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Kasper B, Boehm T, Wittenstein N, Mueller RS. Cross-reactive carbohydrate determinants in atopic and healthy dogs and their influence on allergy test specificity. Vet Rec 2023; 193:e3308. [PMID: 37614212 DOI: 10.1002/vetr.3308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Revised: 07/01/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The selection of allergens for immunotherapy in atopic dogs is often based on serum allergy testing. Cross-reactive carbohydrate determinants (CCDs) are common structures in plant and insect allergens that reportedly induce polysensitisation, reduce agreement between intradermal and serum tests and complicate allergen selection. METHODS Thirty-four dogs with diagnosed atopic dermatitis and 10 healthy dogs were included in the study. An intradermal test was conducted in atopic dogs, and serum samples from allergic and healthy dogs were analysed for allergen-specific immunoglobulin E (IgE) before and after inhibition of detectable anti-CCD-IgE antibodies. RESULTS Anti-CCD-IgE antibodies were not found in any of the healthy dogs and no polysensitisation to plant and insect allergens was detected. The agreement between intradermal and serum allergy test results in the atopic dogs with anti-CCD-IgE antibodies improved from slight to fair after blocking the anti-CCD-IgE antibodies. In addition, blocking clearly reduced polysensitisation to plant allergens but not to acarid allergens. LIMITATIONS Only a limited number of healthy dogs were tested in this study. A gold standard for determining the clinical relevance of IgE sensitisation does not exist. CONCLUSION Inhibition of anti-CCD-IgE antibodies seems to be of importance to improve serum test specificity for allergen-specific IgE in atopic dogs in relation to intradermal allergy testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bettina Kasper
- Center of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Teresa Boehm
- Center of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Ralf S Mueller
- Center of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
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2
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Pessoa VC, Branco-Ferreira M, Jónsdóttir S, Marti E, Tilley P. Comparison of Skin Prick Tests (SPT), Intradermal Tests (IDT) and In Vitro Tests in the Characterization of Insect Bite Hypersensitivity (IBH) in a Population of Lusitano Horses: Contribution for Future Implementation of SPT in IBH Diagnosis. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:2733. [PMID: 37684997 PMCID: PMC10486572 DOI: 10.3390/ani13172733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Revised: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Thirty controls (C) and 30 IBH-affected (T) Lusitano horses were evaluated. T horses were included based on anamnesis and physical examination, supported by questionnaires. All horses were submitted to skin tests, Intrademal (IDT) and Skin Prick Tests (SPT), on the neck with 14 specific allergens, 13 recombinant proteins (r-proteins) from Culicoides nubeculosus (Cul n) and Culicoides obsoletus (Cul o) salivary glands and Culicoides nubeculosus Whole Body Extract (Cul n WBE). Addicionally, a cluster of six T and six C horses were also tested with Cul n 3 and Cul n 4 produced in insect cells and barley, as well as E. coli produced Cul o 3 and Cul o WBE. Allergen concentrations were 10 µg/mL for IDT and 100 µg/mL for SPT, and wheal diameters assessed at 20 min, 6 and 48 h. IDTs were considered positive when wheal diameter was ≥50% of the histamine wheal and SPT's ≥ 0.9 cm. In vitro tests, allergen-specific serum IgE and sulfidoleukotriene (sLT) release assay were also carried out. Results showed that Cul n WBE, Cul n 7, 8, 9, Cul o1P and Cul o 2P were the best performing allergens for SPTs (p ≤ 0.0001) for the 1st allergen panel and Cul o WBE, Cul n 3 Bar and Cul n 4 Bac (p ≤ 0.05) for the 2nd, presenting a higher discriminatory diagnostic potential than IDTs, at a concentration of 100 µg/mL, with readings assessed at 20 min. Regarding in vitro tests overall, the sLT release assay performed best.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vera Carvalho Pessoa
- CIISA—Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, 1300-477 Lisbon, Portugal;
- AL4Animals—Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, 1300-477 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Manuel Branco-Ferreira
- Immunoallergology University Clinic, Faculty of Medicine, University of Lisbon, 1300-477 Lisbon, Portugal;
| | - Sigridur Jónsdóttir
- Institute for Experimental Pathology, Biomedical Center, University of Iceland, Keldur, 102 Reykjavik, Iceland;
| | - Eliane Marti
- Department of Clinical Research and Veterinary Public Health, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland;
| | - Paula Tilley
- CIISA—Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, 1300-477 Lisbon, Portugal;
- AL4Animals—Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, 1300-477 Lisbon, Portugal
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3
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Mazrier H, Vogelnest LJ, Taylor RM, Williamson P. Altered plasma cytokines in dogs with atopic dermatitis. Vet Dermatol 2021; 33:131-e38. [PMID: 34817106 PMCID: PMC9299684 DOI: 10.1111/vde.13044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Revised: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Canine (Canis lupus familiaris) atopic dermatitis (AD) shares similar clinical signs to human AD. The abnormal immune response of AD is orchestrated by T lymphocytes, and may include variable involvement of cytokines, regulatory T (Treg) cells, eosinophils, mast cells and other immune components. Helper T (Th)2 cytokines often predominate initially, followed by Th1 cytokines in more chronic phases. HYPOTHESIS/OBJECTIVES Pro-inflammatory and Treg cytokines have been shown to play a role in human AD, yet their importance is not clear in canine AD. Hence, this study aimed to measure the concentrations of cytokines/chemokines not traditionally associated with Th1/Th2 response. ANIMALS Canine AD patients (n = 27), compared to control dogs (n = 11). METHODS AND MATERIALS A total of 19 plasma cytokines were assayed using canine specific multiplex immuno-assays. RESULTS The plasma concentrations of CXC Motif Chemokine Ligand 8 (CXCL8), interleukin (IL)-7 and IL-15 cytokines were elevated in canine AD patients, compared to control dogs. In addition, stem-cell factor (SCF) concentrations were reduced in the plasma of canine AD patients compared to control dogs. Distinct cytokine profiles were found in dogs belonging to the Staffordshire breeds, a group with increased risk of AD. In particular, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) had significantly elevated concentrations. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Some of the plasma cytokine alterations in canine AD described here, particularly of IL-7, have not been reported previously. Monitoring these distinctive cytokine alterations could be useful for diagnosis and monitoring of canine AD in dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamutal Mazrier
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Linda J Vogelnest
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Rosanne M Taylor
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Peter Williamson
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia.,School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
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4
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Canning P, Brame B, Stefanovski D, Lee KW, Cain CL, Rook K, Morris DO. Multivariable analysis of the influence of cross-reactive carbohydrate determinant inhibition and other factors on intradermal and serological allergen test results: a prospective, multicentre study. Vet Dermatol 2021; 32:347-e96. [PMID: 34105194 DOI: 10.1111/vde.12974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 02/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Serological allergen testing (SAT) is used widely to formulate allergen-specific immunotherapy for atopic dogs. Serum immunoglobulin (Ig)E specific for cross-reactive carbohydrate determinants (CCD) can produce false-positive reactions, creating discrepancy between SAT and intradermal allergen test (IDAT) results. OBJECTIVES The primary objective was to determine if inhibition of anti-CCD IgE in a commercial assay improved correlation with IDAT. The secondary objective was to assess the influence of dog- and clinic-specific factors, environmental factors, putative allergen exposure and prior medications on intradermal and SAT reactivity. ANIMALS Two-hundred and eleven client-owned dogs were enrolled from eight North American dermatology specialty practices. METHODS AND MATERIALS Collection of serum samples and IDAT were performed on the same day. Sera were assayed for detection of IgE specific to 25 allergens, before and after treatment with a proprietary inhibitor of anti-CCD IgE. Data for each dog were collected via a questionnaire filled out by veterinary personnel. RESULTS The correlation between the testing modalities was fair before (Spearman's rho, ρ = 0.2092) and after (ρ = 0.3042) inhibition of anti-CCD IgE. Ciclosporin dose (P = 0.003), independent of duration of use, and duration of lokivetmab use (P = 0.001), independent of dose administered, were associated with statistically significant decreases in IgE concentrations across all allergen types. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Contrary to previous reports, this study demonstrated unchanged correlation between SAT and IDAT after inhibition of anti-CCD IgE. Ciclosporin dose and lokivetmab treatment duration may have unexplored effects on IgE concentration during SAT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Canning
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Advanced Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 3900 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Bailey Brame
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Advanced Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 3900 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Darko Stefanovski
- Department of Clinical Studies - New Bolton Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 382 W Street Road, Kennett Square, PA, 19348, USA
| | - Kenneth W Lee
- Stallergenes Greer Laboratories, 639 Nuway Circle, Lenoir, NC, 28645, USA
| | - Christine L Cain
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Advanced Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 3900 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Katherine Rook
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Advanced Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 3900 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Daniel O Morris
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Advanced Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 3900 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
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5
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Baumann KN, Gedon NKY, Boehm TMSA, Udraite-Vovk L, Mueller RS. Reproducibility of serum testing for environmental allergen-specific IgE in dogs in Europe. Vet Dermatol 2021; 32:251-e67. [PMID: 33686751 DOI: 10.1111/vde.12942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Revised: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Serum testing for allergen-specific immunoglobulin (Ig)E is commonly employed to identify allergens used for allergen-specific immunotherapy in dogs, yet the reliability of results has been a matter of debate. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to evaluate the reproducibility of serum tests for environmental allergen-specific IgE in three European laboratories. ANIMALS/METHODS Serum was obtained from 33 client-owned dogs diagnosed with atopic dermatitis, divided into three aliquots and sent to the laboratories under different names. Two aliquots were sent simultaneously to one of the laboratories on the first day; the third sample was then sent to the same laboratory on the subsequent day. The laboratory for each patient was chosen according to a predetermined randomization list. The agreement between different samples from the same dog for each of the laboratories was calculated with a Cohen's Kappa test. Spearman's rank coefficients (rsp ) as well as the coefficients of variation (CV) additionally were calculated. RESULTS The intra- and interassay agreements for laboratories A, B and C were 0.79 and 0.75, 0.92 and 0.90, and 0.90 and 0.85, respectively. The CVs were 18.92% and 22.95%, 14.43% and 18.79%, and 15.38% and 18.75% (respectively) and the rsp 0.73 and 0.68, 0.95 and 0.92, and 0.82 and 0.74 (respectively). CONCLUSION AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE The differences in reproducibility between laboratories complicate test interpretation and underline the importance of interpreting results of serum testing for allergen-specific IgE in the context of the patient's clinical history.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja N Baumann
- Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig Maximilian University, Veterinärstraße 13, 80539 Munich, Germany
| | | | - Teresa M S A Boehm
- Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig Maximilian University, Veterinärstraße 13, 80539 Munich, Germany
| | - Laura Udraite-Vovk
- Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig Maximilian University, Veterinärstraße 13, 80539 Munich, Germany
| | - Ralf S Mueller
- Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig Maximilian University, Veterinärstraße 13, 80539 Munich, Germany
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6
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Di Tommaso M, Luciani A, Crisi PE, Beschi M, Rosi P, Rocconi F, Miglio A. Detection of Serum Allergen-Specific IgE in Atopic Dogs Tested in Northern Italy: Preliminary Study. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:358. [PMID: 33535414 PMCID: PMC7912760 DOI: 10.3390/ani11020358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Canine atopic dermatitis (CAD) is a pruritic allergic skin disease associated with IgE-mediated hypersensitivity. IgE is detected using Serum Allergen-Specific IgE test (SAT) in order to identify allergens. The present study aims to identify the environmental allergens in atopic dogs living in Northern Italy using SAT. The screening SAT (sSAT), using a monoclonal antibody cocktail-based ELISA to identify indoor and outdoor allergens, was performed. In all positive samples, an anti-IgE monoclonal antibody ELISA test was performed to extend panel of allergens. Out of 117 selected dogs, 69 were included in the study; 71% were positive and 29% were negative to sSAT. Among the 49 positive sSAT, 53% were positive for both indoor and outdoor, 38.8% only for indoor, and 8.2% only for outdoor allergens. This is the first study on the frequency of allergens involved in CAD in Italy using SAT. IgE hypersensitivity in atopic dogs of Northern Italy is usually associated with indoor allergens, primarily house dust mites. Among the outdoor allergens, an important role was played by Rumex acetosa. Polysensitization also commonly occurs. Therefore, since the numerous factors affect the IgE positivity in CAD, specific panels for geographical areas should be considered and re-evaluated at time intervals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morena Di Tommaso
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary University Hospital, University of Teramo, Piano d’Accio, 64100 Teramo, Italy; (A.L.); (F.R.); (A.M.)
| | - Alessia Luciani
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary University Hospital, University of Teramo, Piano d’Accio, 64100 Teramo, Italy; (A.L.); (F.R.); (A.M.)
| | - Paolo Emidio Crisi
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary University Hospital, University of Teramo, Piano d’Accio, 64100 Teramo, Italy; (A.L.); (F.R.); (A.M.)
| | - Marica Beschi
- Veterinary Clinic Dr. Paolo Rosi, via Brescia 46, 25086 Rezzato (BS), Italy; (M.B.); (P.R.)
| | - Paolo Rosi
- Veterinary Clinic Dr. Paolo Rosi, via Brescia 46, 25086 Rezzato (BS), Italy; (M.B.); (P.R.)
| | - Francesca Rocconi
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary University Hospital, University of Teramo, Piano d’Accio, 64100 Teramo, Italy; (A.L.); (F.R.); (A.M.)
| | - Arianna Miglio
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary University Hospital, University of Teramo, Piano d’Accio, 64100 Teramo, Italy; (A.L.); (F.R.); (A.M.)
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7
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Chermprapai S, Thengchaisri N. A descriptive study of allergen-specific IgE serological tests for canine atopic dermatitis in Thailand. BMC Vet Res 2020; 16:475. [PMID: 33287810 PMCID: PMC7720388 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-020-02684-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background This study describes the usefulness of allergen-specific Immunoglobulin E (IgE) serology (ASIS) for identifying allergens in dogs with atopic dermatitis. ASIS tests were conducted in 23 dogs diagnosed with atopic dermatitis for indoor allergens (yeast and mites), outdoor allergens (grass pollen, weed pollen, and tree pollen), and fleas. The relationship among positive ASIS tests were determined using Pearson’s correlation coefficient (r). Results Of the atopic dogs, 26.09%, 4.35%, and 47.83% had positive ASIS tests for only indoor allergens, only outdoor allergens, and both indoor and outdoor allergens, respectively. The prevalence of positive ASIS tests was highest for mites (69.57%) and did not differ between indoor and outdoor allergens by age, breed, or sex. The prevalence of positive ASIS tests for indoor allergens during the rainy season (84.21%) was significantly higher than during winter (25.00%, P-value = 0.030). The correlation coefficient of the ASIS results among the outdoor allergens indicated a strong correlation between grass and tree pollen (r = 0.840, P-value < 0.01), grass and weed pollen (r = 0.812, P-value < 0.01), and tree and weed pollen (r = 0.714, P-value < 0.01). The correlation coefficient of the ASIS results of D. farinae indicated a strong correlation with A. siro (r = 0.951, P-value < 0.01) and a moderate correlation with B. tropicalis (r = 0.656, P-value < 0.01) and T. putrescentie (r = 0.672, P-value < 0.01). Conclusions ASIS tests are useful in screening for multiple allergens in dogs with atopic dermatitis. Dust mites are an important source of indoor allergens and may be responsible for a higher titer of IgE antibodies against indoor allergens during the rainy season.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suttiwee Chermprapai
- Department of Companion Animal Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, 10900, Bangkok, Thailand.,Dermatology Unit, Kasetsart University Veterinary Teaching Hospital, 10900, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Naris Thengchaisri
- Department of Companion Animal Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, 10900, Bangkok, Thailand.
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8
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van Eeden ME, Vientós-Plotts AI, Cohn LA, Reinero CR. Serum allergen-specific IgE reactivity: is there an association with clinical severity and airway eosinophilia in asthmatic cats? J Feline Med Surg 2020; 22:1129-1136. [PMID: 32167403 PMCID: PMC10814376 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x20907178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to evaluate the results of serum allergen-specific IgE testing in cats with a clinical diagnosis of asthma and to determine if the number of allergens with positive IgE reactivity and magnitude of positive IgE responses would be associated with the severity of clinical signs or airway eosinophilia. METHODS Medical records from 2008 to 2018 were retrospectively reviewed. Inclusion required a diagnosis of feline asthma based on consistent clinicopathologic features and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) cytology with >10% eosinophils; additionally, cats needed to have the results of serum allergen-specific IgE tests. RESULTS Eighteen cases satisfied the inclusion criteria. Median age was 5 years and the most common presenting clinical sign was cough (n = 10/18). Most cats lived exclusively indoors (n = 13/18). The median percentage of BAL eosinophils was 47%. Serum allergen-specific IgE testing supported an underlying allergic etiology in 14/18 (78%) cats, with all but one having polysensitization. The severity of clinical signs and magnitude of airway eosinophilia did not correlate with the degree of positive IgE reactivity. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE This study identified a strong association between the identification of allergen-specific IgE and cats with asthma, and the majority of these cats were polysensitized. However, larger numbers of allergens with positive IgE reactivity or magnitude of IgE reactivity were not significantly associated with clinical severity or airway eosinophilia. Knowledge of positive allergen-specific IgE results could guide allergen avoidance, regardless of the magnitude of IgE reactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan E van Eeden
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, University of Missouri College of Veterinary Medicine, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Aida I Vientós-Plotts
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, University of Missouri College of Veterinary Medicine, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Leah A Cohn
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, University of Missouri College of Veterinary Medicine, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Carol R Reinero
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, University of Missouri College of Veterinary Medicine, Columbia, MO, USA
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9
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Früh SP, Saikia M, Eule J, Mazulis CA, Miller JE, Cowulich JM, Oyesola OO, Webb LM, Peng SA, Cubitt RL, Danko CG, Miller WH, Tait Wojno ED. Elevated circulating Th2 but not group 2 innate lymphoid cell responses characterize canine atopic dermatitis. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2020; 221:110015. [PMID: 32058160 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2020.110015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Revised: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is an allergic skin disease that causes significant morbidity and affects multiple species. AD is highly prevalent in companion dogs, and the clinical management of the disease remains challenging. An improved understanding of the immunologic and genetic pathways that lead to disease could inform the development of novel treatments. In allergic humans and mouse models of AD, the disease is associated with Th2 and group 2 innate lymphoid cell (ILC2) activation that drives type 2 inflammation. Type 2 inflammation also appears to be associated with AD in dogs, but gaps remain in our understanding of how key type 2-associated cell types such as canine Th2 cells and ILC2s contribute to the pathogenesis of canine AD. Here, we describe previously uncharacterized canine ILC2-like cells and Th2 cells ex vivo that produced type 2 cytokines and expressed the transcription factor Gata3. Increased circulating Th2 cells were associated with chronic canine AD. Single-cell RNA sequencing revealed a unique gene expression signature in T cells in dogs with AD. These findings underline the importance of pro-allergic Th2 cells in orchestrating AD and provide new methods and pathways that can inform the development of improved therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon P Früh
- Baker Institute for Animal Health and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Mridusmita Saikia
- Baker Institute for Animal Health and Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Jeremy Eule
- Baker Institute for Animal Health and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Christina A Mazulis
- Section of Dermatology and Department of Clinical Sciences, Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Julia E Miller
- Section of Dermatology and Department of Clinical Sciences, Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Joby M Cowulich
- Section of Dermatology and Department of Clinical Sciences, Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Oyebola O Oyesola
- Baker Institute for Animal Health and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA; Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Lauren M Webb
- Baker Institute for Animal Health and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA; Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Seth A Peng
- Baker Institute for Animal Health and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Rebecca L Cubitt
- Baker Institute for Animal Health and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Charles G Danko
- Baker Institute for Animal Health and Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - William H Miller
- Section of Dermatology and Department of Clinical Sciences, Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Elia D Tait Wojno
- Baker Institute for Animal Health and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA; Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA.
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10
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Carmona-Gil AM, Sánchez J, Maldonado-Estrada J. Evaluation of Skin Prick-Test Reactions for Allergic Sensitization in Dogs With Clinical Symptoms Compatible With Atopic Dermatitis. A Pilot Study. Front Vet Sci 2019; 6:448. [PMID: 31921909 PMCID: PMC6927991 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2019.00448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Skin prick-test is the first choice for the detection of type I hypersensitivity in human atopic dermatitis. Canine atopic dermatitis resembles several symptoms of the disease in the human counterpart. In canine atopic dermatitis, intradermal testing is the test of choice, and there are few reports on the use of skin prick test (SPT) in dogs. The purpose of this study was to evaluate SPT reactions in atopic dogs and a healthy control group to 11 environmental allergens. Eleven glycerinated allergens were applied on the left lateral thorax of nine atopic dogs and nine healthy dogs. The skin was pricked with a feather lancet and evaluated for the positive percutaneous reaction at 5, 10, 15, and 20 min after the application of the allergens. Data were analyzed by the Shapiro-Wilk test to test for normal distribution. Data that did not meet normality were analyzed by a one-sided Wilcoxon ranked sum test with a p-value of 0.05. Six out of 9 atopic dogs tested positive for at least one of the allergens tested. None of the dogs in the control group showed a positive reaction to the allergens included in the test. Blomia tropicalis, Dermatophagoides farine, and Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus exhibited the highest reaction rate among the group of atopic dogs. There was not a statistical difference in the histamine reaction (positive control) between both groups. In this set of dogs, the test exhibited a 100% specificity and a sensitivity of 66%. The use of skin prick-test in the detection of causative allergens of human atopic dermatitis has proved to be a sensitive and specific tool frequently used by human allergists. Due to the number of similarities in canine and human atopic dermatitis, this could be a valuable tool that needs intensive research in veterinary medicine. The published research so far correlates to the results obtained in this investigation. However, future studies evaluating the concordance between in vitro specific IgE antibody assays and SPT must be carried out simultaneously to validate the test.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana M Carmona-Gil
- One Health and Veterinary Innovative Research and Development Group, Faculty of Agrarian Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Antioquia, Medellin, Colombia.,Centro de Dermatología Veterinaria DermaVet, Medellin, Colombia
| | - Jorge Sánchez
- Grupo de Alergología Clínica y Experimental, Facultad de Medicina, IPS Universitaria, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellin, Colombia
| | - Juan Maldonado-Estrada
- One Health and Veterinary Innovative Research and Development Group, Faculty of Agrarian Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Antioquia, Medellin, Colombia
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11
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Han C, Chan WY, Hill PB. Prevalence of positive reactions in intradermal and IgE serological allergy tests in dogs from South Australia, and the subsequent outcome of allergen-specific immunotherapy. Aust Vet J 2019; 98:17-25. [PMID: 31742667 DOI: 10.1111/avj.12892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2018] [Revised: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the prevalence of positive allergen reactions in intradermal and IgE serological tests in dogs presenting to a dermatology referral centre in South Australia and the clinical efficacy of subsequent allergen-specific immunotherapy. DESIGN Retrospective study. METHODS Results from 108 intradermal allergy tests, 25 IgE serological assays and immunotherapy outcomes in 37 dogs were retrospectively analysed. Immunotherapy outcomes were determined as excellent, good, modest or failure using a global assessment of efficacy matrix which incorporated pruritus scores, lesion severity, medication requirements, and owner and clinician opinion. RESULTS The most common positive reactions in intradermal allergy tests were Red clover (59%), Dermatophagoides farinae (29%), Tyrophagus putrescentiae (28%), Yellow dock (25%) and Malassezia pachydermatis (24%). In the IgE serological tests, Yorkshire fog grass (40%), Yellow dock (36%), Kentucky bluegrass (36%) and T. putrescentiae (36%) were the most commonly reported positive results. The outcome of allergen-specific immunotherapy was judged to be excellent in 20% of dogs, good in 15%, modest in 18% and a failure in 47%. CONCLUSION As has been reported in other geographical areas, environmental mites and plant pollens frequently gave positive reactions in allergy tests in South Australia. However, the prevalence of individual allergen reactions differed between intradermal and IgE serological tests, with M. pachydermatis being identified as a common cause of hypersensitivity in intradermal tests but not in IgE serological assays. Immunotherapy was judged to be a beneficial treatment in 35% of dogs but was essentially unsuccessful in 65%.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Han
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Roseworthy, South Australia, 5371, Australia
| | - W Y Chan
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Roseworthy, South Australia, 5371, Australia
| | - P B Hill
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Roseworthy, South Australia, 5371, Australia
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12
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13
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Gedon NKY, Boehm TMSA, Klinger CJ, Udraite L, Mueller RS. Agreement of serum allergen test results with unblocked and blocked IgE against cross-reactive carbohydrate determinants (CCD) and intradermal test results in atopic dogs. Vet Dermatol 2019; 30:195-e61. [PMID: 30908739 DOI: 10.1111/vde.12742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tests for allergen-specific immunoglobulin E (IgE) are used to select allergens for immunotherapy in atopic dogs. Antibodies against cross-reactive carbohydrate determinants (anti-CCD IgE) have been identified in serum samples of atopic dogs. Their presence in humans is a known cause of clinically irrelevant polysensitization to plant allergens. OBJECTIVES To compare the results of an intradermal test (IDT) and a serum test for allergen-specific IgE, with and without blocking anti-CCD IgE, before testing in dogs. ANIMALS Thirty-one privately owned dogs with atopic dermatitis. METHODS AND MATERIALS Dogs were prospectively skin tested and their serum samples were analysed for anti-CCD IgE. An Fc-ε receptor-based serum test for allergen-specific IgE was performed with and without blocking anti-CCD IgE. RESULTS In dogs with negative anti-CCD IgE samples, the agreement between the results of the serum test and the IDT was substantial (κ = 0.71). Dogs with positive anti-CCD IgE samples (38.7%) showed no agreement between serum and skin testing (κ = -0.35), blocking anti-CCD IgE in those samples resulted in a fair agreement (κ = 0.43). Anti-CCD IgE positive sera had multiple positive results for grass and weed allergens, and blocking decreased them markedly. CONCLUSION AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE Intradermal testing agreed best with serum testing in dogs with no detectable anti-CCD IgE. Sera containing anti-CCD IgE had no agreement with IDT. Test agreement was improved by blocking the anti-CCD IgE. Apparent serum test polysensitization to plant allergens was associated with anti-CCD IgE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie K Y Gedon
- Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Veterinaerstraße 13, 80539, Muenchen, Germany
| | - Teresa M S A Boehm
- Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Veterinaerstraße 13, 80539, Muenchen, Germany
| | - Christoph J Klinger
- Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Veterinaerstraße 13, 80539, Muenchen, Germany
| | - Laura Udraite
- Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Veterinaerstraße 13, 80539, Muenchen, Germany
| | - Ralf S Mueller
- Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Veterinaerstraße 13, 80539, Muenchen, Germany
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Zhou Z, Pieper JB, Campbell K. Intralaboratory Reliability and Variability for Allergen-Specific Immunoglobulin Type E Serology Testing. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 2019; 55:124-129. [PMID: 30870613 DOI: 10.5326/jaaha-ms-6761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis is a very common condition affecting dogs and often managed with allergen-specific immunotherapy, which requires accurate identification of causative allergens. Serology testing is used commonly. Serum was collected from 35 atopic dogs and separated into three samples each (1, 2, and 3). Samples 1 and 2 were sent to IDEXX Laboratories the same day; sample 3 was stored at -80°C and submitted ∼30 days later. Specific immunoglobulin type E reactivity to various allergens were determined using monoclonal anti-canine enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and expressed as ELISA absorbance units. Percent difference ranged from 14.30 to 127.34% for samples 1 and 2. These values increased when comparing samples a month apart (21.78 to 129.65%). Between samples 1 and 2, for each allergen there were differences in interpretation 15.18% of the time; 32 of 35 dogs (91.4%) had at least one allergen with a different interpretation. Comparing sample 3 and the average of samples 1 and 2, differences in interpretation increased to 22.32%; all dogs had at least one allergen that was interpreted differently. These differences in interpretation can alter immunotherapy. Overall, results show the need for better reliability for allergen-specific immunoglobulin type E serology testing using monoclonal anti-canine ELISA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zijin Zhou
- From the Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois (Z.Z., J.B.P.); and Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri (K.C.)
| | - Jason B Pieper
- From the Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois (Z.Z., J.B.P.); and Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri (K.C.)
| | - Karen Campbell
- From the Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois (Z.Z., J.B.P.); and Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri (K.C.)
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Mueller RS, Jensen‐Jarolim E, Roth‐Walter F, Marti E, Janda J, Seida AA, DeBoer D. Allergen immunotherapy in people, dogs, cats and horses - differences, similarities and research needs. Allergy 2018; 73:1989-1999. [PMID: 29675865 DOI: 10.1111/all.13464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
In human patients with seasonal allergic rhinoconjunctivitis sensitized to grass pollen, the first successful allergen immunotherapy (AIT) was reported in 1911. Today, immunotherapy is an accepted treatment for allergic asthma, allergic rhinitis and hypersensitivities to insect venom. AIT is also used for atopic dermatitis and recently for food allergy. Subcutaneous, epicutaneous, intralymphatic, oral and sublingual protocols of AIT exist. In animals, most data are available in dogs where subcutaneous AIT is an accepted treatment for atopic dermatitis. Initiating a regulatory response and a production of "blocking" IgG antibodies with AIT are similar mechanisms in human beings and dogs with allergic diseases. Although subcutaneous immunotherapy is used for atopic dermatitis in cats, data for its efficacy are sparse. There is some evidence for successful treatment of feline asthma with AIT. In horses, most studies evaluate the effect of AIT on insect hypersensitivity with conflicting results although promising pilot studies have demonstrated the prophylaxis of insect hypersensitivity with recombinant antigens of biting midges (Culicoides spp.). Optimizing AIT using allergoids, peptide immunotherapy, recombinant allergens and new adjuvants with the different administration types of allergen extracts will further improve compliance and efficacy of this proven treatment modality.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. S. Mueller
- Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine LMU Munich Munich Germany
| | - E. Jensen‐Jarolim
- The Interuniversity Messerli Research Institute University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna Medical University Vienna Vienna Austria
- Institute of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research Center of Pathophysiology Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University Vienna Austria
| | - F. Roth‐Walter
- The Interuniversity Messerli Research Institute University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna Medical University Vienna Vienna Austria
| | - E. Marti
- Department of Clinical Research and Veterinary Public Health University of Bern Bern Switzerland
| | - J. Janda
- Faculty of Science Charles University Prague Czech Republic
| | - A. A. Seida
- Immunology and Microbiology Department Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Cairo University Giza Egypt
| | - D. DeBoer
- School of Veterinary Medicine University of Wisconsin Madison WI USA
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16
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Abrams SB, Brock GN, Palettas M, Bolner ML, Moore-Sowers T, Plunkett GA, Cole LK, Diaz SF, Lorch G. An evaluation of veterinary allergen extract content and resultant canine intradermal threshold concentrations. Vet Dermatol 2018; 29:496-e167. [DOI: 10.1111/vde.12686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie B. Abrams
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences; College of Veterinary Medicine; The Ohio State University; 601 Vernon L. Tharp St. Columbus OH 43210 USA
| | - Guy N. Brock
- Center for Biostatistics; Department of Biomedical Informatics; The Ohio State University; 1800 Cannon Dr. Columbus OH 43210 USA
| | - Marilly Palettas
- Center for Biostatistics; Department of Biomedical Informatics; The Ohio State University; 1800 Cannon Dr. Columbus OH 43210 USA
| | | | | | | | - Lynette K. Cole
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences; College of Veterinary Medicine; The Ohio State University; 601 Vernon L. Tharp St. Columbus OH 43210 USA
| | - Sandra F. Diaz
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences; College of Veterinary Medicine; The Ohio State University; 601 Vernon L. Tharp St. Columbus OH 43210 USA
| | - Gwendolen Lorch
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences; College of Veterinary Medicine; The Ohio State University; 601 Vernon L. Tharp St. Columbus OH 43210 USA
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Zwickl LLMN, Joekel DE, Fischer NM, Rostaher A, Thamsborg K, Deplazes P, Favrot C. Total and Toxocara canis
larval excretory/secretory antigen- and allergen-specific IgE in atopic and non-atopic dogs. Vet Dermatol 2018; 29:222-e80. [DOI: 10.1111/vde.12527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lena L. M. N. Zwickl
- Dermatology Unit; Clinic for Small Animal Internal Medicine; Vetsuisse Faculty; University of Zurich; Winterthurerstrasse 260 8057 Zurich Switzerland
| | - Deborah E. Joekel
- Institute of Parasitology; Vetsuisse Faculty; University of Zurich; Winterthurerstrasse 266a 8057 Zurich Switzerland
| | - Nina M. Fischer
- Dermatology Unit; Clinic for Small Animal Internal Medicine; Vetsuisse Faculty; University of Zurich; Winterthurerstrasse 260 8057 Zurich Switzerland
| | - Ana Rostaher
- Dermatology Unit; Clinic for Small Animal Internal Medicine; Vetsuisse Faculty; University of Zurich; Winterthurerstrasse 260 8057 Zurich Switzerland
| | - Kristian Thamsborg
- Institute of Parasitology; Vetsuisse Faculty; University of Zurich; Winterthurerstrasse 266a 8057 Zurich Switzerland
| | - Peter Deplazes
- Institute of Parasitology; Vetsuisse Faculty; University of Zurich; Winterthurerstrasse 266a 8057 Zurich Switzerland
| | - Claude Favrot
- Dermatology Unit; Clinic for Small Animal Internal Medicine; Vetsuisse Faculty; University of Zurich; Winterthurerstrasse 260 8057 Zurich Switzerland
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Hakanen E, Lehtimäki J, Salmela E, Tiira K, Anturaniemi J, Hielm-Björkman A, Ruokolainen L, Lohi H. Urban environment predisposes dogs and their owners to allergic symptoms. Sci Rep 2018; 8:1585. [PMID: 29371634 PMCID: PMC5785484 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-19953-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2017] [Accepted: 01/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Our companion-animals, dogs, suffer increasingly from non-communicable diseases, analogous to those common in humans, such as allergic manifestations. In humans, living in rural environments is associated with lower risk of allergic diseases. Our aim was to explore whether a similar pattern can be found in dogs, using a nation-wide survey in Finland (n = 5722). We characterised the land-use around dog's home at the time of birth as well as around its current home, and described several lifestyle factors. The severity of owner-reported allergic symptoms in dogs was estimated with a comprehensive set of questions, developed by experts of canine dermatology. Also, the prevalence of diagnosed allergies in dog owners was recorded. The results indicate that allergic symptoms are more prevalent in urban environments both in dog owners and in dogs (accounting the effect of dog breed). Several factors related to rural living, such as bigger family size and regular contact with farm animals and other pets, were also protective against allergic symptoms in dogs. Interestingly, allergic dogs were more likely to have allergic owners than healthy dogs were. Therefore, we suggest that the mutual presence of allergic symptoms in both species indicates common underlying causal factors of allergic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Hakanen
- Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, PL 65 FI-00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jenni Lehtimäki
- Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, PL 65 FI-00014, Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Elina Salmela
- Research Programs Unit, Molecular Neurology, and Department of Veterinary Biosciences, University of Helsinki, PL 63 FI-00014, Helsinki, Finland
- The Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics, PL 63 FI-00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Katriina Tiira
- Research Programs Unit, Molecular Neurology, and Department of Veterinary Biosciences, University of Helsinki, PL 63 FI-00014, Helsinki, Finland
- The Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics, PL 63 FI-00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Johanna Anturaniemi
- Department of Equine and Small Animal Medicine, University of Helsinki, PL 57, FI-00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anna Hielm-Björkman
- Department of Equine and Small Animal Medicine, University of Helsinki, PL 57, FI-00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Lasse Ruokolainen
- Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, PL 65 FI-00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Hannes Lohi
- Research Programs Unit, Molecular Neurology, and Department of Veterinary Biosciences, University of Helsinki, PL 63 FI-00014, Helsinki, Finland
- The Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics, PL 63 FI-00014, Helsinki, Finland
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19
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Lavergne SN. In Vitro Research Tools in the Field of Human Immediate Drug Hypersensitivity and Their Present Use in Small Animal Veterinary Medicine. Vet Sci 2016; 4:E1. [PMID: 29056660 PMCID: PMC5606612 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci4010001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2016] [Revised: 11/23/2016] [Accepted: 12/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Drug hypersensitivity reactions (DHR) are immune-mediated idiosyncratic adverse drug events. Type I DHR are often referred to as "immediate" and involve B lymphocyte-secreted IgE that bind to the membrane of basophils and mast cells, inducing their degranulation. This review presents various in vitro tests that were developed in the field of human type I HS and implemented as clinical diagnostic tools in human cases of immediate DHR. The respective strengths and weaknesses of each test will be discussed in parallel of validation data such as specificity and sensitivity whenever available. Some of them have also been used as diagnostic tools in veterinary medicine, but not in cases of immediate DHR. Most of these diagnostic tools can be categorized into humoral and cellular tests. The former tests measure serum concentrations of factors, such as histamine, tryptase, and drug-specific IgE. The latter assays quantify markers of drug-induced basophil activation or drug-specific lymphocyte proliferation. Pharmacogenetic markers have also been investigated in immediate DHR, but not as extensively as in non-immediate ones. Throughout, practical aspects and limitations of the tests, as well as sensitivity and specificity parameters, will be presented. In addition, the experience of veterinary medicine with these diagnostic tools will be summarized. However, to date, none of them has ever been reported in a veterinary case of type I DHR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sidonie N. Lavergne
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois-Urbana-Champaign, 2001 South Lincoln Av, Urbana, IL 61802, USA.
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20
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Hensel P, Santoro D, Favrot C, Hill P, Griffin C. Canine atopic dermatitis: detailed guidelines for diagnosis and allergen identification. BMC Vet Res 2015; 11:196. [PMID: 26260508 PMCID: PMC4531508 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-015-0515-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 192] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2015] [Accepted: 07/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Canine atopic dermatitis (AD) is a common, genetically predisposed, inflammatory and pruritic skin disease. The variation in clinical presentations, due to genetic factors, extent of the lesions, stage of the disease, secondary infections, as well as resemblance to other non-atopic related skin diseases, can complicate a diagnosis of canine AD. A sub-group of the International Committee for Allergic Diseases in Animals (ICADA) was tasked with the development of a set of practical guidelines that can be used to assist practitioners and researchers in the diagnosis of canine AD. Online citation databases and abstracts from international meetings were searched for publications related to the topic, and combined with expert opinion where necessary. The final set of guidelines was approved by the entire ICADA committee. RESULTS A total of 81 publications relevant for this review were identified. The guidelines generated focus on three aspects of the diagnostic approach: 1. Ruling out of other skin conditions with clinical signs resembling, or overlapping with canine AD. 2. Detailed interpretation of the historical and clinical features of patients affected by canine AD. 3. Allergy testing by intradermal versus allergen-specific IgE serum testing. CONCLUSIONS The diagnosis of canine AD is based on meeting clinical criteria and ruling out other possible causes with similar clinical signs. Flea combing, skin scraping and cytology should be performed, where necessary, as part of a thorough work-up. Elimination diet trials are required for patients with perennial pruritus and/or concurrent gastrointestinal signs. Once a clinical diagnosis of canine AD is made, allergy testing can be performed to identify potential causative allergens for allergen-specific immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Hensel
- Tierdermatologie Basel, Emil Frey-Strasse 127, Münchenstein, Switzerland.
| | - Domenico Santoro
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
| | - Claude Favrot
- Vetsuisse Faculty University of Zurich, Clinic of Small Animal Internal Medicine, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Peter Hill
- Companion Animal Health Centre, School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, University of Adelaide, Roseworthy, SA, 5371, Australia.
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21
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Lee KW, Blankenship K, McKinney B, Kern G, Buch J, Greenwood J, Brazis P, Drouet L, Tambone C, Faas R, Weaver G. Proficiency monitoring of monoclonal antibody cocktail–based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of allergen-specific immunoglobulin E in dogs. J Vet Diagn Invest 2015; 27:461-9. [DOI: 10.1177/1040638715587547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of our study was to document the continued comparative proficiency of different laboratories that perform a monoclonal antibody–based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (macELISA) for detection of allergen-specific immunoglobulin (Ig)E in dogs. Replicate samples of 18 different sera pools were independently evaluated in a single blinded fashion by each of 16 different operators functioning in 10 different laboratories. The average intra-assay variance among reactive assay calibrators in all laboratories was 6.0% (range: 2.7–16.1%), while the average intralaboratory interassay variance was 7.5% (range: 3.9–10.9%). The overall interassay interlaboratory variance was consistent among laboratories and averaged 11.4% (range: 8.5–12.5%). All laboratories yielded similar profiles and magnitudes of responses for replicate unknown samples; dose response profiles observed in each of the laboratories were indistinguishable. Considering the positive or negative results, interassay interlaboratory concordance of results exceeded 90%. Correlation of optical density values between and among all laboratories was strong ( r > 0.9, P < 0.001). Collectively, the results demonstrated that the macELISA for measuring allergen-specific canine IgE is reproducible, and documents that consistency of results can be achieved not only in an individual laboratory by differing operators but also among laboratories using the same monoclonal-based ELISA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth W. Lee
- Greer Laboratories Inc., Lenoir, NC (Lee, Blankenship, McKinney)
- IDEXX GmbH, Ludwigsburg, Germany (Kern)
- IDEXX Laboratories Inc., Westbrook, ME (Buch)
- IDEXX Laboratories Inc. Markham, Ontario, Canada (Greenwood)
- Univet Diagnostic Services, Sant Cugat, Barcelona, Spain (Brazis)
| | - Karen Blankenship
- Greer Laboratories Inc., Lenoir, NC (Lee, Blankenship, McKinney)
- IDEXX GmbH, Ludwigsburg, Germany (Kern)
- IDEXX Laboratories Inc., Westbrook, ME (Buch)
- IDEXX Laboratories Inc. Markham, Ontario, Canada (Greenwood)
- Univet Diagnostic Services, Sant Cugat, Barcelona, Spain (Brazis)
| | - Brennan McKinney
- Greer Laboratories Inc., Lenoir, NC (Lee, Blankenship, McKinney)
- IDEXX GmbH, Ludwigsburg, Germany (Kern)
- IDEXX Laboratories Inc., Westbrook, ME (Buch)
- IDEXX Laboratories Inc. Markham, Ontario, Canada (Greenwood)
- Univet Diagnostic Services, Sant Cugat, Barcelona, Spain (Brazis)
| | - Gerhard Kern
- Greer Laboratories Inc., Lenoir, NC (Lee, Blankenship, McKinney)
- IDEXX GmbH, Ludwigsburg, Germany (Kern)
- IDEXX Laboratories Inc., Westbrook, ME (Buch)
- IDEXX Laboratories Inc. Markham, Ontario, Canada (Greenwood)
- Univet Diagnostic Services, Sant Cugat, Barcelona, Spain (Brazis)
| | - Jesse Buch
- Greer Laboratories Inc., Lenoir, NC (Lee, Blankenship, McKinney)
- IDEXX GmbH, Ludwigsburg, Germany (Kern)
- IDEXX Laboratories Inc., Westbrook, ME (Buch)
- IDEXX Laboratories Inc. Markham, Ontario, Canada (Greenwood)
- Univet Diagnostic Services, Sant Cugat, Barcelona, Spain (Brazis)
| | - Janice Greenwood
- Greer Laboratories Inc., Lenoir, NC (Lee, Blankenship, McKinney)
- IDEXX GmbH, Ludwigsburg, Germany (Kern)
- IDEXX Laboratories Inc., Westbrook, ME (Buch)
- IDEXX Laboratories Inc. Markham, Ontario, Canada (Greenwood)
- Univet Diagnostic Services, Sant Cugat, Barcelona, Spain (Brazis)
| | - Pilar Brazis
- Greer Laboratories Inc., Lenoir, NC (Lee, Blankenship, McKinney)
- IDEXX GmbH, Ludwigsburg, Germany (Kern)
- IDEXX Laboratories Inc., Westbrook, ME (Buch)
- IDEXX Laboratories Inc. Markham, Ontario, Canada (Greenwood)
- Univet Diagnostic Services, Sant Cugat, Barcelona, Spain (Brazis)
| | - Laurent Drouet
- Greer Laboratories Inc., Lenoir, NC (Lee, Blankenship, McKinney)
- IDEXX GmbH, Ludwigsburg, Germany (Kern)
- IDEXX Laboratories Inc., Westbrook, ME (Buch)
- IDEXX Laboratories Inc. Markham, Ontario, Canada (Greenwood)
- Univet Diagnostic Services, Sant Cugat, Barcelona, Spain (Brazis)
| | - Cecilia Tambone
- Greer Laboratories Inc., Lenoir, NC (Lee, Blankenship, McKinney)
- IDEXX GmbH, Ludwigsburg, Germany (Kern)
- IDEXX Laboratories Inc., Westbrook, ME (Buch)
- IDEXX Laboratories Inc. Markham, Ontario, Canada (Greenwood)
- Univet Diagnostic Services, Sant Cugat, Barcelona, Spain (Brazis)
| | - Rebecca Faas
- Greer Laboratories Inc., Lenoir, NC (Lee, Blankenship, McKinney)
- IDEXX GmbH, Ludwigsburg, Germany (Kern)
- IDEXX Laboratories Inc., Westbrook, ME (Buch)
- IDEXX Laboratories Inc. Markham, Ontario, Canada (Greenwood)
- Univet Diagnostic Services, Sant Cugat, Barcelona, Spain (Brazis)
| | - Gareth Weaver
- Greer Laboratories Inc., Lenoir, NC (Lee, Blankenship, McKinney)
- IDEXX GmbH, Ludwigsburg, Germany (Kern)
- IDEXX Laboratories Inc., Westbrook, ME (Buch)
- IDEXX Laboratories Inc. Markham, Ontario, Canada (Greenwood)
- Univet Diagnostic Services, Sant Cugat, Barcelona, Spain (Brazis)
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Pucheu-Haston CM, Bizikova P, Eisenschenk MNC, Santoro D, Nuttall T, Marsella R. Review: The role of antibodies, autoantigens and food allergens in canine atopic dermatitis. Vet Dermatol 2015; 26:115-e30. [DOI: 10.1111/vde.12201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cherie M. Pucheu-Haston
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences; School of Veterinary Medicine; Louisiana State University; 1909 Skip Bertman Drive Baton Rouge LA 70803 USA
| | - Petra Bizikova
- Department of Clinical Sciences; College of Veterinary Medicine; North Carolina State University; 1060 William Moore Drive Raleigh NC 27606 USA
| | | | - Domenico Santoro
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences; College of Veterinary Medicine; University of Florida; 2015 SW 16th Avenue Gainesville FL 32610 USA
| | - Tim Nuttall
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies; Easter Bush Veterinary Centre; University of Edinburgh; Roslin EH25 9RG UK
| | - Rosanna Marsella
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences; College of Veterinary Medicine; University of Florida; 2015 SW 16th Avenue Gainesville FL 32610 USA
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Prevalence of and risk factors for increased serum levels of allergen-specific IgE in a population of Norwegian dogs. Acta Vet Scand 2014; 56:81. [PMID: 25475748 PMCID: PMC4264244 DOI: 10.1186/s13028-014-0081-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2014] [Accepted: 11/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The importance of different allergens in association with IgE production and canine atopic dermatitis (CAD) has been poorly studied and few studies exist on factors influencing allergen-specific IgE antibodies in serum. The aim of this cross-sectional study was to investigate the prevalence of elevated IgE levels to different environmental allergens in Norwegian dogs with a suspicion of CAD. The secondary aim was to identify risk factors associated with elevated serum levels of allergen-specific IgE. Results The study sample consisted of serum from 1313 dogs of 161 different breeds. All samples were submitted for serologic IgE-testing (Fc epsilon R1 alpha-based ELISA) based on suspicion of CAD. Overall, 84.3% of the dogs had elevated IgE levels to one or more of the allergen(s). The predominant allergens amongst the positive results were the indoor allergens (Acarus siro 84.0%, Dermatophagoides farinae 80.2%, Tyrophagus putrescentiae 79.9%). Sheep sorrel was the most commonly encountered outdoor allergen (40.0%). Only 2.6% of the dogs with elevated IgE levels were positive to flea saliva. The test results varied significantly depending on when the serum samples were taken. Samples taken during summer and autumn more often came out positive than samples taken during winter and spring. Geographical variations were also demonstrated. A greater proportion of females than males had positive test results, and more females than males tested positive to outdoor allergens. The mean age was significantly higher in the dogs testing positive than amongst the dogs testing negative. The allergen-specific IgE levels varied with breed. The boxer was the only breed with a significantly higher proportion of positive test results compared to the other breeds. Boxers also had a higher prevalence of elevated IgE levels to outdoor allergens, whereas the Rottweiler had a higher prevalence of elevated IgE levels to indoor allergens compared to the other breeds. Conclusions IgE hypersensitivity was most often associated with indoor allergens. Outdoor allergens were of minor importance and IgE reactivity to flea saliva was rare. Breed differences in allergen-specific IgE levels were identified. Season of sampling, and the dogs’ geographical localisation, sex and age also affected the results of the IgE analysis.
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Kang MH, Kim HJ, Jang HJ, Park HM. Sensitization rates of causative allergens for dogs with atopic dermatitis: detection of canine allergen-specific IgE. J Vet Sci 2014; 15:545-50. [PMID: 24962408 PMCID: PMC4269597 DOI: 10.4142/jvs.2014.15.4.545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2013] [Revised: 03/21/2014] [Accepted: 04/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Allergen-specific IgE serology tests became commercially available in the 1980s. Since then these tests have been widely used to diagnose and treat allergic skin diseases. However, the relationship between a positive reaction and disease occurrence has been controversial. The purpose of this study was to evaluate allergens using a serologic allergy test in dogs with atopic dermatitis (AD). Dogs clinically diagnosed with AD (n = 101) were tested using an allergen-specific IgE immunoassay. Among the total 92 environmental and food allergens, house dust and house dust mites were the most common. Several allergens including airborne pollens and molds produced positive reactions, and which was considered increasing allergens relating to the climate changes. The presence of antibodies against staphylococci and Malassezia in cases of canine AD was warranted in this study. Additionally, strong (chicken, turkey, brown rice, brewer's yeast, and soybean) and weakly (rabbit, vension, duck, and tuna) positive reactions to food allergens could be used for avoidance and limited-allergen trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Hee Kang
- Department of Veterinary Internal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, Korea
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25
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Roberts HA, Hurcombe SDA, Hillier A, Lorch G. Equine intradermal test threshold concentrations for house dust mite and storage mite allergens and identification of stable acari fauna. Vet Dermatol 2014; 25:124-34, e35-6. [PMID: 24800265 DOI: 10.1111/vde.12113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND House dust mite (HDM) and storage mite (SM) stable fauna and their associated equine intradermal test (IDT) threshold concentrations (TCs) for the midwestern region of the USA are unknown. HYPOTHESIS/OBJECTIVES To determine IDT TCs and serum IgE concentrations for two HDM and three SM species in clinically normal horses over two seasons, and to identify the mite taxa and habitats in a stable. ANIMALS Thirty-eight clinically normal horses. METHODS Threshold concentrations for HDMs and SMs were determined using IDT subjective measurements and a statistical model. An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used to quantify serum IgE concentrations for the same mite species. A modified flotation method was used to identify morphologically HDMs and SMs. RESULTS Subjective IDT TCs were as follows: 1:80,000 w/v for Dermatophagoides farinae in both seasons; 1:80,000 w/v in spring and 1:160,000 w/v in late summer for Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus; 1:40,000 w/v in spring and 1:20,000 w/v in late summer for Acarus siro; 1:20,000 w/v for Lepidoglyphus destructor in both seasons; and 1:20,000 w/v in spring and 1:10,000 w/v in late summer for Tyrophagus putrescentiae. Statistically significant associations for increased serum IgE and a positive IDT reaction were evident for D. farinae in the spring and D. pteronyssinus in both seasons. One mite from all four genera specific to this study was identified; however,two HDM and A. siro species were not detected.Conclusions and clinical importance – This study established HDM and SM IDT dilution concentrations for the horses in this region. Exposure to diverse acaridae fauna may contribute to the pathogenesis of equine allergic disease.
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Hardy JI, Hendricks A, Loeffler A, Chang YM, Verheyen KL, Garden OA, Bond R. Food-specific serum IgE and IgG reactivity in dogs with and without skin disease: lack of correlation between laboratories. Vet Dermatol 2014; 25:447-e70. [PMID: 24890097 DOI: 10.1111/vde.12137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite conflicting data on their utility and no reports on interlaboratory reproducibility, serum food-specific antibodies are commonly assayed in first-opinion canine practice. HYPOTHESIS/OBJECTIVES To determine both the variability of test results between two laboratories and the frequencies and magnitudes of food reactivity in dogs of different disease status. ANIMALS Sera were obtained from eight dogs with cutaneous adverse food reaction (Group A), 22 with nonfood-induced atopic dermatitis (Group B), 30 with an allergic/inflammatory phenotype (Group C), 12 with miscellaneous skin diseases (Group D) and nine healthy dogs (Group E). METHODS Paired sera were submitted to two laboratories (A and B) for assays of food-specific IgE and IgG antibodies. RESULTS Numbers of positive IgE and IgG tests determined by each laboratory in Groups A, B, D and E were comparable (Group C not included). Significant differences in the magnitude of IgE reactivity between groups for each allergen were seen only for lamb (Laboratory A, P = 0.003); lamb reactivity in Group D exceeded Group E (P = 0.004) but was comparable between all other groups. Agreement (kappa statistic) between the two laboratories' tests was 'moderate' for one antigen (potato IgE), 'fair' for four (corn IgE, rice IgE and IgG and soya bean IgG), 'slight' for eight (six IgE and two IgG) and 'less than chance' for the remaining six antigens (three IgE and three IgG). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE These laboratories' tests appear to have dubious predictive clinical utility because they neither correlate nor distinguish between dogs of different disease status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan I Hardy
- Department of Clinical Science and Services and, Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hatfield, Hertfordshire, AL9 7TA, UK
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Plant JD, Neradelik MB, Polissar NL, Fadok VA, Scott BA. Agreement between allergen-specific IgE assays and ensuing immunotherapy recommendations from four commercial laboratories in the USA. Vet Dermatol 2014; 25:15-e6. [PMID: 24461034 PMCID: PMC4209119 DOI: 10.1111/vde.12104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/18/2013] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Canine allergen-specific IgE assays in the USA are not subjected to an independent laboratory reliability monitoring programme. HYPOTHESIS/OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to evaluate the agreement of diagnostic results and treatment recommendations of four serum IgE assays commercially available in the USA. METHODS Replicate serum samples from 10 atopic dogs were submitted to each of four laboratories for allergen-specific IgE assays (ACTT(®) , VARL Liquid Gold, ALLERCEPT(®) and Greer(®) Aller-g-complete(®) ). The interlaboratory agreement of standard, regional panels and ensuing treatment recommendations were analysed with the kappa statistic (κ) to account for agreement that might occur merely by chance. Six comparisons of pairs of laboratories and overall agreement among laboratories were analysed for ungrouped allergens (as tested) and also with allergens grouped according to reported cross-reactivity and taxonomy. RESULTS The overall chance-corrected agreement of the positive/negative test results for ungrouped and grouped allergens was slight (κ = 0.14 and 0.13, respectively). Subset analysis of the laboratory pair with the highest level of diagnostic agreement (κ = 0.36) found slight agreement (κ = 0.13) for ungrouped plants and fungi, but substantial agreement (κ = 0.71) for ungrouped mites. The overall agreement of the treatment recommendations was slight (κ = 0.11). Altogether, 85.1% of ungrouped allergen treatment recommendations were unique to one laboratory or another. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE Our study indicated that the choice of IgE assay may have a major influence on the positive/negative results and ensuing treatment recommendations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jon D Plant
- SkinVet Clinic, 15800 SW Upper Boones Ferry Road, Suite 120, Lake Oswego, OR, 97035, USA
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Buckley L, Schmidt V, McEwan N, Nuttall T. Cross-reaction and co-sensitization among related and unrelated allergens in canine intradermal tests. Vet Dermatol 2013; 24:422-7, e91-2. [PMID: 23745529 DOI: 10.1111/vde.12044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intradermal tests are used to identify allergens for avoidance and immunotherapy in atopic dogs. HYPOTHESIS/OBJECTIVES To evaluate cross-reaction or co-sensitization among 53 intradermal test allergens. ANIMALS Six hundred and fifty-one client-owned dogs with atopic dermatitis. METHODS Intradermal tests were performed with 53 house dust/storage mite, epidermal, insect, tree, weed and grass pollen and mould allergens. Pairwise comparisons were used to calculate the odds ratios (ORs), 95% confidence intervals (CIs) and statistical significance for the results of each allergen pair, with significance at P < 0.0006 (Holm-Bonferroni correction to reduce the false-detection rate). RESULTS Apart from cotton, cockroach, red clover, grain smut and Penicillium, the results for the allergens within each group were statistically associated [ORs from 4.7 (CI 2.5-8.9) to 1229.4 (CI 166.5-1795.1); P = 0.0005 to P < 0.0001]. Excluding red clover and cotton, 94% of results between tree, weed and grass pollens were also statistically associated [ORs from 8.3 (CI 3.6-24.7) to 117 (CI 29.1-341); P = 0.0005 to P < 0.0001]. In contrast, few allergens from unrelated groups were statistically associated [ORs from 0.12 (CI 0.03-1.1) to 27.7 (CI 0.2-93); P = 1.0 to P < 0.0001]. The mean (SD) of the log e transformed ORs for the related and statistically associated allergens [5.3 (1.3)] was significantly greater than those for related but nonstatistically associated [1.7 (1.6)] or unrelated allergens [1.4 (1.4); P < 0.0001]. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE This suggests that there is cross-reaction or co-sensitization between related allergens. This could have implications for allergen selection in testing and immunotherapy, but further studies are required to differentiate cross-reaction from co-sensitization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Buckley
- The University of Liverpool School of Veterinary Science, Leahurst Campus, Chester High Road, Neston, Cheshire, CH64 7TE, UK
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Olivry T, Saridomichelakis M. Evidence-based guidelines for anti-allergic drug withdrawal times before allergen-specific intradermal and IgE serological tests in dogs. Vet Dermatol 2013; 24:225-e49. [DOI: 10.1111/vde.12016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Manolis Saridomichelakis
- Clinic of Medicine; School of Veterinary Medicine; University of Thessaly; Trikalon 224; GR-43100; Karditsa; Greece
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Comparison of Skin Prick Tests with In Vitro Allergy Tests in the Characterization of Horses with Recurrent Airway Obstruction. J Equine Vet Sci 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2012.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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31
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Marsella R, Sousa CA, Gonzales AJ, Fadok VA. Current understanding of the pathophysiologic mechanisms of canine atopic dermatitis. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2012; 241:194-207. [DOI: 10.2460/javma.241.2.194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Lee KW, Blankenship KD, McCurry ZM, McKinney B, Ruffner R, Esch RE, Tambone C, Faas R, Hermes D, Brazis P, Drouet L. Intra and inter-laboratory reproducibility of a monoclonal antibody cocktail based ELISA for detection of allergen specific IgE in dogs: proficiency monitoring of macELISA in six laboratories. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2012; 148:267-75. [PMID: 22682231 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2012.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2011] [Revised: 05/07/2012] [Accepted: 05/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the reproducibility of results yielded using a monoclonal antibody based ELISA for detection of allergen specific IgE when run in six separate affiliated laboratories. On two separate occasions, duplicate samples of 15 different sera pools were independently evaluated by each laboratory in a single blinded fashion. The average intra-assay variance among reactive assay calibrators in all laboratories was 6.2% (range 2.6-18.2%), while the average intra-laboratory inter-assay variance was 12.1% (range 8.0-17.1%). The overall inter-assay inter-laboratory variance was consistent among laboratories and averaged 15.6% (range 15.1-16.6%). All laboratories yielded similar profiles and magnitudes of responses for replicate unknown samples; dose-response profiles observed in each of the laboratories were indistinguishable. Considering positive/negative results, inter-assay inter-laboratory concordance of results exceeded 95%. Correlation of OD values between and among all laboratories was strong (r>0.9, p<0.001). Correlation of OD values between the two separate evaluations was also high for all allergens except olive, which was attributed to lot-to-lot differences of allergen coated wells. Collectively, the results demonstrated that the monoclonal antibody based ELISA for measuring allergen specific canine IgE is reproducible, and documents that consistency of results can be achieved not only in an individual laboratory, but between laboratories using the same monoclonal-based ELISA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth W Lee
- Greer Laboratories Inc., 639 Nuway Circle, Lenoir, NC 28645, USA.
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Koebrich S, Nett-Mettler C, Wilhelm S, Favrot C. Intradermal and serological testing for mites in healthy beagle dogs. Vet Dermatol 2012; 23:192-e39. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3164.2012.01041.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Veenhof EZ, Knol EF, Schlotter YM, Vernooij JC, Rutten VP, Willemse T. Characterisation of T cell phenotypes, cytokines and transcription factors in the skin of dogs with cutaneous adverse food reactions. Vet J 2011; 187:320-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2010.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2009] [Revised: 01/31/2010] [Accepted: 02/06/2010] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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35
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Okayama T, Matsuno Y, Yasuda N, Tsukui T, Suzuta Y, Koyanagi M, Sakaguchi M, Ishii Y, Olivry T, Masuda K. Establishment of a quantitative ELISA for the measurement of allergen-specific IgE in dogs using anti-IgE antibody cross-reactive to mouse and dog IgE. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2011; 139:99-106. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2010.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2010] [Revised: 08/02/2010] [Accepted: 09/05/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Roque JB, O'Leary CA, Kyaw-Tanner M, Latter M, Mason K, Shipstone M, Vogelnest L, Duffy D. High allergen-specific serum immunoglobulin E levels in nonatopic West Highland white terriers. Vet Dermatol 2011; 22:257-66. [PMID: 21265887 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3164.2010.00939.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Human and canine atopic dermatitis (AD) share an association with IgE specific to environmental allergens, but few studies have evaluated serum allergen-specific IgE in nonatopic dogs. This study compared serum allergen-specific IgE levels in 30 atopic and 18 nonatopic West Highland white terriers. Atopic dermatitis was confirmed using standard criteria. Nonatopic dogs were over 5 years of age and had no clinical signs or history of AD. Serum allergen-specific IgE levels were measured with Allercept(®) IgE ELISAs using a 48-allergen Australian panel. Positive reactions were defined as ≥150 ELISA absorbance units. Intradermal tests were performed in 16 atopic dogs, either at the time of or at various times prior to serum collection. In atopic dogs, the most common positive ELISA and intradermal test results were to Dermatophagoides farinae (11 of 30 dogs), but there were no statistically significant correlations between results from the two methods for any allergen. In nonatopic dogs, multiple high-positive ELISA reactions were reported to 45 of 48 allergens, most commonly D. farinae and Tyrophagus putrescentiae (17 of 18 dogs each). Positive ELISA results in nonatopic dogs were statistically significantly higher than those in atopic dogs for 44 of 48 allergens, including two allergens (D. farinae and Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus) commonly regarded as significant in canine AD. In conclusion, positive allergen-specific IgE ELISAs were not specific for canine AD, and high allergen-specific IgE levels were seen in nonatopic dogs. The clinical significance of this and whether it characterizes a protective phenotype is unclear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana B Roque
- School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Qld, Australia
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37
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Diesel A, DeBoer DJ. Serum allergen-specific immunoglobulin E in atopic and healthy cats: comparison of a rapid screening immunoassay and complete-panel analysis. Vet Dermatol 2010; 22:39-45. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3164.2010.00908.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Olivry T, DeBoer DJ, Favrot C, Jackson HA, Mueller RS, Nuttall T, Prélaud P. Treatment of canine atopic dermatitis: 2010 clinical practice guidelines from the International Task Force on Canine Atopic Dermatitis. Vet Dermatol 2010; 21:233-48. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3164.2010.00889.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Bizikova P, Linder KE, Paps J, Olivry T. Effect of a novel topical diester glucocorticoid spray on immediate- and late-phase cutaneous allergic reactions in Maltese-beagle atopic dogs: a placebo-controlled study. Vet Dermatol 2010; 21:70-9. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3164.2009.00782.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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40
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Thom N, Favrot C, Failing K, Mueller RS, Neiger R, Linek M. Intra- and interlaboratory variability of allergen-specific IgE levels in atopic dogs in three different laboratories using the Fc-ɛ receptor testing. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2010; 133:183-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2009.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2008] [Revised: 07/22/2009] [Accepted: 07/30/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Kramer J, Fahey M, Santos R, Carville A, Wachtman L, Mansfield K. Alopecia in Rhesus macaques correlates with immunophenotypic alterations in dermal inflammatory infiltrates consistent with hypersensitivity etiology. J Med Primatol 2010; 39:112-22. [PMID: 20102458 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0684.2010.00402.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although alopecia is a commonly recognized problem affecting many captive Rhesus macaque colonies, there is no consensus as to the underlying etiology or appropriate course of management. METHODS We performed skin biopsies to assess underlying pathology in alopecic Rhesus macaques and performed immunohistochemical and metachromatic staining of these biopsies to assess the cellular infiltrates. RESULTS Alopecia is associated with superficial dermal perivascular mononuclear cell infiltrates and skin pathology consistent with chronic hypersensitivity dermatitis. The inflammation is primarily composed of CD4+ cells admixed with histiocytes and mast cells. Inflammation is correlated with degree of alopecia. Further analysis in different groups of macaques revealed that animals born outdoors or infected with lung mites had reduced dermal inflammatory cell infiltrates and a lower incidence of alopecia. CONCLUSIONS These findings support a hypothesis that an altered housing status resulting in decreased pathogen burden in Rhesus macaque colonies may contribute to dermal immunophenotypic alterations and subsequent development of dermatitis with resultant alopecia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Kramer
- Harvard Medical School, New England Primate Research Center, Southborough, MA 01772, USA
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Abstract
Canine IgE discovery and characterization historically closely paralleled that of human IgE. The reason for this would seem to be the early recognition of the spontaneous manifestation of allergic diseases in dogs that are nearly identical to human allergic diseases. The discovery and characterization of human IgE being dependent upon its biological activity in sensitizing mast cells and basophils was matched early on by analogous approaches readily applied to dogs. Following the early work on IgE, cloning and sequencing of the IgE heavy chain, epsilon, lagged well behind the human and rodent for want of IgE producing canine myelomas. As with human allergic diseases, measurement of allergen-specific and total IgE in canine tissues and body fluids revealed the same associations with various disease manifestations that some times defied discovery of straight-forward cause and effect relationships because of the complexity of pathogenesis in spontaneous allergic disease. However it is clear that research on IgE in spontaneously allergic dogs offers many opportunities to explore novel immunotherapeutic approaches to the control of allergic disease that will benefit both dogs and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce Hammerberg
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 4700 Hillsborough Street, Raleigh, NC 27606, USA.
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Loft KE, Rosser EJ. Group 1 and 2 Dermatophagoides house dust mite allergens in the microenvironment of cats. Vet Dermatol 2009; 21:152-8. [PMID: 19725913 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3164.2009.00771.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
House dust mite allergens (HDMAs) are some of the most common allergens associated with allergic diseases in humans and dogs. The purpose of this study was to determine whether HDMAs could be detected in cat-associated household microenvironments. From 50 cat-only households with 95 cats, dust samples were collected by vacuuming for 2 min m(-2) from three areas where cats slept or rested regularly from September to October 2006. Relative humidity and temperature were measured in each household using a data logger. Each owner completed a questionnaire on potential factors that might influence the prevalence of house dust mites (HDMs). Dust samples were analysed utilizing an ELISA for Der p 1, Der f 1 and HDM group 2 allergens. In 38 of 50 households there was greater than 2 microg g(-1) of dust for at least one HDMA. Using stepwise logistic regression, factors associated with increased HDMA levels included: free-standing houses, number of humans in household, longhaired cats and age of the cat. Factors associated with decreased HDMA concentrations included: forced air heating and central air conditioning, less than 50% carpeting of the home, use of flea control, cats suffering from dermatological disease and the average temperature of the household. Many sleeping/resting areas utilized by cats contain sufficiently high levels of HDMAs to be potential sources of sensitization. This finding should lead to further determination of the role of HDMs in cats suffering from putative allergic conditions such as atopic dermatitis or asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaus Earl Loft
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824 1314, USA.
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Dermatophagoides farinae-specific immunotherapy in atopic dogs with hypersensitivity to multiple allergens: A randomised, double blind, placebo-controlled study. Vet J 2009; 180:337-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2008.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2007] [Revised: 12/20/2007] [Accepted: 01/12/2008] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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45
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Lee KW, Blankenship KD, McCurry ZM, Esch RE, DeBoer DJ, Marsella R. Performance characteristics of a monoclonal antibody cocktail-based ELISA for detection of allergen-specific IgE in dogs and comparison with a high affinity IgE receptor-based ELISA. Vet Dermatol 2009; 20:157-64. [PMID: 19374726 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3164.2009.00740.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to define the operational and performance characteristics of a commercially available monoclonal antibody based (mac) ELISA for detection of allergen-specific IgE in dogs. The average intra-assay variance over 1 year was 9.7% (range 2.5-62.7%), while the interassay variance averaged 10.8% (range 8.1-13.8%). The average positive control responses observed for grass, weed, tree and mite allergens during each month remained relatively constant; the average monthly variance was 11.6% (range 8.3-19.2%) for grass pollens, 13.3% (range 9.1-20.4%) for weed pollens, 13.3% (range 9.8-18.2%) for tree pollens and 13.6% (range 8.9-18.7%) for mite allergens. The interlaboratory concordance of results for the macELISA was approximately 91%. The interlaboratory concordance of results comparing the macELISA and a high affinity IgE receptor-based ELISA was approximately 92%. The results demonstrate that the macELISA is reproducible and the results are comparable to the high affinity IgE receptor based ELISA within and between laboratories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth W Lee
- Greer Laboratories, Inc., Lenoir, North Carolina 28645, USA.
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Frey R, Bergvall K, Egenvall A. Allergen-specific IgE in Icelandic horses with insect bite hypersensitivity and healthy controls, assessed by FcepsilonR1alpha-based serology. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2008; 126:102-9. [PMID: 18676025 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2008.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2007] [Revised: 06/15/2008] [Accepted: 06/25/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Insect bite hypersensitivity (IBH) and atopy can both be causes of pruritus in horses and are associated with allergen-specific IgE to biting insects and environmental allergens respectively. Information with respect to differences in IgE levels in diseased and healthy animals is crucial in enabling an understanding of the clinical relevance of results of allergen-specific IgE tests. The aim of this study was (i) to evaluate and compare levels of allergen-specific IgE, using an ELISA method, in Icelandic horses, with and without IBH, from Iceland and Sweden respectively; (ii) to investigate patterns of allergen-specific IgE to insects, pollens, moulds and mites in those groups of horses; and (iii) to investigate the clinical significance of employing two different cut-off levels for the ELISA. The study compromised a total number of 99 horses from Iceland and Sweden, with and without IBH, divided in 5 groups. Sera from the horses were analysed blindly with the use of Allercept , a non-competitive, solid-phase ELISA-test, designed to detect the presence of allergen-specific IgE in sera using the recombinant alpha chain of the high-affinity IgE receptor (FcepsilonR1alpha). The distribution of the ELISA values was shown for each insect, mould, mite and pollen allergen, in the different groups using 10th, 50th and 90th percentiles. The use of two cut-off levels, 150 EA and 300 EA, did not eliminate the false positives. Horses with IBH had a higher number of positive reactions, counting all the 29 allergens, than healthy controls and this was borderline significant (P=0.053). In this study it was shown that serological testing with an ELISA that uses the high-affinity IgE receptor (FcepsilonR1alpha) is presently not suitable as a tool for establishing a diagnosis of IBH or equine atopy. The importance of establishing a correct cut-off level for the ELISA for the different allergens is emphasised.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecka Frey
- Norsholms Djursjukhus, Biskop Henriks v. 6, S-610 21 Norsholm, Sweden.
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Dévaud N, Hall JA, Gaschen F, Vallan C, Doherr MG, Williamson L, Peel JE, Burgener IA. Lymphocyte blastogenic response to ovalbumin in a model for canine allergy. Vet J 2008; 181:178-86. [PMID: 18397835 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2008.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2007] [Revised: 12/12/2007] [Accepted: 02/11/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Lymphocyte stimulation tests (LST) were performed in five dogs sensitised with ovalbumin (OVA) and seven healthy dogs. In addition, all five OVA-sensitised and two control dogs were tested after two in vivo provocations with OVA-containing eye drops. The isolated cells were suspended in culture media containing OVA and were cultured for up to 12 days. Proliferation was measured as reduction in 5,6-carboxylfluorescein diacetate succinimidyl ester (CFSE) intensity by flow cytometry on days 0, 3, 6, 9 and 12. A cell proliferation index (CPI) for each day and the area under the curve (AUC) of the CPI was calculated for each dog. All OVA-sensitised dogs demonstrated increased erythema after conjunctival OVA application. The presence of OVA-specific lymphocytes was demonstrated in 2/5 OVA-sensitised dogs before and 4/5 after in vivo provocation. Using the AUC, the difference between OVA-sensitised and control dogs was significant in all three LST before in vivo provocation (P<0.05) and borderline significant (P=0.053) in 2/3 LST after provocation. The most significant difference in CPI was observed after 9 days of culture (P=0.001). This pilot study indicates that the LST allows detection of rare antigen specific memory T-cells in dogs previously sensitised to, but not concurrently undergoing challenge by a specific antigen.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Dévaud
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, 3001 Bern, Switzerland
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Olivry T, Dunston SM, Pluchino K, Porter K, Hammerberg B. Lack of detection of circulating skin-specific IgE autoantibodies in dogs with moderate or severe atopic dermatitis. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2007; 122:182-7. [PMID: 18068810 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2007.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2007] [Revised: 11/01/2007] [Accepted: 11/01/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Human patients with atopic dermatitis (AD) commonly exhibit IgE reactivity to cutaneous self-antigens. The presence of serum IgE autoantibodies appears to correlate with disease severity, and it is suspected to reflect or contribute to tissue damage. The objective of this study was to determine whether IgE autoantibodies specific for cutaneous antigens could be detected in the serum of dogs with AD. Serum was collected from 19 dogs with untreated moderate to severe AD and four specific-pathogen free (SPF) dogs. Indirect immunofluorescence was performed using normal canine skin collected at four different locations (concave ear, nose, medial thigh and lateral thorax), while Western immunoblotting was done using normal canine ear pinna epidermal and dermal extracts and reducing conditions. In both methods, IgE was detected using a monoclonal antibody specific for heat stable epitopes of canine IgE. At 1:10 dilution, specific IgE autoantibodies against cutaneous autoantigens were not detected, with either method, in AD and SPF canine sera. Either IgE autoreactivity is not associated with moderate to severe AD in dogs, or the methods employed herein were not sensitive enough to permit IgE autoantibody detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thierry Olivry
- North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27606, USA.
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A comparison of intradermal testing and detection of allergen-specific immunoglobulin E in serum by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in horses affected with skin hypersensitivity. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2007; 120:160-7. [PMID: 17888519 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2007.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2007] [Revised: 05/20/2007] [Accepted: 08/11/2007] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Skin hypersensitivities (allergies) in horses are often diagnosed using clinical signs only. Intradermal testing or serological assays are diagnostic options to confirm the allergic nature of the disease and to identify the allergen(s). Our objective was to develop an allergen-specific enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using a monoclonal antibody specific for horse IgE and to examine its potential for allergen detection in serum in comparison to intradermal testing. Intradermal testing with 61 allergen extracts was performed on 10 horses affected with skin hypersensitivity. Their sera were analyzed by ELISA for IgE antibodies to the same allergens. The kappa test of concordance was used for comparison of the results of both tests. Out of 61 allergen extracts, only two (Timothy and Quack) had kappa values greater than 0.60, suggesting a substantial agreement between skin testing and IgE ELISA. The statistical comparison of the remaining 59 allergens showed little or no concordance between the tests beyond chance. To identify parameters that may influence the sensitivity of the ELISA, the assay was modified to detect allergen-specific IgGb and IgG(T) in serum, and the protein content in all allergen extracts was determined by SDS-PAGE. The commercial allergen extracts revealed a high variation in detectable protein. High concentrations of allergen-specific IgG in horse serum were found to compete with IgE for binding to the plates. In conclusion, an ELISA using whole serum and crude allergen preparations provides limited diagnostic information in horses. The reliable diagnosis of allergens in equine skin hypersensitivity is essential to improve allergen-specific treatments, such as hyposensitization, or the development of allergy vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosanna Marsella
- Blanche Saunders Dermatology Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, PO Box 100126, Gainesville, FL 32610-0126, USA.
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