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Seymour L, Thrasher A, Baker A, Griesenbach U, Yáñez-Muñoz RJ. The British Society for Gene and Cell Therapy at 20 (2003-2023). Hum Gene Ther 2024; 35:5-8. [PMID: 38062731 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2023.196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2024] Open
Abstract
The year 2023 marks the 20th anniversary of the British Society for Gene and Cell Therapy (BSGCT). In these 20 years, the field of gene and cell therapy has gone from promising strategy to clinical reality. This report describes the history, objectives, organization, and activities of BSGCT to advance research and practice of gene and cell therapy in the United Kingdom.
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Affiliation(s)
- Len Seymour
- Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Adrian Thrasher
- Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Baker
- Centre for Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Uta Griesenbach
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Rafael J Yáñez-Muñoz
- AGCTlab.org, Centre of Gene and Cell Therapy, Department of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham, United Kingdom
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2
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Nafchi NAM, Chilcott EM, Brown S, Fuller HR, Bowerman M, Yáñez-Muñoz RJ. Enhanced expression of the human Survival motor neuron 1 gene from a codon-optimised cDNA transgene in vitro and in vivo. Gene Ther 2023; 30:812-825. [PMID: 37322133 DOI: 10.1038/s41434-023-00406-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Revised: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is a neuromuscular disease particularly characterised by degeneration of ventral motor neurons. Survival motor neuron (SMN) 1 gene mutations cause SMA, and gene addition strategies to replace the faulty SMN1 copy are a therapeutic option. We have developed a novel, codon-optimised hSMN1 transgene and produced integration-proficient and integration-deficient lentiviral vectors with cytomegalovirus (CMV), human synapsin (hSYN) or human phosphoglycerate kinase (hPGK) promoters to determine the optimal expression cassette configuration. Integrating, CMV-driven and codon-optimised hSMN1 lentiviral vectors resulted in the highest production of functional SMN protein in vitro. Integration-deficient lentiviral vectors also led to significant expression of the optimised transgene and are expected to be safer than integrating vectors. Lentiviral delivery in culture led to activation of the DNA damage response, in particular elevating levels of phosphorylated ataxia telangiectasia mutated (pATM) and γH2AX, but the optimised hSMN1 transgene showed some protective effects. Neonatal delivery of adeno-associated viral vector (AAV9) vector encoding the optimised transgene to the Smn2B/- mouse model of SMA resulted in a significant increase of SMN protein levels in liver and spinal cord. This work shows the potential of a novel codon-optimised hSMN1 transgene as a therapeutic strategy for SMA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neda A M Nafchi
- AGCTlab.org, Centre of Gene and Cell Therapy, Centre for Biomedical Sciences, Department of Biological Sciences, School of Life Sciences and the Environment, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham, TW20 0EX, UK
| | - Ellie M Chilcott
- AGCTlab.org, Centre of Gene and Cell Therapy, Centre for Biomedical Sciences, Department of Biological Sciences, School of Life Sciences and the Environment, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham, TW20 0EX, UK
| | - Sharon Brown
- School of Pharmacy and Bioengineering, Keele University, Staffordshire, ST5 5BG, UK
- Wolfson Centre for Inherited Neuromuscular Disease, TORCH Building, RJAH Orthopaedic Hospital, Oswestry, SY10 7AG, UK
| | - Heidi R Fuller
- School of Pharmacy and Bioengineering, Keele University, Staffordshire, ST5 5BG, UK
- Wolfson Centre for Inherited Neuromuscular Disease, TORCH Building, RJAH Orthopaedic Hospital, Oswestry, SY10 7AG, UK
| | - Melissa Bowerman
- Wolfson Centre for Inherited Neuromuscular Disease, TORCH Building, RJAH Orthopaedic Hospital, Oswestry, SY10 7AG, UK
- School of Medicine, Keele University, Staffordshire, ST5 5BG, UK
| | - Rafael J Yáñez-Muñoz
- AGCTlab.org, Centre of Gene and Cell Therapy, Centre for Biomedical Sciences, Department of Biological Sciences, School of Life Sciences and the Environment, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham, TW20 0EX, UK.
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Selvakumaran J, Ursu S, Bowerman M, Lu-Nguyen N, Wood MJ, Malerba A, Yáñez-Muñoz RJ. An Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Human Blood-Brain Barrier (BBB) Model to Test the Crossing by Adeno-Associated Virus (AAV) Vectors and Antisense Oligonucleotides. Biomedicines 2023; 11:2700. [PMID: 37893074 PMCID: PMC10604610 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11102700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Revised: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is the specialised microvasculature system that shields the central nervous system (CNS) from potentially toxic agents. Attempts to develop therapeutic agents targeting the CNS have been hindered by the lack of predictive models of BBB crossing. In vitro models mimicking the human BBB are of great interest, and advances in induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) technologies and the availability of reproducible differentiation protocols have facilitated progress. In this study, we present the efficient differentiation of three different wild-type iPSC lines into brain microvascular endothelial cells (BMECs). Once differentiated, cells displayed several features of BMECs and exhibited significant barrier tightness as measured by trans-endothelial electrical resistance (TEER), ranging from 1500 to >6000 Ωcm2. To assess the functionality of our BBB models, we analysed the crossing efficiency of adeno-associated virus (AAV) vectors and peptide-conjugated antisense oligonucleotides, both currently used in genetic approaches for the treatment of rare diseases. We demonstrated superior barrier crossing by AAV serotype 9 compared to serotype 8, and no crossing by a cell-penetrating peptide-conjugated antisense oligonucleotide. In conclusion, our study shows that iPSC-based models of the human BBB display robust phenotypes and could be used to screen drugs for CNS penetration in culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamuna Selvakumaran
- AGCTlab, Centre of Gene and Cell Therapy, Department of Biological Sciences, School of Life Sciences and the Environment, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham TW20 0EX, UK; (J.S.); (S.U.)
| | - Simona Ursu
- AGCTlab, Centre of Gene and Cell Therapy, Department of Biological Sciences, School of Life Sciences and the Environment, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham TW20 0EX, UK; (J.S.); (S.U.)
| | - Melissa Bowerman
- School of Medicine, Keele University, Staffordshire ST4 7QB, UK;
- Wolfson Centre for Inherited Neuromuscular Disease, RJAH Orthopaedic Hospital, Oswestry SY10 7AG, UK
| | - Ngoc Lu-Nguyen
- Gene Medicine Laboratory for Rare Diseases, Centre of Gene and Cell Therapy, Department of Biological Sciences, School of Life Sciences and the Environment, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham TW20 0EX, UK; (N.L.-N.); (A.M.)
| | - Matthew J. Wood
- Department of Paediatrics, Institute of Developmental and Regenerative Medicine (IDRM), University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7TY, UK;
- MDUK Oxford Neuromuscular Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Alberto Malerba
- Gene Medicine Laboratory for Rare Diseases, Centre of Gene and Cell Therapy, Department of Biological Sciences, School of Life Sciences and the Environment, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham TW20 0EX, UK; (N.L.-N.); (A.M.)
| | - Rafael J. Yáñez-Muñoz
- AGCTlab, Centre of Gene and Cell Therapy, Department of Biological Sciences, School of Life Sciences and the Environment, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham TW20 0EX, UK; (J.S.); (S.U.)
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Brown SJ, Šoltić D, Synowsky SA, Shirran SL, Chilcott E, Shorrock HK, Gillingwater TH, Yáñez-Muñoz RJ, Schneider B, Bowerman M, Fuller HR. AAV9-mediated SMN gene therapy rescues cardiac desmin but not lamin A/C and elastin dysregulation in Smn2B/- spinal muscular atrophy mice. Hum Mol Genet 2023; 32:2950-2965. [PMID: 37498175 PMCID: PMC10549791 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddad121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2023] [Revised: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Structural, functional and molecular cardiac defects have been reported in spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) patients and mouse models. Previous quantitative proteomics analyses demonstrated widespread molecular defects in the severe Taiwanese SMA mouse model. Whether such changes are conserved across different mouse models, including less severe forms of the disease, has yet to be established. Here, using the same high-resolution proteomics approach in the less-severe Smn2B/- SMA mouse model, 277 proteins were found to be differentially abundant at a symptomatic timepoint (post-natal day (P) 18), 50 of which were similarly dysregulated in severe Taiwanese SMA mice. Bioinformatics analysis linked many of the differentially abundant proteins to cardiovascular development and function, with intermediate filaments highlighted as an enriched cellular compartment in both datasets. Lamin A/C was increased in the cardiac tissue, whereas another intermediate filament protein, desmin, was reduced. The extracellular matrix (ECM) protein, elastin, was also robustly decreased in the heart of Smn2B/- mice. AAV9-SMN1-mediated gene therapy rectified low levels of survival motor neuron protein and restored desmin levels in heart tissues of Smn2B/- mice. In contrast, AAV9-SMN1 therapy failed to correct lamin A/C or elastin levels. Intermediate filament proteins and the ECM have key roles in cardiac function and their dysregulation may explain cardiac impairment in SMA, especially since mutations in genes encoding these proteins cause other diseases with cardiac aberration. Cardiac pathology may need to be considered in the long-term care of SMA patients, as it is unclear whether currently available treatments can fully rescue peripheral pathology in SMA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon J Brown
- School of Pharmacy and Bioengineering, Keele University, Keele ST5 5BG, UK
- Wolfson Centre for Inherited Neuromuscular Disease, TORCH Building, RJAH Orthopaedic Hospital, Oswestry SY10 7AG, UK
| | - Darija Šoltić
- School of Pharmacy and Bioengineering, Keele University, Keele ST5 5BG, UK
- Wolfson Centre for Inherited Neuromuscular Disease, TORCH Building, RJAH Orthopaedic Hospital, Oswestry SY10 7AG, UK
| | - Silvia A Synowsky
- BSRC Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics Facility, University of St Andrews, St Andrews KY16 9ST, UK
| | - Sally L Shirran
- BSRC Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics Facility, University of St Andrews, St Andrews KY16 9ST, UK
| | - Ellie Chilcott
- AGCTlab.org, Centre of Gene and Cell Therapy, Centre for Biomedical Sciences, Department of Biological Sciences, School of Life Sciences and the Environment, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham Hill, Egham, Surrey TW20 0EX, UK
| | - Hannah K Shorrock
- Edinburgh Medical School: Biomedical Sciences, Euan MacDonald Centre for Motor Neurone Disease Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK
| | - Thomas H Gillingwater
- Edinburgh Medical School: Biomedical Sciences, Euan MacDonald Centre for Motor Neurone Disease Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK
| | - Rafael J Yáñez-Muñoz
- AGCTlab.org, Centre of Gene and Cell Therapy, Centre for Biomedical Sciences, Department of Biological Sciences, School of Life Sciences and the Environment, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham Hill, Egham, Surrey TW20 0EX, UK
| | - Bernard Schneider
- Bertarelli Platform for Gene Therapy, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1202 Geneva, Switzerland
- Brain Mind Institute, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Melissa Bowerman
- Wolfson Centre for Inherited Neuromuscular Disease, TORCH Building, RJAH Orthopaedic Hospital, Oswestry SY10 7AG, UK
- School of Medicine, Keele University, Keele ST5 5BG, UK
| | - Heidi R Fuller
- School of Pharmacy and Bioengineering, Keele University, Keele ST5 5BG, UK
- Wolfson Centre for Inherited Neuromuscular Disease, TORCH Building, RJAH Orthopaedic Hospital, Oswestry SY10 7AG, UK
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Papaioannou I, Owen JS, Yáñez-Muñoz RJ. Clinical applications of gene therapy for rare diseases: A review. Int J Exp Pathol 2023. [PMID: 37177842 DOI: 10.1111/iep.12478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Revised: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 04/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Rare diseases collectively exact a high toll on society due to their sheer number and overall prevalence. Their heterogeneity, diversity, and nature pose daunting clinical challenges for both management and treatment. In this review, we discuss recent advances in clinical applications of gene therapy for rare diseases, focusing on a variety of viral and non-viral strategies. The use of adeno-associated virus (AAV) vectors is discussed in the context of Luxturna, licenced for the treatment of RPE65 deficiency in the retinal epithelium. Imlygic, a herpes virus vector licenced for the treatment of refractory metastatic melanoma, will be an example of oncolytic vectors developed against rare cancers. Yescarta and Kymriah will showcase the use of retrovirus and lentivirus vectors in the autologous ex vivo production of chimeric antigen receptor T cells (CAR-T), licenced for the treatment of refractory leukaemias and lymphomas. Similar retroviral and lentiviral technology can be applied to autologous haematopoietic stem cells, exemplified by Strimvelis and Zynteglo, licenced treatments for adenosine deaminase-severe combined immunodeficiency (ADA-SCID) and β-thalassaemia respectively. Antisense oligonucleotide technologies will be highlighted through Onpattro and Tegsedi, RNA interference drugs licenced for familial transthyretin (TTR) amyloidosis, and Spinraza, a splice-switching treatment for spinal muscular atrophy (SMA). An initial comparison of the effectiveness of AAV and oligonucleotide therapies in SMA is possible with Zolgensma, an AAV serotype 9 vector, and Spinraza. Through these examples of marketed gene therapies and gene cell therapies, we will discuss the expanding applications of such novel technologies to previously intractable rare diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - James S Owen
- Division of Medicine, University College London, London, UK
| | - Rafael J Yáñez-Muñoz
- AGCTlab.org, Centre of Gene and Cell Therapy, Centre for Biomedical Sciences, Department of Biological Sciences, School of Life Sciences and the Environment, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham, UK
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6
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Chilcott EM, Muiruri EW, Hirst TC, Yáñez-Muñoz RJ. Correction: Systematic review and meta-analysis determining the benefits of in vivo genetic therapy in spinal muscular atrophy rodent models. Gene Ther 2023; 30:188. [PMID: 36437357 PMCID: PMC9935379 DOI: 10.1038/s41434-022-00377-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ellie M. Chilcott
- grid.4970.a0000 0001 2188 881XAGCTlab.org, Centre of Gene and Cell Therapy, Centre for Biomedical Sciences, Department of Biological Sciences, School of Life Sciences and Environment, Royal Holloway University of London, TW20 0EX London, UK ,Present Address: Institute for Women’s Health, UCL, 86-96 Chenies Mews, London, WC1E 6HX UK
| | - Evalyne W. Muiruri
- grid.4970.a0000 0001 2188 881XAGCTlab.org, Centre of Gene and Cell Therapy, Centre for Biomedical Sciences, Department of Biological Sciences, School of Life Sciences and Environment, Royal Holloway University of London, TW20 0EX London, UK
| | - Theodore C. Hirst
- grid.416232.00000 0004 0399 1866Department of Neurosurgery, Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast, BT12 6BA UK
| | - Rafael J. Yáñez-Muñoz
- grid.4970.a0000 0001 2188 881XAGCTlab.org, Centre of Gene and Cell Therapy, Centre for Biomedical Sciences, Department of Biological Sciences, School of Life Sciences and Environment, Royal Holloway University of London, TW20 0EX London, UK
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Chilcott EM, Muiruri EW, Hirst TC, Yáñez-Muñoz RJ. Systematic review and meta-analysis determining the benefits of in vivo genetic therapy in spinal muscular atrophy rodent models. Gene Ther 2022; 29:498-512. [PMID: 34611322 PMCID: PMC9482879 DOI: 10.1038/s41434-021-00292-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Revised: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is a severe childhood neuromuscular disease for which two genetic therapies, Nusinersen (Spinraza, an antisense oligonucleotide), and AVXS-101 (Zolgensma, an adeno-associated viral vector of serotype 9 AAV9), have recently been approved. We investigated the pre-clinical development of SMA genetic therapies in rodent models and whether this can predict clinical efficacy. We have performed a systematic review of relevant publications and extracted median survival and details of experimental design. A random effects meta-analysis was used to estimate and compare efficacy. We stratified by experimental design (type of genetic therapy, mouse model, route and time of administration) and sought any evidence of publication bias. 51 publications were identified containing 155 individual comparisons, comprising 2573 animals in total. Genetic therapies prolonged survival in SMA mouse models by 3.23-fold (95% CI 2.75-3.79) compared to controls. Study design characteristics accounted for significant heterogeneity between studies and greatly affected observed median survival ratios. Some evidence of publication bias was found. These data are consistent with the extended average lifespan of Spinraza- and Zolgensma-treated children in the clinic. Together, these results support that SMA has been particularly amenable to genetic therapy approaches and highlight SMA as a trailblazer for therapeutic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellie M. Chilcott
- grid.4970.a0000 0001 2188 881XAGCTlab.org, Centre of Gene and Cell Therapy, Centre for Biomedical Sciences, Department of Biological Sciences, School of Life Sciences and Environment, Royal Holloway University of London, TW20 0EX London, UK ,Present Address: Institute for Women’s Health, UCL, 86-96 Chenies Mews, London, WC1E 6HX UK
| | - Evalyne W. Muiruri
- grid.4970.a0000 0001 2188 881XAGCTlab.org, Centre of Gene and Cell Therapy, Centre for Biomedical Sciences, Department of Biological Sciences, School of Life Sciences and Environment, Royal Holloway University of London, TW20 0EX London, UK
| | - Theodore C. Hirst
- grid.416232.00000 0004 0399 1866Department of Neurosurgery, Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast, BT12 6BA UK
| | - Rafael J. Yáñez-Muñoz
- grid.4970.a0000 0001 2188 881XAGCTlab.org, Centre of Gene and Cell Therapy, Centre for Biomedical Sciences, Department of Biological Sciences, School of Life Sciences and Environment, Royal Holloway University of London, TW20 0EX London, UK
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Griesenbach U, Yáñez-Muñoz RJ. The British Society for Gene and Cell Therapy. Hum Gene Ther 2021; 32:983-985. [PMID: 34609927 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2021.29175.ugr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Uta Griesenbach
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Rafael J Yáñez-Muñoz
- AGCTlab.org, Centre of Gene and Cell Therapy, Centre for Biomedical Sciences, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham, United Kingdom
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Sabar MI, Ara F, Henderson A, Ahmed O, Potter C, John I, Mitchell ARJ, Yáñez-Muñoz RJ, Kaba RA. A study to assess a novel automated electrocardiogram technology in screening for atrial fibrillation. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 2019; 42:1383-1389. [PMID: 31482579 DOI: 10.1111/pace.13800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2019] [Revised: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 09/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Atrial fibrillation is often asymptomatic and un-diagnosed in the community resulting in an increased risk of heart failure and stroke to those patients. We evaluated the effectiveness, tolerability, and accuracy of a novel six-channel electrocardiogram digital-health screening device, the RhythmPad, for the detection of atrial fibrillation. METHODS Seven hundred and fifty-two participants attending the cardiology department were recruited. Two recordings were taken-a six-lead electrocardiogram using the RhythmPad device and a standard 12-lead electrocardiogram. Recorded traces were analyzed by two blinded cardiologists. The computer-generated automated diagnostic reports from both systems were also compared. Post-participation feedback was obtained from study participants using a three-part questionnaire. RESULTS The sensitivity of the six-lead electrocardiogram compared to the 12-lead electrocardiogram, analyzed by two blinded cardiologists, for the detection of normal sinus rhythm was 95.9%, with a specificity of 97.2%. The sensitivity for the detection of atrial fibrillation using the six-lead ECG was 93.4%, with specificity 96.8%. The six-lead automated diagnostic report had a sensitivity and specificity of 97.5% and 98.6%, respectively, for correctly diagnosing normal sinus rhythm. For the correct diagnosis of atrial fibrillation, the six-lead automated diagnostic report had a sensitivity and specificity of 95.4% and 98.8%, respectively. A total of 95.4% of participants found RhythmPad to be comfortable, with only 0.5% preferring the 12-lead ECG device in comparison to six-lead ECG acquisitions. CONCLUSION The RhythmPad digital health device and its automated diagnostic report were highly accurate in detecting atrial fibrillation when compared to a standard 12-lead electrocardiogram.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Farhana Ara
- Ashford and St. Peter's Hospital, Chertsey, UK.,Centre of Gene and Cell Therapy, Centre for Biomedical Sciences, Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway, University of London, Egham, UK
| | | | - Omar Ahmed
- Ashford and St. Peter's Hospital, Chertsey, UK
| | | | - Isaac John
- Ashford and St. Peter's Hospital, Chertsey, UK.,Centre of Gene and Cell Therapy, Centre for Biomedical Sciences, Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway, University of London, Egham, UK
| | | | - Rafael J Yáñez-Muñoz
- Centre of Gene and Cell Therapy, Centre for Biomedical Sciences, Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway, University of London, Egham, UK
| | - Riyaz A Kaba
- Ashford and St. Peter's Hospital, Chertsey, UK.,Centre of Gene and Cell Therapy, Centre for Biomedical Sciences, Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway, University of London, Egham, UK.,St. George's Hospital, London, UK
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10
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McCaig C, Ataliotis P, Shtaya A, Omar AS, Green AR, Kind CN, Pereira AC, Naray-Fejes-Toth A, Fejes-Toth G, Yáñez-Muñoz RJ, Murray JT, Hainsworth AH. Induction of the cell survival kinase Sgk1: A possible novel mechanism for α-phenyl-N-tert-butyl nitrone in experimental stroke. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2019; 39:1111-1121. [PMID: 29260627 PMCID: PMC6545623 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x17746980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Nitrones (e.g. α-phenyl-N-tert-butyl nitrone; PBN) are cerebroprotective in experimental stroke. Free radical trapping is their proposed mechanism. As PBN has low radical trapping potency, we tested Sgk1 induction as another possible mechanism. PBN was injected (100 mg/kg, i.p.) into adult male rats and mice. Sgk1 was quantified in cerebral tissue by microarray, quantitative RT-PCR and western analyses. Sgk1+/+ and Sgk1-/- mice were randomized to receive PBN or saline immediately following transient (60 min) occlusion of the middle cerebral artery. Neurological deficit was measured at 24 h and 48 h and infarct volume at 48 h post-occlusion. Following systemic PBN administration, rapid induction of Sgk1 was detected by microarray (at 4 h) and confirmed by RT-PCR and phosphorylation of the Sgk1-specific substrate NDRG1 (at 6 h). PBN-treated Sgk1+/+ mice had lower neurological deficit ( p < 0.01) and infarct volume ( p < 0.01) than saline-treated Sgk1+/+ mice. PBN-treated Sgk1-/- mice did not differ from saline-treated Sgk1-/- mice. Saline-treated Sgk1-/- and Sgk1+/+ mice did not differ. Brain Sgk3:Sgk1 mRNA ratio was 1.0:10.6 in Sgk1+/+ mice. Sgk3 was not augmented in Sgk1-/- mice. We conclude that acute systemic treatment with PBN induces Sgk1 in brain tissue. Sgk1 may play a part in PBN-dependent actions in acute brain ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine McCaig
- 1 Molecular and Clinical Sciences Research Institute, St Georges University of London, London, UK
| | - Paris Ataliotis
- 2 Institute for Medical & Biomedical Education, St George's University of London, London, UK
| | - Anan Shtaya
- 1 Molecular and Clinical Sciences Research Institute, St Georges University of London, London, UK
| | - Ayan S Omar
- 1 Molecular and Clinical Sciences Research Institute, St Georges University of London, London, UK
| | - A Richard Green
- 3 School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Clive N Kind
- 4 Leicester School of Pharmacy, De Montfort University, Leicester, UK
| | - Anthony C Pereira
- 1 Molecular and Clinical Sciences Research Institute, St Georges University of London, London, UK.,5 Department of Neurology, St George's University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Aniko Naray-Fejes-Toth
- 6 Molecular & Systems Biology Department, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH, USA
| | - Geza Fejes-Toth
- 6 Molecular & Systems Biology Department, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH, USA
| | - Rafael J Yáñez-Muñoz
- 7 AGCTlab.org, Centre for Biomedical Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway, University of London, Egham, Surrey, UK
| | - James T Murray
- 8 School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Atticus H Hainsworth
- 1 Molecular and Clinical Sciences Research Institute, St Georges University of London, London, UK.,5 Department of Neurology, St George's University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
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Yáñez-Muñoz RJ. Gene Therapy, more than ever-a new vision for the journal. Gene Ther 2018; 24:493-494. [PMID: 28963565 DOI: 10.1038/gt.2017.60] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R J Yáñez-Muñoz
- AGCTlab.org, Centre for Biomedical Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway, University of London, Egham, UK
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Abdul-Razak HH, Rocca CJ, Howe SJ, Alonso-Ferrero ME, Wang J, Gabriel R, Bartholomae CC, Gan CHV, Garín MI, Roberts A, Blundell MP, Prakash V, Molina-Estevez FJ, Pantoglou J, Guenechea G, Holmes MC, Gregory PD, Kinnon C, von Kalle C, Schmidt M, Bueren JA, Thrasher AJ, Yáñez-Muñoz RJ. Molecular Evidence of Genome Editing in a Mouse Model of Immunodeficiency. Sci Rep 2018; 8:8214. [PMID: 29844458 PMCID: PMC5974076 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-26439-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2017] [Accepted: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Genome editing is the introduction of directed modifications in the genome, a process boosted to therapeutic levels by designer nucleases. Building on the experience of ex vivo gene therapy for severe combined immunodeficiencies, it is likely that genome editing of haematopoietic stem/progenitor cells (HSPC) for correction of inherited blood diseases will be an early clinical application. We show molecular evidence of gene correction in a mouse model of primary immunodeficiency. In vitro experiments in DNA-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit severe combined immunodeficiency (Prkdc scid) fibroblasts using designed zinc finger nucleases (ZFN) and a repair template demonstrated molecular and functional correction of the defect. Following transplantation of ex vivo gene-edited Prkdc scid HSPC, some of the recipient animals carried the expected genomic signature of ZFN-driven gene correction. In some primary and secondary transplant recipients we detected double-positive CD4/CD8 T-cells in thymus and single-positive T-cells in blood, but no other evidence of immune reconstitution. However, the leakiness of this model is a confounding factor for the interpretation of the possible T-cell reconstitution. Our results provide support for the feasibility of rescuing inherited blood disease by ex vivo genome editing followed by transplantation, and highlight some of the challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- H H Abdul-Razak
- AGCTlab.org, Centre for Gene and Cell Therapy, Centre for Biomedical Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway, University of London, Egham, UK
| | - C J Rocca
- AGCTlab.org, Centre for Gene and Cell Therapy, Centre for Biomedical Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway, University of London, Egham, UK
| | - S J Howe
- Infection, Immunity, Inflammation and Physiological Medicine Programme, Molecular and Cellular Immunology Section, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK.,Gene Transfer Technology Group, UCL Institute for Women's Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - M E Alonso-Ferrero
- Infection, Immunity, Inflammation and Physiological Medicine Programme, Molecular and Cellular Immunology Section, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - J Wang
- Sangamo Therapeutics, Inc., Richmond, California, USA
| | - R Gabriel
- Department of Translational Oncology, National Center for Tumor Diseases and German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - C C Bartholomae
- Department of Translational Oncology, National Center for Tumor Diseases and German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - C H V Gan
- Infection, Immunity, Inflammation and Physiological Medicine Programme, Molecular and Cellular Immunology Section, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - M I Garín
- Division of Hematopoietic Innovative Therapies, Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT)/Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER-ISCIII)/Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Fundación Jiménez Díaz (IIS-FJD, UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - A Roberts
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, King's College London, London, UK
| | - M P Blundell
- Infection, Immunity, Inflammation and Physiological Medicine Programme, Molecular and Cellular Immunology Section, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - V Prakash
- AGCTlab.org, Centre for Gene and Cell Therapy, Centre for Biomedical Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway, University of London, Egham, UK
| | - F J Molina-Estevez
- AGCTlab.org, Centre for Gene and Cell Therapy, Centre for Biomedical Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway, University of London, Egham, UK.,Division of Hematopoietic Innovative Therapies, Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT)/Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER-ISCIII)/Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Fundación Jiménez Díaz (IIS-FJD, UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - J Pantoglou
- AGCTlab.org, Centre for Gene and Cell Therapy, Centre for Biomedical Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway, University of London, Egham, UK
| | - G Guenechea
- Division of Hematopoietic Innovative Therapies, Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT)/Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER-ISCIII)/Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Fundación Jiménez Díaz (IIS-FJD, UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - M C Holmes
- Sangamo Therapeutics, Inc., Richmond, California, USA
| | - P D Gregory
- Sangamo Therapeutics, Inc., Richmond, California, USA
| | - C Kinnon
- Infection, Immunity, Inflammation and Physiological Medicine Programme, Molecular and Cellular Immunology Section, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - C von Kalle
- Department of Translational Oncology, National Center for Tumor Diseases and German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - M Schmidt
- Department of Translational Oncology, National Center for Tumor Diseases and German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - J A Bueren
- Division of Hematopoietic Innovative Therapies, Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT)/Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER-ISCIII)/Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Fundación Jiménez Díaz (IIS-FJD, UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - A J Thrasher
- Infection, Immunity, Inflammation and Physiological Medicine Programme, Molecular and Cellular Immunology Section, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK.,Great Ormond Street Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - R J Yáñez-Muñoz
- AGCTlab.org, Centre for Gene and Cell Therapy, Centre for Biomedical Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway, University of London, Egham, UK.
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13
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Bowerman M, Becker CG, Yáñez-Muñoz RJ, Ning K, Wood MJA, Gillingwater TH, Talbot K. Therapeutic strategies for spinal muscular atrophy: SMN and beyond. Dis Model Mech 2018; 10:943-954. [PMID: 28768735 PMCID: PMC5560066 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.030148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is a devastating neuromuscular disorder characterized by loss of motor neurons and muscle atrophy, generally presenting in childhood. SMA is caused by low levels of the survival motor neuron protein (SMN) due to inactivating mutations in the encoding gene SMN1. A second duplicated gene, SMN2, produces very little but sufficient functional protein for survival. Therapeutic strategies to increase SMN are in clinical trials, and the first SMN2-directed antisense oligonucleotide (ASO) therapy has recently been licensed. However, several factors suggest that complementary strategies may be needed for the long-term maintenance of neuromuscular and other functions in SMA patients. Pre-clinical SMA models demonstrate that the requirement for SMN protein is highest when the structural connections of the neuromuscular system are being established, from late fetal life throughout infancy. Augmenting SMN may not address the slow neurodegenerative process underlying progressive functional decline beyond childhood in less severe types of SMA. Furthermore, individuals receiving SMN-based treatments may be vulnerable to delayed symptoms if rescue of the neuromuscular system is incomplete. Finally, a large number of older patients living with SMA do not fulfill the present criteria for inclusion in gene therapy and ASO clinical trials, and may not benefit from SMN-inducing treatments. Therefore, a comprehensive whole-lifespan approach to SMA therapy is required that includes both SMN-dependent and SMN-independent strategies that treat the CNS and periphery. Here, we review the range of non-SMN pathways implicated in SMA pathophysiology and discuss how various model systems can serve as valuable tools for SMA drug discovery. Summary: Translational research for spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) should address the development of non-CNS and survival motor neuron (SMN)-independent therapeutic approaches to complement and enhance the benefits of CNS-directed and SMN-dependent therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Bowerman
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QX, UK
| | - Catherina G Becker
- Euan MacDonald Centre for Motor Neurone Disease Research and Centre for Neuroregeneration, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4SB, UK
| | - Rafael J Yáñez-Muñoz
- AGCTlab.org, Centre for Biomedical Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway, University of London, Egham Hill, Egham, Surrey TW20 0EX, UK
| | - Ke Ning
- Department of Neuroscience, Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience (SITraN), University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2HQ, UK
| | - Matthew J A Wood
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QX, UK
| | - Thomas H Gillingwater
- Euan MacDonald Centre for Motor Neurone Disease Research and Centre for Integrative Physiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK
| | - Kevin Talbot
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
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14
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Lu-Nguyen NB, Broadstock M, Yáñez-Muñoz RJ. Intrastriatal Delivery of Integration-Deficient Lentiviral Vectors in a Rat Model of Parkinson's Disease. Methods Mol Biol 2018; 1448:175-84. [PMID: 27317181 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-3753-0_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Standard integration-proficient lentiviral vectors (IPLVs) are effective at much lower doses than other vector systems and have shown promise in several gene therapy approaches. Their main drawback is the potential risk of insertional mutagenesis. Novel biosafety-enhanced integration-deficient lentiviral vectors (IDLVs) offer a significant improvement and comparable transduction efficacy to their integrating counterparts in some central nervous system applications. We describe here methods for (1) production of IDLVs (and IPLVs), (2) IDLV/IPLV delivery into the striatum of a rat model of Parkinson's disease, and (3) postmortem brain processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ngoc B Lu-Nguyen
- School of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway, University of London, Egham Hill, Egham, Surrey, TW20 0EX, UK
| | - Martin Broadstock
- School of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway, University of London, Egham Hill, Egham, Surrey, TW20 0EX, UK.,Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, King's College London, Guy's Campus, London, SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Rafael J Yáñez-Muñoz
- School of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway, University of London, Egham Hill, Egham, Surrey, TW20 0EX, UK.
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15
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Ahmed SG, Waddington SN, Boza-Morán MG, Yáñez-Muñoz RJ. High-efficiency transduction of spinal cord motor neurons by intrauterine delivery of integration-deficient lentiviral vectors. J Control Release 2017; 273:99-107. [PMID: 29289570 PMCID: PMC5845930 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2017.12.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2017] [Revised: 12/24/2017] [Accepted: 12/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Integration-deficient lentiviral vectors (IDLVs) are promising gene delivery tools that retain the high transduction efficiency of standard lentiviral vectors, yet fail to integrate as proviruses and are instead converted into episomal circles. These episomes are metabolically stable and support long-term expression of transgenes in non-dividing cells, exhibiting a decreased risk of insertional mutagenesis. We have embarked on an extensive study to compare the transduction efficiency of IDLVs pseudotyped with different envelopes (vesicular stomatitis, Rabies, Mokola and Ross River viral envelopes) and self-complementary adeno-associated viral vectors, serotype-9 (scAAV-9) in spinal cord tissues after intraspinal injection of mouse embryos (E16). Our results indicate that IDLVs can transduce motor neurons (MNs) at extremely high efficiency regardless of the envelope pseudotype while scAAV9 mediates gene delivery to ~ 40% of spinal cord motor neurons, with other non-neuronal cells also transduced. Long-term expression studies revealed stable gene expression at 7 months post-injection. Taken together, the results of this study indicate that IDLVs may be efficient tools for in utero cord transduction in therapeutic strategies such as for treatment of inherited early childhood neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sherif G Ahmed
- AGCTlab.org, Centre for Biomedical Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway, University of London, Egham TW20 0EX, UK; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Beni-Suef University, Egypt
| | - Simon N Waddington
- The Institute for Women's Health, University College London, London, UK; MRC Antiviral Gene Therapy Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Maria Gabriela Boza-Morán
- AGCTlab.org, Centre for Biomedical Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway, University of London, Egham TW20 0EX, UK
| | - Rafael J Yáñez-Muñoz
- AGCTlab.org, Centre for Biomedical Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway, University of London, Egham TW20 0EX, UK.
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16
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17
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Affiliation(s)
- R J Yáñez-Muñoz
- AGCTlab.org, Centre for Biomedical Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway, University of London, Egham, UK
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18
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Le Heron A, Patterson S, Yáñez-Muñoz RJ, Dickson G. Chimeric Trojan Protein Insertion in Lentiviral Membranes Makes Lentiviruses Susceptible to Neutralization by Anti-Tetanus Serum Antibodies. Hum Gene Ther 2016; 28:242-254. [PMID: 27889981 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2016.126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
This study describes the initial testing of a novel strategy for neutralization of lentiviruses using the fundamental biology of enveloped viruses' assembly and budding. In the field of gene therapy, viral vector surface proteins have been manipulated in order to redirect host cell specificity by alteration of pseudo-types. This study tested whether known viral pseudo-typing proteins or surface proteins known to be recruited to the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) envelope could be engineered to carry neutralizing epitopes from another microorganism onto the lentiviral surface. The results identify ICAM1 as a novel vehicle for lentiviral pseudo-typing. Importantly, the study shows that in a model lentiviral system, ICAM1 can be engineered in chimeric form to result in expression of a fragment of the tetanus toxoid on the viral membrane and that these viruses can then be neutralized by human serum antibodies protective against tetanus. This raises the possibility of delivering chimeric antigens as a gene therapy in HIV-infected patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita Le Heron
- 1 Centre of Biomedical Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway University of London , Egham, United Kingdom
| | - Steven Patterson
- 2 Department of Immunology, Imperial College London , London, United Kingdom
| | - Rafael J Yáñez-Muñoz
- 1 Centre of Biomedical Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway University of London , Egham, United Kingdom
| | - George Dickson
- 1 Centre of Biomedical Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway University of London , Egham, United Kingdom
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19
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Lu-Nguyen NB, Broadstock M, Yáñez-Muñoz RJ. Efficient Expression of Igf-1 from Lentiviral Vectors Protects In Vitro but Does Not Mediate Behavioral Recovery of a Parkinsonian Lesion in Rats. Hum Gene Ther 2015. [PMID: 26222254 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2015.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Gene therapy approaches delivering neurotrophic factors have offered promising results in both preclinical and clinical trials of Parkinson's disease (PD). However, failure of glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor in phase 2 clinical trials has sparked a search for other trophic factors that may retain efficacy in the clinic. Direct protein injections of one such factor, insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-1, in a rodent model of PD has demonstrated impressive protection of dopaminergic neurons against 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) toxicity. However, protein infusion is associated with surgical risks, pump failure, and significant costs. We therefore used lentiviral vectors to deliver Igf-1, with a particular focus on the novel integration-deficient lentiviral vectors (IDLVs). A neuron-specific promoter, from the human synapsin 1 gene, excellent for gene expression from IDLVs, was additionally used to enhance Igf-1 expression. An investigation of neurotrophic effects on primary rat neuronal cultures demonstrated that neurons transduced with IDLV-Igf-1 vectors had complete protection on withdrawal of exogenous trophic support. Striatal transduction of such vectors into 6-OHDA-lesioned rats, however, provided neither protection of dopaminergic substantia nigra neurons nor improvement of animal behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ngoc B Lu-Nguyen
- School of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway, University of London , Egham, United Kingdom
| | - Martin Broadstock
- School of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway, University of London , Egham, United Kingdom
| | - Rafael J Yáñez-Muñoz
- School of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway, University of London , Egham, United Kingdom
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20
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Lu-Nguyen NB, Broadstock M, Schliesser MG, Bartholomae CC, von Kalle C, Schmidt M, Yáñez-Muñoz RJ. Transgenic expression of human glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor from integration-deficient lentiviral vectors is neuroprotective in a rodent model of Parkinson's disease. Hum Gene Ther 2014; 25:631-41. [PMID: 24635742 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2014.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Standard integration-proficient lentiviral vectors (IPLVs) are effective at much lower doses than other vector systems and have shown promise for gene therapy of Parkinson's disease (PD). Their main drawback is the risk of insertional mutagenesis. The novel biosafety-enhanced integration-deficient lentiviral vectors (IDLVs) may offer a significant enhancement in biosafety, but have not been previously tested in a model of a major disease. We have assessed biosafety and transduction efficiency of IDLVs in a rat model of PD, using IPLVs as a reference. Genomic insertion of lentivectors injected into the lesioned striatum was studied by linear amplification-mediated polymerase chain reaction (PCR), followed by deep sequencing and insertion site analysis, demonstrating lack of significant IDLV integration. Reporter gene expression studies showed efficient, long-lived, and transcriptionally targeted expression from IDLVs injected ahead of lesioning in the rat striatum, although at somewhat lower expression levels than from IPLVs. Transgenic human glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (hGDNF) expression from IDLVs was used for a long-term investigation of lentivector-mediated, transcriptionally targeted neuroprotection in this PD rat model. Vectors were injected before striatal lesioning, and the results showed improvements in nigral dopaminergic neuron survival and behavioral tests regardless of lentiviral integration proficiency, although they confirmed lower expression levels of hGDNF from IDLVs. These data demonstrate the effectiveness of IDLVs in a model of a major disease and indicate that these vectors could provide long-term PD treatment at low dose, combining efficacy and biosafety for targeted central nervous system applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ngoc B Lu-Nguyen
- 1 School of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway, University of London , Egham, Surrey TW20 0EX, United Kingdom
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21
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Kymäläinen H, Appelt JU, Giordano FA, Davies AF, Ogilvie CM, Ahmed SG, Laufs S, Schmidt M, Bode J, Yáñez-Muñoz RJ, Dickson G. Long-term episomal transgene expression from mitotically stable integration-deficient lentiviral vectors. Hum Gene Ther 2014; 25:428-42. [PMID: 24483952 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2013.172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Nonintegrating gene delivery vectors have an improved safety profile compared with integrating vectors, but transgene retention is problematic as nonreplicating episomes are progressively and rapidly diluted out through cell division. We have developed an integration-deficient lentiviral vector (IDLV) system generating mitotically stable episomes capable of long-term transgene expression. We found that a transient cell cycle arrest at the time of transduction with IDLVs resulted in 13-45% of Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells expressing the transgene for over 100 cell generations in the absence of selection. The use of a scaffold/matrix attachment region did not result in improved episomal retention in this system, and episomes did not form after transduction with adeno-associated viral or minicircle vectors under the same conditions. Investigations into the episomal status of the vector genome using (1) linear amplification-mediated polymerase chain reaction followed by deep sequencing of vector-genome junctions, (2) Southern blotting, and (3) fluorescent in situ hybridization strongly suggest that the vector is not integrated in the vast majority of cells. In conclusion, we have developed an IDLV procedure generating mitotically stable episomes capable of long-term transgene expression. The application of this approach to stem cell populations could significantly improve the safety profile of a range of stem and progenitor cell gene therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Kymäläinen
- 1 School of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway-University of London , Egham, Surrey TW20 0EX, United Kingdom
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22
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Popplewell L, Koo T, Leclerc X, Duclert A, Mamchaoui K, Gouble A, Mouly V, Voit T, Pâques F, Cédrone F, Isman O, Yáñez-Muñoz RJ, Dickson G. Gene correction of a duchenne muscular dystrophy mutation by meganuclease-enhanced exon knock-in. Hum Gene Ther 2014; 24:692-701. [PMID: 23790397 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2013.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a severe inherited, muscle-wasting disorder caused by mutations in the DMD gene. Gene therapy development for DMD has concentrated on vector-based DMD minigene transfer, cell-based gene therapy using genetically modified adult muscle stem cells or healthy wild-type donor cells, and antisense oligonucleotide-induced exon-skipping therapy to restore the reading frame of the mutated DMD gene. This study is an investigation into DMD gene targeting-mediated correction of deletions in human patient myoblasts using a target-specific meganuclease (MN) and a homologous recombination repair matrix. The MN was designed to cleave within DMD intron 44, upstream of a deletion hotspot, and integration-competent lentiviral vectors expressing the nuclease (LVcMN) were generated. MN western blotting and deep gene sequencing for LVcMN-induced non-homologous end-joining InDels (microdeletions or microinsertions) confirmed efficient MN expression and activity in transduced DMD myoblasts. A homologous repair matrix carrying exons 45-52 (RM45-52) was designed and packaged into integration-deficient lentiviral vectors (IDLVs; LVdRM45-52). After cotransduction of DMD myoblasts harboring a deletion of exons 45 to 52 with LVcMN and LVdRM45-52 vectors, targeted knock-in of the RM45-52 region in the correct location in DMD intron 44, and expression of full-length, correctly spliced wild-type dystrophin mRNA containing exons 45-52 were observed. This work demonstrates that genome surgery on human DMD gene mutations can be achieved by MN-induced locus-specific genome cleavage and homologous recombination knock-in of deleted exons. The feasibility of human DMD gene repair in patient myoblasts has exciting therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Popplewell
- School of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham, Surrey TW20 0EX, United Kingdom
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23
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Rocca CJ, Abdul-Razak HH, Holmes MC, Gregory PD, Yáñez-Muñoz RJ. A southern blot protocol to detect chimeric nuclease-mediated gene repair. Methods Mol Biol 2014; 1114:325-38. [PMID: 24557913 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-62703-761-7_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Gene targeting by homologous recombination at chromosomal endogenous loci has traditionally been considered a low-efficiency process. However, the effectiveness of such so-called genome surgery or genome editing has recently been drastically improved through technical developments, chiefly the use of designer nucleases like zinc-finger nucleases (ZFNs), meganucleases, transcription activator-like effector nucleases (TALENs) and CRISPR/Cas nucleases. These enzymes are custom designed to recognize long target sites and introduce double-strand breaks (DSBs) at specific target loci in the genome, which in turn mediate significant improvements in the frequency of homologous recombination. Here, we describe a Southern blot-based assay that allows detection of gene repair and estimation of repair frequencies in a cell population, useful in cases where the targeted modification itself cannot be detected by restriction digest. This is achieved through detection of a silent restriction site introduced alongside the desired mutation, in our particular example using integration-deficient lentiviral vectors (IDLVs) coding for ZFNs and a suitable DNA repair template.
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Affiliation(s)
- Céline J Rocca
- School of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway-University of London, Egham, Surrey, UK
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24
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Abstract
RNA silencing is an established method for investigating gene function and has attracted particular interest because of the potential for generating RNA-based therapeutics. Using lentiviral vectors as an efficient delivery system that offers stable, long-term expression in postmitotic cells further enhances the applicability of an RNA-based gene therapy for the CNS. In this review we provide an overview of both lentiviral vectors and RNA silencing along with design considerations for generating lentiviral vectors capable of RNA silencing. We go on to describe the current preclinical data regarding lentiviral vector-mediated RNA silencing for CNS disorders and discuss the concerns of side effects associated with lentiviral vectors and small interfering RNAs and how these might be mitigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas H Hutson
- 1 Neurorestoration Group, Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, King's College London , Guy's Campus, London SE1 1UL, United Kingdom
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25
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Andoh J, Sawyer B, Szewczyk K, Nortley M, Rossetti T, Loftus IM, Yáñez-Muñoz RJ, Hainsworth AH. Transgene delivery to endothelial cultures derived from porcine carotid artery ex vivo. Transl Stroke Res 2013; 4:507-14. [PMID: 24323377 DOI: 10.1007/s12975-013-0261-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2012] [Revised: 04/16/2013] [Accepted: 04/30/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Carotid artery disease is a widespread cause of morbidity and mortality. Porcine models of vascular disease are well established in vivo, but existing endothelial systems in vitro (e.g. human umbilical vein endothelial cells, rat aortic endothelial cultures) poorly reflect carotid endothelium. A reliable in vitro assay would improve design of in vivo experiments and allow reduction and refinement of animal use. This study aimed (1) to develop ex vivo endothelial cultures from porcine carotid and (2) to test whether these were suitable for lentivector-mediated transgene delivery. Surplus carotid arteries were harvested from young adult female Large White pigs within 10 min post-mortem. Small sectors of carotid artery wall (approximately 4 mm×4 mm squares) were immobilised in a stable gel matrix. Cultures were exposed to HIV-derived lentivector (LV) encoding a reporter transgene or the equivalent integration-deficient vector (IDLV). After 7-14 days in vitro, cultures were fixed and labelled histochemically. Thread-like multicellular outgrowths were observed that were positive for endothelial cell markers (CD31, VEGFR2, von Willebrand factor). A minority of cells co-labelled for smooth muscle markers. Sensitivity to cytotoxic agents (paclitaxel, cycloheximide, staurosporine) was comparable to that in cell cultures, indicating that the gel matrix permits diffusive access of small pharmacological molecules. Transgene-expressing cells were more abundant following exposure to LV than IDLV (4.7, 0.1% of cells, respectively). In conclusion, ex vivo adult porcine carotid artery produced endothelial cell outgrowths that were effectively transduced by LV. This system will facilitate translation of novel therapies to clinical trials, with reduction and refinement of in vivo experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Andoh
- Stroke and Dementia Research Centre, Division of Clinical Sciences, St Georges University of London, Cranmer Terrace, London, SW17 0RE, UK
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Tan CD, Smolenski RT, Harhun MI, Patel HK, Ahmed SG, Wanisch K, Yáñez-Muñoz RJ, Baines DL. AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK)-dependent and -independent pathways regulate hypoxic inhibition of transepithelial Na+ transport across human airway epithelial cells. Br J Pharmacol 2013; 167:368-82. [PMID: 22509822 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2012.01993.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Pulmonary transepithelial Na(+) transport is reduced by hypoxia, but in the airway the regulatory mechanisms remain unclear. We investigated the role of AMPK and ROS in the hypoxic regulation of apical amiloride-sensitive Na(+) channels and basolateral Na(+) K(+) ATPase activity. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH H441 human airway epithelial cells were used to examine the effects of hypoxia on Na(+) transport, AMP : ATP ratio and AMPK activity. Lentiviral constructs were used to modify cellular AMPK abundance and activity; pharmacological agents were used to modify cellular ROS. KEY RESULTS AMPK was activated by exposure to 3% or 0.2% O(2) for 60 min in cells grown in submerged culture or when fluid (0.1 mL·cm(-2) ) was added to the apical surface of cells grown at the air-liquid interface. Only 0.2% O(2) activated AMPK in cells grown at the air-liquid interface. AMPK activation was associated with elevation of cellular AMP:ATP ratio and activity of the upstream kinase LKB1. Hypoxia inhibited basolateral ouabain-sensitive I(sc) (I(ouabain) ) and apical amiloride-sensitive Na(+) conductance (G(Na+) ). Modification of AMPK activity prevented the effect of hypoxia on I(ouabain) (Na(+) K(+) ATPase) but not apical G(Na+) . Scavenging of superoxide and inhibition of NADPH oxidase prevented the effect of hypoxia on apical G(Na+) (epithelial Na(+) channels). CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Hypoxia activates AMPK-dependent and -independent pathways in airway epithelial cells. Importantly, these pathways differentially regulate apical Na(+) channels and basolateral Na(+) K(+) ATPase activity to decrease transepithelial Na(+) transport. Luminal fluid potentiated the effect of hypoxia and activated AMPK, which could have important consequences in lung disease conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- C D Tan
- Pharmacology and Cell Physiology Research Group, Division of Biomedical Sciences, St George's University of London, Cranmer Terrace, London, UK
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Hutson TH, Foster E, Dawes JM, Hindges R, Yáñez-Muñoz RJ, Moon LDF. Lentiviral vectors encoding short hairpin RNAs efficiently transduce and knockdown LINGO-1 but induce an interferon response and cytotoxicity in central nervous system neurones. J Gene Med 2012; 14:299-315. [PMID: 22499506 DOI: 10.1002/jgm.2626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Knocking down neuronal LINGO-1 using short hairpin RNAs (shRNAs) might enhance axon regeneration in the central nervous system (CNS). Integration-deficient lentiviral vectors have great potential as a therapeutic delivery system for CNS injuries. However, recent studies have revealed that shRNAs can induce an interferon response resulting in off-target effects and cytotoxicity. METHODS CNS neurones were transduced with integration-deficient lentiviral vectors in vitro. The transcriptional effect of shRNA expression was analysed using quantitative real time-polymerase chain reaction and northern blots were used to assess shRNA production. RESULTS Integration-deficient lentiviral vectors efficiently transduced CNS neurones and knocked down LINGO-1 mRNA in vitro. However, an increase in cell death was observed when lentiviral vectors encoding an shRNA were applied or when high vector concentrations were used. We demonstrate that high doses of vector or the use of vectors encoding shRNAs can induce an up-regulation of interferon-stimulated genes (2',5'-oligoadenylate synthase 1 and protein kinase R although not myxovirus resistance 1) and a down-regulation of off-target genes (including p75(NTR) and Nogo receptor 1). Furthermore, the northern blot demonstrated that these negative consequences occur even when lentiviral vectors express low levels of shRNAs. Taken together, these results may explain why neurite outgrowth was not enhanced on an inhibitory substrate following transduction with lentiviral vectors encoding an shRNA targeting LINGO-1. CONCLUSIONS These findings highlight the importance of including appropriate controls to verify silencing specificity and the requirement to check for an interferon response when conducting RNA interference experiments. However, the potential benefits that RNA interference and viral vectors offer to gene-based therapies to CNS injuries cannot be overlooked and demand further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas H Hutson
- Neurorestoration Group, Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, King's College London, Guy's Campus, London, UK. thomas.hutson@kcl. ac.uk
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Daboussi F, Zaslavskiy M, Poirot L, Loperfido M, Gouble A, Guyot V, Leduc S, Galetto R, Grizot S, Oficjalska D, Perez C, Delacôte F, Dupuy A, Chion-Sotinel I, Le Clerre D, Lebuhotel C, Danos O, Lemaire F, Oussedik K, Cédrone F, Epinat JC, Smith J, Yáñez-Muñoz RJ, Dickson G, Popplewell L, Koo T, VandenDriessche T, Chuah MK, Duclert A, Duchateau P, Pâques F. Chromosomal context and epigenetic mechanisms control the efficacy of genome editing by rare-cutting designer endonucleases. Nucleic Acids Res 2012; 40:6367-79. [PMID: 22467209 PMCID: PMC3401453 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gks268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2011] [Revised: 03/09/2012] [Accepted: 03/09/2012] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The ability to specifically engineer the genome of living cells at precise locations using rare-cutting designer endonucleases has broad implications for biotechnology and medicine, particularly for functional genomics, transgenics and gene therapy. However, the potential impact of chromosomal context and epigenetics on designer endonuclease-mediated genome editing is poorly understood. To address this question, we conducted a comprehensive analysis on the efficacy of 37 endonucleases derived from the quintessential I-CreI meganuclease that were specifically designed to cleave 39 different genomic targets. The analysis revealed that the efficiency of targeted mutagenesis at a given chromosomal locus is predictive of that of homologous gene targeting. Consequently, a strong genome-wide correlation was apparent between the efficiency of targeted mutagenesis (≤ 0.1% to ≈ 6%) with that of homologous gene targeting (≤ 0.1% to ≈ 15%). In contrast, the efficiency of targeted mutagenesis or homologous gene targeting at a given chromosomal locus does not correlate with the activity of individual endonucleases on transiently transfected substrates. Finally, we demonstrate that chromatin accessibility modulates the efficacy of rare-cutting endonucleases, accounting for strong position effects. Thus, chromosomal context and epigenetic mechanisms may play a major role in the efficiency rare-cutting endonuclease-induced genome engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fayza Daboussi
- CELLECTIS S.A., Cellectis Therapeutics, 8 rue de la Croix Jarry, 75 013 Paris, France, Division of Gene Therapy & Regenerative Medicine, Free University of Brussels, Laarbeeklaan 103, B-1090 Brussels, Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, University of Leuven, Herestraat 49, B-3000, Leuven, Belgium, Inserm U845, Hôpital Necker Enfants Malades, Université Paris Descartes, 156, rue de Vaugirard – 75730 Paris Cedex 15, UMR 8200 CNRS, Institut de cancérologie Gustave Roussy, 114, rue Edouard Vaillant, 94805 Villejuif cedex and School of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway, University of London, Surrey, TW20 0EX, UK
| | - Mikhail Zaslavskiy
- CELLECTIS S.A., Cellectis Therapeutics, 8 rue de la Croix Jarry, 75 013 Paris, France, Division of Gene Therapy & Regenerative Medicine, Free University of Brussels, Laarbeeklaan 103, B-1090 Brussels, Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, University of Leuven, Herestraat 49, B-3000, Leuven, Belgium, Inserm U845, Hôpital Necker Enfants Malades, Université Paris Descartes, 156, rue de Vaugirard – 75730 Paris Cedex 15, UMR 8200 CNRS, Institut de cancérologie Gustave Roussy, 114, rue Edouard Vaillant, 94805 Villejuif cedex and School of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway, University of London, Surrey, TW20 0EX, UK
| | - Laurent Poirot
- CELLECTIS S.A., Cellectis Therapeutics, 8 rue de la Croix Jarry, 75 013 Paris, France, Division of Gene Therapy & Regenerative Medicine, Free University of Brussels, Laarbeeklaan 103, B-1090 Brussels, Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, University of Leuven, Herestraat 49, B-3000, Leuven, Belgium, Inserm U845, Hôpital Necker Enfants Malades, Université Paris Descartes, 156, rue de Vaugirard – 75730 Paris Cedex 15, UMR 8200 CNRS, Institut de cancérologie Gustave Roussy, 114, rue Edouard Vaillant, 94805 Villejuif cedex and School of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway, University of London, Surrey, TW20 0EX, UK
| | - Mariana Loperfido
- CELLECTIS S.A., Cellectis Therapeutics, 8 rue de la Croix Jarry, 75 013 Paris, France, Division of Gene Therapy & Regenerative Medicine, Free University of Brussels, Laarbeeklaan 103, B-1090 Brussels, Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, University of Leuven, Herestraat 49, B-3000, Leuven, Belgium, Inserm U845, Hôpital Necker Enfants Malades, Université Paris Descartes, 156, rue de Vaugirard – 75730 Paris Cedex 15, UMR 8200 CNRS, Institut de cancérologie Gustave Roussy, 114, rue Edouard Vaillant, 94805 Villejuif cedex and School of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway, University of London, Surrey, TW20 0EX, UK
| | - Agnès Gouble
- CELLECTIS S.A., Cellectis Therapeutics, 8 rue de la Croix Jarry, 75 013 Paris, France, Division of Gene Therapy & Regenerative Medicine, Free University of Brussels, Laarbeeklaan 103, B-1090 Brussels, Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, University of Leuven, Herestraat 49, B-3000, Leuven, Belgium, Inserm U845, Hôpital Necker Enfants Malades, Université Paris Descartes, 156, rue de Vaugirard – 75730 Paris Cedex 15, UMR 8200 CNRS, Institut de cancérologie Gustave Roussy, 114, rue Edouard Vaillant, 94805 Villejuif cedex and School of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway, University of London, Surrey, TW20 0EX, UK
| | - Valerie Guyot
- CELLECTIS S.A., Cellectis Therapeutics, 8 rue de la Croix Jarry, 75 013 Paris, France, Division of Gene Therapy & Regenerative Medicine, Free University of Brussels, Laarbeeklaan 103, B-1090 Brussels, Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, University of Leuven, Herestraat 49, B-3000, Leuven, Belgium, Inserm U845, Hôpital Necker Enfants Malades, Université Paris Descartes, 156, rue de Vaugirard – 75730 Paris Cedex 15, UMR 8200 CNRS, Institut de cancérologie Gustave Roussy, 114, rue Edouard Vaillant, 94805 Villejuif cedex and School of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway, University of London, Surrey, TW20 0EX, UK
| | - Sophie Leduc
- CELLECTIS S.A., Cellectis Therapeutics, 8 rue de la Croix Jarry, 75 013 Paris, France, Division of Gene Therapy & Regenerative Medicine, Free University of Brussels, Laarbeeklaan 103, B-1090 Brussels, Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, University of Leuven, Herestraat 49, B-3000, Leuven, Belgium, Inserm U845, Hôpital Necker Enfants Malades, Université Paris Descartes, 156, rue de Vaugirard – 75730 Paris Cedex 15, UMR 8200 CNRS, Institut de cancérologie Gustave Roussy, 114, rue Edouard Vaillant, 94805 Villejuif cedex and School of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway, University of London, Surrey, TW20 0EX, UK
| | - Roman Galetto
- CELLECTIS S.A., Cellectis Therapeutics, 8 rue de la Croix Jarry, 75 013 Paris, France, Division of Gene Therapy & Regenerative Medicine, Free University of Brussels, Laarbeeklaan 103, B-1090 Brussels, Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, University of Leuven, Herestraat 49, B-3000, Leuven, Belgium, Inserm U845, Hôpital Necker Enfants Malades, Université Paris Descartes, 156, rue de Vaugirard – 75730 Paris Cedex 15, UMR 8200 CNRS, Institut de cancérologie Gustave Roussy, 114, rue Edouard Vaillant, 94805 Villejuif cedex and School of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway, University of London, Surrey, TW20 0EX, UK
| | - Sylvestre Grizot
- CELLECTIS S.A., Cellectis Therapeutics, 8 rue de la Croix Jarry, 75 013 Paris, France, Division of Gene Therapy & Regenerative Medicine, Free University of Brussels, Laarbeeklaan 103, B-1090 Brussels, Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, University of Leuven, Herestraat 49, B-3000, Leuven, Belgium, Inserm U845, Hôpital Necker Enfants Malades, Université Paris Descartes, 156, rue de Vaugirard – 75730 Paris Cedex 15, UMR 8200 CNRS, Institut de cancérologie Gustave Roussy, 114, rue Edouard Vaillant, 94805 Villejuif cedex and School of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway, University of London, Surrey, TW20 0EX, UK
| | - Danusia Oficjalska
- CELLECTIS S.A., Cellectis Therapeutics, 8 rue de la Croix Jarry, 75 013 Paris, France, Division of Gene Therapy & Regenerative Medicine, Free University of Brussels, Laarbeeklaan 103, B-1090 Brussels, Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, University of Leuven, Herestraat 49, B-3000, Leuven, Belgium, Inserm U845, Hôpital Necker Enfants Malades, Université Paris Descartes, 156, rue de Vaugirard – 75730 Paris Cedex 15, UMR 8200 CNRS, Institut de cancérologie Gustave Roussy, 114, rue Edouard Vaillant, 94805 Villejuif cedex and School of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway, University of London, Surrey, TW20 0EX, UK
| | - Christophe Perez
- CELLECTIS S.A., Cellectis Therapeutics, 8 rue de la Croix Jarry, 75 013 Paris, France, Division of Gene Therapy & Regenerative Medicine, Free University of Brussels, Laarbeeklaan 103, B-1090 Brussels, Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, University of Leuven, Herestraat 49, B-3000, Leuven, Belgium, Inserm U845, Hôpital Necker Enfants Malades, Université Paris Descartes, 156, rue de Vaugirard – 75730 Paris Cedex 15, UMR 8200 CNRS, Institut de cancérologie Gustave Roussy, 114, rue Edouard Vaillant, 94805 Villejuif cedex and School of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway, University of London, Surrey, TW20 0EX, UK
| | - Fabien Delacôte
- CELLECTIS S.A., Cellectis Therapeutics, 8 rue de la Croix Jarry, 75 013 Paris, France, Division of Gene Therapy & Regenerative Medicine, Free University of Brussels, Laarbeeklaan 103, B-1090 Brussels, Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, University of Leuven, Herestraat 49, B-3000, Leuven, Belgium, Inserm U845, Hôpital Necker Enfants Malades, Université Paris Descartes, 156, rue de Vaugirard – 75730 Paris Cedex 15, UMR 8200 CNRS, Institut de cancérologie Gustave Roussy, 114, rue Edouard Vaillant, 94805 Villejuif cedex and School of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway, University of London, Surrey, TW20 0EX, UK
| | - Aurélie Dupuy
- CELLECTIS S.A., Cellectis Therapeutics, 8 rue de la Croix Jarry, 75 013 Paris, France, Division of Gene Therapy & Regenerative Medicine, Free University of Brussels, Laarbeeklaan 103, B-1090 Brussels, Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, University of Leuven, Herestraat 49, B-3000, Leuven, Belgium, Inserm U845, Hôpital Necker Enfants Malades, Université Paris Descartes, 156, rue de Vaugirard – 75730 Paris Cedex 15, UMR 8200 CNRS, Institut de cancérologie Gustave Roussy, 114, rue Edouard Vaillant, 94805 Villejuif cedex and School of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway, University of London, Surrey, TW20 0EX, UK
| | - Isabelle Chion-Sotinel
- CELLECTIS S.A., Cellectis Therapeutics, 8 rue de la Croix Jarry, 75 013 Paris, France, Division of Gene Therapy & Regenerative Medicine, Free University of Brussels, Laarbeeklaan 103, B-1090 Brussels, Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, University of Leuven, Herestraat 49, B-3000, Leuven, Belgium, Inserm U845, Hôpital Necker Enfants Malades, Université Paris Descartes, 156, rue de Vaugirard – 75730 Paris Cedex 15, UMR 8200 CNRS, Institut de cancérologie Gustave Roussy, 114, rue Edouard Vaillant, 94805 Villejuif cedex and School of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway, University of London, Surrey, TW20 0EX, UK
| | - Diane Le Clerre
- CELLECTIS S.A., Cellectis Therapeutics, 8 rue de la Croix Jarry, 75 013 Paris, France, Division of Gene Therapy & Regenerative Medicine, Free University of Brussels, Laarbeeklaan 103, B-1090 Brussels, Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, University of Leuven, Herestraat 49, B-3000, Leuven, Belgium, Inserm U845, Hôpital Necker Enfants Malades, Université Paris Descartes, 156, rue de Vaugirard – 75730 Paris Cedex 15, UMR 8200 CNRS, Institut de cancérologie Gustave Roussy, 114, rue Edouard Vaillant, 94805 Villejuif cedex and School of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway, University of London, Surrey, TW20 0EX, UK
| | - Céline Lebuhotel
- CELLECTIS S.A., Cellectis Therapeutics, 8 rue de la Croix Jarry, 75 013 Paris, France, Division of Gene Therapy & Regenerative Medicine, Free University of Brussels, Laarbeeklaan 103, B-1090 Brussels, Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, University of Leuven, Herestraat 49, B-3000, Leuven, Belgium, Inserm U845, Hôpital Necker Enfants Malades, Université Paris Descartes, 156, rue de Vaugirard – 75730 Paris Cedex 15, UMR 8200 CNRS, Institut de cancérologie Gustave Roussy, 114, rue Edouard Vaillant, 94805 Villejuif cedex and School of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway, University of London, Surrey, TW20 0EX, UK
| | - Olivier Danos
- CELLECTIS S.A., Cellectis Therapeutics, 8 rue de la Croix Jarry, 75 013 Paris, France, Division of Gene Therapy & Regenerative Medicine, Free University of Brussels, Laarbeeklaan 103, B-1090 Brussels, Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, University of Leuven, Herestraat 49, B-3000, Leuven, Belgium, Inserm U845, Hôpital Necker Enfants Malades, Université Paris Descartes, 156, rue de Vaugirard – 75730 Paris Cedex 15, UMR 8200 CNRS, Institut de cancérologie Gustave Roussy, 114, rue Edouard Vaillant, 94805 Villejuif cedex and School of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway, University of London, Surrey, TW20 0EX, UK
| | - Frédéric Lemaire
- CELLECTIS S.A., Cellectis Therapeutics, 8 rue de la Croix Jarry, 75 013 Paris, France, Division of Gene Therapy & Regenerative Medicine, Free University of Brussels, Laarbeeklaan 103, B-1090 Brussels, Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, University of Leuven, Herestraat 49, B-3000, Leuven, Belgium, Inserm U845, Hôpital Necker Enfants Malades, Université Paris Descartes, 156, rue de Vaugirard – 75730 Paris Cedex 15, UMR 8200 CNRS, Institut de cancérologie Gustave Roussy, 114, rue Edouard Vaillant, 94805 Villejuif cedex and School of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway, University of London, Surrey, TW20 0EX, UK
| | - Kahina Oussedik
- CELLECTIS S.A., Cellectis Therapeutics, 8 rue de la Croix Jarry, 75 013 Paris, France, Division of Gene Therapy & Regenerative Medicine, Free University of Brussels, Laarbeeklaan 103, B-1090 Brussels, Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, University of Leuven, Herestraat 49, B-3000, Leuven, Belgium, Inserm U845, Hôpital Necker Enfants Malades, Université Paris Descartes, 156, rue de Vaugirard – 75730 Paris Cedex 15, UMR 8200 CNRS, Institut de cancérologie Gustave Roussy, 114, rue Edouard Vaillant, 94805 Villejuif cedex and School of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway, University of London, Surrey, TW20 0EX, UK
| | - Frédéric Cédrone
- CELLECTIS S.A., Cellectis Therapeutics, 8 rue de la Croix Jarry, 75 013 Paris, France, Division of Gene Therapy & Regenerative Medicine, Free University of Brussels, Laarbeeklaan 103, B-1090 Brussels, Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, University of Leuven, Herestraat 49, B-3000, Leuven, Belgium, Inserm U845, Hôpital Necker Enfants Malades, Université Paris Descartes, 156, rue de Vaugirard – 75730 Paris Cedex 15, UMR 8200 CNRS, Institut de cancérologie Gustave Roussy, 114, rue Edouard Vaillant, 94805 Villejuif cedex and School of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway, University of London, Surrey, TW20 0EX, UK
| | - Jean-Charles Epinat
- CELLECTIS S.A., Cellectis Therapeutics, 8 rue de la Croix Jarry, 75 013 Paris, France, Division of Gene Therapy & Regenerative Medicine, Free University of Brussels, Laarbeeklaan 103, B-1090 Brussels, Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, University of Leuven, Herestraat 49, B-3000, Leuven, Belgium, Inserm U845, Hôpital Necker Enfants Malades, Université Paris Descartes, 156, rue de Vaugirard – 75730 Paris Cedex 15, UMR 8200 CNRS, Institut de cancérologie Gustave Roussy, 114, rue Edouard Vaillant, 94805 Villejuif cedex and School of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway, University of London, Surrey, TW20 0EX, UK
| | - Julianne Smith
- CELLECTIS S.A., Cellectis Therapeutics, 8 rue de la Croix Jarry, 75 013 Paris, France, Division of Gene Therapy & Regenerative Medicine, Free University of Brussels, Laarbeeklaan 103, B-1090 Brussels, Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, University of Leuven, Herestraat 49, B-3000, Leuven, Belgium, Inserm U845, Hôpital Necker Enfants Malades, Université Paris Descartes, 156, rue de Vaugirard – 75730 Paris Cedex 15, UMR 8200 CNRS, Institut de cancérologie Gustave Roussy, 114, rue Edouard Vaillant, 94805 Villejuif cedex and School of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway, University of London, Surrey, TW20 0EX, UK
| | - Rafael J. Yáñez-Muñoz
- CELLECTIS S.A., Cellectis Therapeutics, 8 rue de la Croix Jarry, 75 013 Paris, France, Division of Gene Therapy & Regenerative Medicine, Free University of Brussels, Laarbeeklaan 103, B-1090 Brussels, Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, University of Leuven, Herestraat 49, B-3000, Leuven, Belgium, Inserm U845, Hôpital Necker Enfants Malades, Université Paris Descartes, 156, rue de Vaugirard – 75730 Paris Cedex 15, UMR 8200 CNRS, Institut de cancérologie Gustave Roussy, 114, rue Edouard Vaillant, 94805 Villejuif cedex and School of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway, University of London, Surrey, TW20 0EX, UK
| | - George Dickson
- CELLECTIS S.A., Cellectis Therapeutics, 8 rue de la Croix Jarry, 75 013 Paris, France, Division of Gene Therapy & Regenerative Medicine, Free University of Brussels, Laarbeeklaan 103, B-1090 Brussels, Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, University of Leuven, Herestraat 49, B-3000, Leuven, Belgium, Inserm U845, Hôpital Necker Enfants Malades, Université Paris Descartes, 156, rue de Vaugirard – 75730 Paris Cedex 15, UMR 8200 CNRS, Institut de cancérologie Gustave Roussy, 114, rue Edouard Vaillant, 94805 Villejuif cedex and School of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway, University of London, Surrey, TW20 0EX, UK
| | - Linda Popplewell
- CELLECTIS S.A., Cellectis Therapeutics, 8 rue de la Croix Jarry, 75 013 Paris, France, Division of Gene Therapy & Regenerative Medicine, Free University of Brussels, Laarbeeklaan 103, B-1090 Brussels, Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, University of Leuven, Herestraat 49, B-3000, Leuven, Belgium, Inserm U845, Hôpital Necker Enfants Malades, Université Paris Descartes, 156, rue de Vaugirard – 75730 Paris Cedex 15, UMR 8200 CNRS, Institut de cancérologie Gustave Roussy, 114, rue Edouard Vaillant, 94805 Villejuif cedex and School of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway, University of London, Surrey, TW20 0EX, UK
| | - Taeyoung Koo
- CELLECTIS S.A., Cellectis Therapeutics, 8 rue de la Croix Jarry, 75 013 Paris, France, Division of Gene Therapy & Regenerative Medicine, Free University of Brussels, Laarbeeklaan 103, B-1090 Brussels, Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, University of Leuven, Herestraat 49, B-3000, Leuven, Belgium, Inserm U845, Hôpital Necker Enfants Malades, Université Paris Descartes, 156, rue de Vaugirard – 75730 Paris Cedex 15, UMR 8200 CNRS, Institut de cancérologie Gustave Roussy, 114, rue Edouard Vaillant, 94805 Villejuif cedex and School of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway, University of London, Surrey, TW20 0EX, UK
| | - Thierry VandenDriessche
- CELLECTIS S.A., Cellectis Therapeutics, 8 rue de la Croix Jarry, 75 013 Paris, France, Division of Gene Therapy & Regenerative Medicine, Free University of Brussels, Laarbeeklaan 103, B-1090 Brussels, Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, University of Leuven, Herestraat 49, B-3000, Leuven, Belgium, Inserm U845, Hôpital Necker Enfants Malades, Université Paris Descartes, 156, rue de Vaugirard – 75730 Paris Cedex 15, UMR 8200 CNRS, Institut de cancérologie Gustave Roussy, 114, rue Edouard Vaillant, 94805 Villejuif cedex and School of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway, University of London, Surrey, TW20 0EX, UK
| | - Marinee K. Chuah
- CELLECTIS S.A., Cellectis Therapeutics, 8 rue de la Croix Jarry, 75 013 Paris, France, Division of Gene Therapy & Regenerative Medicine, Free University of Brussels, Laarbeeklaan 103, B-1090 Brussels, Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, University of Leuven, Herestraat 49, B-3000, Leuven, Belgium, Inserm U845, Hôpital Necker Enfants Malades, Université Paris Descartes, 156, rue de Vaugirard – 75730 Paris Cedex 15, UMR 8200 CNRS, Institut de cancérologie Gustave Roussy, 114, rue Edouard Vaillant, 94805 Villejuif cedex and School of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway, University of London, Surrey, TW20 0EX, UK
| | - Aymeric Duclert
- CELLECTIS S.A., Cellectis Therapeutics, 8 rue de la Croix Jarry, 75 013 Paris, France, Division of Gene Therapy & Regenerative Medicine, Free University of Brussels, Laarbeeklaan 103, B-1090 Brussels, Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, University of Leuven, Herestraat 49, B-3000, Leuven, Belgium, Inserm U845, Hôpital Necker Enfants Malades, Université Paris Descartes, 156, rue de Vaugirard – 75730 Paris Cedex 15, UMR 8200 CNRS, Institut de cancérologie Gustave Roussy, 114, rue Edouard Vaillant, 94805 Villejuif cedex and School of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway, University of London, Surrey, TW20 0EX, UK
| | - Philippe Duchateau
- CELLECTIS S.A., Cellectis Therapeutics, 8 rue de la Croix Jarry, 75 013 Paris, France, Division of Gene Therapy & Regenerative Medicine, Free University of Brussels, Laarbeeklaan 103, B-1090 Brussels, Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, University of Leuven, Herestraat 49, B-3000, Leuven, Belgium, Inserm U845, Hôpital Necker Enfants Malades, Université Paris Descartes, 156, rue de Vaugirard – 75730 Paris Cedex 15, UMR 8200 CNRS, Institut de cancérologie Gustave Roussy, 114, rue Edouard Vaillant, 94805 Villejuif cedex and School of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway, University of London, Surrey, TW20 0EX, UK
| | - Frédéric Pâques
- CELLECTIS S.A., Cellectis Therapeutics, 8 rue de la Croix Jarry, 75 013 Paris, France, Division of Gene Therapy & Regenerative Medicine, Free University of Brussels, Laarbeeklaan 103, B-1090 Brussels, Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, University of Leuven, Herestraat 49, B-3000, Leuven, Belgium, Inserm U845, Hôpital Necker Enfants Malades, Université Paris Descartes, 156, rue de Vaugirard – 75730 Paris Cedex 15, UMR 8200 CNRS, Institut de cancérologie Gustave Roussy, 114, rue Edouard Vaillant, 94805 Villejuif cedex and School of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway, University of London, Surrey, TW20 0EX, UK
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Vandermeulen G, Athanasopoulos T, Trundley A, Foster K, Préat V, Yáñez-Muñoz RJ, Dickson G. Highly potent delivery method of gp160 envelope vaccine combining lentivirus-like particles and DNA electrotransfer. J Control Release 2012; 159:376-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2012.01.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2011] [Revised: 01/19/2012] [Accepted: 01/23/2012] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Broadstock M, Yáñez-Muñoz RJ. Challenges for gene therapy of CNS disorders and implications for Parkinson's disease therapies. Hum Gene Ther 2012; 23:340-3. [PMID: 22490128 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2012.2507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Martin Broadstock
- Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, Guy's Campus, King's College London, London SE1 1UL, United Kingdom.
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Hutson TH, Verhaagen J, Yáñez-Muñoz RJ, Moon LDF. Corticospinal tract transduction: a comparison of seven adeno-associated viral vector serotypes and a non-integrating lentiviral vector. Gene Ther 2012; 19:49-60. [PMID: 21562590 PMCID: PMC3160493 DOI: 10.1038/gt.2011.71] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2010] [Revised: 02/20/2011] [Accepted: 02/22/2011] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The corticospinal tract (CST) is extensively used as a model system for assessing potential therapies to enhance neuronal regeneration and functional recovery following spinal cord injury (SCI). However, efficient transduction of the CST is challenging and remains to be optimised. Recombinant adeno-associated viral (AAV) vectors and integration-deficient lentiviral vectors are promising therapeutic delivery systems for gene therapy to the central nervous system (CNS). In the present study the cellular tropism and transduction efficiency of seven AAV vector serotypes (AAV1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8) and an integration-deficient lentiviral vector were assessed for their ability to transduce corticospinal neurons (CSNs) following intracortical injection. AAV1 was identified as the optimal serotype for transducing cortical and CSNs with green fluorescent protein (GFP) expression detectable in fibres projecting through the dorsal CST (dCST) of the cervical spinal cord. In contrast, AAV3 and AAV4 demonstrated a low efficacy for transducing CNS cells and AAV8 presented a potential tropism for oligodendrocytes. Furthermore, it was shown that neither AAV nor lentiviral vectors generate a significant microglial response. The identification of AAV1 as the optimal serotype for transducing CSNs should facilitate the design of future gene therapy strategies targeting the CST for the treatment of SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- T H Hutson
- Neurorestoration Group, Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, King's College London, London, UK.
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32
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Zhao RR, Muir EM, Alves JN, Rickman H, Allan AY, Kwok JC, Roet KC, Verhaagen J, Schneider BL, Bensadoun JC, Ahmed SG, Yáñez-Muñoz RJ, Keynes RJ, Fawcett JW, Rogers JH. Lentiviral vectors express chondroitinase ABC in cortical projections and promote sprouting of injured corticospinal axons. J Neurosci Methods 2011; 201:228-38. [PMID: 21855577 PMCID: PMC3235548 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2011.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2011] [Revised: 08/02/2011] [Accepted: 08/03/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Several diseases and injuries of the central nervous system could potentially be treated by delivery of an enzyme, which might most effectively be achieved by gene therapy. In particular, the bacterial enzyme chondroitinase ABC is beneficial in animal models of spinal cord injury. We have adapted the chondroitinase gene so that it can direct secretion of active chondroitinase from mammalian cells, and inserted it into lentiviral vectors. When injected into adult rat brain, these vectors lead to extensive secretion of chondroitinase, both locally and from long-distance axon projections, with activity persisting for more than 4 weeks. In animals which received a simultaneous lesion of the corticospinal tract, the vector reduced axonal die-back and promoted sprouting and short-range regeneration of corticospinal axons. The same beneficial effects on damaged corticospinal axons were observed in animals which received the chondroitinase lentiviral vector directly into the vicinity of a spinal cord lesion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong-Rong Zhao
- Cambridge Centre for Brain Repair, Forvie Site, Robinson Way, Cambridge CB2 0PY, UK
| | - Elizabeth M. Muir
- Department of Physiology Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Downing St., Cambridge CB2 3EG, UK
| | - João Nuno Alves
- Cambridge Centre for Brain Repair, Forvie Site, Robinson Way, Cambridge CB2 0PY, UK
- Department of Physiology Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Downing St., Cambridge CB2 3EG, UK
| | - Hannah Rickman
- Department of Physiology Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Downing St., Cambridge CB2 3EG, UK
| | - Anna Y. Allan
- Department of Physiology Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Downing St., Cambridge CB2 3EG, UK
| | - Jessica C. Kwok
- Cambridge Centre for Brain Repair, Forvie Site, Robinson Way, Cambridge CB2 0PY, UK
| | - Kasper C.D. Roet
- Laboratory for Neuroregeneration, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Meibergdreef 47, 1105BA Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Joost Verhaagen
- Laboratory for Neuroregeneration, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Meibergdreef 47, 1105BA Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Bernard L. Schneider
- Brain Mind Institute, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jean-Charles Bensadoun
- Brain Mind Institute, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Sherif G. Ahmed
- School of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway, University of London, Egham, Surrey TW20 0EX, UK
| | - Rafael J. Yáñez-Muñoz
- School of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway, University of London, Egham, Surrey TW20 0EX, UK
| | - Roger J. Keynes
- Department of Physiology Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Downing St., Cambridge CB2 3EG, UK
| | - James W. Fawcett
- Cambridge Centre for Brain Repair, Forvie Site, Robinson Way, Cambridge CB2 0PY, UK
| | - John H. Rogers
- Department of Physiology Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Downing St., Cambridge CB2 3EG, UK
- Corresponding author. Tel.: +44 1223 3 33865; fax: +44 1223 3 33840.
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Mao X, Boyd LK, Yáñez-Muñoz RJ, Chaplin T, Xue L, Lin D, Shan L, Berney DM, Young BD, Lu YJ. Chromosome rearrangement associated inactivation of tumour suppressor genes in prostate cancer. Am J Cancer Res 2011; 1:604-617. [PMID: 21994901 PMCID: PMC3189822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2011] [Accepted: 04/10/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer, the most common male cancer in Western countries, is commonly detected with complex chromosomal rearrangements. Following the discovery of the recurrent TMPRSS2:ETS fusions in prostate cancer and EML4:ALK in non-small-cell lung cancer, it is now accepted that fusion genes not only are the hallmark of haematological malignancies and sarcomas, but also play an important role in epithelial cell carcinogenesis. However, previous studies aiming to identify fusion genes in prostate cancer were mainly focused on expression changes and fusion transcripts. To investigate the genes recurrently affected by the chromosome breakpoints in prostate cancer, we analysed Affymetrix array 6.0 and 500K SNP microarray data from 77 prostate cancer samples. While the two genes most frequently affected by genomic breakpoints were, as expected, ERG and TMPRSS2, surprisingly more known tumour suppressor genes (TSGs) than known oncogenes were identified at recurrent chromosome breakpoints. Certain well-characterised TSGs, including p53, PTEN, BRCA1 and BRCA2 are recurrently truncated as a result of chromosome rearrangements in prostate cancer. Interestingly, many of the genes residing at recurrent breakpoint sites have not yet been implicated in prostate carcinogenesis such as HOOK3, PPP2R2A and TCBA1. We have confirmed the generally reduced expression of selected genes in clinical samples using quantitative RT-PCR analysis. Subsequently, we further investigated the genes associated with the t(4:6) translocation in LNCaP cells and reveal the genomic fusion of SNX9 and putative TSG UNC5C, which led to the reduced expression of both genes. This study reveals another common mechanism that leads to the inactivation of TSGs in prostate cancer and the identification of multiple TSGs inactivated by chromosome rearrangements will lead to new direction of research for the molecular basis of prostate carcinogenesis.
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Bartholomae CC, Arens A, Balaggan KS, Yáñez-Muñoz RJ, Montini E, Howe SJ, Paruzynski A, Korn B, Appelt JU, Macneil A, Cesana D, Abel U, Glimm H, Naldini L, Ali RR, Thrasher AJ, von Kalle C, Schmidt M. Lentiviral vector integration profiles differ in rodent postmitotic tissues. Mol Ther 2011; 19:703-10. [PMID: 21364536 DOI: 10.1038/mt.2011.19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Lentiviral vectors with self-inactivating (SIN) long terminal repeats (LTRs) are promising for safe and sustained transgene expression in dividing as well as quiescent cells. As genome organization and transcription substantially differs between actively dividing and postmitotic cells in vivo, we hypothesized that genomic vector integration preferences might be distinct between these biological states. We performed integration site (IS) analyses on mouse dividing cells (fibroblasts and hematopoietic progenitor cells (HPCs)) transduced ex vivo and postmitotic cells (eye and brain) transduced in vivo. As expected, integration in dividing cells occurred preferably into gene coding regions. In contrast, postmitotic cells showed a close to random frequency of integration into genes and gene spare long interspersed nuclear elements (LINE). Our studies on the potential mechanisms responsible for the detected differences of lentiviral integration suggest that the lowered expression level of Psip1 reduce the integration frequency in vivo into gene coding regions in postmitotic cells. The motif TGGAA might represent one of the factors for preferred lentiviral integration into mouse and rat Satellite DNA. These observations are highly relevant for the correct assessment of preclinical biosafety studies, indicating that lentiviral vectors are well suited for safe and effective clinical gene transfer into postmitotic tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia C Bartholomae
- Department of Translational Oncology, National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT) and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
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Yip PK, Wong LF, Sears TA, Yáñez-Muñoz RJ, McMahon SB. Cortical overexpression of neuronal calcium sensor-1 induces functional plasticity in spinal cord following unilateral pyramidal tract injury in rat. PLoS Biol 2010; 8:e1000399. [PMID: 20585375 PMCID: PMC2889931 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.1000399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2009] [Accepted: 05/12/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Overexpression of neuronal calcium sensor 1 in cortical neurons can help restore axonal plasticity and regeneration following axonal injury in adult rats, and can also improve behavioral function. Following trauma of the adult brain or spinal cord the injured axons of central neurons fail to regenerate or if intact display only limited anatomical plasticity through sprouting. Adult cortical neurons forming the corticospinal tract (CST) normally have low levels of the neuronal calcium sensor-1 (NCS1) protein. In primary cultured adult cortical neurons, the lentivector-induced overexpression of NCS1 induces neurite sprouting associated with increased phospho-Akt levels. When the PI3K/Akt signalling pathway was pharmacologically inhibited the NCS1-induced neurite sprouting was abolished. The overexpression of NCS1 in uninjured corticospinal neurons exhibited axonal sprouting across the midline into the CST-denervated side of the spinal cord following unilateral pyramidotomy. Improved forelimb function was demonstrated behaviourally and electrophysiologically. In injured corticospinal neurons, overexpression of NCS1 induced axonal sprouting and regeneration and also neuroprotection. These findings demonstrate that increasing the levels of intracellular NCS1 in injured and uninjured central neurons enhances their intrinsic anatomical plasticity within the injured adult central nervous system. Following trauma to the central nervous system (brain or spinal cord), neurons show very little capacity to re-grow their axons, which can lead to a permanent loss of function in those regions. In this study, we show that this failure of axon re-growth is associated with low intracellular levels of a small molecule called neuronal calcium sensor-1 (NCS1). We modified a non-replicating virus in two ways so as to increase the level of NCS1 in neurons while simultaneously labelling them with a green fluorescent protein, which allowed us to track neuronal growth. Using this virus to increase the level of NCS1 in a particular group of neurons that communicate between the brain and spinal cord, we showed that new axonal growth occurred in the spinal cord with or without injury to the neurons. Electrophysiological assessments demonstrated that these new processes formed functional connections in the spinal cord, and behavioural experiments revealed that this recovery also helped the animals move their limbs more effectively. Furthermore, an increase in NCS1 protected these neurons, such that fewer of them died after the injury. These findings demonstrate that increasing the intracellular levels of NCS1 in neurons can aid in the recovery from central nervous system injury, and can help improve behavioural function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping K Yip
- Neurorestoration Group, Wolfson CARD, King's College London, Guy's Campus, London, United Kingdom.
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Goncalves MB, Williams EJ, Yip P, Yáñez-Muñoz RJ, Williams G, Doherty P. The COX-2 inhibitors, meloxicam and nimesulide, suppress neurogenesis in the adult mouse brain. Br J Pharmacol 2010; 159:1118-25. [PMID: 20136845 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2009.00618.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE In adults, neurogenesis persists in the hippocampus and the subventricular zone (SVZ), and this is important for learning and memory. Inhibitors of COX-2 suppress ischaemia-induced neurogenesis in the hippocampus. Here, we have determined the effects of COX-2 inhibitors on neurogenesis throughout the normal adult mouse brain. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Young adult mice were treated with COX-2 inhibitors, and the proliferation of neural progenitor cells was measured in the SVZ and hippocampus. In addition, the local uptake of lentiviral vectors in the rostral migratory stream enabled the formation of new neurons in the olfactory bulb (OB) to be assessed. KEY RESULTS The COX-2 inhibitor meloxicam suppressed progenitor cell proliferation in the SVZ and hippocampus. A significant decrease in the appearance of new neurons in the OB was also observed. Similar effects on progenitor proliferation in the SVZ were seen with nimesulide. The absence of COX-2 expression in the proliferating progenitors in vivo, and the lack of effect of the COX-2 inhibitors on the growth rate of a cultured progenitor cell line, suggest that the effect is indirect. The specific expression of COX-2 in resting microglia that closely associate with the proliferating progenitor cells provides for a possible site of action. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Treatment with a COX-2 inhibitor results in a substantial inhibition of adult neurogenesis. Studies on human tissues are warranted in order to determine if this effect extends to humans, and whether inhibition of neurogenesis should be considered as an adverse effect of these drugs.
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Abstract
Lentiviral vectors are very efficient at transducing dividing and quiescent cells, which makes them highly useful tools for genetic analysis and gene therapy. Traditionally this efficiency was considered dependent on provirus integration in the host cell genome; however, recent results have challenged this view. So called integration-deficient lentiviral vectors (IDLVs) can be produced through the use of integrase mutations that specifically prevent proviral integration, resulting in the generation of increased levels of circular vector episomes in transduced cells. These lentiviral episomes lack replication signals and are gradually lost by dilution in dividing cells, but are stable in quiescent cells. Compared to integrating lentivectors, IDLVs have a greatly reduced risk of causing insertional mutagenesis and a lower risk of generating replication-competent recombinants (RCRs). IDLVs can mediate transient gene expression in proliferating cells, stable expression in nondividing cells in vitro and in vivo, specific immune responses, RNA interference, homologous recombination (gene repair, knock-in, and knock-out), site-specific recombination, and transposition. IDLVs can be converted into replicating episomes, suggesting that if a clinically applicable system can be developed they would also become highly appropriate for stable transduction of proliferating tissues in therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaus Wanisch
- School of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway, University of London, Egham, Surrey, UK
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Badie C, Yáñez-Muñoz RJ, Muller C, Salles B, Porter ACG. Impaired telomerase activity in human cells expressing GFP-Ku86 fusion proteins. Cytogenet Genome Res 2009; 122:326-35. [PMID: 19188702 DOI: 10.1159/000167819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/09/2008] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The Ku heterodimer is a DNA end-binding protein that promotes the non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) pathway of DNA double strand break (DSB) repair by recruiting the catalytic subunit of the DNA-dependent protein kinase (DNA-PKcs). Ku is also a normal component of telomeres where it is required for telomere maintenance, interacting not only with the DNA but also with various telomere proteins including telomerase. The way in which Ku simultaneously plays such distinct roles, end-joining at DSBs and end-maintenance at telomeres, is unclear. One way to address this is to study cells in which the NHEJ and telomeric roles of Ku have been separated. Here we describe human cells that express fusions between the large human Ku subunit (Ku86) and a fluorescent protein tag. These cells have reduced telomerase activity and increased sensitivity to ionizing radiation (IR) but no change in their DNA-PK activity or in the DNA end-binding of endogenous Ku. Cells with particularly large amounts of one fusion protein undergo progressive telomere shortening and cellular senescence. These data are consistent with models in which Ku recruits telomerase to telomeres or activates recruited telomerase and suggest that the Ku86 fusion proteins specifically block this role.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Badie
- Gene Targeting Group, MRC Clinical Sciences Centre, Imperial College, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, London, UK
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Moldt B, Staunstrup NH, Jakobsen M, Yáñez-Muñoz RJ, Mikkelsen JG. Genomic insertion of lentiviral DNA circles directed by the yeast Flp recombinase. BMC Biotechnol 2008; 8:60. [PMID: 18691430 PMCID: PMC2538528 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6750-8-60] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2008] [Accepted: 08/09/2008] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Circular forms of viral genomic DNA are generated during infection of cells with retroviruses like HIV-1. Such circles are unable to replicate and are eventually lost as a result of cell division, lending support to the prevalent notion that episomal retroviral DNA forms are dead-end products of reverse transcription. RESULTS We demonstrate that circular DNA generated during transduction with HIV-1-based lentiviral vectors can be utilized as substrate for gene insertion directed by nonviral recombinases co-expressed in the target cells. By packaging of lentiviral genomic RNA in integrase-defective lentiviral vectors, harboring an inactive form of the viral integrase, the normal pathway for viral integration is blocked and circular vector DNA accumulates in transduced cells as a result. We find that the amount of DNA circles is increased 4-fold in cells transduced with integration-defective vectors relative to cells treated with integrase-proficient vectors. By transduction of target cells harboring engineered recognition sites for the yeast Flp recombinase with integration-defective lentiviral vectors containing an ATG-deficient hygromycin B selection gene we demonstrate precise integration of lentiviral vector-derived DNA circles in a drug-selective approach. Moreover, it is demonstrated that trans-acting Flp recombinase can be delivered by Flp-encoding transfected plasmid DNA or, alternatively, by co-transduced integrase-defective lentiviral vectors carrying a Flp expression cassette. CONCLUSION Our data provide proof-of-principle that nonviral recombinases, like Flp, produced by plasmid DNA or non-integrating lentiviral vectors can gain access to circular viral recombination substrates and facilitate site-directed genomic insertion of such episomal DNA forms. Replacement of the normal viral integration machinery with nonviral mediators of integration represents a new platform for creation of lentiviral vectors with an altered integration profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Moldt
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Aarhus, Aarhus, Denmark.
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Goncalves MB, Suetterlin P, Yip P, Molina-Holgado F, Walker DJ, Oudin MJ, Zentar MP, Pollard S, Yáñez-Muñoz RJ, Williams G, Walsh FS, Pangalos MN, Doherty P. A diacylglycerol lipase-CB2 cannabinoid pathway regulates adult subventricular zone neurogenesis in an age-dependent manner. Mol Cell Neurosci 2008; 38:526-36. [PMID: 18562209 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2008.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2008] [Accepted: 05/02/2008] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The subventricular zone (SVZ) is a major site of neurogenesis in the adult. We now show that ependymal and proliferating cells in the adult mouse SVZ express diacylglycerol lipases (DAGLs), enzymes that synthesise a CB1/CB2 cannabinoid receptor ligand. DAGL and CB2 antagonists inhibit the proliferation of cultured neural stem cells, and the proliferation of progenitor cells in young animals. Furthermore, CB2 agonists stimulate progenitor cell proliferation in vivo, with this effect being more pronounced in older animals. A similar response was seen with a fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) inhibitor that limits degradation of endocannabinoids. The effects on proliferation were mirrored in changes in the number of neuroblasts migrating from the SVZ to the olfactory bulb (OB). In this context, CB2 antagonists reduced the number of newborn neurons appearing in the OB in the young adult animals while CB2 agonists stimulated this in older animals. These data identify CB2 receptor agonists and FAAH inhibitors as agents that can counteract the naturally observed decline in adult neurogenesis that is associated with ageing.
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41
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Mao X, James SY, Yáñez-Muñoz RJ, Chaplin T, Molloy G, Oliver RTD, Young BD, Lu YJ. Rapid high-resolution karyotyping with precise identification of chromosome breakpoints. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2007; 46:675-83. [PMID: 17431877 DOI: 10.1002/gcc.20452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Many techniques have been developed in recent years for genome-wide analysis of genetic alterations, but no current approach is capable of rapidly identifying all chromosome rearrangements with precise definition of breakpoints. Combining multiple color fluorescent in situ hybridization and high-density single nucleotide polymorphism array analyses, we present here an approach for high resolution karyotyping and fast identification of chromosome breakpoints. We characterized all of the chromosome amplifications and deletions, and most of the chromosome translocation breakpoints of three prostate cancer cell lines at a resolution which can be further analyzed by sequence-based techniques. Genes at the breakpoints were readily determined and potentially fused genes identified. Using high-density exon arrays we simultaneously confirmed altered exon expression patterns in many of these breakpoint genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueying Mao
- Medical Oncology Center, Cancer Institute, Barts and London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary, University of London, London, UK
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42
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Lane TM, Strefford JC, Yáñez-Muñoz RJ, Purkis P, Forsythe E, Nia T, Hines J, Lu YJ, Oliver RT. Identification of a recurrent t(4;6) chromosomal translocation in prostate cancer. J Urol 2007; 177:1907-12. [PMID: 17437846 DOI: 10.1016/j.juro.2007.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2006] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE We developed and describe a practical method by which primary prostate cancer specimens can be screened for recurrent chromosomal translocations, which is a potential source of fusion genes, as well as a process by which identified translocations can be mapped to define the genes involved. MATERIALS AND METHODS A series of 7 prostate cancer cell lines and 25 transiently established primary cell cultures, which were sourced from tissue harvested at 16 radical prostatectomies and 9 channel transurethral prostate resections, were screened for chromosomal translocations using multiplex-fluorescence in situ hybridization technology. A series of fluorescence in situ hybridization based breakpoint mapping experiments were performed to identify candidate genes involved in regions associated with recurrent translocation. RESULTS Our analysis identified the repetition of 2 translocations in prostate cancer lines, that is t(1;15) and t(4;6), at a frequency of 28% and 57%, respectively. More significantly 4 of the 25 subsequently established primary cultures (16%) also revealed a t(4;6) translocation. Using the LNCaP cell line the breakpoints involved were mapped to the t(4;6)(q22;q15) region and a number of candidate genes were identified. CONCLUSIONS We found that the t(4;6) translocation is also a repeat event in primary cell cultures from malignant prostate cancer. Breakpoint mapping showed that the gene UNC5C loses its promoter and first exon as a direct result of the translocation in the 4q22 region. As such, we identified it as a possible contributor to a putative fusion gene in prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim M Lane
- Department of Medical Oncology, St. Bartholomew's Hospital, Queen Mary Wesfield School of Medicine, Queen Mary University, London, United Kingdom.
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Redrejo-Rodríguez M, García-Escudero R, Yáñez-Muñoz RJ, Salas ML, Salas J. African swine fever virus protein pE296R is a DNA repair apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease required for virus growth in swine macrophages. J Virol 2006; 80:4847-57. [PMID: 16641276 PMCID: PMC1472066 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.80.10.4847-4857.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We show here that the African swine fever virus (ASFV) protein pE296R, predicted to be a class II apurinic/apyrimidinic (AP) endonuclease, possesses endonucleolytic activity specific for AP sites. Biochemical characterization of the purified recombinant enzyme indicated that the K(m) and catalytic efficiency values for the endonucleolytic reaction are in the range of those reported for Escherichia coli endonuclease IV (endo IV) and human Ape1. In addition to endonuclease activity, the ASFV enzyme has a proofreading 3'-->5' exonuclease activity that is considerably more efficient in the elimination of a mismatch than in that of a correctly paired base. The three-dimensional structure predicted for the pE296R protein underscores the structural similarities between endo IV and the viral protein, supporting a common mechanism for the cleavage reaction. During infection, the protein is expressed at early times and accumulates at later times. The early enzyme is localized in the nucleus and the cytoplasm, while the late protein is found only in the cytoplasm. ASFV carries two other proteins, DNA polymerase X and ligase, that, together with the viral AP endonuclease, could act as a viral base excision repair system to protect the virus genome in the highly oxidative environment of the swine macrophage, the virus host cell. Using an ASFV deletion mutant lacking the E296R gene, we have determined that the viral endonuclease is required for virus growth in macrophages but not in Vero cells. This finding supports the existence of a viral reparative system to maintain virus viability in the infected macrophage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Modesto Redrejo-Rodríguez
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (CSIC-UAM), Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
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Fabes J, Anderson P, Yáñez-Muñoz RJ, Thrasher A, Brennan C, Bolsover S. Accumulation of the inhibitory receptor EphA4 may prevent regeneration of corticospinal tract axons following lesion. Eur J Neurosci 2006; 23:1721-30. [PMID: 16623828 DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2006.04704.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Abstract We have examined the expression of Eph receptors and their ephrin ligands in adult rat spinal cord before and after lesion. Neurons in adult motor cortex express EphA4 mRNA, but the protein is undetectable in uninjured corticospinal tract. In contrast, after dorsal column hemisection EphA4 protein accumulates in proximal axon stumps. One of the ligands for EphA4, ephrinB2, is normally present in the grey matter flanking the corticospinal tract but after injury is markedly up-regulated in astrocytes in the glial scar. The result is that, after a lesion, corticospinal tract axons bear high levels of EphA4 and are surrounded to front and sides by a continuous basket of cognate inhibitory ephrin ligand. We suggest that a combination of EphA4 accumulation in the injured axons and up-regulation of ephrinB2 in the surrounding astrocytes leads to retraction of corticospinal axons and inhibition of their regeneration in the weeks after a spinal lesion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jez Fabes
- Department of Physiology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
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Yáñez-Muñoz RJ, Balaggan KS, MacNeil A, Howe SJ, Schmidt M, Smith AJ, Buch P, MacLaren RE, Anderson PN, Barker SE, Duran Y, Bartholomae C, von Kalle C, Heckenlively JR, Kinnon C, Ali RR, Thrasher AJ. Effective gene therapy with nonintegrating lentiviral vectors. Nat Med 2006; 12:348-53. [PMID: 16491086 DOI: 10.1038/nm1365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 351] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2005] [Accepted: 01/09/2006] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Retroviral and lentiviral vector integration into host-cell chromosomes carries with it a finite chance of causing insertional mutagenesis. This risk has been highlighted by the induction of malignancy in mouse models, and development of lymphoproliferative disease in three individuals with severe combined immunodeficiency-X1 (refs. 2,3). Therefore, a key challenge for clinical therapies based on retroviral vectors is to achieve stable transgene expression while minimizing insertional mutagenesis. Recent in vitro studies have shown that integration-deficient lentiviral vectors can mediate stable transduction. With similar vectors, we now show efficient and sustained transgene expression in vivo in rodent ocular and brain tissues. We also show substantial rescue of clinically relevant rodent models of retinal degeneration. Therefore, the high efficiency of gene transfer and expression mediated by lentiviruses can be harnessed in vivo without a requirement for vector integration. For therapeutic application to postmitotic tissues, this system substantially reduces the risk of insertional mutagenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael J Yáñez-Muñoz
- Molecular Immunology Unit, Institute of Child Health, University College London, 30 Guilford Street, London WC1N 1EH, UK.
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