PMID: 15607315 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2004.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2004] [Accepted: 08/26/2004] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES There are several potential endogenous digitalis-like factors (EDLF) in mammalian body fluids, and marinobufagenin (MBG) may be the most potent EDLF. Improved assays are needed to confirm the potency of these metabolites. In the present study, we have identified MBG and telocinobufagin (TCB) in human plasma by high-resolution mass spectrometry (MS) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). METHODS AND RESULTS The high-resolution MS analysis revealed the molecular masses of TCB and MBG to be the same as their respective theoretical values. Using a tandem mass spectrometer, the mass-charge ratio for TCB was determined to be 403.2 for the parent ion and 349.2 for the daughter ion. The mass-charge ratio for MBG was m/z 383.2 and m/z 401.2. The NMR study revealed that the signals for MBG and TCB were the same as those obtained by MS analysis. In human blood, MBG and TCB were also identified by liquid chromatography (LC) as well as MS. In the LC/MS assay, proscillaridin A was used as an internal standard. The plasma was pretreated with Sep-Pak C18, and then 50 microL was applied to the C8 high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) column. The mean plasma concentration of MBG in healthy volunteers (0.94 +/- 0.28 ng/mL) was significantly lower than that in patients undergoing regular hemodialysis (3.81 +/- 1.92 ng/mL). The concentration of TCB in the healthy volunteers (1.80 +/- 0.55 ng/mL) was also significantly lower than that in patients with terminal renal failure (6.86 +/- 4.30 ng/mL). CONCLUSION These results indicate that the major EDLF is TCB because its plasma concentration is the highest among the reported endogenous digitalis candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutaka Komiyama
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Laboratory Medicine, Kansai Medical University, Fumizonocho, Moriguchi, Osaka 570-8507, Japan
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Kongbangkerd A, Köpf A, Allacher P, Wawrosch C, Kopp B. Micropropagation of squill (Charybdis numidica) through nodule culture. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2005; 23:673-677. [PMID: 15654639 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-004-0907-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2004] [Revised: 11/15/2004] [Accepted: 11/24/2004] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
A micropropagation protocol for squill (Charybdis numidica, Hyacinthaceae) was developed using nodule culture. Nodule formation on leaf sections was induced in liquid Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with 20 microM N6-benzylaminopurine (BA) under dark conditions. Nodules were cultured on semi-solid MS medium with factorial combinations of BA (0-40 microM) and alpha-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) (0-10 microM) under continuous light. Shoot regeneration from nodules occurred at varying degrees on all media. The highest number of shoots was formed on medium containing 2.5 microM NAA and 20 microM BA, while the maximum number of regenerated bulblets per gram nodule was induced on culture medium supplemented with 2.5 microM NAA alone. Regenerated shoots were successfully rooted at approximately 92% on semi-solid MS medium supplemented with 10 microM indole-3-acetic acid (IAA). Plantlets could be hardened and grew well after transfer to the greenhouse. Chemical analyses showed consistent bufadienolide patterns from cloned plantlets and the mother plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Kongbangkerd
- Institute of Pharmacognosy, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, 1090, Vienna, Austria,
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Daniel D, Süsal C, Kopp B, Opelz G, Terness P. Apoptosis-mediated selective killing of malignant cells by cardiac steroids: maintenance of cytotoxicity and loss of cardiac activity of chemically modified derivatives. Int Immunopharmacol 2003; 3:1791-801. [PMID: 14636829 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2003.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Cardiac glycosides are commonly used drugs in clinical medicine. We analyzed the cytotoxic effect of six steroids belonging to the bufadienolide family on malignant T lymphoblasts and normal peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). One compound was a natural bufadienolide glycoside (hellebrin) with cardiac activity. The other five compounds were chemically modified derivatives that did not contain cardioactive groups. We found that these steroids were able to cause time-dependent apoptosis in Jurkat T lymphoblasts, whereas they only minimally affected PBMC. Preferential killing of malignant cells was induced by the natural cardioactive substance hellebrin and by three of the five chemically modified non-cardioactive derivatives. The substances caused mitochondrial transmembrane potential disruption and internucleosomal DNA fragmentation in tumor cells. The cytoplasmic and nuclear events of bufadienolide-induced apoptosis were strongly inhibited in the presence of caspase 8, caspase 9, or caspase 3 inhibitors, as well as in the presence of the broad-spectrum caspase inhibitor Z-VAD-FMK. Overexpression of Bcl-2 significantly protected bufadienolide-treated cells from phosphatidylserine translocation, transmembrane potential disruption, and internucleosomal DNA fragmentation. Our results show that the analyzed bufadienolide derivatives preferentially kill malignant human lymphoblasts by initiating apoptosis via the classical caspase-dependent pathway. Apoptosis-inducing agents specific for tumor cells might be ideal anti-tumor drugs. The therapeutic use of bufadienolides has been hampered by their concomitant cardiac activity. The description of compounds without cardiac activity but with tumor-specific cytotoxicity suggests the potential of using them in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dinara Daniel
- Department of Transplantation Immunology, Institute of Immunology, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 305, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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Zhan J, Liu W, Guo H, Zhang Y, Guo D. Selective dehydrogenation of resibufogenin and cinobufagin at 3-OH by Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Enzyme Microb Technol 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0141-0229(03)00068-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Abstract
Preeclampsia-eclampsia is still one of the leading causes of maternal and fetal morbidity and mortality. Despite active research for many years, the etiology of this disorder exclusive to human pregnancy is an enigma. Recent evidence suggests there may be several underlying causes or predispositions leading to the signs of hypertension, proteinuria, and edema, findings that allow us to make the diagnosis of the "syndrome" of preeclampsia. Despite improved prenatal care, severe preeclampsia and eclampsia still occur. Although understanding of the pathophysiology of these disorders has improved, treatment has not changed significantly in over 50 years. Although postponement of delivery in selected women with severe preeclampsia improves fetal outcome to a degree, this is not done without risk to the mother. In the United States, magnesium sulfate and hydralazine are the most commonly used medications for seizure prophylaxis and hypertension in the intrapartum period. The search for the underlying cause of this disorder and for a clinical marker to predict those women who will develop preeclampsia-eclampsia is ongoing, with its prevention the ultimate goal. This review began with the clinical and pathophysiologic aspects of preeclampsia-eclampsia (Part 1). Now, in Part 2, the experimental observations, the search for predictive factors, and the genetics of this disorder are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriella Pridjian
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Tulane University Medical School, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, USA.
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