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Zhou Z, Zhang T, Xiao H, Zhou X, Wu H. A New C-Glycosylflavone from the Rhizomes of Cyperus rotundus. Chem Nat Compd 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s10600-015-1374-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Qi J, Hu ZF, Zhou YF, Hu YJ, Yu BY. Steroidal Sapogenins and Glycosides from the Fibrous Roots of Ophiopogon japonicus and Liriope spicata var. prolifera with Anti-inflammatory Activity. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2015; 63:187-94. [DOI: 10.1248/cpb.c14-00735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jin Qi
- Department of Complex Prescription of TCM, China Pharmaceutical University
| | - Zheng-fang Hu
- Department of Complex Prescription of TCM, China Pharmaceutical University
- Nanjing Hailing Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Yangtze River Pharmaceutical Group
| | - Yi-feng Zhou
- Department of Complex Prescription of TCM, China Pharmaceutical University
| | - Yuan-jia Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau
| | - Bo-yang Yu
- Department of Complex Prescription of TCM, China Pharmaceutical University
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Zhang T, Xu L, Xiao H, Zhou X, Mo S, Cai S, Zhou Z. A New Iridoid Glycoside from the Rhizomes of Cyperus rotundus. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2014. [DOI: 10.5012/bkcs.2014.35.7.2207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Zhou Z, Yin W, Zhang H, Feng Z, Xia J. A new iridoid glycoside and potential MRB inhibitory activity of isolated compounds from the rhizomes ofCyperus rotundusL. Nat Prod Res 2013; 27:1732-6. [DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2012.750318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Olsen JE, Hoegh-Andersen KH, Casadesús J, Rosenkranzt J, Chadfield MS, Thomsen LE. The role of flagella and chemotaxis genes in host pathogen interaction of the host adapted Salmonella enterica serovar Dublin compared to the broad host range serovar S. Typhimurium. BMC Microbiol 2013; 13:67. [PMID: 23530934 PMCID: PMC3621167 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2180-13-67] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2012] [Accepted: 03/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The importance of flagella and chemotaxis genes in host pathogen interaction in Salmonella enterica is mainly based on studies of the broad host range serovar, S. Typhimurium, while little is known on the importance in host specific and host adapted serovars, such as S. Dublin. In the current study we have used previously characterized insertion mutants in flagella and chemotaxis genes to investigate this and possible differences in the importance between the two serovars. Results fliC (encoding the structural protein of the flagella) was essential for adhesion and fliC and cheB (CheB restores the chemotaxis system to pre-stimulus conformation) were essential for invasion of S. Dublin into epithelial Int407 cells. In S. Typhimurium, both lack of flagella (fliC/fljB double mutant) and cheB influenced adhesion, and invasion was influenced by lack of both cheA (the histidine-kinase of the chemotaxis system), fliC/fljB and cheB mutation. Uptake in J774A.1 macrophage cells was significantly reduced in cheA, cheB and fliC mutants of S. Dublin, while cheA was dispensable in S. Typhimurium. Removal of flagella in both serotypes caused an increased ability to propagate intracellular in J774 macrophage cells and decreased cytotoxicity toward these cells. Flagella and chemotaxis genes were found not to influence the oxidative response. The induction of IL-6 from J774A-1 cells depended on the presence of flagella in S. Typhimurium, whilst this was not the case following challenge with S. Dublin. Addition of fliC from S. Typhimurium in trans to a fliC mutant of S. Dublin increased cytotoxicity but it did not increase the IL-6 production. Flagella were demonstrated to contribute to the outcome of infection following oral challenge of mice in S. Dublin, while an S. Typhimurium fliC/fljB mutant showed increased virulence following intra peritoneal challenge. Conclusions The results showed that flagella and chemotaxis genes differed in their role in host pathogen interaction between S. Dublin and S. Typhimurium. Notably, lack of flagella conferred a more virulent phenotype in S. Typhimurium at systemic sites, while this was not the case in S. Dublin. In vitro assays suggested that this could be related to flagella-induced induction of the IL-6 pro-inflammatory response, but further in vivo studies are needed to confirm this.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Elmerdahl Olsen
- Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Stigbøjlen 4, 1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
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Liu J, Wang ZT, Ji LL. In Vivo and In Vitro Anti-inflammatory Activities of Neoandrographolide. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CHINESE MEDICINE 2012; 35:317-28. [PMID: 17436371 DOI: 10.1142/s0192415x07004849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Neoandrographolide, one of the principal diterpene lactones, isolated from a medicinal herb Andrographis paniculata Nees, was tested in vivo and in vitro for its anti-inflammatory activities and mechanism. Oral administration of neoandrographolide (150 mg/kg) significantly suppressed ear edema induced by dimethyl benzene in mice. Oral administration of neoandrographolide (100–150 mg/kg) also reduced the increase in vascular permeability induced by acetic acid in mice. In vitro studies were performed using the macrophage cell line RAW264.7 to study the effect of neoandrographolide on suppressing phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate (PMA)-stimulated respiratory bursts and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced production of nitric oxide (NO) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α). Respiratory bursts were quantified by chemiluminescence (CL) measurements.Results showed that neoandrographolide suppressed PMA-stimulated respiratory bursts dose-dependently from 30 μM to 150 μM. Neoandrographolide also inhibited NO and TNF-α production in LPS-induced macrophages, contributing to the anti-inflammatory activity of A. paniculata. These results indicate that neoandrographolide possesses significant anti-inflammatory effects, which implies that it would be one of the major contributing components to participate in the anti-inflammatory effect of A. paniculata. and a potential candidate for further clinical trial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Liu
- Key Laboratory of Standardization of Chinese Medicines of Ministry of Education, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
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Hu ZF, Chen LL, Qi J, Wang YH, Zhang H, Yu BY. Two new benzofuran derivatives with anti-inflammatory activity from Liriope spicata var. prolifera. Fitoterapia 2011; 82:190-2. [PMID: 20837110 DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2010.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2010] [Revised: 09/03/2010] [Accepted: 09/04/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zheng-Fang Hu
- Department of Complex Prescription of TCM, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Long Mian Road, Nanjing 211198, PR China
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Withanage GSK, Mastroeni P, Brooks HJ, Maskell DJ, McConnell I. Oxidative and nitrosative responses of the chicken macrophage cell line MQ-NCSU to experimentalSalmonellainfection. Br Poult Sci 2010; 46:261-7. [PMID: 16050178 DOI: 10.1080/00071660500098608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Phagocytes limit replication or kill ingested organisms by producing toxic reactive oxygen and nitrogen species via NADPH oxidase and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS). The present experiments were to investigate the production and the possible roles of superoxide, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and nitric oxide (NO) in the MQ-NCSU chicken macrophage cell line infected with Salmonella in vitro. After infection, intracellular Salmonella viable counts remained constant until 24 h post infection (PI) and started to decline from 48 h PI. Infection of cells with S. Typhimurium, S. Enteritidis and S. Gallinarum, as well as exposure to S. Enteritidis LPS induced low, but significant concentrations of superoxide 1 to 2 h PI, as determined by reduction of ferricytochrome c. There was no difference in superoxide production in infected cells and control cells after 4 h. Increased H2O2 was observed from cells infected with all the different Salmonella species between 2 and 3 h of infection. Nitrite was always greater in infected cells compared to uninfected cells at all times. However, Salmonella was not completely eliminated from the cells though these cells are capable of eliciting a noticeable oxidative burst response and great nitrosative responses, indicating that a strong oxidative burst (and other mechanism/s) is essential for the elimination of intracellular Salmonella.
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Affiliation(s)
- G S K Withanage
- Centre for Veterinary Science, Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, England.
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Assessment of oxidative burst in avian whole blood samples: validation and application of a chemiluminescence method based on Pholasin. Behav Ecol Sociobiol 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s00265-010-1076-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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An antimicrobial peptide that targets DNA repair intermediates in vitro inhibits Salmonella growth within murine macrophages. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2010; 54:1888-99. [PMID: 20176906 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01610-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The hexapeptide WRWYCR was previously identified on the basis of its ability to inhibit bacteriophage lambda integrase-mediated recombination by trapping and preventing resolution of the Holliday junction intermediate. This peptide inhibits several unrelated DNA repair enzymes that bind to and process Holliday junctions and branched DNA substrates. WRWYCR and its d stereoisomer, wrwycr, are bactericidal against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, causing the accumulation of DNA breaks, chromosome segregation defects, and the filamentation of cells. DNA repair is a novel target of antibiotics. In the present study, we examined the ability of the peptides to inhibit the growth of Salmonella in mammalian cells. J774A.1 macrophage-like cells and murine peritoneal macrophages were infected with Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium and grown in the presence or absence of peptide. We found that peptide wrwycr reduced the number of Salmonella cells recovered after 24 h growth in J774A.1 cells by 100 to 1,000 times, depending on the multiplicity of infection. The peptide also inhibited Salmonella growth in peritoneal macrophages, and although higher doses were required, these were not toxic to the host cells. The apparent lower level of potency of the peptide paralleled the lower level of replication of Salmonella and the lower level of permeation of the peptide in the peritoneal macrophages than in the J774.1 cells. Treatment with peptide wrwycr elicited the SOS response in a significant fraction of the intracellular bacteria, as would be expected if the mechanism of bacterial killing was the same in pure culture and in host cells. These results represent a proof of principle of the antimicrobial activities of compounds that target DNA repair.
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Babu U, Wiesenfeld P, Gaines D, Raybourne RB. Effect of long chain fatty acids on Salmonella killing, superoxide and nitric oxide production by chicken macrophages. Int J Food Microbiol 2009; 132:67-72. [PMID: 19375809 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2009.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2008] [Revised: 02/10/2009] [Accepted: 03/23/2009] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of uptake of different commonly consumed long chain fatty acids on superoxide (O(2)(-)), nitric oxide (NO) production, and ability to kill Salmonella enterica serotype typhimurium (S. typhimurium) by chicken macrophages (HD11 cells). All the fatty acids were taken up by HD11 cells with stearic acid uptake higher than polyunsaturated fatty acids. Uptake of green fluorescent protein-labeled bacteria and the viability of HD11 cells (measured by flow cytometry) was not affected by any of the fatty acids tested. Bacterial clearance (measured by the plating of sorted viable infected cells) was significantly higher with n-3 fatty acids alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) and docosahexanoic acid (DHA). However, stearic acid (SA) and the n-6 fatty acid, arachidonic acid (ARA) did not influence S. typhimurium killing by HD11 cells. The improved S. typhimurium clearance by ALA and DHA was not associated with increased NO or O(2)(-) production by HD11 cells. These results suggest a role for n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in Salmonella clearance by chicken macrophages however in vivo studies are essential to confirm their efficacy in controlling Salmonella infection in chickens and contamination in shell eggs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uma Babu
- Immunobiology Branch, Food and Drug Administration, 8301 Muirkirk Rd., Laurel, MD 20708, USA.
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Qi J, Lu JJ, Liu JH, Yu BY. Flavonoid and a Rare Benzophenone Glycoside from the Leaves of Aquilaria sinensis. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2009; 57:134-7. [DOI: 10.1248/cpb.57.134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jin Qi
- Department of Complex Prescription of TCM, China Pharmaceutical University
| | - Jing-Jing Lu
- Department of Complex Prescription of TCM, China Pharmaceutical University
| | - Ji-Hua Liu
- Department of Complex Prescription of TCM, China Pharmaceutical University
| | - Bo-Yang Yu
- Department of Complex Prescription of TCM, China Pharmaceutical University
- Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Ministry of Education
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Salmonella enterica serovar gallinarum requires ppGpp for internalization and survival in animal cells. J Bacteriol 2008; 190:6340-50. [PMID: 18621899 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00385-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
To elucidate the pathogenic mechanism of Salmonella enterica serovar Gallinarum, we examined the expression of the genes encoded primarily in Salmonella pathogenicity island 1 (SPI-1) and SPI-2. These genes were found to be induced as cultures entered stationary phase under high- and low-oxygen growth conditions, as also observed for Salmonella serovar Typhimurium. In contrast, Salmonella serovar Gallinarum in the exponential growth phase most efficiently internalized cultured animal cells. Analysis of mutants defective in SPI-1 genes, SPI-2 genes, and others implicated in early stages of infection revealed that SPI-1 genes were not involved in the internalization of animal cells by Salmonella serovar Gallinarum. Following entry, however, Salmonella serovar Gallinarum was found to reside in LAMP1-positive vacuoles in both phagocytic and nonphagocytic cells, although internalization was independent of SPI-1. A mutation that conferred defects in ppGpp synthesis was the only one found to affect animal cell internalization by Salmonella serovar Gallinarum. It was concluded that Salmonella serovar Gallinarum internalizes animal cells by a mechanism independent of SPI-1 genes but dependent on ppGpp. Intracellular growth also required ppGpp for the transcription of genes encoded in SPI-2.
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Qi J, Chen JJ, Cheng ZH, Zhou JH, Yu BY, Qiu SX. Iridoid glycosides from Harpagophytum procumbens D.C. (devil's claw). PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2006; 67:1372-7. [PMID: 16857222 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2006.05.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2006] [Revised: 04/24/2006] [Accepted: 05/17/2006] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Iridoid glycosides, harprocumbide A (6''-O-alpha-D-galactopyranosylharpagoside, 1) and harprocumbide B (6''-O-(cis-p-coumaroyl)-procumbide, 2) were isolated from the tubers of Harpagophytum prucumbens D.C., along with nine known iridoid glycosides 6-O-alpha-D-galactopyranosylharpagoside (3), and harpagoside (4), harpagide (5), 8-cinnamoylmyoporoside (6), 8-O-feruloylhapagide (7), procumbide (8), 6''-O-(p-coumaroyl)-procumbide (9), 8-O-(p-coumaroyl)-harpagide (10) and 8-O-(cis-p-coumaroyl)-harpagide (11). Compound 10 showed marginal inhibition activity against macrophages respiratory burst.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Qi
- Department of Complex Prescription of TCM, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, PR China
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Chadfield MS, Hinton MH. Effects of furazolidone pretreatment of Salmonella enteritidis PT4 at sub- and suprainhibitory concentrations on phagocytosis and intracellular survival in chicken macrophages. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2004; 100:81-97. [PMID: 15182998 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2004.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2003] [Revised: 01/09/2004] [Accepted: 03/16/2004] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The antimicrobial effect of the nitrofuran derivative furazolidone at sub- and suprainhibitory concentrations on Salmonella enteritidis PT4 and the influence with regard to interaction with avian macrophages was investigated in this study. Phagocytosis of furazolidone-sensitive (FzS) S. enteritidis with chicken macrophages in the presence of furazolidone at concentrations of 1/8, 1/4, 1/2 and 8x MIC resulted in an increase in the rate of phagocytic killing of approximately 3-, 6-, 6.5- and 9-fold, respectively, with 1/2 and 8x MIC concentrations producing statistically significant (P<0.05) increases in phagocytosis. Treatment of the FzS Salmonella with furazolidone at concentrations of 4x and 10x MIC, for 15 min prior to phagocytosis, also significantly (P<0.005) increased phagocytic uptake when compared with untreated bacteria. The rate of phagocytosis monitored over 90 min was highest between 30 and 60 min with the furazolidone pretreated salmonella, compared with the delayed rate of the control between 60 and 90 min. Exposure of FzS and FzR strains with suprainhibitory concentrations of furazolidone at 4x, 8x and 10x MIC for 30 min prior to phagocytosis demonstrated an increase in bacterial killing. Exposure of strains to sub-inhibitory concentrations of furazolidone led to an increase in chemiluminescence during phagocytosis with macrophages, suggesting an increase in oxidative metabolism in the macrophages as a result of an increase in activation and phagocytosis. Pretreatment of the strains with suprainhibitory concentrations of furazolidone for 30 min prior to phagocytosis demonstrated a similar increase in oxidative metabolism in the macrophages. Measurement of the amount of 14C-furazolidone associated with chicken macrophages was determined over 20 h incubation. The level of radioactivity of 14C-furazolidone alone was used to estimate the amount of cell-associated nitrofuran when incubated with the macrophages by means of regression analysis. Incubation with concentrations of 16, 32 and 64 microg/ml for 20 h resulted in the cell association of >or=1 microg/ml of furazolidone, which is the concentration required for the agent to exhibit bactericidal activity on furazolidone-sensitive Salmonella strains. Furazolidone was able to reduce intracellular salmonella viability at all concentrations, but total killing was achieved only with concentrations of >or=8 microg/ml, which supports the results for furazolidone association with the macrophages. This substantiates that the bioactivity of the nitrofuran was not inhibited or diminished in the intracellular environment of the macrophage and that exposure of salmonella to nitrofurans enhances phagocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark S Chadfield
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, The Royal Veterinary and Agricultural University, Stigbøjlen 4, DK-1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
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Thomsen LE, Chadfield MS, Bispham J, Wallis TS, Olsen JE, Ingmer H. Reduced amounts of LPS affect both stress tolerance and virulence of Salmonella enterica serovar Dublin. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2004; 228:225-31. [PMID: 14638428 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-1097(03)00762-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Signature-tagged mutagenesis (STM) is a widely used technique for identification of virulence genes in bacterial pathogens. While this approach often generates a large number of mutants with a potential reduction in virulence a major task is subsequently to determine the mechanism by which the mutations influence virulence. Presently, we have characterised a Salmonella enterica serovar Dublin STM mutant that, in addition to having reduced virulence, was also impaired when growing under various stress conditions. The mutation mapped to the manC (rfbM) gene of the O-antigen gene cluster involved in O-antigen synthesis. The O-antigen is a component of the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) forming a unique constituent of the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria. While mutations in the O-antigen genes usually eliminate the entire O-antigen side chain we found that the transposon mutant produced intact O-antigen, however, the mutation reduced the amount of LPS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Line E Thomsen
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Stigboejlen 4, The Royal Veterinary and Agricultural University, DK-1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
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Chadfield MS, Brown DJ, Aabo S, Christensen JP, Olsen JE. Comparison of intestinal invasion and macrophage response of Salmonella Gallinarum and other host-adapted Salmonella enterica serovars in the avian host. Vet Microbiol 2003; 92:49-64. [PMID: 12488070 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-1135(02)00290-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this investigation was to study the host specific infection of Salmonella Gallinarum in chickens and to determine the contribution of intestinal invasion and macrophage survival in relation to systemic infection in the host. This was carried out by comparing the kinetics of infection of S. Gallinarum to that of other Salmonella host-adapted (S. Cholerae-suis, S. Dublin and S. Typhimurium) and host-specific (S. Pullorum and S. Abortus-ovis) serovars. Establishment of the rate of colonisation in intestinal tissue, bursa and systemic sites was carried out by oral infection in day-old and week-old birds. Salmonella Gallinarum was the only serovar capable of causing systemic infection in chickens, however, general colonising ability in the intestine and bursa demonstrated no apparent selective advantage for S. Gallinarum. Further quantification of gastrointestinal invasion was carried out using ligated loops in the small intestine. Invasion in the jejunum of the chicken intestine over 3h demonstrated that Salmonella Typhimurium invasion was statistically higher (P<0.01) when compared with S. Gallinarum. Specific sites of high lymphoid tissue concentration in the chicken, including the bursa of Fabricius and caecal tonsils, were also targeted in invasion assays to investigate possible areas of tissue tropism. S. Typhimurium demonstrated significantly higher (P<0.01) invasion at these sites when compared with S. Gallinarum. Infection of chicken macrophages with S. Gallinarum did not demonstrate increased multiplication and survival intracellularly when compared with other Salmonella serotypes. The only difference seen was with S. Abortus-ovis, which demonstrated a significantly lower (P<0.05 to 0.001) intracellular survival. Together these data suggest that although S. Gallinarum host specificity in the chicken correlates with systemic infection, intestinal and lymphoid tissue invasion in the bursa and caeca, and macrophage survival does not influence this outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark S Chadfield
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, The Royal Veterinary and Agricultural University, Stigbøjlen 4, 1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
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Wigley P, Hulme SD, Bumstead N, Barrow PA. In vivo and in vitro studies of genetic resistance to systemic salmonellosis in the chicken encoded by the SAL1 locus. Microbes Infect 2002; 4:1111-20. [PMID: 12361910 DOI: 10.1016/s1286-4579(02)01635-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
A number of inbred lines of chickens have been shown to be resistant or susceptible to systemic salmonellosis caused by Salmonella enterica serovar Gallinarum in adult birds, or by S. enterica serovar Enteritidis and S. enterica serovar Typhimurium in young chicks. Resistant lines show only moderate pathology and low mortality rates, whereas susceptible lines display extensive pathological changes and higher levels of mortality following Salmonella infection. Genetic resistance to salmonellosis is dominant and not linked to sex, MHC or Slc11a1 (formerly known as Nramp1), which leads to resistance in mice and other species. A novel locus encoding resistance to salmonellosis has been identified on chicken chromosome 5, and designated SAL1. The nature of the differences in pathology found between resistant and susceptible chicken lines in vivo indicates that resistance is expressed at the level of the mononuclear phagocyte system. Macrophages from adult resistant line birds cleared Salmonella serovar Gallinarum from infected macrophages within 24 h, whereas Salmonella bacteria persisted within macrophages from susceptible line birds for at least 48 h. Clearance of Salmonella by macrophages was accompanied by a strong and reproducible respiratory burst response in resistant lines, but little or no response in susceptible lines. Macrophages from an outbred chicken line showed variable responses. No differences were seen in macrophage nitric oxide production in cells from resistant or susceptible lines. These differences suggest that increased macrophage antimicrobial activity correlates with resistance and that macrophage activity plays an important role in genetic resistance to systemic salmonellosis in the chicken.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Wigley
- Institute for Animal Health, Compton Laboratory, Compton, Newbury, Berkshire RG20 7NN, UK.
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