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Depletion of R270C Mutant p53 in Osteosarcoma Attenuates Cell Growth but Does Not Prevent Invasion and Metastasis In Vivo. Cells 2022; 11:cells11223614. [PMID: 36429043 PMCID: PMC9688353 DOI: 10.3390/cells11223614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Revised: 11/06/2022] [Accepted: 11/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Novel therapeutic targets are needed to better treat osteosarcoma, which is the most common bone malignancy. We previously developed mouse osteosarcoma cells, designated AX (accelerated bone formation) cells from bone marrow stromal cells. AX cells harbor both wild-type and mutant forms of p53 (R270C in the DNA-binding domain, which is equivalent to human R273C). In this study, we showed that mutant p53 did not suppress the transcriptional activation function of wild-type p53 in AX cells. Notably, AXT cells, which are cells derived from tumors originating from AX cells, lost wild-type p53 expression, were devoid of the intact transcription activation function, and were resistant to doxorubicin. ChIP-seq analyses revealed that this mutant form of p53 bound to chromatin in the vicinity of the transcription start sites of various genes but exhibited a different binding profile from wild-type p53. The knockout of mutant p53 in AX and AXT cells by CRISPR-Cas9 attenuated tumor growth but did not affect the invasion of these cells. In addition, depletion of mutant p53 did not prevent metastasis in vivo. Therefore, the therapeutic potency targeting R270C (equivalent to human R273C) mutant p53 is limited in osteosarcoma. However, considering the heterogeneous nature of osteosarcoma, it is important to further evaluate the biological and clinical significance of mutant p53 in various cases.
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2
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Noncanonical roles of p53 in cancer stemness and their implications in sarcomas. Cancer Lett 2022; 525:131-145. [PMID: 34742870 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2021.10.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2021] [Revised: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Impairment of the prominent tumor suppressor p53, well known for its canonical role as the "guardian of the genome", is found in almost half of human cancers. More recently, p53 has been suggested to be a crucial regulator of stemness, orchestrating the differentiation of embryonal and adult stem cells, suppressing reprogramming into induced pluripotent stem cells, or inhibiting cancer stemness (i.e., cancer stem cells, CSCs), which underlies the development of therapy-resistant tumors. This review addresses these noncanonical roles of p53 and their implications in sarcoma initiation and progression. Indeed, dysregulation of p53 family proteins is a common event in sarcomas and is associated with poor survival. Additionally, emerging studies have demonstrated that loss of wild-type p53 activity hinders the terminal differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells and leads to the development of aggressive sarcomas. This review summarizes recent findings on the roles of aberrant p53 in sarcoma development and stemness and further describes therapeutic approaches to restore normal p53 activity as a promising anti-CSC strategy to treat refractory sarcomas.
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3
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Franceschini N, Gaeta R, Krimpenfort P, Briaire-de Bruijn I, Kruisselbrink AB, Szuhai K, Palubeckaitė I, Cleton-Jansen AM, Bovée JVMG. A murine mesenchymal stem cell model for initiating events in osteosarcomagenesis points to CDK4/CDK6 inhibition as a therapeutic target. J Transl Med 2022; 102:391-400. [PMID: 34921235 PMCID: PMC8964417 DOI: 10.1038/s41374-021-00709-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Revised: 11/07/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteosarcoma is a high-grade bone-forming neoplasm, with a complex genome. Tumours frequently show chromothripsis, many deletions, translocations and copy number alterations. Alterations in the p53 or Rb pathway are the most common genetic alterations identified in osteosarcoma. Using spontaneously transformed murine mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) which formed sarcoma after subcutaneous injection into mice, it was previously demonstrated that p53 is most often involved in the transformation towards sarcomas with complex genomics, including osteosarcoma. In the current study, not only loss of p53 but also loss of p16Ink4a is shown to be a driver of osteosarcomagenesis: murine MSCs with deficient p15Ink4b, p16Ink4a, or p19Arf transform earlier compared to wild-type murine MSCs. Furthermore, in a panel of nine spontaneously transformed murine MSCs, alterations in p15Ink4b, p16Ink4a, or p19Arf were observed in eight out of nine cases. Alterations in the Rb/p16 pathway could indicate that osteosarcoma cells are vulnerable to CDK4/CDK6 inhibitor treatment. Indeed, using two-dimensional (n = 7) and three-dimensional (n = 3) cultures of human osteosarcoma cell lines, it was shown that osteosarcoma cells with defective p16INK4A are sensitive to the CDK4/CDK6 inhibitor palbociclib after 72-hour treatment. A tissue microarray analysis of 109 primary tumour biopsies revealed a subset of patients (20-23%) with intact Rb, but defective p16 or overexpression of CDK4 and/or CDK6. These patients might benefit from CDK4/CDK6 inhibition, therefore our results are promising and might be translated to the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natasja Franceschini
- grid.10419.3d0000000089452978Department of Pathology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Raffaele Gaeta
- grid.5395.a0000 0004 1757 3729Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Paul Krimpenfort
- grid.430814.a0000 0001 0674 1393Division of Molecular Genetics, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Inge Briaire-de Bruijn
- grid.10419.3d0000000089452978Department of Pathology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Alwine B. Kruisselbrink
- grid.10419.3d0000000089452978Department of Pathology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Karoly Szuhai
- grid.10419.3d0000000089452978Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Ieva Palubeckaitė
- grid.10419.3d0000000089452978Department of Pathology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Anne-Marie Cleton-Jansen
- grid.10419.3d0000000089452978Department of Pathology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Judith V. M. G. Bovée
- grid.10419.3d0000000089452978Department of Pathology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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4
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Sadoughi F, Maleki Dana P, Asemi Z, Yousefi B. DNA damage response and repair in osteosarcoma: Defects, regulation and therapeutic implications. DNA Repair (Amst) 2021; 102:103105. [PMID: 33836418 DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2021.103105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Osteosarcoma (OS) is the most common primary bone malignancy in children and adolescents which has the survival rate of 20% in its advanced stages. Osteosarcomas are mostly resistance to our common treatments. DNA damage response (DDR) is a specialized multistep process containing abundant proteins which are necessary for the survival of any cell and organism. DDR machinery detects a diversity of DNA lesions and inhibits the cell cycle progression if these lesions are not repairable. DDR is involved in aging, age-related diseases, and cancer. In recent years, DDR inhibitors have gained the attention of researches due to their potentials in offering novel therapeutic targets and improving the response of many cancers to either chemo- or radio-therapy. In this regard, we tried to gather a great body of evidence about the role of DDR ingredients in osteosarcoma's initiation/progression, prognosis, and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Sadoughi
- Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases, Institute for Basic Sciences, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran.
| | - Parisa Maleki Dana
- Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases, Institute for Basic Sciences, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran.
| | - Zatollah Asemi
- Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases, Institute for Basic Sciences, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran.
| | - Bahman Yousefi
- Molecular Medicine Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
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5
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Hesla AC, Papakonstantinou A, Tsagkozis P. Current Status of Management and Outcome for Patients with Ewing Sarcoma. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:1202. [PMID: 33801953 PMCID: PMC7998375 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13061202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Revised: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 02/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Ewing sarcoma is the second most common bone sarcoma in children after osteosarcoma. It is a very aggressive malignancy for which systemic treatment has greatly improved outcome for patients with localized disease, who now see survival rates of over 70%. However, for the quarter of patients presenting with metastatic disease, survival is still dismal with less than 30% of patients surviving past 5 years. Patients with disease relapse, local or distant, face an even poorer prognosis with an event-free 5-year survival rate of only 10%. Unfortunately, Ewing sarcoma patients have not yet seen the benefit of recent years' technical achievements such as next-generation sequencing, which have enabled researchers to study biological systems at a level never seen before. In spite of large multinational studies, treatment of Ewing sarcoma relies entirely on chemotherapeutic agents that have been largely unchanged for decades. As many promising modern therapies, including monoclonal antibodies, small molecules, and immunotherapy, have been disappointing to date, there is no clear candidate as to which drug should be investigated in the next large-scale clinical trial. However, the mechanisms driving tumor development in Ewing sarcoma are slowly unfolding. New entities of Ewing-like tumors, with fusion transcripts that are related to the oncogenic EWSR1-FLI1 fusion seen in the majority of Ewing tumors, are being mapped. These tumors, although sharing much of the same morphologic features as classic Ewing sarcoma, behave differently and may require a different treatment. There are also controversies regarding local treatment of Ewing sarcoma. The radiosensitive nature of the disease and the tendency for Ewing sarcoma to arise in the axial skeleton make local treatment very challenging. Surgical treatment and radiotherapy have their pros and cons, which may give rise to different treatment strategies in different centers around the world. This review article discusses some of these controversies and reproduces the highlights from recent publications with regard to diagnostics, systemic treatment, and surgical treatment of Ewing sarcoma.
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Xu L, Xie X, Shi X, Zhang P, Liu A, Wang J, Zhang B. Potential application of genomic profiling for the diagnosis and treatment of patients with sarcoma. Oncol Lett 2021; 21:353. [PMID: 33747210 PMCID: PMC7967939 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2021.12614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Sarcomas represent a heterogeneous group of mesenchymal malignancies arising at various locations in the soft tissue and bone. Though a rare disease, sarcoma affects ~200,000 patients worldwide every year. The prognosis of patients with sarcoma is poor, and targeted therapy options are limited; therefore, accurate diagnosis and classification are essential for effective treatment. Sarcoma samples were acquired from 199 patients, in which TP53 (39.70%, 79/199), CDKN2A (19.10%, 38/199), CDKN2B (15.08%, 30/199), KIT (14.07%, 28/199), ATRX (10.05%, 20/199) and RB1 (10.05%, 20/199) were identified as the most commonly mutated genes (>10% incidence). Among 64 soft-tissue sarcomas that were unclassified by immunohistochemistry, 15 (23.44%, 15/64) were subsequently classified using next-generation sequencing (NGS). For the most part, the sarcoma subtypes were evenly distributed between male and female patients, while a significant association with sex was detected in leiomyosarcomas. Statistical analysis showed that osteosarcoma, Ewing's sarcoma, gastrointestinal stromal tumors and liposarcoma were all significantly associated with the patient age, and that angiosarcoma was significantly associated with high tumor mutational burden. Furthermore, serially mutated genes associated with myxofibrosarcoma, gastrointestinal stromal tumor, osteosarcoma, liposarcoma, leiomyosarcoma, synovial sarcoma and Ewing's sarcoma were identified, as well as neurotrophic tropomyosin-related kinase (NTRK) fusions of IRF2BP2-NTRK1, MEF2A-NTRK3 and ITFG1-NTRK3. Collectively, the results of the present study suggest that NGS-targeting provides potential new biomarkers for sarcoma diagnosis, and may guide more precise therapeutic strategies for patients with bone and soft-tissue sarcomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Libin Xu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, P.R. China
| | - Xianbiao Xie
- Department of Musculoskeletal Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, P.R. China
| | | | - Peng Zhang
- OrigiMed Co. Ltd., Shanghai 201114, P.R. China
| | - Angen Liu
- OrigiMed Co. Ltd., Shanghai 201114, P.R. China
| | - Jian Wang
- Department of Pathology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China
| | - Bo Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, P.R. China
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7
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Systems Biology Approach Identifies Prognostic Signatures of Poor Overall Survival and Guides the Prioritization of Novel BET-CHK1 Combination Therapy for Osteosarcoma. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12092426. [PMID: 32859084 PMCID: PMC7564419 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12092426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2020] [Revised: 08/01/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteosarcoma (OS) patients exhibit poor overall survival, partly due to copy number variations (CNVs) resulting in dysregulated gene expression and therapeutic resistance. To identify actionable prognostic signatures of poor overall survival, we employed a systems biology approach using public databases to integrate CNVs, gene expression, and survival outcomes in pediatric, adolescent, and young adult OS patients. Chromosome 8 was a hotspot for poor prognostic signatures. The MYC-RAD21 copy number gain (8q24) correlated with increased gene expression and poor overall survival in 90% of the patients (n = 85). MYC and RAD21 play a role in replication-stress, which is a therapeutically actionable network. We prioritized replication-stress regulators, bromodomain and extra-terminal proteins (BETs), and CHK1, in order to test the hypothesis that the inhibition of BET + CHK1 in MYC-RAD21+ pediatric OS models would be efficacious and safe. We demonstrate that MYC-RAD21+ pediatric OS cell lines were sensitive to the inhibition of BET (BETi) and CHK1 (CHK1i) at clinically achievable concentrations. While the potentiation of CHK1i-mediated effects by BETi was BET-BRD4-dependent, MYC expression was BET-BRD4-independent. In MYC-RAD21+ pediatric OS xenografts, BETi + CHK1i significantly decreased tumor growth, increased survival, and was well tolerated. Therefore, targeting replication stress is a promising strategy to pursue as a therapeutic option for this devastating disease.
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8
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Genomics and Therapeutic Vulnerabilities of Primary Bone Tumors. Cells 2020; 9:cells9040968. [PMID: 32295254 PMCID: PMC7227002 DOI: 10.3390/cells9040968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Revised: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 04/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteosarcoma, Ewing sarcoma and chondrosarcoma are rare diseases but the most common primary tumors of bone. The genes directly involved in the sarcomagenesis, tumor progression and treatment responsiveness are not completely defined for these tumors, and the powerful discovery of genetic analysis is highly warranted in the view of improving the therapy and cure of patients. The review summarizes recent advances concerning the molecular and genetic background of these three neoplasms and, of their most common variants, highlights the putative therapeutic targets and the clinical trials that are presently active, and notes the fundamental issues that remain unanswered. In the era of personalized medicine, the rarity of sarcomas may not be the major obstacle, provided that each patient is studied extensively according to a road map that combines emerging genomic and functional approaches toward the selection of novel therapeutic strategies.
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9
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Precision medicine in Ewing sarcoma: a translational point of view. Clin Transl Oncol 2020; 22:1440-1454. [PMID: 32026343 DOI: 10.1007/s12094-020-02298-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Ewing sarcoma is a rare tumor that arises in bones of children and teenagers but, in 15% of the patients it is presented as a primary soft tissue tumor. Balanced reciprocal chimeric translocation t(11;22)(q24;q12), which encodes an oncogenic protein fusion (EWSR1/FLI1), is the most generalized and characteristic molecular event. Using conventional treatments, (chemotherapy, surgery and radiotherapy) long-term overall survival rate is 30% for patients with disseminated disease and 65-75% for patients with localized tumors. Urgent new effective drug development is a challenge. This review summarizes the preclinical and clinical investigational knowledge about prognostic and targetable biomarkers in Ewing sarcoma, finally suggesting a workflow for precision medicine committees.
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Cabrera-Andrade A, López-Cortés A, Jaramillo-Koupermann G, Paz-y-Miño C, Pérez-Castillo Y, Munteanu CR, González-Díaz H, Pazos A, Tejera E. Gene Prioritization through Consensus Strategy, Enrichment Methodologies Analysis, and Networking for Osteosarcoma Pathogenesis. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21031053. [PMID: 32033398 PMCID: PMC7038221 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21031053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Revised: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteosarcoma is the most common subtype of primary bone cancer, affecting mostly adolescents. In recent years, several studies have focused on elucidating the molecular mechanisms of this sarcoma; however, its molecular etiology has still not been determined with precision. Therefore, we applied a consensus strategy with the use of several bioinformatics tools to prioritize genes involved in its pathogenesis. Subsequently, we assessed the physical interactions of the previously selected genes and applied a communality analysis to this protein–protein interaction network. The consensus strategy prioritized a total list of 553 genes. Our enrichment analysis validates several studies that describe the signaling pathways PI3K/AKT and MAPK/ERK as pathogenic. The gene ontology described TP53 as a principal signal transducer that chiefly mediates processes associated with cell cycle and DNA damage response It is interesting to note that the communality analysis clusters several members involved in metastasis events, such as MMP2 and MMP9, and genes associated with DNA repair complexes, like ATM, ATR, CHEK1, and RAD51. In this study, we have identified well-known pathogenic genes for osteosarcoma and prioritized genes that need to be further explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Cabrera-Andrade
- Grupo de Bio-Quimioinformática, Universidad de Las Américas, Quito 170125, Ecuador;
- Carrera de Enfermería, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Las Américas, Quito 170125, Ecuador
- RNASA-IMEDIR, Computer Sciences Faculty, University of A Coruna, 15071 A Coruña, Spain; (A.L.-C.); (C.R.M.); (A.P.)
- Correspondence: (A.C.-A.); (E.T.); Tel.: +593-2398-1000 (ext. 2717) (A.C.-A.); +593-2398-1000 (ext. 713) (E.T.)
| | - Andrés López-Cortés
- RNASA-IMEDIR, Computer Sciences Faculty, University of A Coruna, 15071 A Coruña, Spain; (A.L.-C.); (C.R.M.); (A.P.)
- Centro de Investigación Genética y Genómica, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud Eugenio Espejo, Universidad UTE, Quito 170129, Ecuador;
| | - Gabriela Jaramillo-Koupermann
- Laboratorio de Biología Molecular, Subproceso de Anatomía Patológica, Hospital de Especialidades Eugenio Espejo, Quito 170403, Ecuador;
| | - César Paz-y-Miño
- Centro de Investigación Genética y Genómica, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud Eugenio Espejo, Universidad UTE, Quito 170129, Ecuador;
| | - Yunierkis Pérez-Castillo
- Grupo de Bio-Quimioinformática, Universidad de Las Américas, Quito 170125, Ecuador;
- Escuela de Ciencias Físicas y Matemáticas, Universidad de Las Américas, Quito 170125, Ecuador
| | - Cristian R. Munteanu
- RNASA-IMEDIR, Computer Sciences Faculty, University of A Coruna, 15071 A Coruña, Spain; (A.L.-C.); (C.R.M.); (A.P.)
- Biomedical Research Institute of A Coruña (INIBIC), University Hospital Complex of A Coruña (CHUAC), 15006 A Coruña, Spain
- Centro de Investigación en Tecnologías de la Información y las Comunicaciones (CITIC), Campus de Elviña s/n, 15071 A Coruña, Spain
| | - Humbert González-Díaz
- Department of Organic Chemistry II, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, 48940 Leioa, Spain
- IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, 48011 Bilbao, Spain;
| | - Alejandro Pazos
- RNASA-IMEDIR, Computer Sciences Faculty, University of A Coruna, 15071 A Coruña, Spain; (A.L.-C.); (C.R.M.); (A.P.)
- Biomedical Research Institute of A Coruña (INIBIC), University Hospital Complex of A Coruña (CHUAC), 15006 A Coruña, Spain
- Centro de Investigación en Tecnologías de la Información y las Comunicaciones (CITIC), Campus de Elviña s/n, 15071 A Coruña, Spain
| | - Eduardo Tejera
- Grupo de Bio-Quimioinformática, Universidad de Las Américas, Quito 170125, Ecuador;
- Facultad de Ingeniería y Ciencias Agropecuarias, Universidad de Las Américas, Quito 170125, Ecuador
- Correspondence: (A.C.-A.); (E.T.); Tel.: +593-2398-1000 (ext. 2717) (A.C.-A.); +593-2398-1000 (ext. 713) (E.T.)
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Suehara Y, Alex D, Bowman A, Middha S, Zehir A, Chakravarty D, Wang L, Jour G, Nafa K, Hayashi T, Jungbluth AA, Frosina D, Slotkin E, Shukla N, Meyers P, Healey JH, Hameed M, Ladanyi M. Clinical Genomic Sequencing of Pediatric and Adult Osteosarcoma Reveals Distinct Molecular Subsets with Potentially Targetable Alterations. Clin Cancer Res 2019. [PMID: 31175097 DOI: 10.1158/1078‐0432.ccr‐18‐4032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Although multimodal chemotherapy has improved outcomes for patients with osteosarcoma, the prognosis for patients who present with metastatic and/or recurrent disease remains poor. In this study, we sought to define how often clinical genomic sequencing of osteosarcoma samples could identify potentially actionable alterations.Experimental Design: We analyzed genomic data from 71 osteosarcoma samples from 66 pediatric and adult patients sequenced using MSK-IMPACT, a hybridization capture-based large panel next-generation sequencing assay. Potentially actionable genetic events were categorized according to the OncoKB precision oncology knowledge base, of which levels 1 to 3 were considered clinically actionable. RESULTS We found at least one potentially actionable alteration in 14 of 66 patients (21%), including amplification of CDK4 (n = 9, 14%: level 2B) and/or MDM2 (n = 9, 14%: level 3B), and somatic truncating mutations/deletions in BRCA2 (n = 3, 5%: level 2B) and PTCH1 (n = 1, level 3B). In addition, we observed mutually exclusive patterns of alterations suggesting distinct biological subsets defined by gains at 4q12 and 6p12-21. Specifically, potentially targetable gene amplifications at 4q12 involving KIT, KDR, and PDGFRA were identified in 13 of 66 patients (20%), which showed strong PDGFRA expression by IHC. In another largely nonoverlapping subset of 14 patients (24%) with gains at 6p12-21, VEGFA amplification was identified. CONCLUSIONS We found potentially clinically actionable alterations in approximately 21% of patients with osteosarcoma. In addition, at least 40% of patients have tumors harboring PDGFRA or VEGFA amplification, representing candidate subsets for clinical evaluation of additional therapeutic options. We propose a new genomically based algorithm for directing patients with osteosarcoma to clinical trial options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiyuki Suehara
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York.,Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Deepu Alex
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Anita Bowman
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Sumit Middha
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Ahmet Zehir
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Debyani Chakravarty
- Center for Molecular Oncology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Lu Wang
- Department of Pathology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - George Jour
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Khedoudja Nafa
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Takuo Hayashi
- Department of Human Pathology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Achim A Jungbluth
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Denise Frosina
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Emily Slotkin
- Department of Pediatrics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Neerav Shukla
- Department of Pediatrics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Paul Meyers
- Department of Pediatrics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - John H Healey
- Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Meera Hameed
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Marc Ladanyi
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York. .,Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
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12
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Bui NQ, Przybyl J, Trabucco SE, Frampton G, Hastie T, van de Rijn M, Ganjoo KN. A clinico-genomic analysis of soft tissue sarcoma patients reveals CDKN2A deletion as a biomarker for poor prognosis. Clin Sarcoma Res 2019; 9:12. [PMID: 31528332 PMCID: PMC6739971 DOI: 10.1186/s13569-019-0122-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2019] [Accepted: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Sarcomas are a rare, heterogeneous group of tumors with variable tendencies for aggressive behavior. Molecular markers for prognosis are needed to risk stratify patients and identify those who might benefit from more intensive therapeutic strategies. Patients and methods We analyzed somatic tumor genomic profiles and clinical outcomes of 152 soft tissue (STS) and bone sarcoma (BS) patients sequenced at Stanford Cancer Institute as well as 206 STS patients from The Cancer Genome Atlas. Genomic profiles of 7733 STS from the Foundation Medicine database were used to assess the frequency of CDKN2A alterations in histological subtypes of sarcoma. Results Compared to all other tumor types, sarcomas were found to carry the highest relative percentage of gene amplifications/deletions/fusions and the lowest average mutation count. The most commonly altered genes in STS were TP53 (47%), CDKN2A (22%), RB1 (22%), NF1 (11%), and ATRX (11%). When all genomic alterations were tested for prognostic significance in the specific Stanford cohort of localized STS, only CDKN2A alterations correlated significantly with prognosis, with a hazard ratio (HR) of 2.83 for overall survival (p = 0.017). These findings were validated in the TCGA dataset where CDKN2A altered patients had significantly worse overall survival with a HR of 2.7 (p = 0.002). Analysis of 7733 STS patients from Foundation One showed high prevalence of CDKN2A alterations in malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors, myxofibrosarcomas, and undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcomas. Conclusion Our clinico-genomic profiling of STS shows that CDKN2A deletion was the most prevalent DNA copy number aberration and was associated with poor prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nam Q Bui
- 1Department of Medicine (Oncology), Stanford University School of Medicine, 875 Blake Wilbur Drive, Stanford, CA 94305 USA
| | - Joanna Przybyl
- 2Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA USA
| | | | | | - Trevor Hastie
- 4Department of Statistics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA USA
| | - Matt van de Rijn
- 2Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA USA
| | - Kristen N Ganjoo
- 1Department of Medicine (Oncology), Stanford University School of Medicine, 875 Blake Wilbur Drive, Stanford, CA 94305 USA
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13
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Thoenen E, Curl A, Iwakuma T. TP53 in bone and soft tissue sarcomas. Pharmacol Ther 2019; 202:149-164. [PMID: 31276706 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2019.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Genomic and functional study of existing and emerging sarcoma targets, such as fusion proteins, chromosomal aberrations, reduced tumor suppressor activity, and oncogenic drivers, is broadening our understanding of sarcomagenesis. Among these mechanisms, the tumor suppressor p53 (TP53) plays significant roles in the suppression of bone and soft tissue sarcoma progression. Although mutations in TP53 were thought to be relatively low in sarcomas, modern techniques including whole-genome sequencing have recently illuminated unappreciated alterations in TP53 in osteosarcoma. In addition, oncogenic gain-of-function activities of missense mutant p53 (mutp53) have been reported in sarcomas. Moreover, new targeting strategies for TP53 have been discovered: restoration of wild-type p53 (wtp53) activity through inhibition of TP53 negative regulators, reactivation of the wtp53 activity from mutp53, depletion of mutp53, and targeting of vulnerabilities in cells with TP53 deletions or mutations. These discoveries enable development of novel therapeutic strategies for therapy-resistant sarcomas. We have outlined nine bone and soft tissue sarcomas for which TP53 plays a crucial tumor suppressive role. These include osteosarcoma, Ewing sarcoma, chondrosarcoma, rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS), leiomyosarcoma (LMS), synovial sarcoma, liposarcoma (LPS), angiosarcoma, and undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcoma (UPS).
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Thoenen
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66010, USA
| | - Amanda Curl
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66010, USA
| | - Tomoo Iwakuma
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66010, USA; Department of Cancer Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66010, USA; Translational Laboratory Oncology Research, Children's Mercy Research Institute, Kansas City, MO 64108, USA.
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14
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Suehara Y, Alex D, Bowman A, Middha S, Zehir A, Chakravarty D, Wang L, Jour G, Nafa K, Hayashi T, Jungbluth AA, Frosina D, Slotkin E, Shukla N, Meyers P, Healey JH, Hameed M, Ladanyi M. Clinical Genomic Sequencing of Pediatric and Adult Osteosarcoma Reveals Distinct Molecular Subsets with Potentially Targetable Alterations. Clin Cancer Res 2019; 25:6346-6356. [PMID: 31175097 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-18-4032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Revised: 04/25/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Although multimodal chemotherapy has improved outcomes for patients with osteosarcoma, the prognosis for patients who present with metastatic and/or recurrent disease remains poor. In this study, we sought to define how often clinical genomic sequencing of osteosarcoma samples could identify potentially actionable alterations.Experimental Design: We analyzed genomic data from 71 osteosarcoma samples from 66 pediatric and adult patients sequenced using MSK-IMPACT, a hybridization capture-based large panel next-generation sequencing assay. Potentially actionable genetic events were categorized according to the OncoKB precision oncology knowledge base, of which levels 1 to 3 were considered clinically actionable. RESULTS We found at least one potentially actionable alteration in 14 of 66 patients (21%), including amplification of CDK4 (n = 9, 14%: level 2B) and/or MDM2 (n = 9, 14%: level 3B), and somatic truncating mutations/deletions in BRCA2 (n = 3, 5%: level 2B) and PTCH1 (n = 1, level 3B). In addition, we observed mutually exclusive patterns of alterations suggesting distinct biological subsets defined by gains at 4q12 and 6p12-21. Specifically, potentially targetable gene amplifications at 4q12 involving KIT, KDR, and PDGFRA were identified in 13 of 66 patients (20%), which showed strong PDGFRA expression by IHC. In another largely nonoverlapping subset of 14 patients (24%) with gains at 6p12-21, VEGFA amplification was identified. CONCLUSIONS We found potentially clinically actionable alterations in approximately 21% of patients with osteosarcoma. In addition, at least 40% of patients have tumors harboring PDGFRA or VEGFA amplification, representing candidate subsets for clinical evaluation of additional therapeutic options. We propose a new genomically based algorithm for directing patients with osteosarcoma to clinical trial options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiyuki Suehara
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York.,Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Deepu Alex
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Anita Bowman
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Sumit Middha
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Ahmet Zehir
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Debyani Chakravarty
- Center for Molecular Oncology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Lu Wang
- Department of Pathology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - George Jour
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Khedoudja Nafa
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Takuo Hayashi
- Department of Human Pathology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Achim A Jungbluth
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Denise Frosina
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Emily Slotkin
- Department of Pediatrics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Neerav Shukla
- Department of Pediatrics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Paul Meyers
- Department of Pediatrics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - John H Healey
- Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Meera Hameed
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Marc Ladanyi
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York. .,Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
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15
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El-Naggar AM, Clarkson PW, Negri GL, Turgu B, Zhang F, Anglesio MS, Sorensen PH. HACE1 is a potential tumor suppressor in osteosarcoma. Cell Death Dis 2019; 10:21. [PMID: 30622235 PMCID: PMC6325116 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-018-1276-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2018] [Revised: 11/23/2018] [Accepted: 12/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Osteosarcoma is a malignant bone sarcoma characterized by extensive genomic disruption and a propensity for metastatic spread. Osteoid production suggests a close relationship with normal osteoblasts, and the latter are the presumptive cell of origin of this disease. The HACE1 gene, localized to human chromosome 6q21, encodes the HACE1 HECT E3 ligase, a tumor suppressor in diverse tumors that acts in part by targeting the activated form of RAC1 GTPase for proteasomal degradation. Disruption or loss of 6q21 is relatively common in osteosarcomas, and Hace1-/-/Tp53+/- mice frequently develop osteosarcomas, in contrast to Tp53+/- mice, which do not. This suggests an unexplored link between HACE1 loss and osteosarcoma. Here we compared HACE1 expression in normal osteoblasts and osteosarcoma cell lines in vitro by western blotting and quantitative RT-PCR, and in human osteosarcoma specimens by immunohistochemistry. Both HACE1 transcript and protein levels were reduced in osteosarcoma compared to osteoblasts in vitro. Reduced HACE1 expression in osteosarcoma tumors was observed in 76% of cases and associated with high-grade lesions. Further, clonally derived pairs of high and low metastatic osteosarcoma cell lines showed significant downregulation in the high compared to corresponding low metastatic cells. Ectopic expression of HACE1 markedly inhibited anchorage-independent growth and cell motility of HACE1 osteosarcoma cell lines, and was associated with reduced RAC1 activation and decreased reactive oxygen species (ROS). Finally, HACE1 overexpression blocked osteosarcoma xenograft growth and dramatically reduced pulmonary metastases. These findings point to a potential tumor suppressor function for HACE1 in osteosarcoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amal M El-Naggar
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Department of Molecular Oncology, British Columbia Cancer Research Centre, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Menoufia University, Menoufia Governorate, Egypt
| | - Paul W Clarkson
- Department of Orthopedics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Gian Luca Negri
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Department of Molecular Oncology, British Columbia Cancer Research Centre, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Busra Turgu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Department of Molecular Oncology, British Columbia Cancer Research Centre, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Fan Zhang
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Michael S Anglesio
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Poul H Sorensen
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada. .,Department of Molecular Oncology, British Columbia Cancer Research Centre, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
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16
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Hattinger CM, Patrizio MP, Tavanti E, Luppi S, Magagnoli F, Picci P, Serra M. Genetic testing for high-grade osteosarcoma: a guide for future tailored treatments? Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2018; 18:947-961. [PMID: 30324828 DOI: 10.1080/14737159.2018.1535903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Genetic characterization of osteosarcoma has evolved during the last decade, thanks to the integrated application of conventional and new candidate-driven and genome-wide technologies. Areas covered: This review provides an overview of the state of art in genetic testing applied to osteosarcoma, with particular regard to novel candidate genetic biomarkers that can be analyzed in tumor tissue and blood samples, which might be used to predict toxicity and prognosis, detect disease relapse, and improve patients' selection criteria for tailoring treatment. Expert commentary: Genetic testing based on modern technologies is expected to indicate new osteosarcoma-related prognostic markers and driver genes, which may highlight novel therapeutic targets and patients stratification biomarkers. The definition of tailored or targeted treatment approaches may improve outcome of patients with localized tumors and, even more, of those with metastatic disease, for whom progress in cure probability is highly warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maria Pia Patrizio
- a Laboratory of Experimental Oncology , IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli , Bologna , Italy
| | - Elisa Tavanti
- a Laboratory of Experimental Oncology , IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli , Bologna , Italy
| | - Silvia Luppi
- a Laboratory of Experimental Oncology , IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli , Bologna , Italy
| | - Federica Magagnoli
- a Laboratory of Experimental Oncology , IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli , Bologna , Italy
| | - Piero Picci
- a Laboratory of Experimental Oncology , IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli , Bologna , Italy
| | - Massimo Serra
- a Laboratory of Experimental Oncology , IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli , Bologna , Italy
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17
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Rici REG, Will SEAL, Luna ACL, Melo LF, Santos AC, Rodrigues RF, Leandro RM, Maria DA. Combination therapy of canine osteosarcoma with canine bone marrow stem cells, bone morphogenetic protein and carboplatin in an in vivo model. Vet Comp Oncol 2018; 16:478-488. [DOI: 10.1111/vco.12404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2017] [Revised: 04/18/2018] [Accepted: 04/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R. E. G. Rici
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science; Cidade Universitária, University of São Paulo; São Paulo Brazil
| | - S. E. A. L. Will
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Biophysics; Butantan Institute; São Paulo Brazil
| | - A. C. L. Luna
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Biophysics; Butantan Institute; São Paulo Brazil
| | - L. F. Melo
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science; Cidade Universitária, University of São Paulo; São Paulo Brazil
| | - A. C. Santos
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science; Cidade Universitária, University of São Paulo; São Paulo Brazil
| | - R. F. Rodrigues
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science; Cidade Universitária, University of São Paulo; São Paulo Brazil
| | - R. M. Leandro
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science; Cidade Universitária, University of São Paulo; São Paulo Brazil
| | - D. A. Maria
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Biophysics; Butantan Institute; São Paulo Brazil
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18
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Fluorescent In Situ Hybridization for TP53 in the Diagnosis of Pediatric Osteogenic Sarcoma. Am J Surg Pathol 2018. [PMID: 29543677 DOI: 10.1097/pas.0000000000001054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Osteogenic sarcoma (OS) is the most common malignant bone tumor in children and adolescents. Despite advances in molecular genetic characterization of pediatric and adult tumors, the diagnosis of OS still depends almost entirely on light microscopy. The lack of consistent genetic changes in OS has greatly hindered the development of any diagnostic molecular test. Recently, whole-genome sequencing has shown that ~50% of cases of OS have a translocation involving the TP53 gene with breakpoints confined to the first intron. We developed a 2 color break-apart fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) probe for intron 1 of TP53 and applied it to an archived series to assess its diagnostic utility. The study group included 37 cases of OS (including osteoblastic, chondroblastic, and fibroblastic), as well as 53 cases of non-OS pediatric sarcomas (including Ewing sarcoma, rhabdomyosarcoma, undifferentiated small cell sarcoma, CCNB3-BCOR sarcoma, CIC-DUX sarcoma, synovial sarcoma, and malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor) and 27 cases of benign bone lesions (including osteoblastoma, chondromyxoid fibroma, fibrous dysplasia, and fibro-osseous dysplasia). A rearranged signal was found in 20/37 cases (54%) of OS and in none of the other sarcomas or benign bone lesions, giving the FISH test 100% specificity for a diagnosis of OS. p53 immunostaining was generally not predictive of the results obtained by FISH and could not substitute for this test. This FISH probe offers a simple and specific genetic test to aid in the diagnosis of OS, despite the genetic complexity of this tumor.
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19
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Shukla NN, Patel JA, Magnan H, Zehir A, You D, Tang J, Meng F, Samoila A, Slotkin EK, Ambati SR, Chou AJ, Wexler LH, Meyers PA, Peerschke EI, Viale A, Berger MF, Ladanyi M. Plasma DNA-based molecular diagnosis, prognostication, and monitoring of patients with EWSR1 fusion-positive sarcomas. JCO Precis Oncol 2017; 2017. [PMID: 29629425 DOI: 10.1200/po.16.00028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Ewing Sarcoma (ES) and Desmoplastic Small Round Cell Tumors (DSRCT) are aggressive sarcomas molecularly characterized by EWSR1 gene fusions. As pathognomonic genomic events in these respective tumor types, EWSR1 fusions represent robust potential biomarkers for disease monitoring. Patients and Methods To investigate the feasibility of identifying EWSR1 fusions in plasma derived cell-free DNA (cfDNA) from ES and DSRCT patients, we evaluated two complementary approaches in samples from 17 patients with radiographic evidence of disease. The first approach involved identification of patient-specific genomic EWSR1 fusion breakpoints in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tumor DNA using a broad, hybridization capture-based next generation sequencing (NGS) panel, followed by design of patient-specific droplet digital PCR (ddPCR) assays for plasma cfDNA interrogation . The second approach employed a disease-tailored targeted hybridization capture-based NGS panel applied directly to cfDNA which included EWSR1 as well as several other genes with potential prognostic utility. Results EWSR1 fusions were identified in 11/11 (100%) ES and 5/6 (83%) DSRCT samples by ddPCR, while 10/11 (91%) and 4/6 (67%) were identified by NGS. The ddPCR approach had higher sensitivity, ranging between 0.009-0.018% sensitivity. However, the hybrid capture-based NGS assay identified the precise fusion breakpoints in the majority of cfDNA samples, as well as mutations in TP53 and STAG2, two other recurrent, clinically significant alterations in ES, all without prior knowledge of the tumor sequencing results. Conclusion These results provide a compelling rationale for an integrated approach utilizing both NGS and ddPCR for plasma cfDNA-based biomarker evaluations in prospective cooperative group studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neerav N Shukla
- Department of Pediatrics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Juber A Patel
- Marie-Josée and Henry R. Kravis Center for Molecular Oncology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center New York, New York
| | - Heather Magnan
- Department of Pediatrics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Ahmet Zehir
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Daoqi You
- Marie-Josée and Henry R. Kravis Center for Molecular Oncology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center New York, New York
| | - Jiabin Tang
- Marie-Josée and Henry R. Kravis Center for Molecular Oncology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center New York, New York
| | - Fanli Meng
- Marie-Josée and Henry R. Kravis Center for Molecular Oncology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center New York, New York
| | - Aliaksandra Samoila
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Emily K Slotkin
- Department of Pediatrics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Srikanth R Ambati
- Department of Pediatrics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Alexander J Chou
- Department of Pediatrics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Leonard H Wexler
- Department of Pediatrics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Paul A Meyers
- Department of Pediatrics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Ellinor I Peerschke
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Agnes Viale
- Marie-Josée and Henry R. Kravis Center for Molecular Oncology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center New York, New York
| | - Michael F Berger
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York. Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Marc Ladanyi
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York. Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
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20
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Abstract
Osteosarcoma (OS) is the most common primary malignancy of bone and patients with metastatic disease or recurrences continue to have very poor outcomes. Unfortunately, little prognostic improvement has been generated from the last 20 years of research and a new perspective is warranted. OS is extremely heterogeneous in both its origins and manifestations. Although multiple associations have been made between the development of osteosarcoma and race, gender, age, various genomic alterations, and exposure situations among others, the etiology remains unclear and controversial. Noninvasive diagnostic methods include serum markers like alkaline phosphatase and a growing variety of imaging techniques including X-ray, computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, and positron emission as well as combinations thereof. Still, biopsy and microscopic examination are required to confirm the diagnosis and carry additional prognostic implications such as subtype classification and histological response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy. The current standard of care combines surgical and chemotherapeutic techniques, with a multitude of experimental biologics and small molecules currently in development and some in clinical trial phases. In this review, in addition to summarizing the current understanding of OS etiology, diagnostic methods, and the current standard of care, our group describes various experimental therapeutics and provides evidence to encourage a potential paradigm shift toward the introduction of immunomodulation, which may offer a more comprehensive approach to battling cancer pleomorphism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brock A Lindsey
- Department of Orthopaedics, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA.
| | - Justin E Markel
- Department of Orthopaedics, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
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21
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Lombardi D, Mattavelli D, Redaelli De Zinis LO, Accorona R, Morassi ML, Facchetti F, Ferrari V, Farina D, Bertulli R, Nicolai P. Primary Ewing's sarcoma of the sinonasal tract in adults: A challenging disease. Head Neck 2016; 39:E45-E50. [PMID: 27898190 DOI: 10.1002/hed.24649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Revised: 08/19/2016] [Accepted: 10/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sinonasal localization of Ewing's sarcoma in adults is an exceedingly rare event. METHODS The clinical records of 5 patients with primary sinonasal Ewing's sarcoma treated from 1992 to 2012 were retrospectively analyzed. All pathologic slides were reviewed by 2 experienced pathologists. All patients underwent multimodality treatments. RESULTS Median age was 36 years (range, 25-52 years). At referral, 2 patients had the original diagnosis changed by review of the histologic slides. Tumors were classified as T4aN0M0 (4 patients) and T2N0M0 (1 patient). Median follow-up was 110 months (range, 70-139 months). Only 1 patient, who started treatment elsewhere based on an incorrect histologic diagnosis, experienced multiple recurrences and eventually died of widespread metastasis. CONCLUSION Correct pathologic diagnosis can have a crucial impact on treatment planning and outcome. Multimodality therapy is the key for long-term successful results. Because of the rarity of the tumor, referral to highly experienced care centers is strongly recommended. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 39: E45-E50, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Lombardi
- Unit of Otorhinolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Department of Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences, and Public Health, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Davide Mattavelli
- Unit of Otorhinolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Department of Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences, and Public Health, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Luca O Redaelli De Zinis
- Unit of Otorhinolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Department of Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences, and Public Health, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Remo Accorona
- Unit of Otorhinolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Department of Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences, and Public Health, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Maria L Morassi
- Unit of Pathology, Department of Translational and Molecular Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Fabio Facchetti
- Unit of Pathology, Department of Translational and Molecular Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Vittorio Ferrari
- Unit of Medical Oncology, Department of Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences, and Public Health, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Davide Farina
- Unit of Radiology, Department of Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences, and Public Health, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Rossella Bertulli
- Adult Mesenchymal Tumor Medical Oncology Unit, Cancer Medicine Department, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Piero Nicolai
- Unit of Otorhinolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Department of Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences, and Public Health, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
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22
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Zhao JL, Chen FL, Zhou Q, Pan W, Wang XH, Xu J, Zhang SX, Ni LI, Yang HL. B7-H3 protein expression in a murine model of osteosarcoma. Oncol Lett 2016; 12:383-386. [PMID: 27347155 PMCID: PMC4906827 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2016.4675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2015] [Accepted: 01/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteosarcoma is an aggressive type of bone tumor that commonly occurs in pediatric age groups. The complete molecular mechanisms behind osteosarcoma formation and progression require elucidation. B7-H3 is a protein of the B7 family that acts as a co-stimulatory molecule with a significant role in adaptive immune responses. The link between B7-H3 expression and its role in different types of cancer remains unclear. B7-H3 protein exhibits different functional roles in in vivo and in vitro conditions that remain controversial. In the present study, a murine model of osteosarcoma was successfully established using a modified protocol so as to easily obtain a low grade and metastatic form of osteosarcoma tissue without complication. Histological data showed that a less organized and highly proliferative mass of cells was observed in the osteosarcoma tissue. A higher expression level of B7-H3 protein was also observed at each advanced stage of osteosarcoma, which indicated the contributory role of the protein in the development of the primary and metastatic forms of osteosarcoma. Immunohistochemistry was performed, which showed that the overexpression of B7-H3 protein in the metastatic form of osteosarcoma may be associated with its migration and invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Li Zhao
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215006, P.R. China; Department of Orthopedics, The Second People's Hospital of Huai'an, Huai'an, Jiangsu 223002, P.R. China
| | - Feng-Li Chen
- Central Laboratory, The First People's Hospital of Huai'an, Huai'an, Jiangsu 223300, P.R. China
| | - Quan Zhou
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second People's Hospital of Huai'an, Huai'an, Jiangsu 223002, P.R. China
| | - Wei Pan
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second People's Hospital of Huai'an, Huai'an, Jiangsu 223002, P.R. China
| | - Xin-Hong Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second People's Hospital of Huai'an, Huai'an, Jiangsu 223002, P.R. China
| | - Jin Xu
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second People's Hospital of Huai'an, Huai'an, Jiangsu 223002, P.R. China
| | - Shao-Xian Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second People's Hospital of Huai'an, Huai'an, Jiangsu 223002, P.R. China
| | - L I Ni
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second People's Hospital of Huai'an, Huai'an, Jiangsu 223002, P.R. China
| | - Hui-Lin Yang
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215006, P.R. China
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Chen Z, Guo J, Zhang K, Guo Y. TP53 Mutations and Survival in Osteosarcoma Patients: A Meta-Analysis of Published Data. DISEASE MARKERS 2016; 2016:4639575. [PMID: 27239089 PMCID: PMC4863100 DOI: 10.1155/2016/4639575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2016] [Accepted: 04/05/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Several research groups have examined the association between TP53 mutations and prognosis in human osteosarcoma. However, the results were controversial. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the prognostic value of TP53 mutations in osteosarcoma patients. A meta-analysis was conducted with all eligible studies which quantitatively evaluated the relationship between TP53 mutations and clinical outcome of osteosarcoma patients. Eight studies with a total of 210 patients with osteosarcoma were included in this meta-analysis. The risk ratio (RR) with a 95% confidence interval (95% CI) was calculated to assess the effect of TP53 mutations on 2-year overall survival. The quantitative synthesis of 8 published studies showed that TP53 mutations were associated with 2-year overall survival in osteosarcoma patients. These data suggested that TP53 mutations had an unfavorable impact on 2-year overall survival when compared to the counterparts with wild type (WT) TP53 (RR: 1.79; 95% CI: 1.12 to 2.84; P = 0.01; I (2) = 0%). There was no between-study heterogeneity. TP53 mutations are an effective prognostic marker for survival of patients with osteosarcoma. However, further large-scale prospective trials should be performed to clarify the prognostic value of TP53 mutations on 3- or 5-year survival in osteosarcoma patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Chen
- Luoyang Orthopedic Hospital of Henan Province, Luoyang 471000, China
| | - Jiayi Guo
- Luoyang Orthopedic Hospital of Henan Province, Luoyang 471000, China
| | - Kun Zhang
- Luoyang Orthopedic Hospital of Henan Province, Luoyang 471000, China
| | - Yanxing Guo
- Luoyang Orthopedic Hospital of Henan Province, Luoyang 471000, China
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24
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Saalfrank A, Janssen KP, Ravon M, Flisikowski K, Eser S, Steiger K, Flisikowska T, Müller-Fliedner P, Schulze É, Brönner C, Gnann A, Kappe E, Böhm B, Schade B, Certa U, Saur D, Esposito I, Kind A, Schnieke A. A porcine model of osteosarcoma. Oncogenesis 2016; 5:e210. [PMID: 26974205 PMCID: PMC4815050 DOI: 10.1038/oncsis.2016.19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2015] [Revised: 01/25/2016] [Accepted: 01/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously produced pigs with a latent oncogenic TP53 mutation. Humans with TP53 germline mutations are predisposed to a wide spectrum of early-onset cancers, predominantly breast, brain, adrenal gland cancer, soft tissue sarcomas and osteosarcomas. Loss of p53 function has been observed in >50% of human cancers. Here we demonstrate that porcine mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) convert to a transformed phenotype after activation of latent oncogenic TP53R167H and KRASG12D, and overexpression of MYC promotes tumorigenesis. The process mimics key molecular aspects of human sarcomagenesis. Transformed porcine MSCs exhibit genomic instability, with complex karyotypes, and develop into sarcomas on transplantation into immune-deficient mice. In pigs, heterozygous knockout of TP53 was sufficient for spontaneous osteosarcoma development in older animals, whereas homozygous TP53 knockout resulted in multiple large osteosarcomas in 7–8-month-old animals. This is the first report that engineered mutation of an endogenous tumour-suppressor gene leads to invasive cancer in pigs. Unlike in Trp53 mutant mice, osteosarcoma developed in the long bones and skull, closely recapitulating the human disease. These animals thus promise a model for juvenile osteosarcoma, a relatively uncommon but devastating disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Saalfrank
- Chair of Livestock Biotechnology, Technische Universität München, Freising, Germany
| | - K-P Janssen
- Department of Surgery, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - M Ravon
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Basel, Switzerland
| | - K Flisikowski
- Chair of Livestock Biotechnology, Technische Universität München, Freising, Germany
| | - S Eser
- Department of Medicine II, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - K Steiger
- Department of Pathology, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - T Flisikowska
- Chair of Livestock Biotechnology, Technische Universität München, Freising, Germany
| | - P Müller-Fliedner
- Chair of Livestock Biotechnology, Technische Universität München, Freising, Germany
| | - É Schulze
- Chair of Livestock Biotechnology, Technische Universität München, Freising, Germany
| | - C Brönner
- Chair of Livestock Biotechnology, Technische Universität München, Freising, Germany
| | - A Gnann
- Department of Surgery, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - E Kappe
- Department of Pathology, Bavarian Animal Health Service, Poing, Germany
| | - B Böhm
- Department of Pathology, Bavarian Animal Health Service, Poing, Germany
| | - B Schade
- Department of Pathology, Bavarian Animal Health Service, Poing, Germany
| | - U Certa
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Basel, Switzerland
| | - D Saur
- Department of Medicine II, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - I Esposito
- Institute of Pathology, Heinrich-Heine-University of Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - A Kind
- Chair of Livestock Biotechnology, Technische Universität München, Freising, Germany
| | - A Schnieke
- Chair of Livestock Biotechnology, Technische Universität München, Freising, Germany
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25
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Hesla AC, Tsagozis P, Jebsen N, Zaikova O, Bauer H, Brosjö O. Improved Prognosis for Patients with Ewing Sarcoma in the Sacrum Compared with the Innominate Bones: The Scandinavian Sarcoma Group Experience. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2016; 98:199-210. [PMID: 26842410 DOI: 10.2106/jbjs.o.00362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Treatment of Ewing sarcoma of the pelvic bones remains one of the most difficult tasks in the treatment of bone sarcomas. Whether surgery or radiation therapy is the best local treatment is still a matter of debate. The aim of the present study was to compare sacral and nonsacral sites with regard to the treatment and outcome of pelvic Ewing sarcomas. METHODS Patients with Ewing sarcoma of the osseous pelvis diagnosed between 1986 and 2011 were identified through the Scandinavian Sarcoma Group registry. Data regarding tumor size, local treatment (surgery or radiation therapy), metastatic disease, surgical margins, local recurrence, and overall survival were analyzed. RESULTS Of the 117 patients examined, eighty-eight had tumors in the innominate bones and twenty-nine, in the sacrum. Radiation therapy was the sole local treatment for 40% of the innominate bone tumors in contrast to 79% of the sacral tumors. The five-year disease-free survival rate in the latter group (66%) was greater than that in the group with tumors in the innominate bones (40%) (p = 0.02 adjusted for size). CONCLUSIONS Disease-free survival among patients with Ewing sarcoma was improved when the tumor was localized in the sacrum compared with the innominate bones, where these tumors are generally larger. Local radiation therapy alone appears to result in good local tumor control and may be the treatment of choice for sacral tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asle Charles Hesla
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, Sweden
| | - Panagiotis Tsagozis
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, Sweden
| | - Nina Jebsen
- Department of Oncology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Olga Zaikova
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Henrik Bauer
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, Sweden
| | - Otte Brosjö
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, Sweden
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26
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Assessment of Promoter Hypermethylation and Expression Profile of P14 ARF and MDM2 Genes in Patients With Pterygium. Eye Contact Lens 2016; 42:e4-7. [DOI: 10.1097/icl.0000000000000126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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27
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Fan TM, Khanna C. Comparative Aspects of Osteosarcoma Pathogenesis in Humans and Dogs. Vet Sci 2015; 2:210-230. [PMID: 29061942 PMCID: PMC5644632 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci2030210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2015] [Revised: 08/01/2015] [Accepted: 08/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteosarcoma (OS) is a primary and aggressive bone sarcoma affecting the skeleton of two principal species, human beings and canines. The biologic behavior of OS is conserved between people and dogs, and evidence suggests that fundamental discoveries in OS biology can be facilitated through detailed and comparative studies. In particular, the relative genetic homogeneity associated with specific dog breeds can provide opportunities to facilitate the discovery of key genetic drivers involved in OS pathogenesis, which, to-date, remain elusive. In this review, known causative factors that predispose to the development OS in human beings and dogs are summarized in detail. Based upon the commonalities shared in OS pathogenesis, it is likely that foundational discoveries in one species will be translationally relevant to the other and emphasizes the unique opportunities that might be gained through comparative scientific approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy M Fan
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, Comparative Oncology Research Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61820, USA.
| | - Chand Khanna
- Tumor and Metastasis Biology Section, Pediatric Oncology Branch, Center for Clinical Research, The National Cancer Institute, Washington, DC 20004, USA.
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28
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Lerman DM, Monument MJ, McIlvaine E, Liu XQ, Huang D, Monovich L, Beeler N, Gorlick RG, Marina NM, Womer RB, Bridge JA, Krailo MD, Randall RL, Lessnick SL. Tumoral TP53 and/or CDKN2A alterations are not reliable prognostic biomarkers in patients with localized Ewing sarcoma: a report from the Children's Oncology Group. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2015; 62:759-65. [PMID: 25464386 PMCID: PMC4376595 DOI: 10.1002/pbc.25340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2014] [Accepted: 10/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A growing collection of retrospective studies have suggested that TP53 mutations and/or CDKN2A deletions have prognostic significance in Ewing sarcoma. We sought to evaluate these variables in patients with localized disease treated prospectively on a single Children's Oncology Group protocol. PROCEDURE Of the 568 patients enrolled on Children's Oncology Group protocol AEWS0031 (NCT00006734), 112 had tumor specimens of sufficient quality and quantity to allow for analysis of TP53 mutations status by DNA sequencing, and CDKN2A deletion by dual color fluorescent in situ hybridization. RESULTS Eight of 93 cases (8.6%) were found to have TP53 point mutations and 12 of 107 cases (11.2%) demonstrated homozygous CDKN2A deletion. Two cases were found to have an alteration in both genes. There was no significant difference in event-free survival of patients with TP53 mutations and/or CDKN2A deletions compared to patients with normal TP53/CDKN2A gene status, as demonstrated by log rank test (p = 0.58). CONCLUSIONS Although previous retrospective studies suggest their significance, TP53 mutation and/or CDKN2A deletion are not reliable prognostic biomarkers in localized Ewing sarcoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel M. Lerman
- Department of Orthopedics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA,Center for Children’s Cancer Research, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Michael J. Monument
- Department of Orthopedics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA,Center for Children’s Cancer Research, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Elizabeth McIlvaine
- University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Xiao-qiong Liu
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NB, USA
| | - Dali Huang
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NB, USA
| | - Laura Monovich
- Children’s Oncology Group Biopathology Center, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Natalie Beeler
- Children’s Oncology Group Biopathology Center, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Richard G. Gorlick
- Department of Pediatrics, Montefiore Medical Center, The Children's Hospital at Montefiore, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Neyssa M. Marina
- Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Richard B. Womer
- Division of Oncology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Julia A. Bridge
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NB, USA
| | - Mark D. Krailo
- University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - R. Lor Randall
- Department of Orthopedics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA,Center for Children’s Cancer Research, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Stephen L. Lessnick
- Department of Orthopedics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA,Center for Children’s Cancer Research, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA,Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology and the Department of Oncological Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
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29
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Shukla N. Ewing sarcoma: a tough road to clinically relevant biomarkers. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2015; 62:741-2. [PMID: 25586427 DOI: 10.1002/pbc.25406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2014] [Accepted: 11/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Neerav Shukla
- Pediatrics, Memorial Sloan Kettering CC, NY, New York
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30
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Chang L, Shrestha S, LaChaud G, Scott MA, James AW. Review of microRNA in osteosarcoma and chondrosarcoma. Med Oncol 2015; 32:613. [PMID: 25920607 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-015-0613-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2015] [Accepted: 04/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small noncoding RNAs, which play a complex role in posttranscriptional gene expression and can theoretically be used as a diagnostic or prognostic tool, or therapeutic target for neoplasia. Despite advances in the diagnosis and treatment of skeletal sarcomas, including osteosarcoma and chondrosarcoma, much remains unknown regarding their underpinning molecular mechanisms. Given the recent increasing knowledge base of miRNA roles in neoplasia, both as oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes, this review will focus on the available literature regarding the expression profiles and potential roles of miRNA in skeletal sarcomas. Although this is an emerging field, miRNA profiling may be of use in clarifying competing diagnoses of skeletal sarcomas and possibly indicate patient risk of resistance to traditional chemotherapeutic agents. While detecting and targeting miRNAs is currently limited to experimental investigations, miRNA may be utilized for future clinical management of skeletal sarcomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Le Chang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, 10833 Le Conte Ave., 13-145 CHS, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
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31
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Poos K, Smida J, Maugg D, Eckstein G, Baumhoer D, Nathrath M, Korsching E. Genomic heterogeneity of osteosarcoma - shift from single candidates to functional modules. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0123082. [PMID: 25848766 PMCID: PMC4388529 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0123082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2014] [Accepted: 02/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteosarcoma (OS), a bone tumor, exhibit a complex karyotype. On the genomic level a highly variable degree of alterations in nearly all chromosomal regions and between individual tumors is observable. This hampers the identification of common drivers in OS biology. To identify the common molecular mechanisms involved in the maintenance of OS, we follow the hypothesis that all the copy number-associated differences between the patients are intercepted on the level of the functional modules. The implementation is based on a network approach utilizing copy number associated genes in OS, paired expression data and protein interaction data. The resulting functional modules of tightly connected genes were interpreted regarding their biological functions in OS and their potential prognostic significance. We identified an osteosarcoma network assembling well-known and lesser-known candidates. The derived network shows a significant connectivity and modularity suggesting that the genes affected by the heterogeneous genetic alterations share the same biological context. The network modules participate in several critical aspects of cancer biology like DNA damage response, cell growth, and cell motility which is in line with the hypothesis of specifically deregulated but functional modules in cancer. Further, we could deduce genes with possible prognostic significance in OS for further investigation (e.g. EZR, CDKN2A, MAP3K5). Several of those module genes were located on chromosome 6q. The given systems biological approach provides evidence that heterogeneity on the genomic and expression level is ordered by the biological system on the level of the functional modules. Different genomic aberrations are pointing to the same cellular network vicinity to form vital, but already neoplastically altered, functional modules maintaining OS. This observation, exemplarily now shown for OS, has been under discussion already for a longer time, but often in a hypothetical manner, and can here be exemplified for OS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathrin Poos
- Institute of Bioinformatics, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Jan Smida
- Clinical Cooperation Group Osteosarcoma, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- Children's Cancer Research Center and Department of Pediatrics, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Doris Maugg
- Clinical Cooperation Group Osteosarcoma, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- Children's Cancer Research Center and Department of Pediatrics, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Gertrud Eckstein
- Institute of Human Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Daniel Baumhoer
- Clinical Cooperation Group Osteosarcoma, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- Bone Tumor Reference Center at the Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Michaela Nathrath
- Clinical Cooperation Group Osteosarcoma, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- Children's Cancer Research Center and Department of Pediatrics, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Eberhard Korsching
- Institute of Bioinformatics, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
- * E-mail:
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32
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Variable expression of PIK3R3 and PTEN in Ewing Sarcoma impacts oncogenic phenotypes. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0116895. [PMID: 25603314 PMCID: PMC4300218 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0116895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2014] [Accepted: 12/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Ewing Sarcoma is an aggressive malignancy of bone and soft tissue affecting children and young adults. Ewing Sarcoma is driven by EWS/Ets fusion oncoproteins, which cause widespread alterations in gene expression in the cell. Dysregulation of receptor tyrosine kinase signaling, particularly involving IGF-1R, also plays an important role in Ewing Sarcoma pathogenesis. However, the basis of this dysregulation, including the relative contribution of EWS/Ets-dependent and independent mechanisms, is not well understood. In the present study, we identify variable expression of two modifiers of PI3K signaling activity, PIK3R3 and PTEN, in Ewing Sarcoma, and examine the consequences of this on PI3K pathway regulation and oncogenic phenotypes. Our findings indicate that PIK3R3 plays a growth-promotional role in Ewing Sarcoma, but suggest that this role is not strictly dependent on regulation of PI3K pathway activity. We further show that expression of PTEN, a well-established, potent tumor suppressor, is lost in a subset of Ewing Sarcomas, and that this loss strongly correlates with high baseline PI3K pathway activity in cell lines. In support of functional importance of PTEN loss in Ewing Sarcoma, we show that re-introduction of PTEN into two different PTEN-negative Ewing Sarcoma cell lines results in downregulation of PI3K pathway activity, and sensitization to the IGF-1R small molecule inhibitor OSI-906. Our findings also suggest that PTEN levels may contribute to sensitivity of Ewing Sarcoma cells to the microtubule inhibitor vincristine, a relevant chemotherapeutic agent in this cancer. Our studies thus identify PIK3R3 and PTEN as modifiers of oncogenic phenotypes in Ewing Sarcoma, with potential clinical implications.
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33
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Complementary genomic approaches highlight the PI3K/mTOR pathway as a common vulnerability in osteosarcoma. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 111:E5564-73. [PMID: 25512523 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1419260111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 315] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteosarcoma is the most common primary bone tumor, yet there have been no substantial advances in treatment or survival in three decades. We examined 59 tumor/normal pairs by whole-exome, whole-genome, and RNA-sequencing. Only the TP53 gene was mutated at significant frequency across all samples. The mean nonsilent somatic mutation rate was 1.2 mutations per megabase, and there was a median of 230 somatic rearrangements per tumor. Complex chains of rearrangements and localized hypermutation were detected in almost all cases. Given the intertumor heterogeneity, the extent of genomic instability, and the difficulty in acquiring a large sample size in a rare tumor, we used several methods to identify genomic events contributing to osteosarcoma survival. Pathway analysis, a heuristic analytic algorithm, a comparative oncology approach, and an shRNA screen converged on the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/mammalian target of rapamycin (PI3K/mTOR) pathway as a central vulnerability for therapeutic exploitation in osteosarcoma. Osteosarcoma cell lines are responsive to pharmacologic and genetic inhibition of the PI3K/mTOR pathway both in vitro and in vivo.
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34
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Abstract
Osteosarcoma is the most common malignant bone tumor in children and characterized by aggressive biologic behavior of metastatic propensity to the lung. Change of treatment paradigm brings survival benefit; however, 5-year survival rate is still low in patients having metastastatic foci at diagnosis for a few decades. Metastasis-associated protein (MTA) family is a group of ubiquitously expressed coregulators, which influences on tumor invasiveness or metastasis. MTA1 has been investigated in various cancers including osteosarcoma, and its overexpression is associated with high-risk features of cancers. In this review, we described various molecular studies of osteosarcoma, especially associated with MTA1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung Sun Kim
- Department of Pathology, Chonnam National University Medical School, 160, Baekseo-ro, Dong-gu, Gwangju, 501-757, Korea,
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35
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Abstract
Osteosarcomas are rare with an estimated incidence of 5-6 cases per one million inhabitants per year. As the prognosis has not improved significantly over the last 30 years and more than 30 % of patients still die of the disease a better understanding of the molecular tumorigenesis is urgently needed to identify prognostic and predictive biomarkers as well as potential therapeutic targets. Using genome-wide SNP chip analyses we were able to detect a genetic signature enabling a prognostic prediction of patients already at the time of initial diagnosis. Furthermore, we found the microRNA cluster 17-92 to be constitutively overexpressed in osteosarcomas. The microRNAs included here are intermingled in a complex network of several oncogenes and tumor suppressors that have been described to be deregulated in osteosarcomas. Therefore, the microRNA cluster 17-92 could represent a central regulator in the development of osteosarcomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Baumhoer
- Knochentumor-Referenzzentrum am Institut für Pathologie , Universitätsspital Basel, Schönbeinstr. 40, 4031, Basel, Schweiz,
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36
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Abstract
For the past 30 years, improvements in the survival of patients with osteosarcoma have been mostly incremental. Despite evidence of genomic instability and a high frequency of chromothripsis and kataegis, osteosarcomas carry few recurrent targetable mutations, and trials of targeted agents have been generally disappointing. Bone has a highly specialized immune environment and many immune signalling pathways are important in bone homeostasis. The success of the innate immune stimulant mifamurtide in the adjuvant treatment of non-metastatic osteosarcoma suggests that newer immune-based treatments, such as immune checkpoint inhibitors, may substantially improve disease outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maya Kansara
- 1] Research Division, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, 3002, Victoria, Australia. [2] Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, 3010, Victoria, Australia
| | - Michele W Teng
- 1] Immunology in Cancer and Infection Laboratory and Cancer Immunoregulation and Immunotherapy Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, 4006, Queensland, Australia. [2] School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Herston, 4006, Queensland, Australia
| | - Mark J Smyth
- 1] Immunology in Cancer and Infection Laboratory and Cancer Immunoregulation and Immunotherapy Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, 4006, Queensland, Australia. [2] School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Herston, 4006, Queensland, Australia
| | - David M Thomas
- 1] Research Division, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, 3002, Victoria, Australia. [2] Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, 3010, Victoria, Australia. [3] The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, 2010, New South Wales, Australia
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37
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Tirode F, Surdez D, Ma X, Parker M, Le Deley MC, Bahrami A, Zhang Z, Lapouble E, Grossetête-Lalami S, Rusch M, Reynaud S, Rio-Frio T, Hedlund E, Wu G, Chen X, Pierron G, Oberlin O, Zaidi S, Lemmon G, Gupta P, Vadodaria B, Easton J, Gut M, Ding L, Mardis ER, Wilson RK, Shurtleff S, Laurence V, Michon J, Marec-Bérard P, Gut I, Downing J, Dyer M, Zhang J, Delattre O. Genomic landscape of Ewing sarcoma defines an aggressive subtype with co-association of STAG2 and TP53 mutations. Cancer Discov 2014; 4:1342-53. [PMID: 25223734 DOI: 10.1158/2159-8290.cd-14-0622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 361] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Ewing sarcoma is a primary bone tumor initiated by EWSR1-ETS gene fusions. To identify secondary genetic lesions that contribute to tumor progression, we performed whole-genome sequencing of 112 Ewing sarcoma samples and matched germline DNA. Overall, Ewing sarcoma tumors had relatively few single-nucleotide variants, indels, structural variants, and copy-number alterations. Apart from whole chromosome arm copy-number changes, the most common somatic mutations were detected in STAG2 (17%), CDKN2A (12%), TP53 (7%), EZH2, BCOR, and ZMYM3 (2.7% each). Strikingly, STAG2 mutations and CDKN2A deletions were mutually exclusive, as confirmed in Ewing sarcoma cell lines. In an expanded cohort of 299 patients with clinical data, we discovered that STAG2 and TP53 mutations are often concurrent and are associated with poor outcome. Finally, we detected subclonal STAG2 mutations in diagnostic tumors and expansion of STAG2-immunonegative cells in relapsed tumors as compared with matched diagnostic samples. SIGNIFICANCE Whole-genome sequencing reveals that the somatic mutation rate in Ewing sarcoma is low. Tumors that harbor STAG2 and TP53 mutations have a particularly dismal prognosis with current treatments and require alternative therapies. Novel drugs that target epigenetic regulators may constitute viable therapeutic strategies in a subset of patients with mutations in chromatin modifiers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franck Tirode
- INSERM U830, Laboratory of Genetics and Cancer Biology, Institut Curie, Paris, France. Centre de Recherche, Institut Curie, Paris, France
| | - Didier Surdez
- INSERM U830, Laboratory of Genetics and Cancer Biology, Institut Curie, Paris, France. Centre de Recherche, Institut Curie, Paris, France
| | - Xiaotu Ma
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Matthew Parker
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Marie Cécile Le Deley
- Departement d'Epidémiologie et de Biostatistiques, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | - Armita Bahrami
- Department of Pathology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Zhaojie Zhang
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Eve Lapouble
- Unité de Génétique Somatique, Centre Hospitalier, Institut Curie, Paris, France
| | - Sandrine Grossetête-Lalami
- INSERM U830, Laboratory of Genetics and Cancer Biology, Institut Curie, Paris, France. Centre de Recherche, Institut Curie, Paris, France
| | - Michael Rusch
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Stéphanie Reynaud
- Unité de Génétique Somatique, Centre Hospitalier, Institut Curie, Paris, France
| | | | - Erin Hedlund
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Gang Wu
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Xiang Chen
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Gaelle Pierron
- Unité de Génétique Somatique, Centre Hospitalier, Institut Curie, Paris, France
| | - Odile Oberlin
- Departement de Pédiatrie, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | - Sakina Zaidi
- INSERM U830, Laboratory of Genetics and Cancer Biology, Institut Curie, Paris, France. Centre de Recherche, Institut Curie, Paris, France
| | - Gordon Lemmon
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Pankaj Gupta
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Bhavin Vadodaria
- The Pediatric Cancer Genome Laboratory, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - John Easton
- The Pediatric Cancer Genome Laboratory, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Marta Gut
- Centro Nacional de Análisis Genómico (CNAG), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Li Ding
- Department of Genetics, The Genome Institute, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri. Department of Medicine, The Genome Institute, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri. Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Elaine R Mardis
- Department of Genetics, The Genome Institute, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri. Department of Medicine, The Genome Institute, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri. Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Richard K Wilson
- Department of Genetics, The Genome Institute, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri. Department of Medicine, The Genome Institute, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri. Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Sheila Shurtleff
- Department of Pathology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Valérie Laurence
- Département d'Oncologie Medicale, Adolescents et Jeunes Adultes, Centre Hospitalier, Institut Curie, Paris, France
| | - Jean Michon
- Département d'Oncologie Pediatrique, Adolescents et Jeunes Adultes, Centre Hospitalier, Institut Curie, Paris, France
| | - Perrine Marec-Bérard
- Institute for Paediatric Haematology and Oncology, Leon Bérard Cancer Centre, University of Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Ivo Gut
- Centro Nacional de Análisis Genómico (CNAG), Barcelona, Spain
| | - James Downing
- The Pediatric Cancer Genome Laboratory, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Michael Dyer
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee. Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, Maryland
| | - Jinghui Zhang
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee.
| | - Olivier Delattre
- INSERM U830, Laboratory of Genetics and Cancer Biology, Institut Curie, Paris, France. Centre de Recherche, Institut Curie, Paris, France.
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Sieren JC, Meyerholz DK, Wang XJ, Davis BT, Newell JD, Hammond E, Rohret JA, Rohret FA, Struzynski JT, Goeken JA, Naumann PW, Leidinger MR, Taghiyev A, Van Rheeden R, Hagen J, Darbro BW, Quelle DE, Rogers CS. Development and translational imaging of a TP53 porcine tumorigenesis model. J Clin Invest 2014; 124:4052-66. [PMID: 25105366 DOI: 10.1172/jci75447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2014] [Accepted: 06/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer is the second deadliest disease in the United States, necessitating improvements in tumor diagnosis and treatment. Current model systems of cancer are informative, but translating promising imaging approaches and therapies to clinical practice has been challenging. In particular, the lack of a large-animal model that accurately mimics human cancer has been a major barrier to the development of effective diagnostic tools along with surgical and therapeutic interventions. Here, we developed a genetically modified porcine model of cancer in which animals express a mutation in TP53 (which encodes p53) that is orthologous to one commonly found in humans (R175H in people, R167H in pigs). TP53(R167H/R167H) mutant pigs primarily developed lymphomas and osteogenic tumors, recapitulating the tumor types observed in mice and humans expressing orthologous TP53 mutant alleles. CT and MRI imaging data effectively detected developing tumors, which were validated by histopathological evaluation after necropsy. Molecular genetic analyses confirmed that these animals expressed the R167H mutant p53, and evaluation of tumors revealed characteristic chromosomal instability. Together, these results demonstrated that TP53(R167H/R167H) pigs represent a large-animal tumor model that replicates the human condition. Our data further suggest that this model will be uniquely suited for developing clinically relevant, noninvasive imaging approaches to facilitate earlier detection, diagnosis, and treatment of human cancers.
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The genomic landscape of the Ewing Sarcoma family of tumors reveals recurrent STAG2 mutation. PLoS Genet 2014; 10:e1004475. [PMID: 25010205 PMCID: PMC4091782 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1004475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 299] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2014] [Accepted: 05/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The Ewing sarcoma family of tumors (EFT) is a group of highly malignant small round blue cell tumors occurring in children and young adults. We report here the largest genomic survey to date of 101 EFT (65 tumors and 36 cell lines). Using a combination of whole genome sequencing and targeted sequencing approaches, we discover that EFT has a very low mutational burden (0.15 mutations/Mb) but frequent deleterious mutations in the cohesin complex subunit STAG2 (21.5% tumors, 44.4% cell lines), homozygous deletion of CDKN2A (13.8% and 50%) and mutations of TP53 (6.2% and 71.9%). We additionally note an increased prevalence of the BRCA2 K3326X polymorphism in EFT patient samples (7.3%) compared to population data (OR 7.1, p = 0.006). Using whole transcriptome sequencing, we find that 11% of tumors pathologically diagnosed as EFT lack a typical EWSR1 fusion oncogene and that these tumors do not have a characteristic Ewing sarcoma gene expression signature. We identify samples harboring novel fusion genes including FUS-NCATc2 and CIC-FOXO4 that may represent distinct small round blue cell tumor variants. In an independent EFT tissue microarray cohort, we show that STAG2 loss as detected by immunohistochemistry may be associated with more advanced disease (p = 0.15) and a modest decrease in overall survival (p = 0.10). These results significantly advance our understanding of the genomic and molecular underpinnings of Ewing sarcoma and provide a foundation towards further efforts to improve diagnosis, prognosis, and precision therapeutics testing. The Ewing sarcoma family of tumors is a group of aggressive cancers that primarily affects the pediatric and young adult population. Increasingly, genomics are being used to better define the disease biology and to identify targets for therapy in many cancer types. Here, we report one of the first and largest genomic studies to date in the Ewing sarcoma family of tumors. Using a combination of modern sequencing techniques in >100 samples, we discover that Ewing sarcomas have a genome that is less complex compared to most cancer types previously surveyed. We find that this cancer is frequently affected by mutations in STAG2, a gene that has recently gained attention due to its importance in the biology of several cancer types. We show that Ewing sarcoma patients whose tumors are affected by STAG2 loss may have a worse prognosis. Additionally, we identify a subset of tumors that were diagnosed as Ewing sarcoma that appear to be distinct from the majority based on genetic and molecular characteristics. Our findings help to define the genetic landscape of Ewing sarcoma and provide a starting point for improving individualization of diagnosis, prognosis and treatment in this cancer.
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Park HR, Jung WW, Kim HS, Park YK. Microarray-based DNA methylation study of Ewing's sarcoma of the bone. Oncol Lett 2014; 8:1613-1617. [PMID: 25202378 PMCID: PMC4156184 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2014.2322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2013] [Accepted: 05/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Alterations in DNA methylation patterns are a hallmark of malignancy. However, the majority of epigenetic studies of Ewing’s sarcoma have focused on the analysis of only a few candidate genes. Comprehensive studies are thus lacking and are required. The aim of the present study was to identify novel methylation markers in Ewing’s sarcoma using microarray analysis. The current study reports the microarray-based DNA methylation study of 1,505 CpG sites of 807 cancer-related genes from 69 Ewing’s sarcoma samples. The Illumina GoldenGate Methylation Cancer Panel I microarray was used, and with the appropriate controls (n=14), a total of 92 hypermethylated genes were identified in the Ewing’s sarcoma samples. The majority of the hypermethylated genes were associated with cell adhesion, cell regulation, development and signal transduction. The overall methylation mean values were compared between patients who survived and those that did not. The overall methylation mean was significantly higher in the patients who did not survive (0.25±0.03) than in those who did (0.22±0.05) (P=0.0322). However, the overall methylation mean was not found to significantly correlate with age, gender or tumor location. GDF10, OSM, APC and HOXA11 were the most significant differentially-methylated genes, however, their methylation levels were not found to significantly correlate with the survival rate. The DNA methylation profile of Ewing’s sarcoma was characterized and 92 genes that were significantly hypermethylated were detected. A trend towards a more aggressive behavior was identified in the methylated group. The results of this study indicated that methylation may be significant in the development of Ewing’s sarcoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye-Rim Park
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Anyang, Gyeonggi 431-070, Republic of Korea
| | - Woon-Won Jung
- Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, College of Health Science, Cheongju University, Cheongju, Chungbuk 360-764, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Sook Kim
- Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, College of Health Science, Korea University, Seoul 136-703, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Koo Park
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 130-702, Republic of Korea
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Poos K, Smida J, Nathrath M, Maugg D, Baumhoer D, Neumann A, Korsching E. Structuring osteosarcoma knowledge: an osteosarcoma-gene association database based on literature mining and manual annotation. DATABASE-THE JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL DATABASES AND CURATION 2014; 2014:bau042. [PMID: 24865352 PMCID: PMC4034345 DOI: 10.1093/database/bau042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Osteosarcoma (OS) is the most common primary bone cancer exhibiting high genomic instability. This genomic instability affects multiple genes and microRNAs to a varying extent depending on patient and tumor subtype. Massive research is ongoing to identify genes including their gene products and microRNAs that correlate with disease progression and might be used as biomarkers for OS. However, the genomic complexity hampers the identification of reliable biomarkers. Up to now, clinico-pathological factors are the key determinants to guide prognosis and therapeutic treatments. Each day, new studies about OS are published and complicate the acquisition of information to support biomarker discovery and therapeutic improvements. Thus, it is necessary to provide a structured and annotated view on the current OS knowledge that is quick and easily accessible to researchers of the field. Therefore, we developed a publicly available database and Web interface that serves as resource for OS-associated genes and microRNAs. Genes and microRNAs were collected using an automated dictionary-based gene recognition procedure followed by manual review and annotation by experts of the field. In total, 911 genes and 81 microRNAs related to 1331 PubMed abstracts were collected (last update: 29 October 2013). Users can evaluate genes and microRNAs according to their potential prognostic and therapeutic impact, the experimental procedures, the sample types, the biological contexts and microRNA target gene interactions. Additionally, a pathway enrichment analysis of the collected genes highlights different aspects of OS progression. OS requires pathways commonly deregulated in cancer but also features OS-specific alterations like deregulated osteoclast differentiation. To our knowledge, this is the first effort of an OS database containing manual reviewed and annotated up-to-date OS knowledge. It might be a useful resource especially for the bone tumor research community, as specific information about genes or microRNAs is quick and easily accessible. Hence, this platform can support the ongoing OS research and biomarker discovery. Database URL: http://osteosarcoma-db.uni-muenster.de
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathrin Poos
- Institute of Bioinformatics, University of Münster, Münster, Germany, Clinical Cooperation Group Osteosarcoma, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany, Children's Cancer Research Center and Department of Pediatrics, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, 81664 Munich, Germany and Bone Tumor Reference Center at the Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jan Smida
- Institute of Bioinformatics, University of Münster, Münster, Germany, Clinical Cooperation Group Osteosarcoma, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany, Children's Cancer Research Center and Department of Pediatrics, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, 81664 Munich, Germany and Bone Tumor Reference Center at the Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, SwitzerlandInstitute of Bioinformatics, University of Münster, Münster, Germany, Clinical Cooperation Group Osteosarcoma, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany, Children's Cancer Research Center and Department of Pediatrics, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, 81664 Munich, Germany and Bone Tumor Reference Center at the Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Michaela Nathrath
- Institute of Bioinformatics, University of Münster, Münster, Germany, Clinical Cooperation Group Osteosarcoma, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany, Children's Cancer Research Center and Department of Pediatrics, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, 81664 Munich, Germany and Bone Tumor Reference Center at the Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, SwitzerlandInstitute of Bioinformatics, University of Münster, Münster, Germany, Clinical Cooperation Group Osteosarcoma, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany, Children's Cancer Research Center and Department of Pediatrics, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, 81664 Munich, Germany and Bone Tumor Reference Center at the Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Doris Maugg
- Institute of Bioinformatics, University of Münster, Münster, Germany, Clinical Cooperation Group Osteosarcoma, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany, Children's Cancer Research Center and Department of Pediatrics, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, 81664 Munich, Germany and Bone Tumor Reference Center at the Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, SwitzerlandInstitute of Bioinformatics, University of Münster, Münster, Germany, Clinical Cooperation Group Osteosarcoma, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany, Children's Cancer Research Center and Department of Pediatrics, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, 81664 Munich, Germany and Bone Tumor Reference Center at the Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Baumhoer
- Institute of Bioinformatics, University of Münster, Münster, Germany, Clinical Cooperation Group Osteosarcoma, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany, Children's Cancer Research Center and Department of Pediatrics, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, 81664 Munich, Germany and Bone Tumor Reference Center at the Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, SwitzerlandInstitute of Bioinformatics, University of Münster, Münster, Germany, Clinical Cooperation Group Osteosarcoma, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany, Children's Cancer Research Center and Department of Pediatrics, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, 81664 Munich, Germany and Bone Tumor Reference Center at the Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Anna Neumann
- Institute of Bioinformatics, University of Münster, Münster, Germany, Clinical Cooperation Group Osteosarcoma, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany, Children's Cancer Research Center and Department of Pediatrics, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, 81664 Munich, Germany and Bone Tumor Reference Center at the Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Eberhard Korsching
- Institute of Bioinformatics, University of Münster, Münster, Germany, Clinical Cooperation Group Osteosarcoma, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany, Children's Cancer Research Center and Department of Pediatrics, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, 81664 Munich, Germany and Bone Tumor Reference Center at the Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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Martin JW, Chilton-MacNeill S, Koti M, van Wijnen AJ, Squire JA, Zielenska M. Digital expression profiling identifies RUNX2, CDC5L, MDM2, RECQL4, and CDK4 as potential predictive biomarkers for neo-adjuvant chemotherapy response in paediatric osteosarcoma. PLoS One 2014; 9:e95843. [PMID: 24835790 PMCID: PMC4023931 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0095843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2013] [Accepted: 03/31/2014] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteosarcoma is the most common malignancy of bone, and occurs most frequently in children and adolescents. Currently, the most reliable technique for determining a patients’ prognosis is measurement of histopathologic tumor necrosis following pre-operative neo-adjuvant chemotherapy. Unfavourable prognosis is indicated by less than 90% estimated necrosis of the tumor. Neither genetic testing nor molecular biomarkers for diagnosis and prognosis have been described for osteosarcomas. We used the novel nanoString mRNA digital expression analysis system to analyse gene expression in 32 patients with sporadic paediatric osteosarcoma. This system used specific molecular barcodes to quantify expression of a set of 17 genes associated with osteosarcoma tumorigenesis. Five genes, from this panel, which encoded the bone differentiation regulator RUNX2, the cell cycle regulator CDC5L, the TP53 transcriptional inactivator MDM2, the DNA helicase RECQL4, and the cyclin-dependent kinase gene CDK4, were differentially expressed in tumors that responded poorly to neo-adjuvant chemotherapy. Analysis of the signalling relationships of these genes, as well as other expression markers of osteosarcoma, indicated that gene networks linked to RB1, TP53, PI3K, PTEN/Akt, myc and RECQL4 are associated with osteosarcoma. The discovery of these networks provides a basis for further experimental studies of role of the five genes (RUNX2, CDC5L, MDM2, RECQL4, and CDK4) in differential response to chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey W. Martin
- Department of Paediatric Laboratory Medicine, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Susan Chilton-MacNeill
- Department of Paediatric Laboratory Medicine, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Madhuri Koti
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Andre J. van Wijnen
- Departments of Orthopedic Surgery and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Jeremy A. Squire
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
- Departments of Genetics and Pathology, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto - USP, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
- * E-mail:
| | - Maria Zielenska
- Department of Paediatric Laboratory Medicine, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Abstract
OPINION STATEMENT Sarcoma is a disease that includes many different subtypes that can present with a wide range of differing clinical findings, prognosis, and treatment options. For certain subsets (e.g., Ewing sarcoma, osteosarcoma, rhabdomyosarcoma, gastrointestinal stromal tumor [GIST]), extensive clinical trials have delineated effective treatment regimens often involving combination therapy, including surgery, radiation, systemic chemotherapy, and small molecular inhibitors of tyrosine kinases (as in the case of GIST). For nearly all patients with sarcoma who have relapsed or developed metastasis, the therapeutic benefit of chemotherapy has reached a plateau and as such new treatment approaches are needed to move this field forward. We recommend that all patients have the opportunity to participate in clinical trials where available. Recently, in our clinic we have started to increase our use of molecular testing and DNA sequencing studies to help identify potential treatment options for patients. One area of evolving basic and clinical research in sarcomas is the field of epigenetic therapeutics. The enclosed article reviews the basics of epigenetics and highlights some completed and ongoing clinical trials of epigenetic treatments in sarcoma. We anticipate in the future that diagnostic platforms will be developed to help clinicians determine if an epigenetic therapy could be effective for an individual patient with sarcoma.
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Todd R, Lunec J. Molecular pathology and potential therapeutic targets in soft-tissue sarcoma. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 2014; 8:939-48. [DOI: 10.1586/14737140.8.6.939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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High-resolution genome-wide copy-number analyses identify localized copy-number alterations in Ewing sarcoma. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 22:76-84. [PMID: 23628818 DOI: 10.1097/pdm.0b013e31827a47f9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Ewing sarcoma family tumors are aggressive sarcomas of childhood and adolescence with continuing poor outcomes. Decades of research on the characteristics of the often solitary-known oncogenic-genomic aberration in Ewing sarcoma family tumors, namely a TET-ETS fusion, have provided little advancement in the understanding of the molecular pathogenesis of Ewing sarcoma or treatment thereof. In this study, the high-resolution single-nucleotide polymorphism technology was used to identify additional/secondary copy-number alterations (CNAs) in Ewing sarcoma that might elucidate the aggressive biology of this sarcoma. We compared paired constitutional and tumor DNA samples. Commonly known genomic alterations including gain of 1q and chromosome 8 were the most frequently detected changes in this study. In addition, deletions and loss of heterozygosity were identified in 10q, 11p, and 17p. Furthermore, tumor-specific CNAs were identified not only in genes previously known to be of interest, including CDKN2A, but also in genes not previously associated with Ewing sarcoma, including SOX6 and PTEN. Selected array-based findings were confirmed by fluorescence in situ hybridization, immunohistochemical studies, or sequencing. The results highlight an unexpected level of cytogenetic complexity associated with several of the samples, 2 of which contained TP53 mutations. In summary, our high-resolution genome-wide copy-number data identify several novel CNAs associated with Ewing sarcoma, which are promising targets for novel therapeutic strategies in this aggressive sarcoma.
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May WA, Grigoryan RS, Keshelava N, Cabral DJ, Christensen LL, Jenabi J, Ji L, Triche TJ, Lawlor ER, Reynolds CP. Characterization and drug resistance patterns of Ewing's sarcoma family tumor cell lines. PLoS One 2013; 8:e80060. [PMID: 24312454 PMCID: PMC3846563 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0080060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2013] [Accepted: 09/24/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite intensive treatment with chemotherapy, radiotherapy and surgery, over 70% of patients with metastatic Ewing's Sarcoma Family of Tumors (EFT) will die of their disease. We hypothesize that properly characterized laboratory models reflecting the drug resistance of clinical tumors will facilitate the application of new therapeutic agents to EFT. To determine resistance patterns, we studied newly established EFT cell lines derived from different points in therapy: two established at diagnosis (CHLA-9, CHLA-32), two after chemotherapy and progressive disease (CHLA-10, CHLA-25), and two at relapse after myeloablative therapy and autologous bone marrow transplantation (post-ABMT) (CHLA-258, COG-E-352). The new lines were compared to widely studied EFT lines TC-71, TC-32, SK-N-MC, and A-673. These lines were extensively characterized with regard to identity (short tandem repeat (STR) analysis), p53, p16/14 status, and EWS/ETS breakpoint and target gene expression profile. The DIMSCAN cytotoxicity assay was used to assess in vitro drug sensitivity to standard chemotherapy agents. No association was found between drug resistance and the expression of EWS/ETS regulated genes in the EFT cell lines. No consistent association was observed between drug sensitivity and p53 functionality or between drug sensitivity and p16/14 functionality across the cell lines. Exposure to chemotherapy prior to cell line initiation correlated with drug resistance of EFT cell lines in 5/8 tested agents at clinically achievable concentrations (CAC) or the lower tested concentration (LTC): (cyclophosphamide (as 4-HC) and doxorubicin at CAC, etoposide, irinotecan (as SN-38) and melphalan at LTC; P<0.1 for one agent, and P<0.05 for four agents. This panel of well-characterized drug-sensitive and drug-resistant cell lines will facilitate in vitro preclinical testing of new agents for EFT.
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Affiliation(s)
- William A. May
- Childrens Center for Cancer and Blood Diseases, Childrens Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Saban Research Institute, Childrens Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Rita S. Grigoryan
- Childrens Center for Cancer and Blood Diseases, Childrens Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Nino Keshelava
- Childrens Center for Cancer and Blood Diseases, Childrens Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Saban Research Institute, Childrens Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Daniel J. Cabral
- Cancer Center and Departments of Cell Biology & Biochemistry, Pediatrics, and Internal Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center School of Medicine, Lubbock, Texas, United States of America
| | - Laura L. Christensen
- Childrens Center for Cancer and Blood Diseases, Childrens Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Jasmine Jenabi
- Childrens Center for Cancer and Blood Diseases, Childrens Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Lingyun Ji
- Childrens Center for Cancer and Blood Diseases, Childrens Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Timothy J. Triche
- Saban Research Institute, Childrens Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Department of Pathology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth R. Lawlor
- Departments of Pediatrics & Communicable Diseases and Pathology, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - C. Patrick Reynolds
- Cancer Center and Departments of Cell Biology & Biochemistry, Pediatrics, and Internal Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center School of Medicine, Lubbock, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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47
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Zhu L, McManus MM, Hughes DPM. Understanding the Biology of Bone Sarcoma from Early Initiating Events through Late Events in Metastasis and Disease Progression. Front Oncol 2013; 3:230. [PMID: 24062983 PMCID: PMC3775316 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2013.00230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2013] [Accepted: 08/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The two most common primary bone malignancies, osteosarcoma (OS), and Ewing sarcoma (ES), are both aggressive, highly metastatic cancers that most often strike teens, though both can be found in younger children and adults. Despite distinct origins and pathogenesis, both diseases share several mechanisms of progression and metastasis, including neovascularization, invasion, anoikis resistance, chemoresistance, and evasion of the immune response. Some of these processes are well-studies in more common carcinoma models, and the observation from adult diseases may be readily applied to pediatric bone sarcomas. Neovascularization, which includes angiogenesis and vasculogenesis, is a clear example of a process that is likely to be similar between carcinomas and sarcomas, since the responding cells are the same in each case. Chemoresistance mechanisms also may be similar between other cancers and the bone sarcomas. Since OS and ES are mesenchymal in origin, the process of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition is largely absent in bone sarcomas, necessitating different approaches to study progression and metastasis in these diseases. One process that is less well-studied in bone sarcomas is dormancy, which allows micrometastatic disease to remain viable but not growing in distant sites – typically the lungs – for months or years before renewing growth to become overt metastatic disease. By understanding the basic biology of these processes, novel therapeutic strategies may be developed that could improve survival in children with OS or ES.
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Affiliation(s)
- Limin Zhu
- Department of Pediatrics - Research, UT MD Anderson Cancer Center , Houston, TX , USA
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Nestheide S, Bridge JA, Barnes M, Frayer R, Sumegi J. Pharmacologic inhibition of epigenetic modification reveals targets of aberrant promoter methylation in Ewing sarcoma. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2013; 60:1437-46. [PMID: 23508900 DOI: 10.1002/pbc.24526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2012] [Accepted: 02/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ewing sarcoma (ES), a highly aggressive tumor of children and young adults, is characterized most commonly by an 11;22 chromosomal translocation that fuses EWSR1 located at 22q12 with FLI1, coding for a member of the ETS family of transcription factors. Although genetic changes in ES have been extensively researched, our understanding of the role of epigenetic modifications in this neoplasm is limited. PROCEDURE In an effort to improve our knowledge in the role of epigenetic changes in ES we evaluated the in vitro antineoplastic effect of the DNA methyltransferase inhibitor 5-Aza-deoxycytidine (5-Aza-dC) and identified epigenetically silenced genes by pharmacologic unmasking of DNA methylation coupled with genome-wide expression profiling. RESULTS Comparisons between untreated and 5-Aza-dC treated ES cell lines (n = 5) identified 208 probe sets with at least twofold difference in expression (P ≤ 0.05). The 208 probe sets represented 145 upregulated and 31 down-regulated genes. Of the 145 genes upregulated after 5-Aza-dC treatment, four: were further characterized. ACRC, CLU, MEST, and NNAT were found to be hypermethylated and transcriptionally down-regulated in ES cell lines. Further studies revealed that ACRC, CLU, MEST, and NNAT were often hypermethylated in primary ES tumors. Transfection-mediated reexpression of ACRC, CLU, MEST, and NNAT in ES cell lines resulted in decreased growth in culture. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrated epigenetically modified genes in ES cell lines and primary tumors and suggested that epigenetic dysregulation may contribute to disease pathogenesis in ES.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shawnagay Nestheide
- Faculty of Medicine, Division of Bone Marrow Transplantation and Immune Deficiency, Blood and Cancer Research Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
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Sonaglio V, de Carvalho AC, Toledo SRC, Salinas-Souza C, Carvalho AL, Petrilli AS, de Camargo B, Vettore AL. Aberrant DNA methylation of ESR1 and p14ARF genes could be useful as prognostic indicators in osteosarcoma. Onco Targets Ther 2013; 6:713-23. [PMID: 23836983 PMCID: PMC3699305 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s44918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteosarcoma (OS) is the eighth most common form of childhood and adolescence cancer. Approximately 10%–20% of patients present metastatic disease at diagnosis and the 5-year overall survival remains around 70% for nonmetastatic patients and around 30% for metastatic patients. Metastatic disease at diagnosis and the necrosis grade induced by preoperative treatment are the only well-established prognostic factors for osteosarcoma. The DNA aberrant methylation is a frequent epigenetic alteration in humans and has been described as a molecular marker in different tumor types. This study evaluated the DNA aberrant methylation status of 18 genes in 34 OS samples without previous chemotherapy treatment and in four normal bone specimens and compared the methylation profile with clinicopathological characteristics of the patients. We were able to define a three-gene panel (AIM1, p14ARF, and ESR1) in which methylation was correlated with OS cases. The hypermethylation of p14ARF showed a significant association with the absence of metastases at diagnoses, while ESR1 hypermethylation was marginally associated with worse overall survival. This study demonstrated that aberrant promoter methylation is a common event in OS and provides evidence that p14ARF and ESR1 hypermethylation could be useful as a prognostic indicator for this disease.
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Shukla N, Schiffman J, Reed D, Davis IJ, Womer RB, Lessnick SL, Lawlor ER. Biomarkers in Ewing Sarcoma: The Promise and Challenge of Personalized Medicine. A Report from the Children's Oncology Group. Front Oncol 2013; 3:141. [PMID: 23761859 PMCID: PMC3674398 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2013.00141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2013] [Accepted: 05/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A goal of the COG Ewing Sarcoma (ES) Biology Committee is enabling identification of reliable biomarkers that can predict treatment response and outcome through the use of prospectively collected tissues and correlative studies in concert with COG therapeutic studies. In this report, we aim to provide a concise review of the most well-characterized prognostic biomarkers in ES, and to provide recommendations concerning design and implementation of future biomarker studies. Of particular interest and potentially high clinical relevance are studies of cell-cycle proteins, sub-clinical disease, and copy number alterations. We discuss findings of particular interest from recent biomarker studies and examine factors important to the success of identifying and validating clinically relevant biomarkers in ES. A number of promising biomarkers have demonstrated prognostic significance in numerous retrospective studies and now need to be validated prospectively in larger cohorts of equivalently treated patients. The eventual goal of refining the discovery and use of clinically relevant biomarkers is the development of patient specific ES therapeutic modalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neerav Shukla
- Department of Pediatrics, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center , New York, NY , USA
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