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Okkels N, Horsager J, Fedorova TD, Knudsen K, Skjærbæk C, Andersen KB, Labrador-Espinosa M, Vestergaard K, Mortensen JK, Klit H, Møller M, Danielsen EH, Johnsen EL, Bekan G, Hansen KV, Munk OL, Damholdt MF, Kjeldsen PL, Hansen AK, Gottrup H, Grothe MJ, Borghammer P. Impaired cholinergic integrity of the colon and pancreas in dementia with Lewy bodies. Brain 2024; 147:255-266. [PMID: 37975822 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awad391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Revised: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/28/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Dementia with Lewy bodies is characterized by a high burden of autonomic dysfunction and Lewy pathology in peripheral organs and components of the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system. Parasympathetic terminals may be quantified with 18F-fluoroetoxybenzovesamicol, a PET tracer that binds to the vesicular acetylcholine transporter in cholinergic presynaptic terminals. Parasympathetic imaging may be useful for diagnostics, improving our understanding of autonomic dysfunction and for clarifying the spatiotemporal relationship of neuronal degeneration in prodromal disease. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the cholinergic parasympathetic integrity in peripheral organs and central autonomic regions of subjects with dementia with Lewy bodies and its association with subjective and objective measures of autonomic dysfunction. We hypothesized that organs with known parasympathetic innervation, especially the pancreas and colon, would have impaired cholinergic integrity. To achieve these aims, we conducted a cross-sectional comparison study including 23 newly diagnosed non-diabetic subjects with dementia with Lewy bodies (74 ± 6 years, 83% male) and 21 elderly control subjects (74 ± 6 years, 67% male). We obtained whole-body images to quantify PET uptake in peripheral organs and brain images to quantify PET uptake in regions of the brainstem and hypothalamus. Autonomic dysfunction was assessed with questionnaires and measurements of orthostatic blood pressure. Subjects with dementia with Lewy bodies displayed reduced cholinergic tracer uptake in the pancreas (32% reduction, P = 0.0003) and colon (19% reduction, P = 0.0048), but not in organs with little or no parasympathetic innervation. Tracer uptake in a region of the medulla oblongata overlapping the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus correlated with autonomic symptoms (rs = -0.54, P = 0.0077) and changes in orthostatic blood pressure (rs = 0.76, P < 0.0001). Tracer uptake in the pedunculopontine region correlated with autonomic symptoms (rs = -0.52, P = 0.0104) and a measure of non-motor symptoms (rs = -0.47, P = 0.0230). In conclusion, our findings provide the first imaging-based evidence of impaired cholinergic integrity of the pancreas and colon in dementia with Lewy bodies. The observed changes may reflect parasympathetic denervation, implying that this process is initiated well before the point of diagnosis. The findings also support that cholinergic denervation in the brainstem contributes to dysautonomia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niels Okkels
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET, Aarhus University Hospital, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
- Department of Neurology, Aarhus University Hospital, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - Jacob Horsager
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET, Aarhus University Hospital, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Tatyana D Fedorova
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET, Aarhus University Hospital, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Karoline Knudsen
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET, Aarhus University Hospital, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - Casper Skjærbæk
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET, Aarhus University Hospital, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Katrine B Andersen
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET, Aarhus University Hospital, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Miguel Labrador-Espinosa
- Unidad de Trastornos del Movimiento, Servicio de Neurología y Neurofisiología Clínica, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, 41013 Seville, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Janne K Mortensen
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
- Department of Neurology, Aarhus University Hospital, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - Henriette Klit
- Department of Neurology, Aarhus University Hospital, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - Mette Møller
- Department of Neurology, Aarhus University Hospital, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - Erik H Danielsen
- Department of Neurology, Aarhus University Hospital, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - Erik L Johnsen
- Department of Neurology, Aarhus University Hospital, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - Goran Bekan
- Department of Neurology, Regionshospitalet Gødstrup, 7400 Herning, Denmark
| | - Kim V Hansen
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET, Aarhus University Hospital, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - Ole L Munk
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET, Aarhus University Hospital, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - Malene F Damholdt
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Pernille L Kjeldsen
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET, Aarhus University Hospital, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
- Department of Neurology, Aalborg University Hospital, 9000 Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Allan K Hansen
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET, Aarhus University Hospital, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Aalborg University Hospital, 9000 Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Hanne Gottrup
- Department of Neurology, Aarhus University Hospital, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - Michel J Grothe
- Unidad de Trastornos del Movimiento, Servicio de Neurología y Neurofisiología Clínica, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, 41013 Seville, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Per Borghammer
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET, Aarhus University Hospital, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
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Miller A, Cutroneo G, Lombardo GP, D'Angelo R, Pallio S, Migliorato A, Fumia A, Favaloro A, Lauriano ER, Pergolizzi S. Association between neuropeptides and mucins in Crohn's disease mucous cells. Acta Histochem 2023; 125:152115. [PMID: 37979446 DOI: 10.1016/j.acthis.2023.152115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2023] [Revised: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/20/2023]
Abstract
Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC) are both inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD). Unlike UC, which is limited to the mucosa of the colon, CD inflammation is characterized by chronic mucosal ulcerations affecting the entire gastrointestinal tract. Goblet cells (GCs) can be found in some lining epithelia, particularly in the respiratory and digestive tracts. GCs represent the main source of mucin that are the significant components of the mucus layer; hypertrophy of GCs and an increase in mucin production are observed in many enteric infections. The cytoplasm of goblet cells may also contain neuropeptides, such as serotonin, that can be altered in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). The defense system of the gut is represented by the intestinal mucosal barrier, its protective function is strictly connected to the regulation of the mucus layer and the coordination of the neuro-immune response. Paraformaldehyde-fixed intestinal tissues, obtained from fifteen patients with Crohn's disease, were analyzed by immunostaining for MUC2, MUC4, 5-HT, and VAChT. This study aims to define the link between neuropeptides and mucins in mucous cells and their involvement in the inflammation process. Our results showed in mucous cells of Crohn's disease (CD) patients a high expression of MUC4 and a decrease in the expression of vesicular acetylcholine transporter (VAChT) demonstrating the presence of an inflammatory state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthea Miller
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, Polo Universitario dell'Annunziata, 98168 Messina, Italy
| | - Giuseppina Cutroneo
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Images, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy
| | - Giorgia Pia Lombardo
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, Italy
| | - Roberta D'Angelo
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, Italy
| | - Socrate Pallio
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, 98147 Messina, Italy
| | - Alba Migliorato
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Images, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy
| | - Angelo Fumia
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, 98147 Messina, Italy.
| | - Angelo Favaloro
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Images, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy
| | - Eugenia Rita Lauriano
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, Italy
| | - Simona Pergolizzi
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, Italy
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3
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Secreted immune metabolites that mediate immune cell communication and function. Trends Immunol 2022; 43:990-1005. [PMID: 36347788 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2022.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Revised: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Metabolites are emerging as essential factors for the immune system that are involved in both metabolic circuits and signaling cascades. Accumulated evidence suggests that altered metabolic programs initiated by the activation and maturation of immune cell types are accompanied by the delivery of various metabolites into the local environment. We propose that, in addition to protein/peptide ligands, secreted immune metabolites (SIMets) are essential components of immune communication networks that fine-tune immune responses under homeostatic and pathological conditions. We summarize recent advances in our understanding of SIMets and discuss the potential mechanisms by which some metabolites engage in immunological responses through receptor-, transporter-, and post-translational-mediated regulation. These insights may contribute to understanding physiology and developing effective therapeutics for inflammatory and immune-mediated diseases.
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Horsager J, Okkels N, Van Den Berge N, Jacobsen J, Schact A, Munk OL, Vang K, Bender D, Brooks DJ, Borghammer P. In vivo vesicular acetylcholine transporter density in human peripheral organs: an [ 18F]FEOBV PET/CT study. EJNMMI Res 2022; 12:17. [PMID: 35362761 PMCID: PMC8975951 DOI: 10.1186/s13550-022-00889-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The autonomic nervous system is frequently affected in some neurodegenerative diseases, including Parkinson’s disease and Dementia with Lewy bodies. In vivo imaging methods to visualize and quantify the peripheral cholinergic nervous system are lacking. By using [18F]FEOBV PET, we here describe the peripheral distribution of the specific cholinergic marker, vesicular acetylcholine transporters (VAChT), in human subjects. We included 15 healthy subjects aged 53–86 years for 70 min dynamic PET protocol of peripheral organs. We performed kinetic modelling of the adrenal gland, pancreas, myocardium, renal cortex, spleen, colon, and muscle using an image-derived input function from the aorta. A metabolite correction model was generated from venous blood samples. Three non-linear compartment models were tested. Additional time-activity curves from 6 to 70 min post injection were generated for prostate, thyroid, submandibular-, parotid-, and lacrimal glands. Results A one-tissue compartment model generated the most robust fits to the data. Total volume-of-distribution rank order was: adrenal gland > pancreas > myocardium > spleen > renal cortex > muscle > colon. We found significant linear correlations between total volumes-of-distribution and standard uptake values in most organs. Conclusion High [18F]FEOBV PET signal was found in structures with known cholinergic activity. We conclude that [18F]FEOBV PET is a valid tool for estimating VAChT density in human peripheral organs. Simple static images may replace kinetic modeling in some organs and significantly shorten scan duration. Clinical Trial Registration Trial registration: NCT, NCT03554551. Registered 31 May 2018. https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03554551?term=NCT03554551&draw=2&rank=1. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13550-022-00889-9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob Horsager
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET, Aarhus University Hospital, Palle Juul-Jensens Boulevard 165, J220, 8200, Aarhus N, Denmark. .,Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.
| | - Niels Okkels
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET, Aarhus University Hospital, Palle Juul-Jensens Boulevard 165, J220, 8200, Aarhus N, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.,Department of Neurology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Nathalie Van Den Berge
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET, Aarhus University Hospital, Palle Juul-Jensens Boulevard 165, J220, 8200, Aarhus N, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Jan Jacobsen
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET, Aarhus University Hospital, Palle Juul-Jensens Boulevard 165, J220, 8200, Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - Anna Schact
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET, Aarhus University Hospital, Palle Juul-Jensens Boulevard 165, J220, 8200, Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - Ole Lajord Munk
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET, Aarhus University Hospital, Palle Juul-Jensens Boulevard 165, J220, 8200, Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - Kim Vang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET, Aarhus University Hospital, Palle Juul-Jensens Boulevard 165, J220, 8200, Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - Dirk Bender
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET, Aarhus University Hospital, Palle Juul-Jensens Boulevard 165, J220, 8200, Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - David J Brooks
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET, Aarhus University Hospital, Palle Juul-Jensens Boulevard 165, J220, 8200, Aarhus N, Denmark.,Institute of Translational and Clinical Research, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Per Borghammer
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET, Aarhus University Hospital, Palle Juul-Jensens Boulevard 165, J220, 8200, Aarhus N, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
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Obesity-Related Brain Cholinergic System Impairment in High-Fat-Diet-Fed Rats. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14061243. [PMID: 35334899 PMCID: PMC8948807 DOI: 10.3390/nu14061243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Revised: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
A link between obesity and cerebral health is receiving growing recognition. Here, we investigate in the frontal cortex and hippocampus the potential involvement of cholinergic markers in brain alterations previously reported in rats with obesity induced by diet (DIO) after long-term exposure (17 weeks) to a high-fat diet (HFD) in comparison with animals fed with a standard diet (CHOW). The obesity developed after 5 weeks of HFD. Bodyweight, systolic blood pressure, glycemia, and insulin levels were increased in DIO rats compared to the CHOW group. Measurements of malondialdehyde (MDA) provided lipid peroxidation in HFD-fed rats. Western blot and immunohistochemical techniques were performed. Our results showed a higher expression of choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) and vesicular acetylcholine transporter (VAChT) in obese rats but not the VAChT expression in the frontal cortex after 17 weeks of HFD. Furthermore, the acetylcholinesterase (AChE) enzyme was downregulated in HFD both in the frontal cortex and hippocampus. In the brain regions analyzed, it was reported a modulation of certain cholinergic receptors expressed pre- and post-synaptically (alpha7 nicotinic receptor and muscarinic receptor subtype 1). Collectively, these findings point out precise changes of cholinergic markers that can be targeted to prevent cerebral injuries related to obesity.
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Pergolizzi S, Rizzo G, Favaloro A, Alesci A, Pallio S, Melita G, Cutroneo G, Lauriano ER. Expression of VAChT and 5-HT in Ulcerative colitis dendritic cells. Acta Histochem 2021; 123:151715. [PMID: 33940317 DOI: 10.1016/j.acthis.2021.151715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Revised: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Ulcerative colitis is a chronic inflammatory condition of the gastrointestinal tract that can affect people of worldwide. In contrast with Crohn's disease, that can relate the entire thickness of the bowel wall, the inflammation of ulcerative colitis is limited to the colonic mucosa. Immune cells including activated T cells, plasma cells, mast cells, macrophages, and dendritic cells (DCs) trigger the inflammation. Furthermore, dendritic cells are antigen presenting cells involved in maintaining intestinal immune homeostasis. It has been described an increment of number in DCs colonic mucosa of patients with ulcerative colitis. The immune cells such as antigen-presenting cells can act as autocrine or paracrine modulators. Recent studies showed that dendritic cells synthetized and released classical neurotransmitters as glutamate, dopamine, acetylcholine, and serotonin. Paraformaldehyde-fixed intestinal tissues, obtained from the stricture sites of ten patients with ulcerative colitis were analyzed by immunostaining for Langerin/CD207, serotonin and vesicular acetylcholine transporter. As controls, unaffected (normal) portions of five patients were also investigated. Aim of this study was to characterize for the first time the human gut dendritic cells of ulcerative colitis patients, with Langerin/CD207 that is a c-type lectin expressed by different types of DCs and to colocalize in the same cells the expression of serotonin and vesicular acetylcholine transporter, showing the link between dendritic cells, gut enterochromaffin cells or autonomic nerves in immune activation and generation of intestinal inflammation.
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Halder N, Lal G. Cholinergic System and Its Therapeutic Importance in Inflammation and Autoimmunity. Front Immunol 2021; 12:660342. [PMID: 33936095 PMCID: PMC8082108 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.660342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurological and immunological signals constitute an extensive regulatory network in our body that maintains physiology and homeostasis. The cholinergic system plays a significant role in neuroimmune communication, transmitting information regarding the peripheral immune status to the central nervous system (CNS) and vice versa. The cholinergic system includes the neurotransmitter\ molecule, acetylcholine (ACh), cholinergic receptors (AChRs), choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) enzyme, and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) enzyme. These molecules are involved in regulating immune response and playing a crucial role in maintaining homeostasis. Most innate and adaptive immune cells respond to neuronal inputs by releasing or expressing these molecules on their surfaces. Dysregulation of this neuroimmune communication may lead to several inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. Several agonists, antagonists, and inhibitors have been developed to target the cholinergic system to control inflammation in different tissues. This review discusses how various molecules of the neuronal and non-neuronal cholinergic system (NNCS) interact with the immune cells. What are the agonists and antagonists that alter the cholinergic system, and how are these molecules modulate inflammation and immunity. Understanding the various functions of pharmacological molecules could help in designing better strategies to control inflammation and autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Namrita Halder
- Laboratory of Autoimmunity and Tolerance, National Centre for Cell Science, Ganeshkhind, Pune, India
| | - Girdhari Lal
- Laboratory of Autoimmunity and Tolerance, National Centre for Cell Science, Ganeshkhind, Pune, India
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Reale M, Costantini E. Cholinergic Modulation of the Immune System in Neuroinflammatory Diseases. Diseases 2021; 9:diseases9020029. [PMID: 33921376 PMCID: PMC8167596 DOI: 10.3390/diseases9020029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Revised: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Frequent diseases of the CNS, such as Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, multiple sclerosis, and psychiatric disorders (e.g., schizophrenia), elicit a neuroinflammatory response that contributes to the neurodegenerative disease process itself. The immune and nervous systems use the same mediators, receptors, and cells to regulate the immune and nervous systems as well as neuro-immune interactions. In various neurodegenerative diseases, peripheral inflammatory mediators and infiltrating immune cells from the periphery cause exacerbation to current injury in the brain. Acetylcholine (ACh) plays a crucial role in the peripheral and central nervous systems, in fact, other than cells of the CNS, the peripheral immune cells also possess a cholinergic system. The findings on peripheral cholinergic signaling, and the activation of the “cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway” mediated by ACh binding to α7 nAChR as one of the possible mechanisms for controlling inflammation, have restarted interest in cholinergic-mediated pathological processes and in the new potential therapeutic target for neuro-inflammatory-degenerative diseases. Herein, we focus on recent progress in the modulatory mechanisms of the cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway in neuroinflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcella Reale
- Department of Innovative Technologies in Medicine and Dentistry, University “G.d’Annunzio”, 65122 Chieti-Pescara, Italy
- Correspondence:
| | - Erica Costantini
- Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Science, University “G.d’Annunzio”, 65122 Chieti-Pescara, Italy;
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Malin SG, Shavva VS, Tarnawski L, Olofsson PS. Functions of acetylcholine-producing lymphocytes in immunobiology. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2020; 62:115-121. [PMID: 32126362 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2020.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2020] [Revised: 01/26/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Recent advances in neuroscience and immunology have shown that cholinergic signals are vital in the regulation of inflammation and immunity. Choline acetyltransferase+ (ChAT+) lymphocytes have the capacity to biosynthesize and release acetylcholine, the cognate ligand for cholinergic receptors. Acetylcholine-producing T cells relay neural signals in the 'inflammatory reflex' that regulate cytokine release in spleen. Mice deficient in acetylcholine-producing T cells have increased blood pressure, show reduced local vasodilatation and viral control in lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus infection, and display changes in gut microbiota compared with littermates. These observations indicate that ChAT+ lymphocytes play physiologically important roles in regulation of inflammation and anti-microbial defense. However, the full scope and importance of ChAT+ lymphocytes in immunity and vascular biology remains to be elucidated. Here, we review key findings in this emerging area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen G Malin
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Center for Bioelectronic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Solna, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Vladmir S Shavva
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Center for Bioelectronic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Solna, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Laura Tarnawski
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Center for Bioelectronic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Solna, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Peder S Olofsson
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Center for Bioelectronic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Solna, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
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10
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Bovine Endometritis and the Inflammatory Peripheral Cholinergic System. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2019; 190:1242-1256. [PMID: 31735979 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-019-03157-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Endometritis is an inflammation of the endometrium associated with bacterial infection. The pathogenesis of endometritis in cows is still not completely understood. The combined analysis of the markers of inflammation and oxidative stress has contributed to a better understanding of disease mechanisms, but is still unexplored in uterine disorders. Moreover, research provides evidence about an important role of the vagus nerve in regulating the innate immune function through the cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway in response to bacterial infections. This new pathway has demonstrated a critical role in controlling the inflammatory system. The aim of this study was to evaluate the activity of cholinesterase in total blood, lymphocytes, and serum of dairy cows with clinical and subclinical endometritis. Sixty-one Holstein cows, between 30 and 45 days in milk, were classified into 3 groups of animals: presenting clinical endometritis (n = 22), subclinical endometritis (n = 17), and healthy (n = 22). Mean leukocyte counts did not differ among groups, but the neutrophil number was significantly higher in cows with clinical endometritis than those in healthy animals. Also, serum concentration of interleukin-1beta (pg/mL) was significantly higher in cows with endometritis. The activity of acetylcholinesterase in blood and lymphocytes increased in both groups with endometritis. Animals with endometritis presented an increase in lipid peroxidation, but the antioxidant enzyme activity (catalase levels) was higher in endometritis groups than in normal cows. In conclusion, the inflammatory process of clinical and subclinical endometritis leads to systemic lipid peroxidation despite the compensatory increase of the antioxidant enzyme. These data also provide evidence of an important role of the cholinergic pathway in regulating dairy cows with clinical and subclinical endometritis.
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11
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Suriyo T, Chotirat S, Auewarakul CU, Chaiyot K, Promsuwicha O, Satayavivad J. Variation of nicotinic subtype α7 and muscarinic subtype M3 acetylcholine receptor expression in three main types of leukemia. Oncol Lett 2019; 17:1357-1362. [PMID: 30655906 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2018.9663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2018] [Accepted: 10/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Cholinergic receptors, such as α7-nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (α7-nAChR) and M3-muscarinic acetylcholine receptor (M3-mAChR), have been demonstrated to serve a significant role in the proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis of leukemic cells. However, the expression of these receptors in samples from patients with leukemia remains unclear. The present study aimed to determine the expression of M3-mAChR and α7-nAChR in the bone marrow or peripheral blood of 51 patients with leukemia, including acute myeloid leukemia (AML; n=33), acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL; n=13), and chronic myeloid leukemia (CML; n=5). Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were also isolated from healthy subjects (n=5) for comparison. Western blot analysis was performed to determine the protein expression profiles, and a pattern of decreased α7-nAChR levels in patients with leukemia was observed. Among the leukemia types, the lowest expression of α7-nAChR and M3-mAChR were identified in patients with T-cell ALL/lymphoma (T-ALL). CML exhibited the highest level of M3-mAChR, which was significantly different from APL and AML-M4, yet not from healthy subjects (P<0.05). Therefore, different expression profiles of α7-nACR and M3-mAChR were detected amongst the leukemia types. Collectively, the present study supports the potential role of cholinergic signaling in mediating leukemogenesis. However, further studies in larger cohorts are required to validate these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tawit Suriyo
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Chulabhorn Research Institute, Bangkok 10210, Thailand.,Center of Excellence on Environmental Health and Toxicology, Office of Higher Education Commission, Ministry of Education, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Sadudee Chotirat
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Chulabhorn Research Institute, Bangkok 10210, Thailand
| | - Chirayu U Auewarakul
- Faculty of Medicine and Public Health, HRH Princess Chulabhorn College of Medical Science, Chulabhorn Royal Academy, Bangkok 10210, Thailand.,Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand
| | - Karnjana Chaiyot
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Chulabhorn Research Institute, Bangkok 10210, Thailand
| | - Orathai Promsuwicha
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand
| | - Jutamaad Satayavivad
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Chulabhorn Research Institute, Bangkok 10210, Thailand.,Center of Excellence on Environmental Health and Toxicology, Office of Higher Education Commission, Ministry of Education, Bangkok 10400, Thailand.,Environmental Toxicology Program, Chulabhorn Graduate Institute, Chulabhorn Royal Academy, Bangkok 10210, Thailand
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12
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Eduardo CRC, Alejandra TIG, Guadalupe DRKJ, Herminia VRG, Lenin P, Enrique BV, Evandro BM, Oscar B, Iván GPM. Modulation of the extraneuronal cholinergic system on main innate response leukocytes. J Neuroimmunol 2019; 327:22-35. [PMID: 30683425 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2019.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Revised: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The expression of elements of the cholinergic system has been demonstrated in non-neuronal cells, such as immune cells, where acetylcholine modulates innate and adaptive responses. However, the study of the non-neuronal cholinergic system has focused on lymphocyte cholinergic mechanisms, with less attention to its role of innate cells. Considering this background, the aims of this review are 1) to review information regarding the cholinergic components of innate immune system cells; 2) to discuss the effect of cholinergic stimuli on cell functions; 3) and to describe the importance of cholinergic stimuli on host immunocompetence, in order to set the base for the design of intervention strategies in the biomedical field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Covantes-Rosales Carlos Eduardo
- Universidad Autónoma de Nayarit, Secretaría de Investigación y Posgrado, Laboratorio de Inmunotoxicología, Boulevard Tepic-Xalisco s/n, Cd de la Cultura Amado Nervo, C.P. 63000 Tepic, Nayarit, Mexico
| | - Toledo-Ibarra Gladys Alejandra
- Universidad Autónoma de Nayarit, Secretaría de Investigación y Posgrado, Laboratorio de Inmunotoxicología, Boulevard Tepic-Xalisco s/n, Cd de la Cultura Amado Nervo, C.P. 63000 Tepic, Nayarit, Mexico; Centro Nayarita de Innovación y Transferencia de Tecnología A.C. Laboratorio Nacional para la Investigación en Inocuidad Alimentaria-Unidad Nayarit, Calle Tres s/n. Cd Industrial, Tepic, Nayarit, Mexico
| | - Díaz-Resendiz Karina Janice Guadalupe
- Universidad Autónoma de Nayarit, Secretaría de Investigación y Posgrado, Laboratorio de Inmunotoxicología, Boulevard Tepic-Xalisco s/n, Cd de la Cultura Amado Nervo, C.P. 63000 Tepic, Nayarit, Mexico
| | - Ventura-Ramón Guadalupe Herminia
- Universidad Autónoma de Nayarit, Secretaría de Investigación y Posgrado, Laboratorio de Inmunotoxicología, Boulevard Tepic-Xalisco s/n, Cd de la Cultura Amado Nervo, C.P. 63000 Tepic, Nayarit, Mexico; Centro Nayarita de Innovación y Transferencia de Tecnología A.C. Laboratorio Nacional para la Investigación en Inocuidad Alimentaria-Unidad Nayarit, Calle Tres s/n. Cd Industrial, Tepic, Nayarit, Mexico
| | - Pavón Lenin
- Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría "Ramón de la Fuente", Laboratorio de Psicoinmunología, Calzada México-Xochimilco 101, Col. San Lorenzo Huipulco, Tlalpan, 14370 México City, DF, Mexico
| | - Becerril-Villanueva Enrique
- Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría "Ramón de la Fuente", Laboratorio de Psicoinmunología, Calzada México-Xochimilco 101, Col. San Lorenzo Huipulco, Tlalpan, 14370 México City, DF, Mexico
| | - Bauer Moisés Evandro
- Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Instituto de Pesquisas Biomédicas, Laboratório de Imunologia do Envelhecimento, 90610-000 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Bottaso Oscar
- Universidad Nacional de Rosario-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (UNR-CONICET), Instituto de Inmunología Clínica y Experimental de Rosario, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Girón-Pérez Manuel Iván
- Universidad Autónoma de Nayarit, Secretaría de Investigación y Posgrado, Laboratorio de Inmunotoxicología, Boulevard Tepic-Xalisco s/n, Cd de la Cultura Amado Nervo, C.P. 63000 Tepic, Nayarit, Mexico; Centro Nayarita de Innovación y Transferencia de Tecnología A.C. Laboratorio Nacional para la Investigación en Inocuidad Alimentaria-Unidad Nayarit, Calle Tres s/n. Cd Industrial, Tepic, Nayarit, Mexico.
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Reardon C, Murray K, Lomax AE. Neuroimmune Communication in Health and Disease. Physiol Rev 2018; 98:2287-2316. [PMID: 30109819 PMCID: PMC6170975 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00035.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2017] [Revised: 04/09/2018] [Accepted: 04/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The immune and nervous systems are tightly integrated, with each system capable of influencing the other to respond to infectious or inflammatory perturbations of homeostasis. Recent studies demonstrating the ability of neural stimulation to significantly reduce the severity of immunopathology and consequently reduce mortality have led to a resurgence in the field of neuroimmunology. Highlighting the tight integration of the nervous and immune systems, afferent neurons can be activated by a diverse range of substances from bacterial-derived products to cytokines released by host cells. While activation of vagal afferents by these substances dominates the literature, additional sensory neurons are responsive as well. It is becoming increasingly clear that although the cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway has become the predominant model, a multitude of functional circuits exist through which neuronal messengers can influence immunological outcomes. These include pathways whereby efferent signaling occurs independent of the vagus nerve through sympathetic neurons. To receive input from the nervous system, immune cells including B and T cells, macrophages, and professional antigen presenting cells express specific neurotransmitter receptors that affect immune cell function. Specialized immune cell populations not only express neurotransmitter receptors, but express the enzymatic machinery required to produce neurotransmitters, such as acetylcholine, allowing them to act as signaling intermediaries. Although elegant experiments have begun to decipher some of these interactions, integration of these molecules, cells, and anatomy into defined neuroimmune circuits in health and disease is in its infancy. This review describes these circuits and highlights continued challenges and opportunities for the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin Reardon
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Cell Biology, UC Davis School of Veterinary Medicine, UC Davis, Davis, California ; and Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences and Department of Medicine, Queen's University , Kingston, Ontario , Canada
| | - Kaitlin Murray
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Cell Biology, UC Davis School of Veterinary Medicine, UC Davis, Davis, California ; and Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences and Department of Medicine, Queen's University , Kingston, Ontario , Canada
| | - Alan E Lomax
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Cell Biology, UC Davis School of Veterinary Medicine, UC Davis, Davis, California ; and Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences and Department of Medicine, Queen's University , Kingston, Ontario , Canada
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14
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Liu C, Liu H, Jin H, Yue X, Luo Z, Tu Z. Cholinergic imbalance in lumbar spinal cord of a rat model of multiple sclerosis. J Neuroimmunol 2018; 318:29-35. [PMID: 29397207 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2018.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Revised: 01/16/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Cholinergic dysfunction in the central nervous system is an important characteristic of multiple sclerosis and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). By using a rat EAE model, upregulation of vesicular acetylcholine transporter (VAChT) level in the EAE rat lumbar spinal cord was detected by western blot and immunostaining, and was associated with lymphocyte filtration and glial activation. Ex vivo and in vitro autoradiography studies with [18F]VAT, a VAChT-specific radioligand, also revealed increased tracer uptake in EAE rat lumbar spinal cord compared with shams. These studies on VAChT expression suggest central cholinergic imbalance during EAE progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunling Liu
- Department of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Hui Liu
- Department of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Hongjun Jin
- Department of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Xuyi Yue
- Department of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Zonghua Luo
- Department of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Zhude Tu
- Department of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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Sadanand A, Janardhanan A, Vanisree AJ, Pavai T. Neurotrophin Expression in Lymphocytes: a Powerful Indicator of Degeneration in Parkinson's Disease, Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis and Ataxia. J Mol Neurosci 2017; 64:224-232. [PMID: 29247376 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-017-1014-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2017] [Accepted: 12/03/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Deregulated neurotrophin is an etiological factor in the pathology of neurodegenerative diseases (ND) that are clinically different entities but characterised by similar limb dysfunction. Earlier validation of peripheral biomarkers can provide significant translational benefit to ND patients. We analysed brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF)-tropomyosin possessing tyrosine-related kinase (Trk B) and its key downstream proteins which are implicated in ND such as Parkinson's disease (PD), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and ataxia. Blood from ND patients with PD, ALS and Ataxia with movement dysfunctions were obtained to analyse mRNA and protein expressions of the above mentioned factors in lymphocytes. The mRNA and protein expression of BDNF-Trk B and its key downstream molecules showed a significant variation when compared to control and among NDs. The study intends to show that on identifying the variation of these key molecules in the blood samples of patients with ND can serve as early diagnostic candidates. Thus by intervening, the neurotrophins and their pathways can help in early diagnosis and optimising levels of diagnostic certainty.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anjana Sadanand
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Madras, Guindy Campus, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, -600025, India
| | - Anjali Janardhanan
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Madras, Guindy Campus, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, -600025, India
| | - A J Vanisree
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Madras, Guindy Campus, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, -600025, India.
| | - Thamil Pavai
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Madras Medical College, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, -600003, India
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16
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Ernst G. Heart-Rate Variability-More than Heart Beats? Front Public Health 2017; 5:240. [PMID: 28955705 PMCID: PMC5600971 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2017.00240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2017] [Accepted: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Heart-rate variability (HRV) is frequently introduced as mirroring imbalances within the autonomous nerve system. Many investigations are based on the paradigm that increased sympathetic tone is associated with decreased parasympathetic tone and vice versa. But HRV is probably more than an indicator for probable disturbances in the autonomous system. Some perturbations trigger not reciprocal, but parallel changes of vagal and sympathetic nerve activity. HRV has also been considered as a surrogate parameter of the complex interaction between brain and cardiovascular system. Systems biology is an inter-disciplinary field of study focusing on complex interactions within biological systems like the cardiovascular system, with the help of computational models and time series analysis, beyond others. Time series are considered surrogates of the particular system, reflecting robustness or fragility. Increased variability is usually seen as associated with a good health condition, whereas lowered variability might signify pathological changes. This might explain why lower HRV parameters were related to decreased life expectancy in several studies. Newer integrating theories have been proposed. According to them, HRV reflects as much the state of the heart as the state of the brain. The polyvagal theory suggests that the physiological state dictates the range of behavior and psychological experience. Stressful events perpetuate the rhythms of autonomic states, and subsequently, behaviors. Reduced variability will according to this theory not only be a surrogate but represent a fundamental homeostasis mechanism in a pathological state. The neurovisceral integration model proposes that cardiac vagal tone, described in HRV beyond others as HF-index, can mirror the functional balance of the neural networks implicated in emotion-cognition interactions. Both recent models represent a more holistic approach to understanding the significance of HRV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gernot Ernst
- Anaesthesiology, Pain and Palliative Care Section, Kongsberg Hospital, Vestre Viken Hospital Trust, Kongsberg, Norway
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Hemicholinium-3 sensitive choline transport in human T lymphocytes: Evidence for use as a proxy for brain choline transporter (CHT) capacity. Neurochem Int 2017; 108:410-416. [PMID: 28577989 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2017.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2017] [Revised: 05/26/2017] [Accepted: 05/30/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The synaptic uptake of choline via the high-affinity, hemicholinium-3-dependent choline transporter (CHT) strongly influences the capacity of cholinergic neurons to sustain acetylcholine (ACh) synthesis and release. To advance research on the impact of CHT capacity in humans, we established the presence of the neuronal CHT protein in human T lymphocytes. Next, we demonstrated CHT-mediated choline transport in human T cells. To address the validity of T cell-based choline uptake as a proxy for brain CHT capacity, we isolated T cells from the spleen, and synaptosomes from cortex and striatum, of wild type and CHT-overexpressing mice (CHT-OXP). Choline uptake capacity in T cells from CHT-OXP mice was two-fold higher than in wild type mice, mirroring the impact of CHT over-expression on synaptosomal CHT-mediated choline uptake. Monitoring T lymphocyte CHT protein and activity may be useful for estimating human CNS cholinergic capacity and for testing hypotheses concerning the contribution of CHT and, more generally, ACh signaling in cognition, neuroinflammation and disease.
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Fujii T, Mashimo M, Moriwaki Y, Misawa H, Ono S, Horiguchi K, Kawashima K. Physiological functions of the cholinergic system in immune cells. J Pharmacol Sci 2017; 134:1-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphs.2017.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2017] [Revised: 04/30/2017] [Accepted: 05/08/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
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Roda E, Giampreti A, Vecchio S, Apostoli P, Coccini T. Mercury Vapour Long-Lasting Exposure: Lymphocyte Muscarinic Receptors as Neurochemical Markers of Accidental Intoxication. Case Rep Med 2016; 2016:9783876. [PMID: 27872646 PMCID: PMC5107828 DOI: 10.1155/2016/9783876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2016] [Revised: 08/31/2016] [Accepted: 10/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction. Chronic poisoning may result in home setting after mercury (Hg) vapours inhalation from damaged devices. We report a chronic, nonoccupational Hg poisoning due to 10-year indoor exposure to mercury spillage. Case Report. A 72-year-old man with polyneuropathy of suspected toxic origin. At hospitalization, toxicological clinical evaluations confirmed the altered neurological picture documented across the last decade. Periodic blood and urine Hg levels (BHg, UHg) monitoring were performed from admission (t0), until 1 year later (t2), paralleled by blood neurochemical markers assessment, that is, lymphocytes muscarinic receptors (l-MRs). At t0: BHg and UHg were 27 and 1.4 microg/L, respectively (normal values: BHg 1-4.5; UHg 0.1-4.5), associated with l-MRs increase, 185.82 femtomoL/million lymphocytes (normal range: 8.0-16.0). At t1 (two days after DMSA-mobilization test), BHg weak reduction, paralleled by UHg 3.7-fold increase, was measured together with further l-MRs enhancement (205.43 femtomoL/million lymphocytes). At t2 (eight months after two cycles of DMSA chelating therapy ending), gradual improving of clinical manifestations was accompanied by progressive decrease of BHg and UHg (4.0 and 2.8 microg/L, resp.) and peripheral l-MRs neurochemical marker (24.89 femtomoL/million lymphocytes). Conclusion. l-MRs modulatory effect supports their use as peripheral neurochemical marker in Hg poisoning diagnosis and chelation therapy monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- E. Roda
- Laboratory of Clinical & Experimental Toxicology and Poison Control Centre and National Toxicology Information Centre, Toxicology Unit, IRCCS Maugeri Foundation, Medical Institute of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - A. Giampreti
- Laboratory of Clinical & Experimental Toxicology and Poison Control Centre and National Toxicology Information Centre, Toxicology Unit, IRCCS Maugeri Foundation, Medical Institute of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - S. Vecchio
- Laboratory of Clinical & Experimental Toxicology and Poison Control Centre and National Toxicology Information Centre, Toxicology Unit, IRCCS Maugeri Foundation, Medical Institute of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - P. Apostoli
- Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences, and Public Health, Section of Public Health and Human Sciences, University of Brescia and Occupational Medicine, Hygiene, Toxicology and Prevention Unit, Civil Hospital of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - T. Coccini
- Laboratory of Clinical & Experimental Toxicology and Poison Control Centre and National Toxicology Information Centre, Toxicology Unit, IRCCS Maugeri Foundation, Medical Institute of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
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20
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Jørgensen NP, Alstrup AKO, Mortensen FV, Knudsen K, Jakobsen S, Madsen LB, Bender D, Breining P, Petersen MS, Schleimann MH, Dagnæs-Hansen F, Gormsen LC, Borghammer P. Cholinergic PET imaging in infections and inflammation using 11C-donepezil and 18F-FEOBV. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2016; 44:449-458. [PMID: 27785538 DOI: 10.1007/s00259-016-3555-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2016] [Accepted: 10/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Immune cells utilize acetylcholine as a paracrine-signaling molecule. Many white blood cells express components of the cholinergic signaling pathway, and these are up-regulated when immune cells are activated. However, in vivo molecular imaging of cholinergic signaling in the context of inflammation has not previously been investigated. METHODS We performed positron emission tomography (PET) using the glucose analogue 18F-FDG, and 11C-donepezil and 18F-FEOBV, markers of acetylcholinesterase and the vesicular acetylcholine transporter, respectively. Mice were inoculated subcutaneously with Staphylococcus aureus, and PET scanned at 24, 72, 120, and 144 h post-inoculation. Four pigs with post-operative abscesses were also imaged. Finally, we present initial data from human patients with infections, inflammation, and renal and lung cancer. RESULTS In mice, the FDG uptake in abscesses peaked at 24 h and remained stable. The 11C-donepezil and 18F-FEOBV uptake displayed progressive increase, and at 120-144 h was nearly at the FDG level. Moderate 11C-donepezil and slightly lower 18F-FEOBV uptake were seen in pig abscesses. PCR analyses suggested that the 11C-donepezil signal in inflammatory cells is derived from both acetylcholinesterase and sigma-1 receptors. In humans, very high 11C-donepezil uptake was seen in a lobar pneumonia and in peri-tumoral inflammation surrounding a non-small cell lung carcinoma, markedly superseding the 18F-FDG uptake in the inflammation. In a renal clear cell carcinoma no 11C-donepezil uptake was seen. DISCUSSION The time course of cholinergic tracer accumulation in murine abscesses was considerably different from 18F-FDG, demonstrating in the 11C-donepezil and 18F-FEOBV image distinct aspects of immune modulation. Preliminary data in humans strongly suggest that 11C-donepezil can exhibit more intense accumulation than 18F-FDG at sites of chronic inflammation. Cholinergic PET imaging may therefore have potential applications for basic research into cholinergic mechanisms of immune modulation, but also clinical applications for diagnosing infections, inflammatory disorders, and cancer inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Aage K O Alstrup
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET Centre, Aarhus University Hospital, Noerrebrogade 44, bygn. 10G, kaelderen, DK-8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Frank V Mortensen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Karoline Knudsen
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET Centre, Aarhus University Hospital, Noerrebrogade 44, bygn. 10G, kaelderen, DK-8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Steen Jakobsen
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET Centre, Aarhus University Hospital, Noerrebrogade 44, bygn. 10G, kaelderen, DK-8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Line Bille Madsen
- Department of Histopathology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Dirk Bender
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET Centre, Aarhus University Hospital, Noerrebrogade 44, bygn. 10G, kaelderen, DK-8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Peter Breining
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | | | | | | | - Lars C Gormsen
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET Centre, Aarhus University Hospital, Noerrebrogade 44, bygn. 10G, kaelderen, DK-8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Per Borghammer
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET Centre, Aarhus University Hospital, Noerrebrogade 44, bygn. 10G, kaelderen, DK-8000, Aarhus C, Denmark.
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Dobrovinskaya O, Valencia-Cruz G, Castro-Sánchez L, Bonales-Alatorre EO, Liñan-Rico L, Pottosin I. Cholinergic Machinery as Relevant Target in Acute Lymphoblastic T Leukemia. Front Pharmacol 2016; 7:290. [PMID: 27630569 PMCID: PMC5005329 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2016.00290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2016] [Accepted: 08/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Various types of non-neuronal cells, including tumors, are able to produce acetylcholine (ACh), which acts as an autocrine/paracrine growth factor. T lymphocytes represent a key component of the non-neuronal cholinergic system. T cells-derived ACh is involved in a stimulation of their activation and proliferation, and acts as a regulator of immune response. The aim of the present work was to summarize the data about components of cholinergic machinery in T lymphocytes, with an emphasis on the comparison of healthy and leukemic T cells. Cell lines derived from acute lymphoblastic leukemias of T lineage (T-ALL) were found to produce a considerably higher amount of ACh than healthy T lymphocytes. Additionally, ACh produced by T-ALL is not efficiently hydrolyzed, because acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity is drastically decreased in these cells. Up-regulation of muscarinic ACh receptors was also demonstrated at expression and functional level, whereas nicotinic ACh receptors seem to play a less important role and not form functional channels in cells derived from T-ALL. We hypothesized that ACh over-produced in T-ALL may act as an autocrine growth factor and play an important role in leukemic clonal expansion through shaping of intracellular Ca2+ signals. We suggest that cholinergic machinery may be attractive targets for new drugs against T-ALL. Specifically, testing of high affinity antagonists of muscarinic ACh receptors as well as antagomiRs, which interfere with miRNAs involved in the suppression of AChE expression, may be the first choice options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oxana Dobrovinskaya
- Centro Universitario de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad de Colima Colima, México
| | - Georgina Valencia-Cruz
- Centro Universitario de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad de Colima Colima, México
| | - Luis Castro-Sánchez
- Centro Universitario de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad de ColimaColima, México; Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y TecnologíaMéxico City, México
| | | | - Liliana Liñan-Rico
- Centro Universitario de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad de Colima Colima, México
| | - Igor Pottosin
- Centro Universitario de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad de Colima Colima, México
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Da Silva AS, Boiago MM, Bottari NB, do Carmo GM, Alves MS, Boscato C, Morsch VM, Schetinger MRC, Casagrande RA, Stefani LM. Hepatic cholinesterase of laying hens naturally infected by Salmonella Gallinarum (fowl typhoid). Microb Pathog 2016; 98:93-7. [PMID: 27377431 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2016.06.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2016] [Revised: 06/29/2016] [Accepted: 06/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Salmonella is a facultative intracellular pathogen that may cause foodborne gastroenteritis in humans and animals consisting of over 2000 serovars. The serovar Salmonella Gallinarum is an important worldwide pathogen of poultry. However, little is known on the mechanisms of pathogenesis of Salmonella in chickens. The aim of this study was to evaluate cholinesterase and myeloperoxidase activities in hepatic tissue of laying hens naturally infected by S. Gallinarum. Twenty positive liver samples for S. Gallinarum were collected, in addition to seven liver samples from healthy uninfected laying hens (control group). The right liver lobe was homogenized for analysis of acetylcholinesterase (AChE), butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) and myeloperoxidase (MPO), and the left lobe was divided into two fragments, one for histopathology and the other for Salmonella isolation. The results showed changes in AChE and BchE activity in the liver of infected laying hens compared to the control group (P < 0.05), i.e. reduced AChE and increased BChE activities in liver samples. Infected animals showed increased MPO activity compared to healthy animals (P < 0.05). Furthermore, the histopathological findings showed fibrinoid necrosis associated to the infiltration of lymphocytes, plasma cells, macrophages,heterophils in the liver of infected hens. These findings suggest that the inflammatory process was attenuated providing a pro-inflammatory action of both enzyme analyzed in order to reduce the free ACh, a molecule which has an anti-inflammatory action. Therefore, our results lead to the hypothesis that cholinesterase plays an important role on the modulation of immune response against S. Gallinarum with an inflammatory effect, contributing to the response against this bacterium. This study should contribute to a better understanding on the pathogenic mechanisms involved in laying hens infected by S. Gallinarum.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Nathieli B Bottari
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, UFSM, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | | | | | - Carla Boscato
- Animal Science Department, UDESC, Chapecó, SC, Brazil
| | - Vera M Morsch
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, UFSM, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
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Zhang C, Xia Y, Jiang W, Wang C, Han B, Hao J. Determination of non-neuronal acetylcholine in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells by use of hydrophilic interaction ultra-performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2016; 1022:265-273. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2016.04.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2016] [Revised: 04/05/2016] [Accepted: 04/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Chen G, Zhou M, Chen L, Meng ZJ, Xiong XZ, Liu HJ, Xin JB, Zhang JC. Cigarette Smoke Disturbs the Survival of CD8+ Tc/Tregs Partially through Muscarinic Receptors-Dependent Mechanisms in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0147232. [PMID: 26808506 PMCID: PMC4726532 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0147232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2015] [Accepted: 12/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND CD8+ T cells (Cytotoxic T cells, Tc) are known to play a critical role in the pathogenesis of smoking related airway inflammation including chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). However, how cigarette smoke directly impacts systematic CD8+ T cell and regulatory T cell (Treg) subsets, especially by modulating muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (MRs), has yet to be well elucidated. METHODS Circulating CD8+ Tc/Tregs in healthy nonsmokers (n = 15), healthy smokers (n = 15) and COPD patients (n = 18) were evaluated by flow cytometry after incubating with anti-CD3, anti-CD8, anti-CD25, anti-Foxp3 antibodies. Peripheral blood T cells (PBT cells) from healthy nonsmokers were cultured in the presence of cigarette smoke extract (CSE) alone or combined with MRs agonist/antagonist for 5 days. Proliferation and apoptosis were evaluated by flow cytometry using Ki-67/Annexin-V antibodies to measure the effects of CSE on the survival of CD8+ Tc/Tregs. RESULTS While COPD patients have elevated circulating percentage of CD8+ T cells, healthy smokers have higher frequency of CD8+ Tregs. Elevated percentages of CD8+ T cells correlated inversely with declined FEV1 in COPD. CSE promoted the proliferation and inhibited the apoptosis of CD8+ T cells, while facilitated both the proliferation and apoptosis of CD8+ Tregs. Notably, the effects of CSE on CD8+ Tc/Tregs can be mostly simulated or attenuated by muscarine and atropine, the MR agonist and antagonist, respectively. However, neither muscarine nor atropine influenced the apoptosis of CD8+ Tregs. CONCLUSION The results imply that cigarette smoking likely facilitates a proinflammatory state in smokers, which is partially mediated by MR dysfunction. The MR antagonist may be a beneficial drug candidate for cigarette smoke-induced chronic airway inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Chen
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Key Laboratory of Pulmonary Diseases of Health Ministry, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Mei Zhou
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Key Laboratory of Pulmonary Diseases of Health Ministry, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Long Chen
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Key Laboratory of Pulmonary Diseases of Health Ministry, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Zhao-Ji Meng
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Key Laboratory of Pulmonary Diseases of Health Ministry, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Xian-Zhi Xiong
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Key Laboratory of Pulmonary Diseases of Health Ministry, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Hong-Ju Liu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Key Laboratory of Pulmonary Diseases of Health Ministry, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Jian-Bao Xin
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Key Laboratory of Pulmonary Diseases of Health Ministry, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Jian-Chu Zhang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Key Laboratory of Pulmonary Diseases of Health Ministry, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
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Cherubini E, Tabbì L, Scozzi D, Mariotta S, Galli E, Carello R, Avitabile S, Tayebati SK, Amenta F, De Vitis C, Mancini R, Ricci A. Modified expression of peripheral blood lymphocyte muscarinic cholinergic receptors in asthmatic children. J Neuroimmunol 2015; 284:37-43. [PMID: 26025056 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2015.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2014] [Revised: 04/25/2015] [Accepted: 04/29/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Lymphocytes possess an independent cholinergic system. We assessed the expression of muscarinic cholinergic receptors in lymphocytes from 49 asthmatic children and 10 age matched controls using Western blot. We demonstrated that CD4+ and CD8+ T cells expressed M2 and M4 muscarinic receptors which density were significantly increased in asthmatic children in comparison with controls. M2 and M4 receptor increase was strictly related with IgE and fraction of exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO) measurements and with impairment in objective measurements of airway obstruction. Increased lymphocyte muscarinic cholinergic receptor expression may concur with lung cholinergic dysfunction and with inflammatory molecular framework in asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuela Cherubini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche e Molecolari, Università la Sapienza, Italy; Centro Ricerche Ospedale San Pietro, Roma, Italy
| | - Luca Tabbì
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche e Molecolari, Università la Sapienza, Italy; Centro Ricerche Ospedale San Pietro, Roma, Italy
| | - Davide Scozzi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche e Molecolari, Università la Sapienza, Italy; Centro Ricerche Ospedale San Pietro, Roma, Italy
| | - Salvatore Mariotta
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche e Molecolari, Università la Sapienza, Italy; Centro Ricerche Ospedale San Pietro, Roma, Italy
| | - Elena Galli
- Centro Ricerche Ospedale San Pietro, Roma, Italy
| | | | | | - Seyed Koshrow Tayebati
- Sezione di Anatomia Umana, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Medicina Sperimentale, Università di Camerino, Italy
| | - Francesco Amenta
- Sezione di Anatomia Umana, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Medicina Sperimentale, Università di Camerino, Italy
| | - Claudia De Vitis
- Dipartimento di chirurgia "P.Valdoni," Sapienza University, 00161 Rome, Italy; IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Tumori, Fondazione G. Pascale, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Rita Mancini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche e Molecolari, Università la Sapienza, Italy
| | - Alberto Ricci
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche e Molecolari, Università la Sapienza, Italy; Centro Ricerche Ospedale San Pietro, Roma, Italy.
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Intestinal microbiota as modulators of the immune system and neuroimmune system: impact on the host health and homeostasis. J Immunol Res 2015; 2015:931574. [PMID: 25759850 PMCID: PMC4352473 DOI: 10.1155/2015/931574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2014] [Revised: 11/06/2014] [Accepted: 11/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Many immune-based intestinal disorders, such as ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease, as well as other illnesses, may have the intestines as an initial cause or aggravator in the development of diseases, even apparently not correlating directly to the intestine. Diabetes, obesity, multiple sclerosis, depression, and anxiety are examples of other illnesses discussed in the literature. In parallel, importance of the gut microbiota in intestinal homeostasis and immunologic conflict between tolerance towards commensal microorganisms and combat of pathogens is well known. Recent researches show that the immune system, when altered by the gut microbiota, influences the state in which these diseases are presented in the patient directly and indirectly. At the present moment, a considerable number of investigations about this subject have been performed and published. However, due to difficulties on correlating information, several speculations and hypotheses are generated. Thus, the present review aims at bringing together how these interactions work-gut microbiota, immune system, and their influence in the neuroimmune system.
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27
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Protective effect of quercetin in ecto-enzymes, cholinesterases, and myeloperoxidase activities in the lymphocytes of rats exposed to cadmium. Mol Cell Biochem 2014; 396:201-11. [DOI: 10.1007/s11010-014-2155-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2014] [Accepted: 07/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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28
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Tonin AA, Da Silva AS, Schafer AS, Aires AR, Oliveira CB, Zanini D, Schetinger MR, Morsch VM, Lopes ST, Monteiro SG, Leal ML. Influence of experimental infection by Haemonchus contortus on acetylcholinesterase activity in lymphocytes of lambs. Exp Parasitol 2014; 139:19-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2014.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2013] [Revised: 02/06/2014] [Accepted: 02/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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29
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Polachini CRN, Spanevello RM, Casali EA, Zanini D, Pereira LB, Martins CC, Baldissareli J, Cardoso AM, Duarte MF, da Costa P, Prado ALC, Schetinger MRC, Morsch VM. Alterations in the cholinesterase and adenosine deaminase activities and inflammation biomarker levels in patients with multiple sclerosis. Neuroscience 2014; 266:266-74. [PMID: 24508813 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2014.01.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2013] [Revised: 01/21/2014] [Accepted: 01/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is one of the main chronic inflammatory diseases of the CNS that cause functional disability in young adults. It has unknown etiology characterized by the infiltration of lymphocytes and macrophages into the brain. The aim of this study was to evaluate the acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity in lymphocytes and whole blood, as well as butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) and adenosine deaminase (ADA) activities in serum. We also checked the levels of nucleotides, nucleosides, biomarkers of inflammation such as cytokines (interleukin (IL)-1, IL-6, interferon (IFN)-γ, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and IL-10) and C-reactive protein (CRP) in serum from 29 patients with the relapsing-remitting form of MS (RRMS) and 29 healthy subjects as the control group. Results showed that AChE in lymphocytes and whole blood as well as BChE, and ADA activities in serum were significantly increased in RRMS patients when compared to the control group (P<0.05). In addition, we observed a decrease in ATP levels and a significant increase in the levels of ADP, AMP, adenosine and inosine in serum from RRMS patients in relation to the healthy subjects (P<0.05). Results also demonstrated an increase in the IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-1, IL-6 and CRP (P<0.05) and a significant decrease in the IL-10 (P<0.0001) in RRMS patients when compared to control. Our results suggest that alterations in the biomarkers of inflammation and hydrolysis of nucleotides and nucleosides may contribute to the understanding of the neurological dysfunction of RRMS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- C R N Polachini
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Bioquímica Toxicológica, Departamento de Química, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil.
| | - R M Spanevello
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Bioquímica e Bioprospecção, Centro de Ciências Químicas, Farmacêuticas e de Alimentos, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Campus Universitário, Capão do Leão, 96010-900 Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - E A Casali
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Porto Alegre, 90035-003 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - D Zanini
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Bioquímica Toxicológica, Departamento de Química, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - L B Pereira
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Bioquímica Toxicológica, Departamento de Química, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - C C Martins
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Bioquímica Toxicológica, Departamento de Química, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - J Baldissareli
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Bioquímica Toxicológica, Departamento de Química, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - A M Cardoso
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Bioquímica Toxicológica, Departamento de Química, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - M F Duarte
- Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Luterana do Brazil, Campus Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - P da Costa
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Bioquímica Toxicológica, Departamento de Química, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - A L C Prado
- Departamento de Fisioterapia e Reabilitação, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Campus Universitário, Camobi, 97105-900 Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - M R C Schetinger
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Bioquímica Toxicológica, Departamento de Química, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - V M Morsch
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Bioquímica Toxicológica, Departamento de Química, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil.
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Gautron L, Rutkowski JM, Burton MD, Wei W, Wan Y, Elmquist JK. Neuronal and nonneuronal cholinergic structures in the mouse gastrointestinal tract and spleen. J Comp Neurol 2013; 521:3741-67. [PMID: 23749724 PMCID: PMC4081472 DOI: 10.1002/cne.23376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2012] [Revised: 01/08/2013] [Accepted: 05/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence demonstrates that acetylcholine can directly modulate immune function in peripheral tissues including the spleen and gastrointestinal tract. However, the anatomical relationships between the peripheral cholinergic system and immune cells located in these lymphoid tissues remain unclear due to inherent technical difficulties with currently available neuroanatomical methods. In this study, mice with specific expression of the tdTomato fluorescent protein in choline acetyltransferase (ChAT)-expressing cells were used to label preganglionic and postganglionic cholinergic neurons and their projections to lymphoid tissues. Notably, our anatomical observations revealed an abundant innervation in the intestinal lamina propria of the entire gastrointestinal tract principally originating from cholinergic enteric neurons. The aforementioned innervation frequently approached macrophages, plasma cells, and lymphocytes located in the lamina propria and, to a lesser extent, lymphocytes in the interfollicular areas of Peyer's patches. In addition to the above innervation, we observed labeled epithelial cells in the gallbladder and lower intestines, as well as Microfold cells and T-cells within Peyer's patches. In contrast, we found only a sparse innervation in the spleen consisting of neuronal fibers of spinal origin present around arterioles and in lymphocyte-containing areas of the white pulp. Lastly, a small population of ChAT-expressing lymphocytes was identified in the spleen including both T- and B-cells. In summary, this study describes the variety of cholinergic neuronal and nonneuronal cells in a position to modulate gastrointestinal and splenic immunity in the mouse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Gautron
- Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75235
- Division of Hypothalamic Research, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75235
| | - Joseph M. Rutkowski
- Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75235
- Touchstone Diabetes Center, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75235
| | - Michael D. Burton
- Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75235
- Division of Hypothalamic Research, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75235
| | - Wei Wei
- Department of Pharmacology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75235
| | - Yihong Wan
- Department of Pharmacology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75235
| | - Joel K. Elmquist
- Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75235
- Division of Hypothalamic Research, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75235
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31
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Tonin AA, da Silva AS, Thorstenberg ML, Castilhos LG, França RT, Leal DBR, Duarte MMMF, Vogel FSF, de La Rue ML, dos Anjos Lopes ST. Influence of Toxoplasma gondii acute infection on cholinesterase activities of Wistar rats. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY 2013; 51:421-6. [PMID: 24039284 PMCID: PMC3770872 DOI: 10.3347/kjp.2013.51.4.421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2013] [Revised: 05/23/2013] [Accepted: 06/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Several studies have shown the mechanisms and importance of immune responses against Toxoplasma gondii infection and the notable role of cholinesterases in inflammatory reactions. However, the association between those factors has not yet been investigated. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity in blood and lymphocytes and the activity of butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) in serum of rats experimentally infected with T. gondii during the acute phase of infection. For that, an in vivo study was performed with evaluations of AChE and BChE activities on days 5 and 10 post-infection (PI). The activity of AChE in blood was increased on day 5 PI, while in lymphocytes its activity was enhanced on days 5 and 10 PI (P<0.05). No significant difference was observed between groups regarding to the activity of BChE in serum. A positive (P<0.01) correlation was observed between AChE activity and number of lymphocytes. The role of AChE as an inflammatory marker is well known in different pathologies; thus, our results lead to the hypothesis that AChE has an important role in modulation of early immune responses against T. gondii infection.
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Kolgazi M, Uslu U, Yuksel M, Velioglu-Ogunc A, Ercan F, Alican I. The role of cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway in acetic acid-induced colonic inflammation in the rat. Chem Biol Interact 2013; 205:72-80. [PMID: 23810507 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2013.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2013] [Revised: 05/23/2013] [Accepted: 06/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The "cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway" provides neurological modulation of cytokine synthesis to limit the magnitude of the immune response. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of the cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway on the extent of tissue integrity, oxidant-antioxidant status and neutrophil infiltration to the inflamed organ in a rat model of acetic acid-induced colitis. Colitis was induced by intrarectal administration of 5% acetic acid (1ml) to Sprague-Dawley rats (200-250g; n=7-8 per group). Control group received an equal volume of saline intrarectally. The rats were treated with either nicotine (1mg/kg/day) or huperzine A (0.1mg/kg/day) intraperitoneally for 3 days. After decapitation, the distal colon was scored macroscopically and microscopically. Tissue samples were used for the measurement of malondialdehyde (MDA) and glutathione (GSH) levels, and myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity. Formation of reactive oxygen species was monitored by using chemiluminescence (CL). Nuclear factor (NF)-κB expression was evaluated in colonic samples via immunohistochemical analysis. Trunk blood was collected for the assessment of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-10, resistin and visfatin levels. Both nicotine and huperzine A reduced the extent of colonic lesions, increased colonic MDA level, high MPO activity and NF-κB expression in the colitis group. Elevation of serum IL-1β level due to colitis was also attenuated by both treatments. Additionally, huperzine A was effective to reverse colitis-induced high lucigenin-enhanced CL values and serum TNF-α levels. Colitis group revealed decreased serum visfatin levels compared to control group which was completely reversed by nicotine. In conclusion, modulation of the cholinergic system either by nicotine or ACh esterase inhibition improved acetic acid-induced colonic inflammation as confirmed by macroscopic and microscopic examination and biochemical assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meltem Kolgazi
- Marmara University School of Medicine, Department of Physiology, Istanbul, Turkey
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Antonelli T, Tomasini MC, Castellazzi M, Sola P, Tamborino C, Ferraro D, Ferraro L, Granieri E. Biological markers in cerebrospinal fluid for axonal impairment in multiple sclerosis: acetylcholinesterase activity cannot be considered a useful biomarker. Neurol Sci 2012; 34:769-71. [PMID: 23247598 DOI: 10.1007/s10072-012-1265-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2012] [Accepted: 12/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
An impairment of the cholinergic system activity has been demonstrated in multiple sclerosis (MS). The correlation between the cholinergic system and the cognitive dysfunction in MS has led to studies on the use of acetylcholinesterase inhibitors (AChEI). The acetylcholinesterase (AChE), essential enzyme for the regulation of turnover of acetylcholine, can be considered the most important biochemical indicator of cholinergic signaling in the nervous system. Besides its catalytic properties, AChE has a crucial role in the regulation of the immune function. Based on the role of the AChe in the regulation of cholinergic signaling in the nervous system, the aim of the present study is to evaluate the activity of AChE in different pathological conditions: MS, other inflammatory neurological disorders (OIND) and non-inflammatory neurological disorders (NIND). We measured AChE activity in CSF samples obtained from 34 relapsing-remitting MS patients and, as controls, 40 patients with other inflammatory neurological disorders (OIND) and 40 subjects with other non-inflammatory neurological disorders (NIND). Fluorimetric detection of the AChE in MS patients and in the controls showed no statistically significant differences: 1.507 ± 0.403 nmol/ml/min in MS patients, 1.484 ± 0.496 nmol/ml/min in OIND and 1.305 ± 0.504 nmol/ml/min in NIND. Similar results were obtained in another recent study, using a different method. Further studies must be conducted on a larger number of patients, with different degrees of cognitive impairment. However, AChE measured in CSF can probably not be considered a useful biomarker for the assessment of the functional alterations of cholinergic system in pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Antonelli
- Section of Pharmacology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Ferrara University, Via Fossato di Mortara 17, 44100 Ferrara, Italy
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34
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Zanini D, Schmatz R, Pelinson LP, Pimentel VC, da Costa P, Cardoso AM, Martins CC, Schetinger CC, Baldissareli J, do Carmo Araújo M, Oliveira L, Chiesa J, Morsch VM, Leal DBR, Schetinger MRC. Ectoenzymes and cholinesterase activity and biomarkers of oxidative stress in patients with lung cancer. Mol Cell Biochem 2012. [PMID: 23180243 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-012-1513-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
We aimed to examine the nucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolases (NTPDase) in lymphocytes; adenosine deaminase (ADA) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) in serum; and acetylcholinesterase (AChE), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and catalase (CAT) activity in whole blood; since these enzymes are involved in inflammation responses as well as in oxidative stress conditions. We also checked the levels of total thiols (T-SH), non-protein thiols (NPSH), and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) in serum of patients with lung cancer. We collected blood samples from patients (n = 31) previously treated for lung cancer with chemotherapy. Patients were classified as stage IIIb and IV according to the Union for International Cancer Control (UICC). The results showed a significant increase in the hydrolysis of ATP, ADP, and adenosine in patients when compared with the control group. The activity of AChE, SOD, and CAT as well as the T-SH and NPSH levels were higher in patients group and TBARS levels were lower in patients compared with the control group. These findings demonstrated that the enzymes activity involved in the control of inflammatory and immune processes as well as the oxidative stress parameters are altered in patients with lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Zanini
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Bioquímica Toxicológica, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas, Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Campus Universitário, Camobi, Santa Maria, RS, 97105-900, Brazil.
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Critical roles of acetylcholine and the muscarinic and nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in the regulation of immune function. Life Sci 2012; 91:1027-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2012.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2011] [Revised: 03/25/2012] [Accepted: 05/03/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Olofsson PS, Rosas-Ballina M, Levine YA, Tracey KJ. Rethinking inflammation: neural circuits in the regulation of immunity. Immunol Rev 2012; 248:188-204. [PMID: 22725962 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-065x.2012.01138.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 283] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Neural reflex circuits regulate cytokine release to prevent potentially damaging inflammation and maintain homeostasis. In the inflammatory reflex, sensory input elicited by infection or injury travels through the afferent vagus nerve to integrative regions in the brainstem, and efferent nerves carry outbound signals that terminate in the spleen and other tissues. Neurotransmitters from peripheral autonomic nerves subsequently promote acetylcholine-release from a subset of CD4(+) T cells that relay the neural signal to other immune cells, e.g. through activation of α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors on macrophages. Here, we review recent progress in the understanding of the inflammatory reflex and discuss potential therapeutic implications of current findings in this evolving field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peder S Olofsson
- Laboratory of Biomedical Science, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, New York 11030, USA
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Wolkmer P, da Silva CB, Paim FC, Da Silva AS, Tavares KCS, Lazzarotto CR, Palma HE, Thomé GR, Miletti LC, Schetinger MRC, Lopes STA, Mazzanti CM. Biochemistry detection of acetylcholinesterase activity in Trypanosoma evansi and possible functional correlations. Exp Parasitol 2012; 132:546-9. [PMID: 22981718 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2012.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2012] [Revised: 08/06/2012] [Accepted: 08/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Several chemical and immunohistochemical techniques can be used for the detection of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity. In this experiment we aimed to detect AChE activity in Trypanosoma evansi. For this, the parasites were isolated from the blood of experimentally infected rats using a DEA-cellulose column. Enzymatic activity was determined in trypomastigote forms at 0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.8 and 1.2 mg/mL of protein concentrations by a standard biochemical protocol. At all concentrations tested, the study showed that T. evansi expresses the enzyme AChE and its activity was proportional to the concentration of protein, ranging between 0.64 and 2.70 μmol of AcSCh/h. Therefore, we concluded that it is possible to biochemically detect AChE in T. evansi, an enzyme that may be associated with vital functions of the parasite and also can be related to chemotherapy treatments, as further discussed in this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrícia Wolkmer
- Department of Chemistry, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Brazil.
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38
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Lymphocytic enzymes and lipid peroxidation in patients with metabolic syndrome. Clin Biochem 2012; 45:1081-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2012.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2012] [Revised: 05/24/2012] [Accepted: 06/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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39
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Aqueous seed extract of Syzygium cumini inhibits the dipeptidyl peptidase IV and adenosine deaminase activities, but it does not change the CD26 expression in lymphocytes in vitro. J Physiol Biochem 2012; 69:119-24. [DOI: 10.1007/s13105-012-0195-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2012] [Accepted: 06/28/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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40
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Martins DB, Mazzanti CM, Costa MM, França R, Pagnoncelli M, Maciel RM, Schmatz R, Oliveira L, Morsch V, Facco G, Visentini D, Mann T, Mazzanti A, Lopes STA. Complete blood count and acetylcholinesterase activity of lymphocytes of demyelinated and ovariectomized rats treated with resveratrol. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 2012; 34:983-90. [DOI: 10.3109/08923973.2012.682581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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41
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da Silva CB, Wolkmer P, Da Silva AS, Paim FC, Tonin AA, Castro VSP, V. Felin D, Schmatz R, Gonçalves JF, Badke MRT, Morsch VM, Mazzanti CM, Lopes STA. Cholinesterases as markers of the inflammatory process in rats infected with Leptospira interrogans serovar Icterohaemorrhagiae. J Med Microbiol 2012; 61:278-284. [DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.035501-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Cássia B. da Silva
- Department of Small Animals, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Avenida Roraima 1000, Campus Universitário, Hospital Veterinário, Sala 103, 97105-900, Santa Maria – RS, Brazil
| | - Patrícia Wolkmer
- Department of Small Animals, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Avenida Roraima 1000, Campus Universitário, Hospital Veterinário, Sala 103, 97105-900, Santa Maria – RS, Brazil
| | - Aleksandro S. Da Silva
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, UFSM, Avenida Roraima 1000, Campus Universitário, Prédio 20, Sala 4220, 97105900, Santa Maria – RS, Brazil
| | - Francine C. Paim
- Department of Small Animals, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Avenida Roraima 1000, Campus Universitário, Hospital Veterinário, Sala 103, 97105-900, Santa Maria – RS, Brazil
| | - Alexandre A. Tonin
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, UFSM, Avenida Roraima 1000, Campus Universitário, Prédio 20, Sala 4220, 97105900, Santa Maria – RS, Brazil
| | - Verônica S. P. Castro
- Department of Small Animals, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Avenida Roraima 1000, Campus Universitário, Hospital Veterinário, Sala 103, 97105-900, Santa Maria – RS, Brazil
| | - Diandra V. Felin
- Department of Small Animals, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Avenida Roraima 1000, Campus Universitário, Hospital Veterinário, Sala 103, 97105-900, Santa Maria – RS, Brazil
| | - Roberta Schmatz
- Department of Chemistry, UFSM, Avenida Roraima 1000, Campus Universitário, Prédio 18, 97105900, Santa Maria – RS, Brazil
| | - Jamile F. Gonçalves
- Department of Chemistry, UFSM, Avenida Roraima 1000, Campus Universitário, Prédio 18, 97105900, Santa Maria – RS, Brazil
| | - Manoel R. T. Badke
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, UFSM, Avenida Roraima 1000, Campus Universitário, Prédio 20, Sala 4220, 97105900, Santa Maria – RS, Brazil
| | - Vera M. Morsch
- Department of Chemistry, UFSM, Avenida Roraima 1000, Campus Universitário, Prédio 18, 97105900, Santa Maria – RS, Brazil
| | - Cinthia M. Mazzanti
- Department of Small Animals, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Avenida Roraima 1000, Campus Universitário, Hospital Veterinário, Sala 103, 97105-900, Santa Maria – RS, Brazil
| | - Sonia T. A. Lopes
- Department of Small Animals, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Avenida Roraima 1000, Campus Universitário, Hospital Veterinário, Sala 103, 97105-900, Santa Maria – RS, Brazil
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Fiorino DF, Garcia-Guzman M. Muscarinic pain pharmacology: realizing the promise of novel analgesics by overcoming old challenges. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2012:191-221. [PMID: 22222700 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-23274-9_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The antinociceptive and analgesic effects of muscarinic receptor ligands in human and nonhuman species have been evident for more than half a century. In this review, we describe the current understanding of the roles of different muscarinic subtypes in pain modulation and their mechanism of action along the pain signaling pathway, including peripheral nociception, spinal cord pain processing, and supraspinal analgesia. Extensive preclinical and clinical validation of these mechanisms points to the development of selective muscarinic agonists as one of the most exciting and promising avenues toward novel pain medications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis F Fiorino
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., 11010 Torreyana Road, San Diego, CA 92127, USA.
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Verbout NG, Jacoby DB. Muscarinic receptor agonists and antagonists: effects on inflammation and immunity. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2012:403-27. [PMID: 22222708 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-23274-9_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
In this chapter, we will review what is known about muscarinic regulation of immune cells and the contribution of immune cell muscarinic receptors to inflammatory disease and immunity. In particular, immune cell expression of cholinergic machinery, muscarinic receptor subtypes and functional consequences of agonist stimulation will be reviewed. Lastly, this chapter will discuss the potential therapeutic effects of selective antagonists on immune cell function and inflammatory disease in recent animal studies and human clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norah G Verbout
- School of Public Health, Harvard University, 665 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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Da Silva AS, Monteiro SG, Gonçalves JF, Spanevello R, Schmatz R, Oliveira CB, Costa MM, França RT, Jaques JA, Schetinger MRC, Mazzanti CM, Lopes ST. Trypanosoma evansi: Immune response and acetylcholinesterase activity in lymphocytes from infected rats. Exp Parasitol 2011; 127:475-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2010.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2010] [Revised: 10/20/2010] [Accepted: 10/20/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Dionisio L, José De Rosa M, Bouzat C, Esandi MDC. An intrinsic GABAergic system in human lymphocytes. Neuropharmacology 2010; 60:513-9. [PMID: 21093461 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2010.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2010] [Revised: 11/01/2010] [Accepted: 11/10/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
γ-amino butyric acid (GABA) is an ubiquitous neurotransmitter in the central nervous system and it is also present in non-neuronal cells. In this study we investigated the presence of neuronal components of the GABAergic system in lymphocytes and its functional significance. By using RT-PCR we detected mRNA expression of different components of the GABAergic system in resting and mitogen-activated lymphocytes: i) GAD67, an isoform of the enzyme that synthetizes GABA; ii) VIAAT, the vesicular protein involved in GABA storage; iii) GABA transporters (GAT-1 and GAT-2); iv) GABA-T, the enzyme that catabolizes GABA; and v) subunits that conform ionotropic GABA receptors. The presence of VIAAT protein in resting and activated cells was confirmed by immunocytochemistry. The functionality of GABA transporters was evaluated by measuring the uptake of radioactive GABA. The results show that [(3)H]GABA uptake is 5-fold higher in activated than in resting lymphocytes. To determine if GABA subunits assemble into functional channels, we performed whole-cell recordings in activated lymphocytes. GABA and muscimol, a specific agonist of ionotropic GABA receptors, elicit macroscopic currents in about 10-15% of the cells. Finally, by using [(3)H]thymidine incorporation assays, we determined that the presence of agonists of GABA receptor during activation inhibits lymphocyte proliferation. Our results reveal that lymphocytes have a functional GABAergic system, similar to the neuronal one, which may operate as a modulator of T-cell activation. Pharmacological modulation of this system may provide new approaches for regulation of T-cell response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo Dionisio
- Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Bahía Blanca, UNS-CONICET, Camino La, Carrindanga Km 7, B8000FWB Bahía Blanca, Argentina
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In vitro and in vivo interactions of aluminum on NTPDase and AChE activities in lymphocytes of rats. Cell Immunol 2010; 265:133-8. [PMID: 20832780 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2010.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2009] [Revised: 08/06/2010] [Accepted: 08/09/2010] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Al adjuvants are used in vaccines to increase the immune response. NTPDase and AChE play a pivotal role and act in the regulation of the immune system. The effect of Al exposure in vitro and in vivo on NTPDase and AChE activities in the lymphocytes of rats was determined. In vitro, ATP hydrolysis was decreased by 20.4% and 17.3% and ADP hydrolysis was decreased by 36.5% and 34.8%, in groups D and E, respectively, when compared to the control. AChE activity was increased by 157.3%, 152.5%, 74.7% and 90.8% in groups B, C, D, and E, respectively, when compared to the control. In vivo, ATP hydrolysis was increased by 85% and 86% and ADP hydrolysis was increased by 104.2% and 74%, in Al plus citrate and Al groups, respectively, when compared to the control. AChE activity was increased by 50.7% in Al plus citrate and by 28.6% in Al groups, when compared to the control. Our results show that Al exposure both in vitro and in vivo altered NTPDase and AChE activities in lymphocytes. These results may demonstrate the ability of Al to elicit the immune system, where NTPDase and AChE activities can act as purinergic and cholinergic markers in lymphocytes.
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Battisti V, Schetinger MRC, Maders LDK, Santos KF, Bagatini MD, Correa MC, Spanevello RM, do Carmo Araújo M, Morsch VM. Changes in acetylcholinesterase (AchE) activity in lymphocytes and whole blood in acute lymphoblastic leukemia patients. Clin Chim Acta 2009; 402:114-8. [PMID: 19185568 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2008.12.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2008] [Revised: 12/04/2008] [Accepted: 12/22/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is a type of cancer that affects lymphocytes and it is the most common form of cancer in children. Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) is well known as having non-cholinergic functions and has been detected in the blood and plasma of humans including in lymphocytes. Thus, we investigated whole blood and lymphocyte AChE activity in patients with ALL. METHODS This study was performed on 72 children with ALL divided into 4 groups: newly diagnosed, remission induction, remission maintenance and out-of-treatment and one control group of 50 healthy subjects. We determined AChE activity in whole blood and lymphocytes of these patients. RESULTS Results demonstrated that whole blood AChE activity was enhanced in the newly diagnosed group and reduced in the remission induction and remission maintenance groups in relation to the control group. For lymphocyte AChE activity we found an increase in the newly diagnosed group and a decrease in the remission induction group in relation to the control. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that AChE activity was altered in ALL patients. This fact may be related with the essential role played by AChE in the development of hematological disease and its contribution to the regulation of immune function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Battisti
- Departamento de Química, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Campus Universitário, 97105-900 Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
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Shaked I, Zimmerman G, Soreq H. Stress-induced Alternative Splicing Modulations in Brain and Periphery. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2008; 1148:269-81. [DOI: 10.1196/annals.1410.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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49
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Kassa J, Krocová Z, Sevelová L, Sheshko V, Kasalová I, Neubauerová V. The Alteration of Immune Reactions in Inbred BALB/cMice Following Low-Level Sarin Inhalation Exposure. Inhal Toxicol 2008; 16:509-15. [PMID: 15204742 DOI: 10.1080/08958370490442476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
To study the influence of low-level sarin inhalation exposure on immune functions, inbred BALB/c mice were exposed to low concentrations of sarin for 60 min in the inhalation chamber. The evaluation of immune functions was carried out using phenotyping of CD3 (T lymphocytes), CD4 (helper T lymphocytes), CD8 (cytotoxic T lymphocytes), and CD19 cells (B lymphocytes) in the lungs, blood, and spleen, lymphoproliferation of spleen cells stimulated in vitro by various mitogens (concanavalin A, lipopolysaccharides), phagocyte activity of peritoneal and alveolar macrophages, production of N-oxides by peritoneal macrophages, and the measurement of the natural killer cell activity at 1 wk following sarin exposure. The results were compared to the values obtained from control mice exposed to pure air instead of sarin. The results indicate that low doses of sarin are able to alter the reaction of immune system at one week following exposure to sarin. While the numbers of CD3 cells in the lungs, blood, and spleen were slightly decreased, an increase in CD19 cells was observed, especially in the lungs and blood. The reduced proportion of T lymphocytes is caused by decay of CD4-positive T cells. Lymphoproliferation was significantly decreased regardless of the mitogen and sarin concentration used. The production of N-oxides by peritoneal macrophages was stimulated after exposure to the highest dose of sarin, whereas their ability to phagocytize the microbes was increased after exposure to the lowest dose of sarin. The natural killer cell activity was significantly higher in the case of inhalation exposure of mice to the highest level of sarin. Thus, not only organophosphorus insecticides but also nerve agents such as sarin are able to alter immune functions even at a dose that does not cause clinically manifested disruption of cholinergic nervous system in the case of inhalation exposure. Nevertheless, the alteration of immune functions following the inhalation exposure to a symptomatic concentration of sarin seems to be more pronounced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jirí Kassa
- Department of Toxicology, Purkyne Military Medical Academy, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic.
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50
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Intracellular calcium responses to cholinergic stimulation of lymphocytes from healthy donors and patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Rheumatol Int 2008; 29:497-502. [DOI: 10.1007/s00296-008-0723-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2007] [Accepted: 09/09/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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