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Jamal MH, Nunes ACF, Vaziri ND, Ramchandran R, Bacallao RL, Nauli AM, Nauli SM. Rapamycin treatment correlates changes in primary cilia expression with cell cycle regulation in epithelial cells. Biochem Pharmacol 2020; 178:114056. [PMID: 32470549 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2020.114056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Primary cilia are sensory organelles that regulate cell cycle and signaling pathways. In addition to its association with cancer, dysfunction of primary cilia is responsible for the pathogenesis of polycystic kidney disease (PKD) and other ciliopathies. Because the association between cilia formation or length and cell cycle or division is poorly understood, we here evaluated their correlation in this study. Using Spectral Karyotyping (SKY) technique, we showed that PKD and the cancer/tumorigenic epithelial cells PC3, DU145, and NL20-TA were associated with abnormal ploidy. We also showed that PKD and the cancer epithelia were highly proliferative. Importantly, the cancer epithelial cells had a reduction in the presence and/or length of primary cilia relative to the normal kidney (NK) cells. We then used rapamycin to restore the expression and length of primary cilia in these cells. Our subsequent analyses indicated that both the presence and length of primary cilia were inversely correlated with cell proliferation. Collectively, our data suggest that restoring the presence and/or length of primary cilia may serve as a novel approach to inhibit cancer cell proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maha H Jamal
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Harry and Diane Rinker Health Science Campus, Chapman University, Irvine, CA, USA; Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, KSA, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ane C F Nunes
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Physiology and Biophysics Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, University of California, Irvine, USA
| | - Nosratola D Vaziri
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Physiology and Biophysics Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, University of California, Irvine, USA
| | - Ramani Ramchandran
- Department of Pediatrics, Developmental Vascular Biology Program, Children's Research Institute, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Robert L Bacallao
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Andromeda M Nauli
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Marshall B. Ketchum University, Fullerton, CA, USA
| | - Surya M Nauli
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Harry and Diane Rinker Health Science Campus, Chapman University, Irvine, CA, USA; Department of Medicine, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA.
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2
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Danziger O, Shai B, Sabo Y, Bacharach E, Ehrlich M. Combined genetic and epigenetic interferences with interferon signaling expose prostate cancer cells to viral infection. Oncotarget 2018; 7:52115-52134. [PMID: 27366948 PMCID: PMC5239539 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.10313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2016] [Accepted: 05/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Interferons (IFNs) induce anti-viral programs, regulate immune responses, and exert anti-proliferative effects. To escape anti-tumorigenic effects of IFNs, malignant cells attenuate JAK/STAT signaling and expression of IFN stimulated genes (ISGs). Such attenuation may enhance the susceptibility of tumor cells to oncolytic virotherapy. Here we studied genetic and epigenetic mechanisms of interference with JAK/STAT signaling and their contribution to susceptibility of prostate cancer cells to viral infection. Bioinformatics analysis of gene-expression in cohorts of prostate cancer patients revealed genetic and epigenetic interference with the IFN program. To correlate lack of IFN signaling and susceptibility to viral infection and oncolysis; we employed LNCaP prostate cancer cells as cellular model, and the human metapneumovirus and the epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus as infectious agents. In LNCaP cells, JAK1 is silenced by bi-allelic inactivating mutations and epigenetic silencing, which also silences ISGs. Chemical inhibition of epigenetic silencing partially restored IFN-sensitivity, induced low levels of expression of selected ISGs and attenuated, but failed to block, viral infection and oncolysis. Since viral infection was not blocked by epigenetic modifiers, and these compounds may independently-induce anti-tumor effects, we propose that epigenetic modifiers and virotherapy are compatible in treatment of prostate tumors defective in JAK1 expression and IFN signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oded Danziger
- Department of Cell Research and Immunology, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Ben Shai
- Department of Cell Research and Immunology, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Yosef Sabo
- Department of Cell Research and Immunology, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Eran Bacharach
- Department of Cell Research and Immunology, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Marcelo Ehrlich
- Department of Cell Research and Immunology, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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3
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GLI2 induces genomic instability in human keratinocytes by inhibiting apoptosis. Cell Death Dis 2014; 5:e1028. [PMID: 24481442 PMCID: PMC4040660 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2013.535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2013] [Revised: 10/31/2013] [Accepted: 11/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Abnormal Sonic Hedgehog signalling leads to increased transcriptional activation of its downstream effector, glioma 2 (GLI2), which is implicated in the pathogenesis of a variety of human cancers. However, the mechanisms underlying the tumorigenic role of GLI2 remain elusive. We demonstrate that overexpression of GLI2-β isoform, which lacks the N-terminal repressor domain (GLI2ΔN) in human keratinocytes is sufficient to induce numerical and structural chromosomal aberrations, including tetraploidy/aneuploidy and chromosomal translocations. This is coupled with suppression of cell cycle regulators p21WAF1/CIP1 and 14-3-3σ, and strong induction of anti-apoptotic signalling, resulting in a reduction in the ability to eliminate genomically abnormal cells. Overexpression of GLI2ΔN also rendered human keratinocytes resistant to UVB-mediated apoptosis, whereas inhibition of B-cell lymphoma 2 (BCL-2) restored endogenous (genomic instability (GIN)) and exogenous (UVB) DNA damage-induced apoptosis. Thus, we propose that ectopic expression of GLI2 profoundly affects the genomic integrity of human epithelial cells and contributes to the survival of progenies with genomic alterations by deregulating cell cycle proteins and disabling the apoptotic mechanisms responsible for their elimination. This study reveals a novel role for GLI2 in promoting GIN, a hallmark of human tumors, and identifies potential mechanisms that may provide new opportunities for the design of novel forms of cancer therapeutic strategies.
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4
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Helfand BT, Wang Y, Pfleghaar K, Shimi T, Taimen P, Shumaker DK. Chromosomal regions associated with prostate cancer risk localize to lamin B-deficient microdomains and exhibit reduced gene transcription. J Pathol 2012; 226:735-45. [PMID: 22025297 DOI: 10.1002/path.3033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2011] [Revised: 10/06/2011] [Accepted: 10/17/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The lamins are major determinants of nuclear shape and chromatin organization and these features are frequently altered in prostate cancer (CaP). Human CaP cell lines frequently have nuclear lobulations, which are enriched in A-type lamins but lack B-type lamins and have been defined as lamin B-deficient microdomains (LDMDs). LDMD frequency is correlated with CaP cell line aggressiveness and increased cell motility. In addition, LNCaP cells grown in the presence of dihydrotestosterone (DHT) show an increased frequency of LDMDs. The LDMDs are enriched in activated RNA polymerase II (Pol IIo) and androgen receptor (AR) and A-type lamins form an enlarged meshwork that appears to co-align with chromatin fibres and AR. Furthermore, fluorescence in situ hybridization and comparative genomic hybridization demonstrated that chromosomal regions associated with CaP susceptibility are preferentially localized to LDMDs. Surprisingly, these regions lack histone marks for transcript elongation and exhibit reduced BrU incorporation, suggesting that Pol II is stalled within LDMDs. Real-time PCR of genes near androgen response elements (AREs) was used to compare transcription between cells containing LDMDs and controls. Genes preferentially localized to LDMDs showed significantly decreased expression, while genes in the main nuclear body were largely unaffected. Furthermore, LDMDs were observed in human CaP tissue and the frequency was correlated with increased Gleason grade. These results imply that lamins are involved in chromatin organization and Pol II transcription, and provide insights into the development and progression of CaP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian T Helfand
- Department of Urology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
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5
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Epithelial to mesenchymal transition of a primary prostate cell line with switches of cell adhesion modules but without malignant transformation. PLoS One 2008; 3:e3368. [PMID: 18852876 PMCID: PMC2557125 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0003368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2008] [Accepted: 09/03/2008] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) has been connected with cancer progression in vivo and the generation of more aggressive cancer cell lines in vitro. EMT has been induced in prostate cancer cell lines, but has previously not been shown in primary prostate cells. The role of EMT in malignant transformation has not been clarified. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS In a transformation experiment when selecting for cells with loss of contact inhibition, the immortalized prostate primary epithelial cell line, EP156T, was observed to undergo EMT accompanied by loss of contact inhibition after about 12 weeks in continuous culture. The changed new cells were named EPT1. EMT of EPT1 was characterized by striking morphological changes and increased invasion and migration compared with the original EP156T cells. Gene expression profiling showed extensively decreased epithelial markers and increased mesenchymal markers in EPT1 cells, as well as pronounced switches of gene expression modules involved in cell adhesion and attachment. Transformation assays showed that EPT1 cells were sensitive to serum or growth factor withdrawal. Most importantly, EPT1 cells were not able to grow in an anchorage-independent way in soft agar, which is considered a critical feature of malignant transformation. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE This work for the first time established an EMT model from primary prostate cells. The results show that EMT can be activated as a coordinated gene expression program in association with early steps of transformation. The model allows a clearer identification of the molecular mechanisms of EMT and its potential role in malignant transformation.
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6
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Mao X, James SY, Yáñez-Muñoz RJ, Chaplin T, Molloy G, Oliver RTD, Young BD, Lu YJ. Rapid high-resolution karyotyping with precise identification of chromosome breakpoints. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2007; 46:675-83. [PMID: 17431877 DOI: 10.1002/gcc.20452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Many techniques have been developed in recent years for genome-wide analysis of genetic alterations, but no current approach is capable of rapidly identifying all chromosome rearrangements with precise definition of breakpoints. Combining multiple color fluorescent in situ hybridization and high-density single nucleotide polymorphism array analyses, we present here an approach for high resolution karyotyping and fast identification of chromosome breakpoints. We characterized all of the chromosome amplifications and deletions, and most of the chromosome translocation breakpoints of three prostate cancer cell lines at a resolution which can be further analyzed by sequence-based techniques. Genes at the breakpoints were readily determined and potentially fused genes identified. Using high-density exon arrays we simultaneously confirmed altered exon expression patterns in many of these breakpoint genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueying Mao
- Medical Oncology Center, Cancer Institute, Barts and London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary, University of London, London, UK
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7
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Lane TM, Strefford JC, Yáñez-Muñoz RJ, Purkis P, Forsythe E, Nia T, Hines J, Lu YJ, Oliver RT. Identification of a recurrent t(4;6) chromosomal translocation in prostate cancer. J Urol 2007; 177:1907-12. [PMID: 17437846 DOI: 10.1016/j.juro.2007.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2006] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE We developed and describe a practical method by which primary prostate cancer specimens can be screened for recurrent chromosomal translocations, which is a potential source of fusion genes, as well as a process by which identified translocations can be mapped to define the genes involved. MATERIALS AND METHODS A series of 7 prostate cancer cell lines and 25 transiently established primary cell cultures, which were sourced from tissue harvested at 16 radical prostatectomies and 9 channel transurethral prostate resections, were screened for chromosomal translocations using multiplex-fluorescence in situ hybridization technology. A series of fluorescence in situ hybridization based breakpoint mapping experiments were performed to identify candidate genes involved in regions associated with recurrent translocation. RESULTS Our analysis identified the repetition of 2 translocations in prostate cancer lines, that is t(1;15) and t(4;6), at a frequency of 28% and 57%, respectively. More significantly 4 of the 25 subsequently established primary cultures (16%) also revealed a t(4;6) translocation. Using the LNCaP cell line the breakpoints involved were mapped to the t(4;6)(q22;q15) region and a number of candidate genes were identified. CONCLUSIONS We found that the t(4;6) translocation is also a repeat event in primary cell cultures from malignant prostate cancer. Breakpoint mapping showed that the gene UNC5C loses its promoter and first exon as a direct result of the translocation in the 4q22 region. As such, we identified it as a possible contributor to a putative fusion gene in prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim M Lane
- Department of Medical Oncology, St. Bartholomew's Hospital, Queen Mary Wesfield School of Medicine, Queen Mary University, London, United Kingdom.
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8
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Watson SK, deLeeuw RJ, Horsman DE, Squire JA, Lam WL. Cytogenetically balanced translocations are associated with focal copy number alterations. Hum Genet 2006; 120:795-805. [PMID: 17051368 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-006-0251-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2006] [Accepted: 08/26/2006] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Current cytogenetic methods (e.g., G-banding and multicolor chromosomal painting) allow detection of translocation events but lack the resolution to (a) locate the breakpoints precisely at the chromosome band level or (b) discriminate balanced translocations from translocations with copy number alterations not previously reported, or imperfectly balanced translocations. In this study, we demonstrate that cytogenetically balanced translocations are in fact frequently associated with segmental gain or loss of DNA. The recent development of a whole genome tiling path BAC array has enabled tiling resolution analysis of genomic segmental copy number status. Combining tiling resolution BAC array comparative genomic hybridization (array CGH) with G-Banding analysis and multicolor chromosomal painting approaches such as spectral karyotyping (SKY) facilitates high-resolution mapping of genomic alterations associated with imperfectly balanced translocations. Using a refined version of our CGH array we have deduced the copy number status throughout the genomes of three cytogenetically well-characterized prostate cancer cell lines (PC3, DU145, LNCaP) to determine whether translocations are associated with focal gains and losses of DNA. At 78 kb tiling resolution we identified the boundaries of 170, 80, and 34 known and novel copy number alterations (CNA) in these cell line genomes, respectively. Thirty-three of the 36 known translocations (92%, P < 0.001) in DU145 were associated with segmental CNA. Likewise, 80% (P < 0.001) of the known translocations showed association in LNCaP. Although many translocation breakpoints exhibit segmental alteration in PC3, the pattern of chromosomal rearrangements is too complex for use in comprehensive association with CNA boundaries. Our results reveal that imperfectly balanced translocations in tumor genomes are a phenomenon that occurs at frequencies much higher than previously demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Spencer K Watson
- Cancer Genetics and Developmental Biology, British Columbia Cancer Research Centre, 675 West 10th Avenue, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
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9
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Kearney L. Multiplex-FISH (M-FISH): technique, developments and applications. Cytogenet Genome Res 2006; 114:189-98. [PMID: 16954655 DOI: 10.1159/000094202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2006] [Accepted: 04/06/2006] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiplex FISH (M-FISH) represents one of the most significant developments in molecular cytogenetics of the past decade. Originally designed to generate 24 colour karyotyping, the technique has spawned many variations and an equally diverse range of applications. In tumour and leukaemia cytogenetics, the two groups that have been targeted represent both ends of the cytogenetic spectrum: those with an apparently normal karyotype (suspected of harbouring small rearrangements not detectable by conventional cytogenetics) and those with a complex aberrant karyotype (which are difficult to karyotype accurately due to the sheer number of aberrations). In research, mouse M-FISH provides a powerful tool to characterize mouse models of a disease. In addition, the ability to accurately karyotype single metaphases without selection makes M-FISH the perfect tool in chromosome breakage studies and for characterizing clonal evolution of tumours. Finally, M-FISH has emerged as the perfect partner for the developing genomic microarray (array CGH) technologies, providing a powerful approach to gene discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Kearney
- Section of Haemato-Oncology, Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK.
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10
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Murillo H, Schmidt LJ, Karter M, Hafner KA, Kondo Y, Ballman KV, Vasmatzis G, Jenkins RB, Tindall DJ. Prostate cancer cells use genetic and epigenetic mechanisms for progression to androgen independence. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2006; 45:702-16. [PMID: 16615098 DOI: 10.1002/gcc.20333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies on the genetic basis of prostate cancer (PCa) have lead to mixed results with the only consensus being that PCa is a complex disease. Our goal was to gain insight into potential events involved in the acquisition of the androgen-refractory phenotype in PCa cells regardless of DNA-change dependence. To this end, we examined two LNCaP PCa cell line models of progression-one developed in vivo and one developed in vitro-using molecular cytogenetic and microarray gene expression analyses and extended this investigation of specific events into PCa tumors. The chromosomal changes observed in both in vivo and in vitro androgen-independent cell lines are similar to those seen in PCa during tumor progression. Correspondingly, gene expression analysis showed significant heterogeneity in the genes expressed among androgen-independent cells, but with some common gene expression changes that correlated with the acquired androgen-independent phenotype. Thus, growth conditions under which the cells progress appeared to impact the mechanisms used for progression, albeit within tumor-type-specific pathways. Our findings suggest that a dynamic and adaptable combination of epigenetic and DNA-change-dependent events can be used by PCa cells for the acquisition of the androgen-independent phenotype. This article contains Supplementary Material available at http://www.interscience.wiley.com/jpages/1045-2257/suppmat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Horacio Murillo
- Urology Research, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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11
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Chaudhary J, Schmidt M. The impact of genomic alterations on the transcriptome: a prostate cancer cell line case study. Chromosome Res 2006; 14:567-86. [PMID: 16823619 DOI: 10.1007/s10577-006-1055-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2006] [Revised: 03/24/2006] [Accepted: 03/24/2006] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Genetic instability may lead to the loss/gain of transcriptional control. Here we investigated the effect of genomic instability, that is loss/gain of chromosomal regions on the global transcriptome of prostate cancer cell line DU145. The genomic loss/gain map obtained through BAC array-based CGH was superimposed on the dynamic transcriptome of DU145 cells treated with serum for 0 h (serum starved), 2 h and 12 h. The genomic analysis suggested that in DU145 cells: (1) chromosomal gains are prominent than losses and (2) copy number changes are associated with chromosome-specific and dynamic gene expression regulatory mechanisms. A significant proportion of the genes in the stable regions of the chromosome were up-regulated whereas a higher proportion of genes were down-regulated at 2 and 12 h in the deleted regions of the chromosomes following serum treatment. No change in expression was observed for the genes in the gained regions over a period of time. This analysis led us to propose that loss of heterozygosity leads to an overall transcriptional down-regulation that may further lead to a decrease in the expression of putative tumor suppressors. The genomic profile of DU145 is similar to pathological specimens of prostate cancer, hence the genomic/transcriptomic signature of DU145 can be used to understand the pathology of prostate cancer. It is expected that this analysis will allow a better understanding of transcriptional regulatory mechanisms in the context of genomic loss and gain and may lead to the discovery of novel oncogenes and tumor suppressors and the underlying regulatory pathways.
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MESH Headings
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Chromosomal Instability/genetics
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 1
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 14
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 18
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 5
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 8
- Gene Expression Regulation
- Genomic Instability/genetics
- Humans
- Loss of Heterozygosity
- Male
- Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis
- Prostatic Neoplasms/genetics
- Transcription, Genetic/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- J Chaudhary
- 4029D RCST, Department of Biological Sciences, Center for Cancer Research and Therapeutics Development, Clark Atlanta University, Atlanta, GA 30314, USA.
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12
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Strefford JC, Lane TM, Hill A, LeRoux L, Foot NJ, Shipley J, Oliver RTD, Lu YJ, Young BD. Molecular characterisation of the t(1;15)(p22;q22) translocation in the prostate cancer cell line LNCaP. Cytogenet Genome Res 2006; 112:45-52. [PMID: 16276089 DOI: 10.1159/000087512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2004] [Accepted: 04/27/2005] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Although chromosome translocations are well-documented recurrent events in hematological malignancies and soft tissue sarcomas, their significance in carcinomas is less clear. We report here the molecular characterization of the reciprocal translocation t(1;15)(p22;q22) in the prostate carcinoma cell line, LNCaP. The chromosome 1 breakpoint was localized to a single BAC clone, RP11-290M5, by sequential FISH analysis of clones selected from the NCBI chromosome 1 map. This was further refined to a 580-bp region by Southern blot analysis. A 2.85-kb fragment spanning the der(1) breakpoint was amplified by long-range inverse PCR. The breakpoint on chromosome 1 was shown to lie between the CYR61 and the DDAH1 genes with the der(1) junctional sequence linking the CYR61 gene to the TSPAN3 (TM4SF8) gene on chromosome 15. Confirmatory PCR and FISH mapping of the der(15) showed loss of chromosome material proximal to the breakpoint on chromosome 15, containing the PSTPIP1 and RCN2 genes. On the available evidence we conclude that this translocation does not result in an in-frame gene fusion. Comparative expressed sequence hybridization (CESH) and comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) analysis, showed relative down-regulation of gene expression surrounding the breakpoint, but no gross change in genomic copy number. Real-time quantitative RT-PCR for genes around the breakpoint supported the CESH data. Therefore, here we may have revealed a gene down-regulation mechanism associated with a chromosome translocation, either through small deletion at the breakpoint or through another means of chromosome domain related gene regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C Strefford
- Cancer Research UK Medical Oncology Unit, Queen Mary and Westfield College, Charterhouse Square, London, UK.
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13
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Pang ST, Weng WH, Flores-Morales A, Johansson B, Pourian MR, Nilsson P, Pousette A, Larsson C, Norstedt G. Cytogenetic and expression profiles associated with transformation to androgen-resistant prostate cancer. Prostate 2006; 66:157-72. [PMID: 16173030 DOI: 10.1002/pros.20328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The mechanisms underlying the progression of prostate cancer to androgen-resistant cancer are still not fully understood. Here, we studied the genetic events associated with this transformation. METHODS The androgen sensitive prostate cancer cells line LNCaP-FGC and its androgen resistant subline LNCaP-r were investigated using SKY, CGH, and cDNA microarray. RESULTS Karyotypically, several additional chromosomal aberrations were seen in LNCaP-r as compared to the parental line. CGH also revealed unique net chromosomal alterations in LNCaP-r compared to LNCaP-FGC, including gain of 2p13-23, 2q21-32, and 13q and loss of 6p22-pter. cDNA microarray analysis identified several genes involved in DNA methylation, such as DNMT2, DNMT3a, and methyl-CpG binding domain protein 2 and 4 that were higher expressed in LNCaP-r. Interestingly, androgen responsiveness of LNCaP-r was restored after treated with DNA methyltransferase inhibitor. CONCLUSIONS Our findings may serve as a basis for molecular dissection of the mechanisms involved in development of androgen resistant prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- See-Tong Pang
- Department of Surgery, Division of Urology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kwei-Shan, Tao Yuan, Taiwan.
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14
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Strefford JC, Stasevich I, Lane TM, Lu YJ, Oliver T, Young BD. A combination of molecular cytogenetic analyses reveals complex genetic alterations in conventional renal cell carcinoma. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 159:1-9. [PMID: 15860350 DOI: 10.1016/j.cancergencyto.2004.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2004] [Revised: 09/21/2004] [Accepted: 09/30/2004] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Here we report the complex pattern of genomic imbalances and rearrangements in a panel of 19 renal cell carcinoma cell lines detected with molecular cytogenetic analysis. Consistent heterogeneity in chromosome number was found, and most cell lines showed a near-triploid chromosome complement. Several cell lines showed deletions of the TP53 (alias p53), CDKN2A (alias p16), and VHL genes. Multiplex fluorescence in situ hybridization (M-FISH) analysis revealed chromosome 3 translocated to several other partners chromosomes, as well as breakage events commonly affecting chromosomes 1, 5, 8, 10, and 17. The most common abnormality detected with comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) was deletions of chromosome 3p, with loss of the RASSF1, FHIT, and p44S10 loci frequently involved. CGH gain of 5q showed overrepresentation of the EGR1 and CSF1R genes. Recurrent alterations to chromosome 7 included rearrangement of 7q11 and gains of the EGFR, TIF1, and RFC2 genes. Several lines exhibited rearrangement of 12q11 approximately q14 and overrepresentation of CDK4 and SAS loci. M-FISH revealed several other recurrent translocations, and CGH findings included loss of 9p, 14q, and 18q and gain of 8q, 12, and 20. Further genomic microarray changes included loss of MTAP, IGH@, HTR1B, and SMAD4 (previously MADH4) and gains of MYC and TOP1. An excellent correlation was observed between the genomic array and FISH data, demonstrating that this technique is effective and accurate. The aberrations detected here may reflect important pathways in renal cancer pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jon C Strefford
- Cancer Research UK Medical Oncology Unit, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London, UK.
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15
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Matsui SI, LaDuca J, Rossi MR, Nowak NJ, Cowell JK. Molecular characterization of a consistent 4.5-megabase deletion at 4q28 in prostate cancer cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 159:18-26. [PMID: 15860352 DOI: 10.1016/j.cancergencyto.2004.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2004] [Revised: 09/14/2004] [Accepted: 09/15/2004] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Spectral karyotyping of prostate cell lines LNCaP, DU145, PC3, and 22RV demonstrated structural chromosome rearrangements involving the distal long arm of chromosome 4. In all but 22RV, these are nonreciprocal translocations between chromosomes 4 and 10. In 22RV, an apparently reciprocal t(2q;4q) is seen. Fluorescence in situ hybridization analysis of the chromosome 4 translocation breakpoints demonstrated that deletions were associated with all of the translocations, resulting in a net loss of chromosome material. Overlapping deletions in 4q28 approximately 34 were seen in LNCap, DU145, and 22RV, which defined an approximately 4.5-megabase pair common region of deletion. The deletion in PC3 was more proximal on 4q, involving the 4q21 approximately q26 region. A meta analysis of high-resolution definition of losses of chromosome material from published studies demonstrates that loss of 4q material may occur in at least 50% of primary tumors. This analysis defines a series of genes in the critical 4q region, which is potentially associated with prostate tumor development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sei-Ichi Matsui
- Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Department of Cancer Genetics, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
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16
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Davila M, Frost AR, Grizzle WE, Chakrabarti R. LIM kinase 1 is essential for the invasive growth of prostate epithelial cells: implications in prostate cancer. J Biol Chem 2003; 278:36868-75. [PMID: 12821664 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m306196200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Mammalian LIM kinase 1 (LIMK1) is involved in reorganization of actin cytoskeleton through inactivating phosphorylation of the ADF family protein cofilin, which depolymerizes actin filaments. Maintenance of the actin dynamics in an ordered fashion is essential for stabilization of cell shape or promotion of cell motility depending on the cell type. These are the two key phenomena that may become altered during acquisition of the metastatic phenotype by cancer cells. Here we show that LIMK1 is overexpressed in prostate tumors and in prostate cancer cell lines, that the concentration of phosphorylated cofilin is higher in metastatic prostate cancer cells, and that a partial reduction of LIMK1 altered cell proliferation by arresting cells at G2/M, changed cell shape, and abolished the invasiveness of metastatic prostate cancer cells. We also show that the ectopic expression of LIMK1 promotes acquisition of invasive phenotype by the benign prostate epithelial cells. Our data provide evidence of a novel role of LIMK1 in regulating cell division and invasive property of prostate cancer cells and indicate that the effect is not mediated by phosphorylation of cofilin. Our study correlates with the recent observations showing a metastasis-associated chromosomal gain on 7q11.2 in prostate cancer, suggesting a possible gain in LIMK1 DNA (7q11.23).
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Davila
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida 32826, USA
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17
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Laitinen S, Karhu R, Sawyers CL, Vessella RL, Visakorpi T. Chromosomal aberrations in prostate cancer xenografts detected by comparative genomic hybridization. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2002; 35:66-73. [PMID: 12203791 DOI: 10.1002/gcc.10097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
A major problem in studying prostate cancer has been the lack of model systems because of the difficulties in growing prostate cancer cells in vitro. Recently, however, several human prostate cancer xenografts, grown in immune-deficient mice, have been established. Here, we characterized 13 such xenografts (LuCaP 23.8, 23.12, 35, 41, 49, 58, 69, 70, 73, LAPC-4AD, LAPC-4AI, LAPC-9AD, and LAPC-9AI) as well as one prostate cancer cell line (22Rv1) derived from a xenograft for chromosomal alterations by comparative genomic hybridization and a modification of multicolor fluorescence in situ hybridization. On average, the xenografts contained 13 (range 5-28) aberrations, 5 (1-13) gains, and 8 (1-15) losses, per case. The chromosome arms that most often contained losses were 2q, 5q, 6q, 8p, 13q, and 18q, and gains were 7q, 8q, and Xq. The same regions were previously shown to be often altered in advanced prostate carcinomas in patients. The androgen-dependent and corresponding androgen-independent sublines of LAPC-4 and LAPC-9 shared all genetic alterations, suggesting that the transition of the growth from androgen dependency to independence does not involve major chromosomal aberrations in these two models. In conclusion, the identified genetic aberrations lay the groundwork for further detailed genetic analyses of these xenografts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sari Laitinen
- Laboratory of Cancer Genetics, Institute of Medical Technology, University of Tampere and Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
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18
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Strefford JC, Lillington DM, Steggall M, Lane TM, Nouri AME, Young BD, Oliver RTD. Novel chromosome findings in bladder cancer cell lines detected with multiplex fluorescence in situ hybridization. CANCER GENETICS AND CYTOGENETICS 2002; 135:139-46. [PMID: 12127398 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-4608(01)00648-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Bladder cancer is a common neoplasm worldwide, consisting mainly of transitional cell carcinomas, while squamous, adenocarcinoma, and sarcomatoid bladder cancers account for the remaining cases. In the present study, multiplex fluorescence in situ hybridization (M-FISH) has been used to characterize chromosome rearrangements in eight transitional and one squamous cell carcinoma cell line, RT112, of UMUC-3, 5637, CAT(wil), FGEN, EJ28, J82, 253J, and SCaBER. Alterations of chromosome 9 are the most frequent cytogenetic and molecular findings in transitional cell carcinomas of all grades and stages, while changes of chromosomes 3, 4, 8, 9, 11, 14, and 17 are also frequently observed. In the present study, alterations previously described, including del(8)(p10), del(9)(p10), del(17)(p10), and overrepresentation of chromosome 20, as well as several novel findings, were observed. These novel findings were a del(15)(q15) and isochromosome 14q, both occurring in three of nine cell lines examined. These abnormalities may reflect changes in bladder tumor biology. M-FISH represents an effective preliminary screening tool for the characterization of complex tumor karyotypes.
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MESH Headings
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/genetics
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/pathology
- Carcinoma, Transitional Cell/genetics
- Carcinoma, Transitional Cell/pathology
- Chromosome Aberrations
- Chromosome Deletion
- Chromosomes, Human/ultrastructure
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 14/ultrastructure
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 15/ultrastructure
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 20/ultrastructure
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 9/ultrastructure
- Female
- Humans
- Image Processing, Computer-Assisted
- In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence
- Male
- Metaphase
- Sequence Deletion
- Tumor Cells, Cultured/ultrastructure
- Urinary Bladder Neoplasms/genetics
- Urinary Bladder Neoplasms/pathology
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Affiliation(s)
- Jon C Strefford
- Imperial Cancer Research Fund (ICRF) Medical Oncology Unit, Queen Mary and Westfield College, Charterhouse Square, Smithfield, London, UK.
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19
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Lee C, Lemyre E, Miron PM, Morton CC. Multicolor fluorescence in situ hybridization in clinical cytogenetic diagnostics. Curr Opin Pediatr 2001; 13:550-5. [PMID: 11753105 DOI: 10.1097/00008480-200112000-00010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Multicolor fluorescence in situ hybridization is a technology that has vastly expanded the diagnostic repertoire of the clinical cytogenetics laboratory. The limitations of conventional chromosome banding analysis can often be overcome by the high sensitivity and specificity of multicolor fluorescence in situ hybridization tests. This article reviews the latest multicolor fluorescence in situ hybridization tests (including multiplex fluorescence in situ hybridization, spectral karyotyping, cross-species color banding, and comparative genomic hybridization) that are currently limited to a few select clinical cytogenetic laboratories, but may soon have more dominant roles in clinical cytogenetic practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Lee
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston Massachusetts, USA.
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