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Setiyono E, Adhiwibawa MA, Indrawati R, Prihastyanti MNU, Shioi Y, Brotosudarmo THP. An Indonesian Marine Bacterium, Pseudoalteromonas rubra, Produces Antimicrobial Prodiginine Pigments. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:4626-4635. [PMID: 32175509 PMCID: PMC7066656 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.9b04322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Red pigmented marine bacteria, Pseudoalteromonas rubra strains PS1 and SB14, were isolated from two sampling locations in different ecosystems on Alor Island, Indonesia, and cultured in the laboratory. We analyzed the 16S rRNA gene sequences and examined the pigment composition and found that both strains produced cycloprodigiosin (3), prodigiosin (4), and 2-methyl-3-hexyl-prodiginine (5) as major compounds. In addition, we detected three minor compounds: prodigiosin derivatives 2-methyl-3-propyl prodiginine (1), 2-methyl-3-butyl prodiginine (2), and 2-methyl-3-heptyl-prodiginine (6). To our knowledge, this is the first report that P. rubra synthesizes not only prodigiosin and cycloprodigiosin but also four prodigiosin derivatives that differ in the length of the alkyl chain. The antimicrobial activity of cycloprodigiosin, prodigiosin, and 2-methyl-3-hexyl-prodiginine was examined by a disk-diffusion test against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella typhi, and Candida albicans. We found that, at a concentration of 20 μg/mL, cycloprodigiosin showed the greatest inhibition (25.1 ± 0.55 mm) against S. aureus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edi Setiyono
- Ma Chung Research Center
for Photosynthetic Pigments (MRCPP) and Department of Chemistry, Universitas Ma Chung, Villa Puncak Tidar N01, Malang 65151, Jawa Timur, Indonesia
| | - Marcelinus Alfasisurya
Setya Adhiwibawa
- Ma Chung Research Center
for Photosynthetic Pigments (MRCPP) and Department of Chemistry, Universitas Ma Chung, Villa Puncak Tidar N01, Malang 65151, Jawa Timur, Indonesia
| | - Renny Indrawati
- Ma Chung Research Center
for Photosynthetic Pigments (MRCPP) and Department of Chemistry, Universitas Ma Chung, Villa Puncak Tidar N01, Malang 65151, Jawa Timur, Indonesia
| | - Monika Nur Utami Prihastyanti
- Ma Chung Research Center
for Photosynthetic Pigments (MRCPP) and Department of Chemistry, Universitas Ma Chung, Villa Puncak Tidar N01, Malang 65151, Jawa Timur, Indonesia
| | - Yuzo Shioi
- Ma Chung Research Center
for Photosynthetic Pigments (MRCPP) and Department of Chemistry, Universitas Ma Chung, Villa Puncak Tidar N01, Malang 65151, Jawa Timur, Indonesia
| | - Tatas Hardo Panintingjati Brotosudarmo
- Ma Chung Research Center
for Photosynthetic Pigments (MRCPP) and Department of Chemistry, Universitas Ma Chung, Villa Puncak Tidar N01, Malang 65151, Jawa Timur, Indonesia
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2
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Degradable porous drug-loaded polymer scaffolds for localized cancer drug delivery and breast cell/tissue growth. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2020; 112:110794. [PMID: 32409024 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2020.110794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2019] [Revised: 01/25/2020] [Accepted: 02/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
This paper presents the results of a combined experimental and analytical study of blended FDA-approved polymers [polylactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA), polyethylene glycol (PEG) and polycaprolactone (PCL)] with the potential for sustained localized cancer drug release. Porous drug-loaded 3D degradable PLGA-PEG and PLGA-PCL scaffolds were fabricated using a multistage process that involved solvent casting and particulate leaching with lyophilization. The physicochemical properties including the mechanical, thermal and biostructural properties of the drug-loaded microporous scaffolds were characterized. The release of the encapsulated prodigiosin (PG) or paclitaxel (PTX) drug (from the drug-loaded polymer scaffolds) was also studied experimentally at human body temperature (37 °C) and hyperthermic temperatures (41 and 44 °C). These characteristic controlled and localized in vitro drug release from the properties of the microporous scaffold were analyzed using kinetics and thermodynamic models. Subsequently, normal breast cells (MCF-10A) were cultured for a 28-day period on the resulting 3D porous scaffolds in an effort to study the possible regrowth of normal breast tissue, following drug release. The effects of localized cancer drug release on breast cancer cells and normal breast cell proliferation are demonstrated for scenarios that are relevant to palliative breast tumor surgery for 16 weeks under in vivo conditions. Results from the in vitro drug release show a sustained anomalous (non-Fickian) drug release that best fits the Korsmeyer-Peppas (KP) kinetic model with a non-spontaneous thermodynamic process that leads to a massive decrease in breast cancer cell (MDA-MB-231) viability. Our findings from the animal suggest that localized drug release from drug-based 3D resorbable porous scaffolds can be used to eliminate/treat local recurred triple negative breast tumors and promote normal breast tissue regeneration after surgical resection.
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3
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Markova MV, Ivanov AV, Trofimov BA. Free-Radical Co-Oligomerization of N-Vinylpyrroles with N-Vinylpyrrolidone: A Route to New Bioactive Oligomers. DOKLADY CHEMISTRY 2018. [DOI: 10.1134/s0012500818100075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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4
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PLGA-based microparticles loaded with bacterial-synthesized prodigiosin for anticancer drug release: Effects of particle size on drug release kinetics and cell viability. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2016; 66:51-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2016.04.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2015] [Revised: 04/18/2016] [Accepted: 04/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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5
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Johnson RE, de Rond T, Lindsay VNG, Keasling JD, Sarpong R. Synthesis of Cycloprodigiosin Identifies the Natural Isolate as a Scalemic Mixture. Org Lett 2015; 17:3474-7. [PMID: 26114660 PMCID: PMC4509414 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.5b01527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
![]()
The
enantiomers of the natural product cycloprodigiosin were prepared
using an expedient five-step synthetic sequence that takes advantage
of a Schöllkopf–Barton–Zard (SBZ) pyrrole annulation
with a chiral isocyanoacetate and a nitrocyclohexene derivative. Using
chiral HPLC and X-ray crystallographic analyses of the synthetically
prepared material and natural isolate (isolated from the marine bacterium Pseudoalteromonas rubra), naturally occurring cycloprodigiosin
was determined to be a scalemic mixture occurring in an enantiomeric
ratio of 83:17 (R)/(S) at C4′.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca E Johnson
- †Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Tristan de Rond
- †Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Vincent N G Lindsay
- †Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Jay D Keasling
- ‡Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Department of Bioengineering, and QB3 Institute, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States.,§Joint BioEnergy Institute, 5885 Hollis Street, Emeryville, California 94608, United States.,∥Physical Bioscience Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94270, United States
| | - Richmond Sarpong
- †Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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6
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Guryanov ID, Karamova NS, Yusupova DV, Gnezdilov OI, Koshkarova LA. Bacterial pigment prodigiosin and its genotoxic effect. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF BIOORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2013. [DOI: 10.1134/s1068162012060040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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7
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Selection of extraction solvent and temperature effect on stability of the algicidal agent prodigiosin. BIOTECHNOL BIOPROC E 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s12257-012-0210-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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8
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Malathi M, Mohan PS, Butcher RJ, Venil CK. Benzimidazole quinoline derivatives — An effective green fluorescent dye for bacterial imaging. CAN J CHEM 2009. [DOI: 10.1139/v09-139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
A one-pot synthesis of benzimidazoles by condensing naphthyl or quinoline aldehyde with benzene-1,2-diamine has been reported. IR, 1H and 13C NMR, mass spectral, and CHN analyses were used to elucidate the structures of the products. The molecular structural correlation in the optical properties of the quinoline and naphthalene benzimidazoles was explored. The fluorescence quantum yield ([Formula: see text]) and time-resolved fluorescent lifetime of the quinoline benzimidazoles derivatives were estimated. The influence of solvent polarity and pH on the optical property of quinoline derivatives was illustrated. To explore the bioanalytical applicability, the thermal stability by TG–DTA analysis and the cytogenetic analysis of 3-(1H-benzoimidazol-2-yl)-2-chloro-8-methyl-quinoline (1b) compound were carried out. The fluorescent staining ability of 1b was analyzed and also compared with the normal Gram staining in the bacterium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahalingam Malathi
- Department of Chemistry, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore 641 046, India
- Department of Chemistry, Howard University, WA, USA
- Department of Environmental Science, Division of Microbiology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore 641 046, India
| | - Palathurai Subramaniam Mohan
- Department of Chemistry, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore 641 046, India
- Department of Chemistry, Howard University, WA, USA
- Department of Environmental Science, Division of Microbiology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore 641 046, India
| | - Raymond J. Butcher
- Department of Chemistry, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore 641 046, India
- Department of Chemistry, Howard University, WA, USA
- Department of Environmental Science, Division of Microbiology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore 641 046, India
| | - Chidambaram Kulandaisamy Venil
- Department of Chemistry, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore 641 046, India
- Department of Chemistry, Howard University, WA, USA
- Department of Environmental Science, Division of Microbiology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore 641 046, India
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9
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Mo S, Sydor PK, Corre C, Alhamadsheh MM, Stanley AE, Haynes S, Song L, Reynolds KA, Challis GL. Elucidation of the Streptomyces coelicolor Pathway to 2-Undecylpyrrole, a Key Intermediate in Undecylprodiginine and Streptorubin B Biosynthesis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 15:137-48. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2007.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2007] [Revised: 11/12/2007] [Accepted: 11/28/2007] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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10
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Williamson NR, Fineran PC, Gristwood T, Chawrai SR, Leeper FJ, Salmond GPC. Anticancer and immunosuppressive properties of bacterial prodiginines. Future Microbiol 2008; 2:605-18. [PMID: 18041902 DOI: 10.2217/17460913.2.6.605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial prodiginines are a family of red-pigmented, tripyrrolic compounds that display numerous biological activities, including antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antimalarial, immunosuppressive and anticancer properties. Recently, significant progress has been made in understanding the biosynthesis and regulation of bacterial prodiginines. An understanding of the biosynthesis of prodiginines will allow engineering of bacterial strains capable of synthesizing novel prodiginines through rational design and mutasynthesis experiments. Bacterial prodiginines and synthetic derivatives are effective proapoptotic agents with multiple cellular targets, and they are active against numerous cancer cell lines, including multidrug-resistant cells, with little or no toxicity towards normal cell lines. A synthetic derivative, GX15-070 (Obatoclax), developed through structure-activity relationship studies of the pyrrolic ring A of GX15, is in multiple Phase I and II clinical trials in both single and dual-agent studies to treat different types of cancer. Therefore, prodiginines have real therapeutic potential in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil R Williamson
- University of Cambridge, Department of Biochemistry, Tennis Court Road, UK.
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11
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Role of interleukin-2 regulated proteins in immunosuppression by the N-alkylated prodigiosin analogue. Int Immunopharmacol 2007; 7:1695-703. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2007.08.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2007] [Revised: 08/30/2007] [Accepted: 08/30/2007] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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12
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Deorukhkar AA, Chander R, Ghosh SB, Sainis KB. Identification of a red-pigmented bacterium producing a potent anti-tumor N-alkylated prodigiosin as Serratia marcescens. Res Microbiol 2007; 158:399-404. [PMID: 17467243 DOI: 10.1016/j.resmic.2007.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2006] [Revised: 02/23/2007] [Accepted: 02/23/2007] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A bacterial strain producing a novel prodigiosin analogue 2,2'-[3-methoxy-1'amyl-5'-methyl-4-(1''-pyrryl)] dipyrrylmethene (MAMPDM) possessing potent cytotoxic activity towards cancer cells was isolated and identified. The bacterial cells were spherical and occurred singly, and some of the biochemical tests matched with Micrococcus. Therefore, the isolate was earlier tentatively reported to be Micrococcus sp. In the present studies, analytical profile index (API) suggested this organism to be Klebsiella. However, Klebsiella is not known to produce the red pigment prodigiosin, which is produced by Serratia species and some other bacteria. Based on other biochemical characteristics, particularly DNase, gelatinase, lipase, ornithine decarboxylase, presence of a cell-associated N-alkylated prodigiosin (MAMPDM) and organic solvent tolerance, the strain has now been identified as a variant of Serratia marcescens. 16S rRNA gene analysis conclusively established this organism as S. marcescens ost3. The red pigment (MAMPDM) of this organism showed selective cytotoxic activity in cancer cell lines of different origin (LS-A and U937) and reduced toxicity to non-malignant cells. The LC50 of MAMPDM was 1.59 microM and 0.176 microM for U937 and LS-A cells, respectively, while there was no effect on the viability of L929, a non-malignant cell line, at these concentrations. Thus, S. marcescens ost3 may serve as a source of a new anti-cancer compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit A Deorukhkar
- Food Technology Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai 400 085, India
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13
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Wei YH, Yu WJ, Chen WC. Enhanced undecylprodigiosin production from Serratia marcescens SS-1 by medium formulation and amino-acid supplementation. J Biosci Bioeng 2005; 100:466-71. [PMID: 16310739 DOI: 10.1263/jbb.100.466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2005] [Accepted: 07/01/2005] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Serratia marcescens Simon Swift-1 (SS-1) was used to produce a prodigiosin-like pigment, undecylprodigiosin (UP), known to have antitumor activities and potential as an anticancer drug. Modified media containing components of Luria-Bertani (LB) broth and selected amino acids were used to improve UP production from S. marcescens SS-1. Optimal culture conditions (e.g., temperature, pH, agitation rate) for UP production were also identified. It was found that S. marcescens SS-1 was able to produce 690 mg l-1 of UP when it was grown with 5 g l-1 yeast extract alone (YE medium) under the optimal culture conditions of 30 degrees C, 200 rpm, and pH 8. The UP production of 690 mg l-1 is nearly 23-fold of that obtained from original LB medium. Addition of amino acids containing pyrrole-like structures further enhanced UP production. Nearly 2 and 1.4 g l-1 of UP was produced when the SS-1 strain was cultivated with YE medium supplemented with proline and histidine (5 g l-1), respectively. Moreover, the addition of aspartic acid (5 g l-1) also resulted in a high UP production of 1.4 g l-1. Optimal dosages of the three amino acids were subsequently determined and the highest UP production (2.5 g l-1) was achieved with the addition of 10 g l-1 of proline. This suggests that the supplementation of amino acids related to the formation of a UP precursor (e.g., pyrrolylpyrromethene) could enhance UP production by the SS-1 strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Hong Wei
- Graduate School of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Yuan-Ze University, Chung-Li, Taoyuan 320, Taiwan.
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14
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Wei YH, Chen WC. Enhanced production of prodigiosin-like pigment from Serratia marcescens SMdeltaR by medium improvement and oil-supplementation strategies. J Biosci Bioeng 2005; 99:616-22. [PMID: 16233840 DOI: 10.1263/jbb.99.616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2005] [Accepted: 03/31/2005] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Serratia marcescens SMdeltaR, an SpnR-defective isogenic mutant of S. marcescens SS-1, was used to produce a prodigiosin-like pigment (PLP). Luria-Bertani (LB) broth, frequently used for prodigiosin biosynthesis with S. marcescens strains, was modified by increasing the concentrations of tryptone and yeast extract while completely removing NaCl from the medium. The resulting modified LB (MLB) medium achieved an almost 3.0-fold increase in PLP yield (152 mg l(-1)) when compared with the original LB broth. The addition of vegetable oils (2-6% [v/v]) to the fermentation broth markedly enhanced PLP production. PLP yields of 525, 579, and 790 mg l(-1) were obtained when the MLB medium was supplemented with 4% soybean oil, 4% olive oil and 6% sunflower oil, respectively. PLP production was found to be positively correlated with extracellular surface emulsification activity, suggesting a link between the PLP production and the presence of biosurfactant. This work shows that the optimal medium for PLP yield was sunflower oil (6%)-supplemented MLB medium, which resulted in an approximately 14-fold higher PLP yield than that in LB broth. Mass spectrometry and NMR analysis indicated that the PLP product is a prodigiosin derivative, called undecylprodigiosin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Hong Wei
- Graduate School of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Yuan-Ze University, Chung-Li, Taoyuan 320, Taiwan.
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15
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Han SB, Lee CW, Yoon YD, Kang JS, Lee KH, Yoon WK, Kim YK, Lee K, Park SK, Kim HM. Effective prevention of lethal acute graft-versus-host disease by combined immunosuppressive therapy with prodigiosin and cyclosporine A. Biochem Pharmacol 2005; 70:1518-26. [PMID: 16198318 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2005.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2005] [Revised: 08/29/2005] [Accepted: 08/29/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Prodigiosin (PDG), a bacterial metabolite, is a known T cell-specific immunosuppressant. Here, we compared its inhibitory potency and mode of action with cyclosporine A (CsA) in a mouse model. PDG efficiently inhibited T cell proliferation with an IC(50) of 3.37 ng/ml, a similar dose to that of CsA (IC(50) of 2.71 ng/ml). PDG inhibited only IL-2Ralpha expression, but not IL-2 expression, whereas CsA inhibited both. Exogenously added IL-2 reversed the suppressive activity of CsA, but not that of PDG. Moreover, although both PDG and CsA markedly reduced mortality rates in lethal acute graft-versus-host disease (GVHD), the combined treatment was more effective than either drug alone. These results demonstrate that PDG and CsA have similar inhibitory potencies, but different modes of action, and suggest that PDG has potential use as a supplementary immunosuppressant in combination with CsA for the treatment of GVHD.
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MESH Headings
- Acute Disease
- Animals
- Arthritis, Experimental/drug therapy
- Arthritis, Experimental/etiology
- Arthritis, Experimental/prevention & control
- Bacteria/chemistry
- Bacteria/immunology
- Bacteria/metabolism
- Cell Proliferation/drug effects
- Cyclosporine/immunology
- Cyclosporine/pharmacology
- Cyclosporine/therapeutic use
- Disease Models, Animal
- Drug Administration Schedule
- Drug Evaluation, Preclinical/methods
- Drug Therapy, Combination
- Female
- Graft vs Host Disease/drug therapy
- Graft vs Host Disease/etiology
- Graft vs Host Disease/prevention & control
- Immunosuppressive Agents/immunology
- Immunosuppressive Agents/pharmacology
- Immunosuppressive Agents/therapeutic use
- Interleukin-2/antagonists & inhibitors
- Interleukin-2/genetics
- Interleukin-2/immunology
- Interleukin-2 Receptor alpha Subunit
- Lymphocytes/drug effects
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Prodigiosin/immunology
- Prodigiosin/pharmacology
- Prodigiosin/therapeutic use
- Receptors, Interleukin/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Interleukin/genetics
- Receptors, Interleukin/immunology
- T-Cell Antigen Receptor Specificity/immunology
- Time Factors
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Bae Han
- Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), 52 Oundong, Yusong, Taejon 305-333, South Korea
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16
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Kumar DSS, Lau CS, Wan JMF, Yang D, Hyde KD. Immunomodulatory compounds from Pestalotiopsis leucothës, an endophytic fungus from Tripterygium wilfordii. Life Sci 2005; 78:147-56. [PMID: 16107268 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2005.04.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2004] [Accepted: 04/14/2005] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The immunomodulatory effects of three compounds designated BS, GS, and YS produced by Pestalotiopsis leucothës, an endophytic fungus isolated from Tripterygium wilfordii, were evaluated. The 50% inhibition concentration (IC50) value of BS in the proliferative assay with various stimulating agents such as phytohemagglutinin-M (PHA-M), phorbol myristate acetate (PMA)/ionomycin, mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLR) and poke weed mitogen (PWM) was 0.35, 1.6, 0.8 and 5.4 microg/ml, respectively. In addition, BS significantly inhibited the production of cytokines such as interleukin (IL)-1beta, IL-2, interferon (IFN)-gamma and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, by peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMNC) and soluble IL-2 receptor expression at concentrations greater than 1 microg/ml. Inhibition of PHA stimulated PBMNC proliferation and IL-2 and sIL-2R production by BS indicates that it is a T-cell specific immunosuppressant. However, BS also moderately inhibited immunoglobulin (Ig) G and M at concentrations greater than 1 mug/ml suggesting that it also has B cell immunosuppressive effects. YS was 10% less active than BS in all assay systems. In contrast, GS exhibited both suppression and enhancement of PBMNC proliferation in the presence of various stimulants. However, GS inhibited PWM stimulated PBMNC proliferation and IL-4 and IgG and IgM production at concentrations above 1 mug/ml. All three fungal compounds altered the percentage of T-lymphocyte subpopulations only at high concentrations. Cell viability was not affected at the immunosuppressive concentrations of these compounds. In conclusion, work from our laboratory has identified three potentially potent immunomodulatory compounds from P. leucothës. These compounds have variable effects on T- and B-cells and monocytes. They may partially explain the immunosuppressive activity of T. wilfordii. In addition, they may represent a new source of immunomodulatory compounds for the treatment of human immune mediated diseases.
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17
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Podder H, Kahan BD. Janus kinase 3: a novel target for selective transplant immunosupression. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2005; 8:613-29. [PMID: 15584866 DOI: 10.1517/14728222.8.6.613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Existing immunosuppressants inhibit lymphocyte activation and T cell cytokine signal transduction pathways, reducing the rate of acute rejection episodes to < 10%. However, the widespread tissue distribution of their molecular targets engenders pleiotropic toxicities. One strategy to address this problem seeks to identify compounds that selectively inhibit a target restricted in distribution to the lymphoid system. Janus kinase (Jak) 3 is such a molecule; it mediates signal transduction via the gamma common chain of lymphokine surface receptors. Disruption of this lymphoid-restricted enzyme would not be predicted to produce collateral damage in other organ systems. Development of selective Jak3 inhibitors has been difficult due to crossreactivity with its homologue, Jak2. In contrast to all other putative antagonists, which are discussed in detail herein, one Jak3 inhibitor, NC1153, shows at least 40-fold greater selective inhibition for Jak3 than for Jak2, is robustly synergistic with calcineurin antagonists, and, either alone or in combination with cyclosporin, produces no adverse effects in rodents preconditioned to be at heightened risk for nephrotoxicity, bone marrow suppression, or altered lipid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hemangshu Podder
- The University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Division of Immunology and Organ Transplantation, 6431 Fannin Street, Suite 6.240, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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18
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Hatada S, Ohta T, Shiratsuchi Y, Hatano M, Kobayashi Y. A novel accessory role of neutrophils in concanavalin A-induced hepatitis. Cell Immunol 2005; 233:23-9. [PMID: 15893298 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2005.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2004] [Revised: 03/18/2005] [Accepted: 03/24/2005] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Concanavalin A (Con A)-induced hepatitis has been investigated as a model of T cell-mediated liver injury, in which IFN-gamma plays an essential role by inducing apoptosis of liver cells. Since a large number of neutrophils infiltrate into the liver in the model, the role of neutrophils was investigated in this study. Con A hardly caused liver injury in neutrophil-depleted mice, as assessed as to the plasma alanine aminotransferase level as well as histochemistry. Neutrophil-depleted mice also failed to produce IFN-gamma. Intracellular IFN-gamma staining revealed that, among liver leukocytes, T and NK cells but not neutrophils are the main producers of IFN-gamma. Nylon wool-purified "T cells", however, failed to produce IFN-gamma in response to Con A in vitro, while the production was restored by the addition of neutrophils. Overall, this study suggests that neutrophils play a novel accessory role in IFN-gamma production in Con A-induced hepatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sachiyo Hatada
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Department of Biomolecular Science, Faculty of Science, Toho University, Funabashi, Chiba 274-8510, Japan
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19
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Teshima S, Nakanishi H, Kamata K, Kaibori M, Kwon AH, Kamiyama Y, Nishizawa M, Ito S, Okumura T. Cycloprodigiosin up-regulates inducible nitric oxide synthase gene expression in hepatocytes stimulated by interleukin-1beta. Nitric Oxide 2005; 11:9-16. [PMID: 15350552 DOI: 10.1016/j.niox.2004.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2004] [Revised: 06/01/2004] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The proinflammatory cytokine interleukin-1beta stimulates inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) gene expression in hepatocytes via activation of a transcription factor, nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB). Nitric oxide has diverse cytoprotective and toxic effects. Cycloprodigiosin is an anticancer drug that induces apoptosis through NF-kappaB-dependent mechanisms. This study investigated whether cycloprodigiosin influenced NF-kappaB activation and induction of iNOS by interleukin-1beta. Cycloprodigiosin alone had no effect on NO production by primary cultured rat hepatocytes. Simultaneous addition of cycloprodigiosin and interleukin-1beta markedly stimulated the induction of iNOS mRNA and protein compared with addition of interleukin-1beta alone, resulting in overproduction of NO. Cycloprodigiosin had no effect on degradation of the inhibitory subunit of NF-kappaB (IkappaBalpha), but lessened the recovery of IkappaBalpha levels. The electrophoretic mobility shift assay revealed that cycloprodigiosin caused an increase of NF-kappaB activation. Consistent with this observation, cycloprodigiosin promoted the translocation of p65 (a subunit of NF-kappaB) to the nucleus. Furthermore, this drug enhanced expression of the type 1 interleukin-1 receptor, and this action showed similar concentration-dependence to its induction of iNOS. These results indicate that cycloprodigiosin up-regulates the induction of iNOS by increasing NF-kappaB activation, at least partly through enhancement of type 1 interleukin-1 receptor expression. By regulating the expression of NF-kappaB-dependent genes, such as iNOS, cycloprodigiosin administration may increase NO production during hepatic injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigeru Teshima
- The First Department of Surgery, Kansai Medical University, Osaka 570-8506, Japan
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20
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Pérez-Tomás R, Montaner B, Llagostera E, Soto-Cerrato V. The prodigiosins, proapoptotic drugs with anticancer properties. Biochem Pharmacol 2003; 66:1447-52. [PMID: 14555220 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-2952(03)00496-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The family of natural red pigments, called prodigiosins (PGs), characterised by a common pyrrolylpyrromethene skeleton, are produced by various bacteria. Some members have immunosuppressive properties and apoptotic effects in vitro and they have also displayed antitumour activity in vivo. Understanding the mechanism of action of PGs is essential for drug development and will require the identification and characterisation of their still unidentified cell target. Four possible mechanisms of action have been suggested for these molecules: (i) PGs as pH modulators; (ii) PGs as cell cycle inhibitors; (iii) PGs as DNA cleavage agents; (iv) PGs as mitogen-activated protein kinase regulators. Here, we review the pharmacological activity of PG and related compounds, including novel synthetic PG derivatives with lower toxicity and discuss the mechanisms of action and the molecular targets of those molecules. The results reported in this review suggest that PGs are a new class of anticancer drugs, which hold out considerable promise for the Pharmacological Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Pérez-Tomás
- Cancer Cell Biology Research Group, Departament de Biologia Cel.lular i Anatomia Patològica, Universitat de Barcelona. Feixa Llarga s/n. E-08907 L'Hospitalet, Barcelona, Spain.
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21
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Campàs C, Dalmau M, Montaner B, Barragán M, Bellosillo B, Colomer D, Pons G, Pérez-Tomás R, Gil J. Prodigiosin induces apoptosis of B and T cells from B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Leukemia 2003; 17:746-50. [PMID: 12682632 DOI: 10.1038/sj.leu.2402860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
We have previously reported that prodigiosin (2-methyl-3-pentyl-6-methoxyprodigiosene) induces apoptosis in human hematopoietic cancer cell lines with no marked toxicity in nonmalignant cell lines. In this study, we demonstrate that prodigiosin induces apoptosis of B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (B-CLL) cells (n=32 patients). The dose-response for the cytotoxic effect of prodigiosin was analyzed in cells from 12 patients showing an IC(50) of 116+/-25 nM. Prodigiosin induced apoptosis of B-CLL cells through caspase activation. We also analyzed the cytotoxic effect of prodigiosin in T cells from B-CLL samples and no differences were observed with respect to leukemia cells. This is the first report showing that prodigiosin induces apoptosis in human primary cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Campàs
- Department de Ciències Fisiològiques II, Unitat de Bioquímica, Facultat de Medicine, Universtitat de barcelona, Spain
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22
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Pandey R, Chander R, Sainis KB. A novel prodigiosin-like immunosuppressant from an alkalophilic Micrococcus sp. Int Immunopharmacol 2003; 3:159-67. [PMID: 12586597 DOI: 10.1016/s1567-5769(02)00114-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
A novel red pigment, 2,2'-[3-methoxy-1'amyl-5'-methyl-4-(1-pyrryl)] dipyrryl-methene (MAMPDM), which has properties similar to those of prodigiosins, has been isolated for the first time from a bacterium putatively identified as Micrococcus sp. Our studies showed that MAMPDM inhibited proliferation of both human T as well as B cells and murine T cells, in response to polyclonal mitogens, in a concentration-dependent manner while murine B cell proliferation induced by lipopolysaccharide was inhibited only at high concentration. The effect of MAMPDM on constitutive cell cycling was ascertained using four mouse and human tumour cell lines. At 100 nM, the concentration that inhibited con A induced proliferation of mouse spleen cells, the viability of these cell lines was not affected. At 10-100-fold higher concentration of MAMPDM, however, there was a decrease in cell viability with T cell-derived cell lines being more sensitive. MAMPDM did not block the secretion of IL-2 or expression of CD25 though it inhibited the proliferation of con A stimulated T cells. The higher amount of IL-2 in the supernatant of the con A stimulated T cells, cultured in the presence of the immunomodulator, indicated accumulation of IL-2 due to its reduced utilisation. At inhibitory concentration, MAMPDM induced apoptosis in con A stimulated cells. Thus, MAMPDM may have considerable and selective T cell immunosuppressive potential and appears to act by a mechanism distinct from that of other known immunosuppressors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruchi Pandey
- Immunology Section, Cell Biology Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Modular Laboratories, Trombay, Mumbai 400-085, India
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23
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Montaner B, Pérez-Tomás R. The cytotoxic prodigiosin induces phosphorylation of p38-MAPK but not of SAPK/JNK. Toxicol Lett 2002; 129:93-8. [PMID: 11879978 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4274(01)00477-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Prodigiosin (PG) is a red pigment produced by Serratia marcescens, with cytotoxic and immunosuppressive activity. It induces apoptosis in several cancer cell lines, including Jurkat-T cells. Here we examine the role of two stress-stimulated kinase cascades in this induction. Time course experiments using polyclonal antibodies showed that p38-MAPK phosphorylation began at 15 min and lasted for 3 h, whereas JNK was not phosphorylated, although both proteins were present. SB203580, a selective inhibitor of p38-MAPK, blocked its phosphorylation in PG-treated cells. Taken together, these data suggest that the PG induces phosphorylation of p38-MAPK but not of SAPK/JNK and that it increases the expression of both c-jun and c-fos oncoproteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Montaner
- Cancer Cell Biology Research Group, Departament de Biologia Cellular i Anatomia Patològica, Universitat de Barcelona, Pavelló Central, 5a planta, LR 5.1, C/Feixa Llarga s/n, E-08907 L'Hospitalet, Barcelona, Spain
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24
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Ramoneda BM, Pérez-Tomás R. Activation of protein kinase C for protection of cells against apoptosis induced by the immunosuppressor prodigiosin. Biochem Pharmacol 2002; 63:463-9. [PMID: 11853697 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-2952(01)00850-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Prodigiosin (PG) is a red pigment produced by Serratia marcescens with immunosuppressive activity. We had recently shown that PG-induced apoptosis in several cancer cell lines including Jurkat-T cells, while acting rapidly, potently and with no marked toxicity in non-malignant cells. Here we examine the role of protein kinase C (PKC) in the regulation of apoptosis triggered by PG. We evaluated the use of phorbol-myristate acetate (PMA) in the inhibition of apoptosis induced by PG in Jurkat-T cells by using FACS analysis of the phosphatidylserine externalisation, Hoechst 33342 staining and fragmentation pattern of DNA as well as proteolysis of poly-(ADP) ribose polymerase (PARP). The anti-apoptotic effect of PMA was accompanied by phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2). Pretreatment of cells with MEK inhibitor PD98059 inhibited PMA-induced phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and the cytoprotective ability of PMA. These results suggest that activation of PKC in Jurkat-T cells confer protection against apoptosis induced by PG and that ERK1/2 mediate anti-apoptotic PKC signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Montaner Ramoneda
- Departament de Biologia Cellular i Anatomia Patològica, Cancer Cell Biology Research Group, Universitat de Barcelona, Feixa Llarga s/n, 08907 L'Hospitalet, Barcelona, Spain
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25
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Kawagishi C, Kurosaka K, Watanabe N, Kobayashi Y. Cytokine production by macrophages in association with phagocytosis of etoposide-treated P388 cells in vitro and in vivo. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2001; 1541:221-30. [PMID: 11755216 DOI: 10.1016/s0167-4889(01)00158-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Chemotherapy and radiotherapy are performed for cancer patients with the hope that dying cancer cells are safely scavenged by phagocytic cells such as macrophages. In this study, we examined cytokine production by macrophages during and after the phagocytosis of etoposide-treated P388 cells in vitro and in vivo. Etoposide caused apoptosis as early as 5 h after treatment, as assessed as to the exposure of phosphatidylserine, increase in membrane permeability and DNA ladder formation. Phagocytosis by phorbol myristate acetate (PMA)-treated THP-1 cells occurred marginally when P388 cells were treated with etoposide for 10 h, while it occurred significantly with P388 cells treated for 24 h, as evidenced by flow cytometry and confocal microscopy. PMA-treated THP-1 cells produced pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin (IL)-1alpha, IL-8 and macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF), but not anti-inflammatory cytokines among those tested at the mRNA level during and after the phagocytosis of apoptotic cells. IL-8 and MIF were also produced at the protein level, and the IL-8 production was dependent on cell-to-cell contact when the plasma membranes of apoptotic cells were intact enough not to leak one of the cytoplasmic enzymes, lactate dehydrogenase. In addition, etoposide-treated P388 cells induced neutrophil infiltration as well as MIP-2 production upon injection into the peritoneal cavity of either normal mice or mice with sterile peritonitis. When macrophages ingesting and/or binding apoptotic P388 cells were isolated from the mice with sterile peritonitis using a cell sorter, they were found to produce MIP-2 upon culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Kawagishi
- Department of Biomolecular Science, Faculty of Science, Toho University, 2-2-1 Miyama, Chiba 274-8510, Funabashi, Japan
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26
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Melvin MS, Wooton KE, Rich CC, Saluta GR, Kucera GL, Lindquist N, Manderville RA. Copper-nuclease efficiency correlates with cytotoxicity for the 4-methoxypyrrolic natural products. J Inorg Biochem 2001; 87:129-35. [PMID: 11730894 DOI: 10.1016/s0162-0134(01)00338-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The DNA-targeting activities of the 4-methoxypyrrolic natural products, that include prodigiosin (1), tambjamine E (2), and the blue pigment (3), have been compared using fluorescence spectroscopy to study DNA binding and agarose gel electrophoresis to assess their ability to facilitate oxidative copper-promoted DNA cleavage. Fluorescence emission titration of 3 with calf-thymus DNA (CT-DNA) shows that the natural product occupies a site size (n) of ca. two base pairs and possesses an affinity constant (K) of approximately 6x10(5) x M(-1). Similar to prodigiosin (1), the blue pigment 3 was found to facilitate oxidative double-strand DNA (dsDNA) cleavage without the aid of an external reducing agent. Quantitation of ds- (n2) and ss- (n1) breaks provided n1:n2 ratios of approximately 8-12, which were significantly greater than the number expected from the accumulation of ss-breaks (approximately 120). This was contrasted by the nicking activity of tambjamine E (2), which only generates ss-breaks in the presence of copper. The superior copper-nuclease activity of 1 and 3 also correlated with their superior anticancer properties against leukemia (HL-60) cells. These results are discussed with respect to the mode of cytotoxicity by the 4-methoxypyrrolic natural products.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Melvin
- Department of Chemistry, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC 27109-7486, USA
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27
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Cerdeño AM, Bibb MJ, Challis GL. Analysis of the prodiginine biosynthesis gene cluster of Streptomyces coelicolor A3(2): new mechanisms for chain initiation and termination in modular multienzymes. CHEMISTRY & BIOLOGY 2001; 8:817-29. [PMID: 11514230 DOI: 10.1016/s1074-5521(01)00054-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prodiginines are a large family of pigmented oligopyrrole antibiotics with medicinal potential as immunosuppressants and antitumour agents that are produced by several actinomycetes and other eubacteria. Recently, a gene cluster in Streptomyces coelicolor encoding the biosynthesis of undecylprodiginine and butyl-meta-cycloheptylprodiginine has been sequenced. RESULTS Using sequence comparisons, functions have been assigned to the majority of the genes in the cluster, several of which encode homologues of enzymes involved in polyketide, non-ribosomal peptide, and fatty acid biosynthesis. Based on these assignments, a complete pathway for undecylprodiginine and butyl-meta-cycloheptylprodiginine biosynthesis in S. coelicolor has been deduced. Gene knockout experiments have confirmed the deduced roles of some of the genes in the cluster. CONCLUSIONS The analysis presented provides a framework for a general understanding of the genetics and biochemistry of prodiginine biosynthesis, which should stimulate rational approaches to the engineered biosynthesis of novel prodiginines with improved immunosuppressant or antitumour activities. In addition, new mechanisms for chain initiation and termination catalysed by hitherto unobserved domains in modular multienzyme systems have been deduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Cerdeño
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Colney, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
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28
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Montaner B, Navarro S, Piqué M, Vilaseca M, Martinell M, Giralt E, Gil J, Pérez-Tomás R. Prodigiosin from the supernatant of Serratia marcescens induces apoptosis in haematopoietic cancer cell lines. Br J Pharmacol 2000; 131:585-93. [PMID: 11015311 PMCID: PMC1572367 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0703614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2000] [Revised: 06/26/2000] [Accepted: 07/20/2000] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The effects of supernatant from the bacterial strain Serratia marcescens 2170 (CS-2170) on the viability of different haematopoietic cancer cell lines (Jurkat, NSO, HL-60 and Ramos) and nonmalignant cells (NIH-3T3 and MDCK) was studied. We examined whether this cytotoxic effect was due to apoptosis, and we purified the molecule responsible for this effect and determined its chemical structure. Using an MTT assay we showed a rapid (4 h) decrease in the number of viable cells. This cytotoxic effect was due to apoptosis, according to the fragmentation pattern of DNA, Hoechst 33342 staining and FACS analysis of the phosphatidylserine externalization. This apoptosis was blocked by using the caspase inhibitor Z-VAD.fmk, indicating the involvement of caspases. Prodigiosin is a red pigment produced by various bacteria including S. marcescens. Using mutants of S. marcescens (OF, WF and 933) that do not synthesize prodigiosin, we further showed that prodigiosin is involved in this apoptosis. This evidence was corroborated by spectroscopic analysis of prodigiosin isolated from S. marcescens. These results indicate that prodigiosin, an immunosuppressor, induces apoptosis in haematopoietic cancer cells with no marked toxicity in nonmalignant cells, raising the possibility of its therapeutic use as an antineoplastic drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Montaner
- Departament de Biologia Cellular i Anatomia Patològica, Unitat de Proliferació i Diferenciació Cellular, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sira Navarro
- Departament de Biologia Cellular i Anatomia Patològica, Unitat de Proliferació i Diferenciació Cellular, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maria Piqué
- Departament de Ciències Fisiològiques II, Unitat de Bioquímica, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marta Vilaseca
- Laboratori d'Espectrometria de Masses, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marc Martinell
- Departament de Química Orgànica, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ernest Giralt
- Departament de Química Orgànica, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joan Gil
- Departament de Ciències Fisiològiques II, Unitat de Bioquímica, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ricardo Pérez-Tomás
- Departament de Biologia Cellular i Anatomia Patològica, Unitat de Proliferació i Diferenciació Cellular, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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