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Aydin IH, El-Mallakh RS. Concept article: Antidepressant-induced destabilization in bipolar illness mediated by serotonin 3 receptor (5HT3). Bipolar Disord 2024. [PMID: 39218660 DOI: 10.1111/bdi.13494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Antidepressants used by patients with bipolar disorder have been associated with destabilization with an increase in mania, depression, and cycling. The most commonly proposed mechanism, that antidepressants 'overshoot' their antidepressant effect to create a manic or mixed state, is unlikely since antidepressants have actually been found to be ineffective in treating bipolar depression. Beginning with known bipolar-specific pathophysiologic abnormalities provides the greatest likelihood of insight. METHODS PubMed was queried with 'bipolar', 'sodium', 'intracellular sodium', 'serotonin 3', '5HT3', '5-hydroxytryptamine type 3 receptors', and 'antidepressant' either individually or in combination. RESULTS Pathologic mood states (both mania and depression) are associated with increased intracellular sodium (Na) concentrations that depolarize the resting membrane potential to increase cellular excitability (mania) or cause depolarization block (depression). Stimulation of the serotonin (5HT) receptors depolarizes the post-synaptic neuron. Stimulation of 5HT3 may be of particular importance since it is coupled to a cation channel that directly depolarizes the membrane. These effects directly impact the physiology of patients with bipolar disorder to alter neuronal excitability in a fashion that worsens both mania and depression. PROPOSED CONCEPT The most consistently observed biological abnormality in individuals going through mania or bipolar depression involves a decline in Na pump activity, with consequent elevation of intracellular Na levels. Antidepressant treatment potentiates this, particularly by activation of 5HT3. This hypothesis can be tested by coadministering a 5HT3 antagonist (e.g., vortioxetine or ondansetron) to achieve blockade of that receptor while treating bipolar depression with a serotoninergic antidepressant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irem Hacisalihoglu Aydin
- Mood Disorders Research Program, Depression Center, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - Rif S El-Mallakh
- Mood Disorders Research Program, Depression Center, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
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Delgado-Sequera A, Garcia-Mompo C, Gonzalez-Pinto A, Hidalgo-Figueroa M, Berrocoso E. A Systematic Review of the Molecular and Cellular Alterations Induced by Cannabis That May Serve as Risk Factors for Bipolar Disorder. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2024; 27:pyae002. [PMID: 38175142 PMCID: PMC10863486 DOI: 10.1093/ijnp/pyae002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cannabis use is a risk factor of psychiatric illness, such as bipolar disorder type-I (BDI). Indeed, cannabis use strongly influences the onset and clinical course of BDI, although the biological mechanisms underlying this interaction remain unknown. Therefore, we have reviewed the biological mechanisms affected by cannabis use that may trigger BD. METHODS A systematic review was carried out of articles in which gene expression was studied in cannabis users or human-derived cells exposed to tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) or cannabidiol (CBD). A second systematic review was then performed to identify articles in which gene expression was studied in BDI samples, highlighting those that described alterations to the same molecular and cellular mechanisms affected by cannabis/THC/CBD. RESULTS The initial search identified 82 studies on cannabis and 962 on BDI. After removing duplicates and applying the inclusion/exclusion criteria, 9 studies into cannabis and 228 on BDI were retained. The molecular and cellular mechanisms altered by cannabis use or THC/CBD exposure were then identified, including neural development and function, cytoskeletal function, cell adhesion, mitochondrial biology, inflammatory related pathways, lipid metabolism, the endocannabinoid system, the hypocretin/orexin system, and apoptosis. Alterations to those activities were also described in 19 of 228 focused on BDI. CONCLUSIONS The biological mechanisms described in this study may be good candidates to the search for diagnostic biomarkers and therapeutic targets for BDI. Because cannabis use can trigger the onset of BD, further studies would be of interest to determine whether they are involved in the early development of the disorder, prompting early treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandra Delgado-Sequera
- Biomedical Research and Innovation Institute of Cadiz (INiBICA), Research Unit, Puerta del Mar University Hospital, Cádiz, Spain
- Neuropsychopharmacology and Psychobiology Research Group, Universidad de Cádiz, Cádiz, Spain
| | - Clara Garcia-Mompo
- Department of Medicine, School of Medical Sciences, Universitat Jaume I, Castellón de la Plana, Spain
| | - Ana Gonzalez-Pinto
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Universitario de Alava, BIOARABA, UPV/EHU, CIBERSAM, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Maria Hidalgo-Figueroa
- Biomedical Research and Innovation Institute of Cadiz (INiBICA), Research Unit, Puerta del Mar University Hospital, Cádiz, Spain
- Neuropsychopharmacology and Psychobiology Research Group, Universidad de Cádiz, Cádiz, Spain
- Department of Psychology, Universidad de Cádiz, Puerto Real (Cádiz), Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
| | - Esther Berrocoso
- Biomedical Research and Innovation Institute of Cadiz (INiBICA), Research Unit, Puerta del Mar University Hospital, Cádiz, Spain
- Neuropsychopharmacology and Psychobiology Research Group, Universidad de Cádiz, Cádiz, Spain
- Department of Neuroscience, Universidad de Cádiz, Cádiz, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
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Aguiar-Geraldo JM, Possamai-Della T, Menegas S, Peper-Nascimento J, Quevedo J, Valvassori SS. Folic acid does not have an anti-manic effect but protect the brain against oxidative stress in an animal model of mania induced by ouabain. J Affect Disord 2023; 334:307-316. [PMID: 37150224 PMCID: PMC10464577 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2023.04.137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Revised: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/29/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bipolar disorder (BD) is a complex and severe mental disorder that affects 1-3 % of the world population. Studies have suggested the involvement of oxidative stress in the physiopathology of this psychiatry disorder. Folic acid (FA), a vitamin from the B complex, is a nutraceutical that has recently been researched as a possible treatment for BD since folate is reduced in patients with the disorder. The present study aimed to evaluate the effects of lithium (Li) and FA on behavioral changes and oxidative stress parameters in an animal model of mania induced by ouabain (OUA). METHODS Wistar rats received a single intracerebroventricular (ICV) injection of OUA or artificial cerebrospinal fluid (aCSF). From the day following ICV injection, the rats were treated for seven days with gavage injections of Li (47.5 mg/kg/mL), FA (50 mg/kg/mL), or water (1 mL/kg). On the 7th day after OUA injection, locomotor activity was measured using the open-field test. In addition, the oxidative stress parameters were evaluated in rats' frontal cortex, striatum, and hippocampus. RESULTS OUA induced mania-like behavior and oxidative stress in rats' brains, but Li could reverse these alterations. FA did not affect behavior parameters; however, it presents an antioxidant effect on the brain structures evaluated. LIMITATIONS The study was only evaluated male rats and ICV injection is an invasive procedure. CONCLUSION These results indicate that even though FA has an effect against the oxidative stress induced by OUA, this effect was not strong enough to interfere with behavior parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge M Aguiar-Geraldo
- Translational Psychiatry Laboratory, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina (UNESC), Criciúma, Brazil
| | - Taise Possamai-Della
- Translational Psychiatry Laboratory, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina (UNESC), Criciúma, Brazil
| | - Samira Menegas
- Translational Psychiatry Laboratory, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina (UNESC), Criciúma, Brazil
| | - Jefté Peper-Nascimento
- Translational Psychiatry Laboratory, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina (UNESC), Criciúma, Brazil
| | - João Quevedo
- Translational Psychiatry Laboratory, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina (UNESC), Criciúma, Brazil; Translational Psychiatry Program, Faillace Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth Houston), Houston, TX, USA; Center of Excellence on Mood Disorders, Faillace Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth Houston), Houston, TX, USA; Center for Interventional Psychiatry, Faillace Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth Houston), Houston, TX, USA
| | - Samira S Valvassori
- Translational Psychiatry Laboratory, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina (UNESC), Criciúma, Brazil.
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Possamai-Della T, Dal-Pont GC, Resende WR, Aguiar-Geraldo JM, Peper-Nascimento J, Quevedo J, Valvassori SS. Imipramine Can Be Effective on Depressive-Like Behaviors, but Not on Neurotrophic Factor Levels in an Animal Model for Bipolar Disorder Induced by Ouabain. Mol Neurobiol 2022; 59:7170-7181. [PMID: 36121567 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-022-03022-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Despite possible risks of mania switching with the long-term use of antidepressants in patients with bipolar disorder (BD), these drugs may help in depressive episodes. Alterations in neurotrophic factor levels seem to be involved in the pathophysiology of BD. The present study aimed to evaluate the effect of acute treatment of imipramine on behavior and neurotrophic levels in rats submitted to the animal model for BD induced by ouabain. METHODS Wistar rats received a single intracerebroventricular (ICV) injection of artificial cerebrospinal fluid or ouabain (10-3 M). Following the ICV administration, the rats were treated for 14 days with saline (NaCl 0.9%, i.p.), lithium (47.5 mg/kg, i.p.), or valproate (200 mg/kg, i.p.). On the 13th and 14th days of treatment, the animals received an additional injection of saline or imipramine (10 mg/kg, i.p.). Behavior tests were evaluated 7 and 14 days after ICV injection. Adrenal gland weight and concentrations of ACTH were evaluated. Levels of neurotrophins BDNF, NGF, NT-3, and GDNF were measured in the frontal cortex and hippocampus by ELISA test. RESULTS The administration of ouabain induced mania- and depressive-like behavior in the animals 7 and 14 days after ICV, respectively. The treatment with lithium and valproate reversed the mania-like behavior. All treatments were able to reverse most of the depressive-like behaviors induced by ouabain. Moreover, ouabain increased HPA-axis parameters in serum and decreased the neurotrophin levels in the frontal cortex and hippocampus. All treatments, except imipramine, reversed these alterations. CONCLUSION It can be suggested that acute administration of imipramine alone can be effective on depressive-like symptoms but not on neurotrophic factor alterations present in BD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taise Possamai-Della
- Translational Psychiatry Laboratory, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina (UNESC), Criciúma, SC, Brazil
| | - Gustavo C Dal-Pont
- Translational Health Research Laboratory, Alto Vale do Rio do Peixe University, Caçador, Brazil
| | - Wilson R Resende
- Translational Psychiatry Laboratory, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina (UNESC), Criciúma, SC, Brazil
| | - Jorge M Aguiar-Geraldo
- Translational Psychiatry Laboratory, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina (UNESC), Criciúma, SC, Brazil
| | - Jefté Peper-Nascimento
- Translational Psychiatry Laboratory, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina (UNESC), Criciúma, SC, Brazil
| | - João Quevedo
- Translational Psychiatry Laboratory, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina (UNESC), Criciúma, SC, Brazil.,Translational Psychiatry Program, Faillace Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), Houston, TX, USA.,Center of Excellence On Mood Disorders, Faillace Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), Houston, TX, USA.,Neuroscience Graduate Program, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Samira S Valvassori
- Translational Psychiatry Laboratory, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina (UNESC), Criciúma, SC, Brazil.
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Valvassori SS, Aguiar-Geraldo JM, Possamai-Della T, da-Rosa DD, Peper-Nascimento J, Cararo JH, Quevedo J. Depressive-like behavior accompanies neuroinflammation in an animal model of bipolar disorder symptoms induced by ouabain. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2022; 219:173434. [PMID: 35901967 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2022.173434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Revised: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION A previous study from our Laboratory showed no alteration in inflammatory parameters seven days after ouabain (OUA) administration, a Na+K+ATPase inhibitor, which was previously considered only a mania model. However, the administration of OUA in rats was recently validated as a model of bipolar disorder (BD) symptoms, demonstrating that 14 days after single intracerebroventricular (ICV) administration, OUA also induces depressive-like behavior. Therefore, it is important to investigate the long-term effect of OUA on inflammatory parameters since this mechanism seems to play a key role in BD physiopathology. METHODS Adult male Wistar rats received a single ICV administration of OUA or artificial cerebrospinal fluid (aCSF). From the fourth day after the ICV infusion, the rats received saline or Lithium (Li) for 14 days. The open-field test was performed on the 7th day after OUA. On the 14th day, locomotion was re-evaluated, and the forced swimming test (FST) was used to evaluate depressive-like behavior. Inflammatory parameters were assessed in the frontal cortex and hippocampus. RESULTS OUA increased the locomotion of rats after seven days, considered a mania-like behavior. In the FST, OUA increased the time of immobility on the 14th day, considered a depressive-like behavior. Li reversed the mania-like behavior and partially reversed the depressive-like behavior. Furthermore, OUA increased the levels of interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, IL-10, TNF-α, and CINC-1 in the frontal cortex and hippocampus. Li treatment reverses all these inflammatory alterations. CONCLUSION This study suggests that the long-term Na+K+ATPase inhibition effects induce depressive-like behavior, which was accompanied by inflammation in the BD symptoms model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samira S Valvassori
- Translational Psychiatry Laboratory, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina (UNESC), Criciúma, SC, Brazil.
| | - Jorge M Aguiar-Geraldo
- Translational Psychiatry Laboratory, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina (UNESC), Criciúma, SC, Brazil
| | - Taise Possamai-Della
- Translational Psychiatry Laboratory, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina (UNESC), Criciúma, SC, Brazil
| | - Dayane D da-Rosa
- Translational Psychiatry Laboratory, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina (UNESC), Criciúma, SC, Brazil
| | - Jefté Peper-Nascimento
- Translational Psychiatry Laboratory, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina (UNESC), Criciúma, SC, Brazil
| | - José H Cararo
- Translational Psychiatry Laboratory, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina (UNESC), Criciúma, SC, Brazil
| | - João Quevedo
- Translational Psychiatry Laboratory, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina (UNESC), Criciúma, SC, Brazil; Translational Psychiatry Program, Faillace Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), Houston, TX, USA; Center of Excellence on Mood Disorders, Faillace Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), Houston, TX, USA; Neuroscience Graduate Program, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, TX, USA
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Valvassori SS, Cararo JH, Marino CAP, Possamai-Della T, Ferreira CL, Aguiar-Geraldo JM, Dal-Pont GC, Quevedo J. Imipramine induces hyperactivity in rats pretreated with ouabain: Implications to the mania switch induced by antidepressants. J Affect Disord 2022; 299:425-434. [PMID: 34910958 PMCID: PMC10485776 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2021.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Revised: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bipolar disorder (BD) is a psychiatric disorder with complex therapy, besides the treatment with antidepressants induce a mania switch. OBJECTIVE Investigate the effect of the administration of imipramine (IMI) in rats submitted to intracerebroventricular (ICV) administrations of ouabain (OUA). METHODS Adult Wistar rats (n = 28) were submitted to only one ICV administration of OUA or artificial cerebrospinal fluid. On the 7th and 9th days following the ICV administration, animals were submitted to a behavioral analysis comprising open field task and forced swimming test. Between the 9th and 14th days, the rats received one daily intraperitoneal administration of IMI or saline (Sal). On the 15th day rats were submitted to the last session of behavioral analysis, followed by euthanasia. The frontal cortex and hippocampus were dissected for the subsequent biochemical assessments: oxidative parameters, and Na+/K+-ATPase activity. RESULTS OUA administration induced a manic-like effect on the 7th day and a depressive-like behavior on the 14th day. In contrast, IMI administration elicited significant mania switch-like effect on this same stage in animals who received OUA. OUA increased oxidative damage and activity of antioxidant enzymes in the brain of rats. IMI potentialized the oxidative damage of OUA. No significant differences between groups were observed in the Na+/K+-ATPase activity. CONCLUSION The present study suggests that residual effects from inhibition of the Na+K+ATPase could be involved in the manic-switch observed in bipolar patients. Besides, the OUA model of bipolar disorder could be used to study bipolar disorder in the context of mania switch.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samira S Valvassori
- Translational Psychiatry Laboratory, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina (UNESC), Criciúma, SC, Brazil.
| | - José H Cararo
- Translational Psychiatry Laboratory, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina (UNESC), Criciúma, SC, Brazil
| | - Carlos Augusto P Marino
- Translational Psychiatry Laboratory, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina (UNESC), Criciúma, SC, Brazil
| | - Taise Possamai-Della
- Translational Psychiatry Laboratory, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina (UNESC), Criciúma, SC, Brazil
| | - Camila L Ferreira
- Translational Psychiatry Laboratory, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina (UNESC), Criciúma, SC, Brazil
| | - Jorge M Aguiar-Geraldo
- Translational Psychiatry Laboratory, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina (UNESC), Criciúma, SC, Brazil
| | - Gustavo C Dal-Pont
- Translational Psychiatry Laboratory, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina (UNESC), Criciúma, SC, Brazil
| | - João Quevedo
- Translational Psychiatry Laboratory, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina (UNESC), Criciúma, SC, Brazil; Center of Excellence on Mood Disorders, Faillace Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), Houston, TX, USA.; Neuroscience Graduate Program, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, TX, USA.; Translational Psychiatry Program, Faillace Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), Houston, TX, USA
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El-Mallakh RS, Sampath VP, Horesh N, Lichtstein D. Endogenous Cardiac Steroids in Bipolar Disorder: State of the Art. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23031846. [PMID: 35163766 PMCID: PMC8836531 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23031846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Bipolar disorder (BD) is a severe psychiatric illness with a poor prognosis and problematic, suboptimal, treatments. Treatments, borne of an understanding of the pathoetiologic mechanisms, need to be developed in order to improve outcomes. Dysregulation of cationic homeostasis is the most reproducible aspect of BD pathophysiology. Correction of ionic balance is the universal mechanism of action of all mood stabilizing medications. Endogenous sodium pump modulators (collectively known as endogenous cardiac steroids, ECS) are steroids which are synthesized in and released from the adrenal gland and brain. These compounds, by activating or inhibiting Na+, K+-ATPase activity and activating intracellular signaling cascades, have numerous effects on cell survival, vascular tone homeostasis, inflammation, and neuronal activity. For the past twenty years we have addressed the hypothesis that the Na+, K+-ATPase-ECS system may be involved in the etiology of BD. This is a focused review that presents a comprehensive model pertaining to the role of ECS in the etiology of BD. We propose that alterations in ECS metabolism in the brain cause numerous biochemical changes that underlie brain dysfunction and mood symptoms. This is based on both animal models and translational human results. There are data that demonstrate that excess ECS induce abnormal mood and activity in animals, while a specific removal of ECS with antibodies normalizes mood. There are also data indicating that circulating levels of ECS are lower in manic individuals, and that patients with BD are unable to upregulate synthesis of ECS under conditions that increase their elaboration in non-psychiatric controls. There is strong evidence for the involvement of ion dysregulation and ECS function in bipolar illness. Additional research is required to fully characterize these abnormalities and define future clinical directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rif S. El-Mallakh
- Mood Disorders Research Program, Depression Center, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
- Correspondence: (R.S.E.-M.); (D.L.)
| | - Vishnu Priya Sampath
- Department of Medical Neurobiology, Faculty of Medicine, The Institute for Medical Research, Israel-Canada, Hadassah Medical School, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem 9112102, Israel; (V.P.S.); (N.H.)
| | - Noa Horesh
- Department of Medical Neurobiology, Faculty of Medicine, The Institute for Medical Research, Israel-Canada, Hadassah Medical School, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem 9112102, Israel; (V.P.S.); (N.H.)
| | - David Lichtstein
- Department of Medical Neurobiology, Faculty of Medicine, The Institute for Medical Research, Israel-Canada, Hadassah Medical School, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem 9112102, Israel; (V.P.S.); (N.H.)
- Correspondence: (R.S.E.-M.); (D.L.)
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El-Mallakh RS, Gao Y, You P. Role of endogenous ouabain in the etiology of bipolar disorder. Int J Bipolar Disord 2021; 9:6. [PMID: 33523310 PMCID: PMC7851255 DOI: 10.1186/s40345-020-00213-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Bipolar disorder is a severe psychiatric illness with poor prognosis and problematic and suboptimal treatments. Understanding the pathoetiologic mechanisms may improve treatment and outcomes. Discussion Dysregulation of cationic homeostasis is the most reproducible aspect of bipolar pathophysiology. Correction of ionic balance is the universal mechanism of action of all mood stabilizing medications. Recent discoveries of the role of endogenous sodium pump modulators (which include ‘endogenous ouabain’) in regulation of sodium and potassium distribution, inflammation, and activation of key cellular second messenger systems that are important in cell survival, and the demonstration that these stress-responsive chemicals may be dysregulated in bipolar patients, suggest that these compounds may be candidates for the coupling of environmental stressors and illness onset. Specifically, individuals with bipolar disorder appear to be unable to upregulate endogenous ouabain under conditions that require it, and therefore may experience a relative deficiency of this important regulatory hormone. In the absence of elevated endogenous ouabain, neurons are unable to maintain their normal resting potential, become relatively depolarized, and are then susceptible to inappropriate activation. Furthermore, sodium pump activity appears to be necessary to prevent inflammatory signals within the central nervous system. Nearly all available data currently support this model, but additional studies are required to solidify the role of this system. Conclusion Endogenous ouabain dysregulation appears to be a reasonable candidate for understanding the pathophysiology of bipolar disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rif S El-Mallakh
- Mood Disorders Research Program, Depression Center, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Louisville School of Medicine, 401 East Chestnut Street, Suite 610, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA.
| | - Yonglin Gao
- Mood Disorders Research Program, Depression Center, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Louisville School of Medicine, 401 East Chestnut Street, Suite 610, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
| | - Pan You
- Xiamen Xianyue Hospital, 399 Xianyue Road, Xiamen, China
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Yu L, Kim HJ, Park MK, Byun HJ, Kim EJ, Kim B, Nguyen MT, Kim JH, Kang GJ, Lee H, Kim SY, Rho SB, Lee CH. Ethacrynic acid, a loop diuretic, suppresses epithelial-mesenchymal transition of A549 lung cancer cells via blocking of NDP-induced WNT signaling. Biochem Pharmacol 2020; 183:114339. [PMID: 33189676 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2020.114339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Revised: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Lung cancer is one of the leading causes of death in cancer patients. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) plays an important role in lung cancer progression. Therefore, for lung cancer treatment, it is crucial to find substances that inhibit EMT. Ethacrynic acid (ECA) is a diuretic that inhibits cellular ion flux and exerts anticancer effects. However, the effects of ECA on EMT in lung cancer remain unclear. We examined the effects of ECA on sphingosylphosphorylcholine (SPC) or TGF-β1-induced EMT process in A549 and H1299 cells via reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and Western blotting. We found that ECA inhibited SPC-induced EMT and SPC-induced WNT signalling in EMT. We observed that SPC induces the expression of NDP [Norrie disease protein] and WNT-2, whereas ECA suppressed their expression. SPC-induced WNT activation, EMT, migration, and invasion were suppressed by NDP small-interfering RNA (siNDP), but NDP overexpression (pNDP) enhanced these events in A549 and H1299 cells. Accordingly, NDP expression may influence lung cancer prognosis. In summary, our results revealed that ECA inhibited SPC or TGF-β1-induced EMT in A549 and H1299 lung cancer cells by downregulating NDP expression and inhibiting WNT activation. Therefore, ECA might be a new drug candidate for lung cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Yu
- College of Pharmacy, Dongguk University, Seoul 100-715, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Ji Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Dongguk University, Seoul 100-715, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi Kyung Park
- National Cancer Center, Goyang 10408, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Jung Byun
- College of Pharmacy, Dongguk University, Seoul 100-715, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Ji Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Dongguk University, Seoul 100-715, Republic of Korea
| | - Boram Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Dongguk University, Seoul 100-715, Republic of Korea
| | - Minh Tuan Nguyen
- College of Pharmacy, Dongguk University, Seoul 100-715, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Hyun Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Dongguk University, Seoul 100-715, Republic of Korea
| | - Gyeoung Jin Kang
- Lillehei Heart Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Ho Lee
- National Cancer Center, Goyang 10408, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo Youl Kim
- National Cancer Center, Goyang 10408, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Bae Rho
- National Cancer Center, Goyang 10408, Republic of Korea.
| | - Chang Hoon Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Dongguk University, Seoul 100-715, Republic of Korea.
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Vosahlikova M, Roubalova L, Ujcikova H, Hlouskova M, Musil S, Alda M, Svoboda P. Na+/K+-ATPase level and products of lipid peroxidation in live cells treated with therapeutic lithium for different periods in time (1, 7, and 28 days); studies of Jurkat and HEK293 cells. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2019; 392:785-799. [DOI: 10.1007/s00210-019-01631-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 02/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Gurwitz D. Human iPSC-derived neurons and lymphoblastoid cells for personalized medicine research in neuropsychiatric disorders. DIALOGUES IN CLINICAL NEUROSCIENCE 2017. [PMID: 27757061 PMCID: PMC5067144 DOI: 10.31887/dcns.2016.18.3/dgurwitz] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The development and clinical implementation of personalized medicine crucially depends on the availability of high-quality human biosamples; animal models, although capable of modeling complex human diseases, cannot reflect the large variation in the human genome, epigenome, transcriptome, proteome, and metabolome. Although the biosamples available from public biobanks that store human tissues and cells may represent the large human diversity for most diseases, these samples are not always sufficient for developing biomarkers for patient-tailored therapies for neuropsychiatric disorders. Postmortem human tissues are available from many biobanks; nevertheless, collections of neuronal human cells from large patient cohorts representing the human diversity remain scarce. Two tools are gaining popularity for personalized medicine research on neuropsychiatric disorders: human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived neurons and human lymphoblastoid cell lines. This review examines and contrasts the advantages and limitations of each tool for personalized medicine research.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Gurwitz
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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Vosahlikova M, Ujcikova H, Chernyavskiy O, Brejchova J, Roubalova L, Alda M, Svoboda P. Effect of therapeutic concentration of lithium on live HEK293 cells; increase of Na + /K + -ATPase, change of overall protein composition and alteration of surface layer of plasma membrane. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2017; 1861:1099-1112. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2017.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2016] [Revised: 01/20/2017] [Accepted: 02/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Stein AC, Müller LG, Ferreira AG, Braga A, Betti AH, Centurião FB, Scherer EB, Kolling J, von Poser GL, Wyse AT, Rates SM. Uliginosin B, a natural phloroglucinol derivative with antidepressant-like activity, increases Na+,K+-ATPase activity in mice cerebral cortex. REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE FARMACOGNOSIA-BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACOGNOSY 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bjp.2016.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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El-Mallakh RS, Payne RS, Schurr A, Gao Y, Lei Z, Kiss B, Gyertyán I, Adham N. Cariprazine delays ouabain-evoked epileptiform spikes and loss of activity in rat hippocampal slices. Psychiatry Res 2015; 229:370-3. [PMID: 26160196 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2015.05.114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2014] [Revised: 03/24/2015] [Accepted: 05/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In the only bipolar cycling in vitro model, rat hippocampal slices are treated with the sodium pump inhibitor ouabain, which induces epileptiform activity, followed by refractory activity loss that recovers and cycles back to epileptiform activity. Thus, clinical cycling seen in patients with bipolar disorder is modeled on a cellular level as alternating hyperactivity and hypoactivity interspersed with normal activity. In this study, we tested the ability of cariprazine a new antipsychotic candidate to block ouabain-induced changes in rat hippocampal slices. Cycling of population spikes and epileptiform bursts was evoked using an extracellular stimulation electrode located in the Schaeffer collaterals of 400-µm-thick rat hippocampal slices treated with ouabain (3.3μM) alone or in combination with cariprazine (1, 5, 25, and 50µM). Responses were recorded using an extracellular electrode placed in the cell body layer of the CA1 region. Cariprazine 25 and 50µM delayed ouabain-induced epileptiform burst onset and subsequent activity loss. Lower cariprazine concentrations were ineffective. Cariprazine delays the onset of ouabain-induced epileptiform bursts and the loss of spiking activity similarly to that previously demonstrated with the mood stabilizer lithium. These results suggest that cariprazine may have therapeutic potential for treatment of bipolar disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rif S El-Mallakh
- Mood Disorders Research Program, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Services, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA.
| | - Ralphiel S Payne
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Avital Schurr
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Yonglin Gao
- Mood Disorders Research Program, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Services, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Zhemin Lei
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Béla Kiss
- Pharmacological and Safety Research, Gedeon Richter Plc., Budapest, Hungary
| | - István Gyertyán
- Pharmacological and Safety Research, Gedeon Richter Plc., Budapest, Hungary
| | - Nika Adham
- Forest Research Institute, Jersey City, NJ, USA
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Cellular models to study bipolar disorder: A systematic review. J Affect Disord 2015; 184:36-50. [PMID: 26070045 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2015.05.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2015] [Revised: 05/20/2015] [Accepted: 05/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is an emerging interest in the use of cellular models to study psychiatric disorders. We have systematically reviewed the application of cellular models to understand the biological basis of bipolar disorder (BD). METHOD Published scientific literature in MEDLINE, PsychINFO and SCOPUS databases were identified with the following search strategy: [(Lymphoblastoid OR Lymphoblast OR Fibroblast OR Pluripotent OR Olfactory epithelium OR Olfactory mucosa) AND (Bipolar disorder OR Lithium OR Valproate OR Mania)]. Studies were included if they had used cell cultures derived from BD patients. RESULTS There were 65 articles on lymphoblastoid cell lines, 14 articles on fibroblasts, 4 articles on olfactory neuronal epithelium (ONE) and 2 articles on neurons reprogrammed from induced pluripotent stem cell lines (IPSC). Several parameters have been studied, and the most replicated findings are abnormalities in calcium signaling, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress response, mitochondrial oxidative pathway, membrane ion channels, circadian system and apoptosis related genes. These, although present in basal state, seem to be accentuated in the presence of cellular stressors (e.g. oxidative stress--rotenone; ER stress--thapsigargin), and are often reversed with in-vitro lithium. CONCLUSION Cellular modeling has proven useful in BD, and potential pathways, especially in cellular resilience related mechanisms have been identified. These findings show consistency with other study designs (genome-wide association, brain-imaging, and post-mortem brain expression). ONE cells and IPSC reprogrammed neurons represent the next generation of cell models in BD. Future studies should focus on family-based study designs and combine cell models with deep sequencing and genetic manipulations.
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Centurião FB, Braga A, Machado FR, Tagliari B, Müller LG, Kolling J, Poser GV, Wyse ATS, Rates SMK. Study of antidepressant-like activity of an enriched phloroglucinol fraction obtained from Hypericum caprifoliatum. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2014; 52:105-110. [PMID: 24102122 DOI: 10.3109/13880209.2013.816970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Hypericum caprifoliatum Cham & Schlecht (Guttiferae) extracts have a potential antidepressant-like effect in rodents. However, the molecular mechanisms by which these extracts exert this effect remain unclear. OBJECTIVE This study evaluated the effect of HC1, a fraction obtained from H. caprifoliatum enriched in phloroglucinol derivatives, on the Na⁺, K⁺ ATPase activity in mouse brain and verified the influence of veratrine on the effect of HC1 in the forced swimming test (FST). MATERIALS AND METHODS Veratrine (0.06 mg/kg) and HC1 (360 mg/kg) were given alone or combined i.p. 60 and p.o. 30 min, respectively, before FST. The effect of single and repeated administration (once a day for 3 consecutive days) of HC1 (360 mg/kg) on Na⁺, K⁺ ATPase activity was evaluated ex vivo in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus of mice subjected or not to FST. RESULTS HC1 reduced the immobility time (103.15 ± 18.67 s), when compared to the control group (183.6 ± 9.51 s). This effect was prevented by veratrine (151.75 ± 22.19 s). Mice repeatedly treated with HC1 presented a significant increase in Na⁺, K⁺ ATPase activity, both in cerebral cortex (46 ± 2.41 nmol Pi/min·mg protein) and hippocampus (49.83 ± 2.31 nmol Pi/min·mg protein), in relation to the respective controls (30 ± 2.66 and 29.83 ± 2.31 nmol Pi/min·mg protein respectively). DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION The HC1 antidepressant-like effect on FST might be related to its capacity to inhibit Na⁺ influx. HC1 increases hippocampal and cortical Na⁺, K⁺ ATPase activities possibly through long-term regulatory mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda B Centurião
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul , Porto Alegre , Brasil and
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Byun HJ, Kang KJ, Park MK, Lee HJ, Kang JH, Lee EJ, Kim YR, Kim HJ, Kim YW, Jung KC, Kim SY, Lee CH. Ethacrynic Acid Inhibits Sphingosylphosphorylcholine-Induced Keratin 8 Phosphorylation and Reorganization via Transglutaminase-2 Inhibition. Biomol Ther (Seoul) 2013; 21:338-42. [PMID: 24244820 PMCID: PMC3825196 DOI: 10.4062/biomolther.2013.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2013] [Revised: 09/12/2013] [Accepted: 09/16/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Sphingosylphosphorylcholine (SPC) is significantly increased in the malicious ascites of tumor patients and induces perinuclear reorganization of keratin 8 (K8) filaments in PANC-1 cells. The reorganization contributes to the viscoelasticity of metastatic cancer cells resulting in increased migration. Recently, we reported that transglutaminase-2 (Tgase-2) is involved in SPC-induced K8 phosphorylation and reorganization. However, effects of Tgase-2 inhibitors on SPC-induced K8 phosphorylation and reorganization were not clearly studied. We found that ethacrynic acid (ECA) concentration-dependently inhibited Tgase-2. Therefore, we examined the effects of ECA on SPC-induced K8 phosphorylation and reorganization. ECA concentration-dependently suppressed the SPC-induced phosphorylation and perinuclear reorganization of K8. ECA also suppressed the SPC-induced migration and invasion. SPC induced JNK activation through Tgase-2 expression and ECA suppressed the activation and expression of JNK in PANC-1 cells. These results suggested that ECA might be useful to control Tgase-2 dependent metastasis of cancer cells such as pancreatic cancer and lung cancers.
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Valvassori SS, Budni J, Varela RB, Quevedo J. Contributions of animal models to the study of mood disorders. BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF PSYCHIATRY 2013; 35 Suppl 2:S121-31. [DOI: 10.1590/1516-4446-2013-1168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Effects of brain-derived neurotrophic factor on sodium-induced apoptosis in human olfactory neuroepithelial progenitor cells. Psychiatry Res 2010; 178:391-4. [PMID: 20472302 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2009.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2008] [Revised: 09/09/2009] [Accepted: 10/20/2009] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Low levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) peptide are linked to the pathophysiology of mood disorders. Several single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) across the BDNF gene (BDNF) have been associated with bipolar illness. Since both elevated intracellular sodium and apoptosis are believed to contribute to cellular dysfunction in bipolar disorder, it is important to determine the effect of exogenous BDNF on apoptosis induced by the high levels of intracellular sodium seen in ill bipolar patients. Human olfactory neuroepithelial progenitor cells were treated with monensin, a sodium ionophore that increases intracellular sodium and leads to apoptosis. Apoptosis was quantified with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for mono- and oligonucleosomes. Elevation of intracellular sodium concentration by monensin induced apoptosis. BDNF 100ng/mL pretreatment or co-treatment attenuated the monensin-induced apoptosis. Pretreatment with BDNF for 24h reduced monensin-induced apoptosis by 93%. Co-treatment of BDNF and monensin increased intracellular sodium concentration and reduced apoptosis by 66%. Monensin for 24h models a process that is believed to occur during ill phases of bipolar illness. Treatment with BDNF greatly attenuates or prevents monensin-induced apoptosis. The functional consequences of BDNF SNPs, known to be associated with bipolar illness, need to be examined.
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El-Mallakh RS, Stoddard M, Jortani SA, El-Masri MA, Sephton S, Valdes R. Aberrant regulation of endogenous ouabain-like factor in bipolar subjects. Psychiatry Res 2010; 178:116-20. [PMID: 20452675 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2009.03.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2006] [Revised: 03/08/2009] [Accepted: 03/24/2009] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Ill phases of bipolar illness are associated with abnormalities in ion regulation and intracellular ion concentrations. Previously, it has been reported that mania is characterised by lower circulating levels of ion regulating endogenous cardenolides, and that bipolar subjects lack the normal seasonal variation of these factors. Since endogenous cardenolides are elaborated in settings of extensive physical activity, euthymic bipolar and psychiatrically normal control subjects were asked to exercise to exhaustion. Plasma concentrations of endogenous cardenolides were measured at baseline, 60 min, peak exercise and post-recovery. Ouabain-like immunoreactive factor (OLF) was lower at baseline (0.005+/-S.D. 0.01 ng/mL in bipolar vs. 0.072+/-0.06 ng/mL in normal control subjects, P=0.019), lower at 60 min (0.007+/-S.D. 0.02 ng/mL in bipolar vs. 0.075+/-0.06 ng/mL in normal control subjects, P=0.029), and tended to be lower at peak exercise (0.009+/-S.D. 0.02 ng/mL in bipolar vs. 0.131+/-0.21 ng/mL in normal control subjects, P=0.15) in bipolar subjects compared to non-psychiatric controls. Other endogenous cardenolides did not vary significantly. The endogenous cardenolide, OLF, may be aberrantly controlled in bipolar illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rif S El-Mallakh
- Mood Disorders Research Program, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky 40202, USA.
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Effect of ethacrynic acid on the sodium- and potassium-activated adenosine triphosphatase activity and expression in Old Order Amish bipolar individuals. J Affect Disord 2010; 123:303-7. [PMID: 19880188 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2009.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2009] [Revised: 09/27/2009] [Accepted: 09/27/2009] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There are numerous reports of abnormalities in the expression of the sodium- and potassium-activated adenosine triphosphatase (Na,K-ATPase) in response to an ionic stress with ethacrynic acid (ECA) challenge in bipolar subjects. However, all of these studies have been in out-bred populations. In an attempt to reduce the genetic variability associated with this observation, we examined this phenomenon within an isolated breeding population. METHODS We studied 36 lymphoblastoid cell lines obtained from Old Order Amish individuals who had bipolar disorder, type I (16), or were unaffected siblings of the same gender (9) or unrelated normal controls(11). Cells were treated with 10(-)(5)M ECA for 3 days after which Na,K-ATPase alpha1 protein expression and activity ([(3)H]-ouabain binding, (86)Rb-uptake, and intracellular sodium and potassium concentrations) were measured. RESULTS Cells from bipolar patients expressed less Na,K-ATPase as measured by immunoblot analysis after ECA treatment (0.94 + or - SD 0.13 relative units) compared to unaffected siblings (1.06 + or - 0.12, P = 0.029) and Old Order Amish normal controls (1.06 + or - 0.14, P = 0.0004). None of the other variables studied were different. LIMITATIONS This is a study of peripheral cells which do not express all of the Na,K-ATPase expressed in the brain. The observed difference is small. CONCLUSIONS Ethacrynic-acid-stimulated lymphoblast sodium pump expression in Old Order Amish bipolar subjects is reduced compared to Amish controls.
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Huang X, Lei Z, Li XP, El-Mallakh RS. Response of sodium pump to ouabain challenge in human glioblastoma cells in culture. World J Biol Psychiatry 2010; 10:884-92. [PMID: 19995221 DOI: 10.1080/15622970902995620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Bipolar disorder is a severe psychiatric condition that manifests with abnormalities in ion regulation. Previous studies have suggested that glia may be specifically involved in the pathophysiology of this condition. Since the potent sodium pump inhibitor, ouabain, has been used previously to model the ionic changes of bipolar illness, we investigated its effect of on sodium pump expression and activity in a human glioblastoma cell line. LN229 cells were grown with or without ouabain 10(-7) M for 3 days, and the effect of a therapeutic concentration of lithium was also examined. The mRNA transcription of sodium pump isoforms was determined by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), and the protein expression of phosphorylated and non-phosphorylated pump isoforms was semi-quantified utilizing Western blot. Ouabain treatment caused an increase of some 6-fold in alpha1 protein expression and a doubling of alpha1 mRNA. alpha3 protein and alpha2 and alpha3 mRNA more than doubled. Lithium treatment alone had no effect, but lithium co-administered with ouabain normalized Na pump protein and mRNA expression for alpha1 and 2, but not alpha3. These results suggest that disturbance of ion regulation induces changes in glial cell sodium regulatory systems which are normalized by lithium treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xian Huang
- Mood Disorders Research Program, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Louisville School of Medicine, KY, USA
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Hamid H, Gao Y, Lei Z, Hougland MT, El-Mallakh RS. Effect of ouabain on sodium pump alpha-isoform expression in an animal model of mania. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2009; 33:1103-6. [PMID: 19524007 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2009.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2008] [Revised: 05/16/2009] [Accepted: 06/04/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
While the pathophysiologic mechanisms of bipolar illness are unknown, a dysregulation of electrolytes, particularly intracellular sodium (Na) and calcium (Ca), are thought to contribute to the illness. Ouabain, a potent Na pump inhibitor, administered intracerebroventricularly (ICV), has been used previously to model mania. The current study evaluates the effect of ICV ouabain on Na pump isoform expression in rat brain. Animals received 5 microl ICV of either 10(-3) M ouabain or artificial cerebrospinal fluid (aCSF). They were then sacrificed 7 days after the ICV injection and specific brain areas were dissected and frozen until the assay (frontal cortex, hippocampus, and basal ganglia). The three isoforms of the alpha subunit of the Na pump that are expressed in the brain were quantified with immunoblot analysis with actin serving as internal control. The behavioral hyperactivity seen in rats receiving ICV ouabain is associated with an increase of expression of the glial-specific alpha2 isoform in the basal ganglia, and the neuron-specific alpha3 isoforms in the frontal cortex. These findings, in association with human post mortem studies finding that alpha2 is underexpressed in the temporal cortex of bipolar subjects, suggest that Na pump isoform expression may be of interest in the pathophysiology of mania.
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Affiliation(s)
- Humera Hamid
- Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States
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Thiruvengadam AP, Chandrasekaran K. Evaluating the validity of blood-based membrane potential changes for the identification of bipolar disorder I. J Affect Disord 2007; 100:75-82. [PMID: 17113156 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2006.09.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2006] [Revised: 09/14/2006] [Accepted: 09/27/2006] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to develop a diagnostic blood test for bipolar disorder I using membrane potentials as biological markers. METHODS We measured the fluorescence intensity of a dye sensitive to membrane potential in whole blood samples from bipolar I, unipolar, schizophrenic patients, and psychiatrically normal controls. Patients were diagnosed through structured clinical interviews according to DSM-IV. Both the t-test and logistic regression analysis were used to analyze the data. RESULTS The membrane potential as indicated by the fluorescence intensity of the membrane potential dye in blood cells drawn from patients with bipolar disorder I was significantly different from the blood cells drawn from unipolar and schizophrenic patients, and from psychiatrically normal controls (P<0.001). The specificity and sensitivity were determined to be 0.88 and 0.78 respectively which compared well with the state of the art diagnostic techniques for other diseases. Logistic regression analysis revealed that the membrane potential was a reliable predictor which could be used as a diagnostic marker for bipolar I. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that the membrane potential of blood cells can be used as a diagnostic marker to augment the DSM-IV diagnosis of bipolar disorder I. Expanded clinical trials are needed to establish this technique for general use.
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Herman L, Hougland T, El-Mallakh RS. Mimicking human bipolar ion dysregulation models mania in rats. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2007; 31:874-81. [PMID: 17720496 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2007.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2006] [Revised: 03/29/2007] [Accepted: 04/03/2007] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Psychiatric diseases in general, and bipolar illness in particular, are difficult to model in animals since the subjective nature of the core symptoms appears to preclude objective observation of behavioral changes. An adequate animal model of a psychiatric condition must fulfill three core criteria: share pathophysiological characteristics of the human condition (face validity), have similar behavioral manifestations as the human disease (construct validity), and improve with medications that improve the symptoms seen in afflicted humans (predictive validity). The ouabain model for bipolar illness mimics a widely reproduced biologic abnormality in mania: reduced sodium pump activity. An intracerebroventricular (ICV) administration of 5microL 10(-3)M ouabain induces motoric hyperactivity preventable by lithium, carbamazepine, and haloperidol. ICV ouabain may also produce environmentally dependent hypoactivity. The model, however, has not yet been examined for other potential manic behavior in rats such as reduced need for sleep, increased sexual activity, or increased irritability. While additional characterization of the model is required, the ouabain model for bipolar illness is the only available animal model that fulfills the three criteria for an adequate animal model for bipolar illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Herman
- Mood Disorders Research Program, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky 40202, USA
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