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Shih NC, Kurniawan ND, Cabeen RP, Korobkova L, Wong E, Chui HC, Clark KA, Miller CA, Hawes D, Jones KT, Sepehrband F. Microstructural mapping of dentate gyrus pathology in Alzheimer's disease: A 16.4 Tesla MRI study. Neuroimage Clin 2023; 37:103318. [PMID: 36630864 PMCID: PMC9841366 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2023.103318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Revised: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The dentate gyrus (DG) is an integral portion of the hippocampal formation, and it is composed of three layers. Quantitative magnetic resonance (MR) imaging has the capability to map brain tissue microstructural properties which can be exploited to investigate neurodegeneration in Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, assessing subtle pathological changes within layers requires high resolution imaging and histological validation. In this study, we utilized a 16.4 Tesla scanner to acquire ex vivo multi-parameter quantitative MRI measures in human specimens across the layers of the DG. Using quantitative diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) and multi-parameter MR measurements acquired from AD (N = 4) and cognitively normal control (N = 6) tissues, we performed correlation analyses with histological measurements. Here, we found that quantitative MRI measures were significantly correlated with neurofilament and phosphorylated Tau density, suggesting sensitivity to layer-specific changes in the DG of AD tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nien-Chu Shih
- USC Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Nyoman D Kurniawan
- Center for Advanced Imaging, The University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Australia
| | - Ryan P Cabeen
- USC Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Laura Korobkova
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089. USA
| | - Ellen Wong
- Department of Neurology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA; Department of Neurology, Rancho Los Amigos National Rehabilitation Center, Downey, CA 90242, USA
| | - Helena C Chui
- Department of Neurology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Kristi A Clark
- Department of Neurology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Carol A Miller
- Department of Pathology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Debra Hawes
- Department of Pathology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Kymry T Jones
- Department of Pathology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA.
| | - Farshid Sepehrband
- USC Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA.
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Weissert R, Hugosson T, Petzold A. Upregulated Retinal Neurofilament Expression in Experimental Optic Neuritis. Neuroophthalmology 2022; 46:215-219. [PMID: 35859627 PMCID: PMC9291678 DOI: 10.1080/01658107.2022.2025852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
In optic neuritis (ON), transient thickening of the macular retinal nerve fibre layer (RNFL) can be observed. This optical coherence tomography-based observation is not understood. The axonal diameter correlates with the neurofilament (Nf) protein content, but there are no data on the retinal tissue concentration of Nfs. The myelin-oligodendrocyte-glycoprotein (MOG) induced experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) model was used to investigate the retinas of Brown Norway rats with (i) visual evoked potentials (VEP) confirmed ON, (ii) VEP confirmed absence of ON and (iii) control animals. Twenty retinas were collected from MOG-EAE and control rats 27 days after immunisation. Retinal tissue Nf concentrations per total protein (μg/mg) were significantly higher in MOG-EAE rats with ON (median 4.29, interquartile range [IQR] 3.41-5.97) compared with MOG-EAE rats without ON (1.14, IQR 1.10-1.67) or control rats (0.93, IQR 0.45-4.00). The data suggest that up-regulation of Nf expression in the retinal ganglion cells precedes development of RNFL atrophy and plausibly explains the transient increase of axonal diameter and RNFL thickening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Weissert
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Therése Hugosson
- Department of Ophthalmology, St Erik Eye Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden,Department of Clinical Sciences, Ophthalmology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Axel Petzold
- Queen Square Institute of Neurology, UCL, Department of Neuroimmunology & The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, Moorfields Eye Hospital, London, UK,Amsterdam UMC, Locatie VUmc, Departments of Neurology and Ophthalmology, NL, Moorfields Eye Hospital, London, UK,CONTACT Axel PetzoldQueen Square Institute of Neurology, 9th floor, Room 914, Queen Square, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
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3
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Lowes H, Pyle A, Duddy M, Hudson G. Cell-free mitochondrial DNA in progressive multiple sclerosis. Mitochondrion 2019; 46:307-312. [PMID: 30098422 PMCID: PMC6509276 DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2018.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Revised: 05/24/2018] [Accepted: 07/31/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies have linked cell-free mitochondrial DNA (ccf-mtDNA) to neurodegeneration in both Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease, raising the possibility that the same phenomenon could be seen in other diseases which manifest a neurodegenerative component. Here, we assessed the role of circulating cell-free mitochondrial DNA (ccf-mtDNA) in end-stage progressive multiple sclerosis (PMS), where neurodegeneration is evident, contrasting both ventricular cerebral spinal fluid ccf-mtDNA abundance and integrity between PMS cases and controls, and correlating ccf-mtDNA levels to known protein markers of neurodegeneration and PMS. Our data indicate that reduced ccf-mtDNA is a component of PMS, concluding that it may indeed be a hallmark of broader neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Lowes
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, International Centre for Life, Central Parkway, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 3BZ, UK; The Wellcome Centre for Mitochondrial Research, Newcastle University, Medical School, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Angela Pyle
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, International Centre for Life, Central Parkway, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 3BZ, UK; The Wellcome Centre for Mitochondrial Research, Newcastle University, Medical School, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Martin Duddy
- Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK
| | - Gavin Hudson
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, International Centre for Life, Central Parkway, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 3BZ, UK; The Wellcome Centre for Mitochondrial Research, Newcastle University, Medical School, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK.
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Ehler J, Petzold A, Wittstock M, Kolbaske S, Gloger M, Henschel J, Heslegrave A, Zetterberg H, Lunn MP, Rommer PS, Grossmann A, Sharshar T, Richter G, Nöldge-Schomburg G, Sauer M. The prognostic value of neurofilament levels in patients with sepsis-associated encephalopathy - A prospective, pilot observational study. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0211184. [PMID: 30677080 PMCID: PMC6345472 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0211184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Sepsis-associated encephalopathy (SAE) contributes to mortality and neurocognitive impairment of sepsis patients. Neurofilament (Nf) light (NfL) and heavy (NfH) chain levels as biomarkers for neuroaxonal injury were not evaluated in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and plasma of patients with sepsis-associated encephalopathy (SAE) before. We conducted a prospective, pilot observational study including 20 patients with septic shock and five patients without sepsis serving as controls. The assessment of SAE comprised a neuropsychiatric examination, electroencephalography (EEG), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and delirium screening methods including the confusion assessment method for the ICU (CAM-ICU) and the intensive care delirium screening checklist (ICDSC). CSF Nf measurements in sepsis patients and longitudinal plasma Nf measurements in all participants were performed on days 1, 3 and 7 after study inclusion. Plasma NfL levels increased in sepsis patients over time (p = 0.0063) and remained stable in patients without sepsis. Plasma NfL values were significantly higher in patients with SAE (p = 0.011), significantly correlated with the severity of SAE represented by ICDSC values (R = 0.534, p = 0.022) and correlated with a poorer functional outcome after 100 days (R = -0.535, p = 0.0003). High levels of CSF Nf were measured in SAE patients. CSF NfL levels were higher in non-survivors (p = 0.012) compared with survivors and correlated with days until death (R = -0.932, p<0.0001) and functional outcome after 100 days (R = -0.749, p<0.0001). The present study showed for the first time that Nf levels provide complementary prognostic information in SAE patients indicating a higher chance of death and poorer functional/cognitive outcome in survivors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Ehler
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Medical Center Rostock, Rostock, Germany
- Department of Neuroimmunology, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Axel Petzold
- Department of Neuroimmunology, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- Moorfields Eye Hospital, The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, United Kingdom
| | - Matthias Wittstock
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Stephan Kolbaske
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Martin Gloger
- Department of Internal Medicine, Intensive Care Unit, University Medical Center Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Jörg Henschel
- Department of Internal Medicine, Intensive Care Unit, University Medical Center Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Amanda Heslegrave
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- UK Dementia Research Institute at University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Henrik Zetterberg
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- UK Dementia Research Institute at University College London, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, the Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden
- Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Michael P. Lunn
- Department of Neuroimmunology, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Paulus S. Rommer
- Department of Neurology, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Annette Grossmann
- Institute for Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Medical Center Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Tarek Sharshar
- Department of Neuro-anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Saint-Anne Teaching Hospital, Paris-Decartes University, Paris, France
- Laboratory of Human Histopathology and Animal Models, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Georg Richter
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Medical Center Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Gabriele Nöldge-Schomburg
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Medical Center Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Martin Sauer
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Medical Center Rostock, Rostock, Germany
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Barber TJ, Imaz A, Boffito M, Niubó J, Pozniak A, Fortuny R, Alonso J, Davies N, Mandalia S, Podzamczer D, Gazzard B. CSF inflammatory markers and neurocognitive function after addition of maraviroc to monotherapy darunavir/ritonavir in stable HIV patients: the CINAMMON study. J Neurovirol 2017; 24:98-105. [PMID: 29280108 DOI: 10.1007/s13365-017-0600-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2017] [Revised: 10/19/2017] [Accepted: 11/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
CINAMMON is a phase IV, open-label, single-arm, pilot study assessing maraviroc (MVC) in the central nervous system (CNS) when added to darunavir/ritonavir monotherapy (DRV/r) in virologically suppressed HIV-infected subjects. CCR5 tropic participants on DRV/r were recruited. Participants remained on DRV/r for 12 week (w) (control phase). MVC 150 mg qd was added w12-w36 (intervention phase). Lumbar puncture (LP) and neurocognitive function (Cogstate) examinations scheduled at baseline, w12 and w36; MRI before w12, again at w36. Primary endpoint was CSF inflammatory marker changes during intervention phase. Secondary endpoints included changes in NC function and MRI parameters. CSF/plasma DRV/r concentrations measured at w12 and w36, MVC at w36. Nineteen patients recruited, 15 completed (17M, 2F). Dropouts: headache (2), knee problem (could not attend, 1), personal reasons (1). Mean age (range) 45.4 years (27.2-65.1), 13/19 white, 10/19 MSM. No changes in selected CSF markers were seen w12-w36. Overall NC function did not improve w12-w36: total age adjusted z score improved by 0.27 (weighted paired t test; p = 0.11); for executive function only, age adjusted z score improved by 0.54 (p = 0.03). MRI brain parameters unchanged. DRV plasma:CSF concentration ratio unchanged between w12 (132) and w36 (112; p = 0.577, Wilcoxon signed-rank). MVC plasma:CSF concentration ratio was 35 at w36. No changes in neuroinflammatory markers seen. In this small study, addition of 24w MVC 150 mg qd to stable DRV/r monotherapy showed possible improvement in executive function with no global NC effect. Learning effect cannot be excluded. This effect should be further evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- T J Barber
- Chelsea and Westminster NHS Foundation Trust and St Stephen's AIDS Trust, 4th Floor, St Stephen's Centre, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, 369 Fulham Road, London, SW10 9NH, UK. .,Imperial College London, London, UK.
| | - A Imaz
- Bellvitge University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain
| | - M Boffito
- Chelsea and Westminster NHS Foundation Trust and St Stephen's AIDS Trust, 4th Floor, St Stephen's Centre, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, 369 Fulham Road, London, SW10 9NH, UK.,Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - J Niubó
- Bellvitge University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain
| | - A Pozniak
- Chelsea and Westminster NHS Foundation Trust and St Stephen's AIDS Trust, 4th Floor, St Stephen's Centre, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, 369 Fulham Road, London, SW10 9NH, UK
| | - R Fortuny
- Bellvitge University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain
| | - J Alonso
- Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain
| | - N Davies
- Chelsea and Westminster NHS Foundation Trust and St Stephen's AIDS Trust, 4th Floor, St Stephen's Centre, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, 369 Fulham Road, London, SW10 9NH, UK.,Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - S Mandalia
- Chelsea and Westminster NHS Foundation Trust and St Stephen's AIDS Trust, 4th Floor, St Stephen's Centre, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, 369 Fulham Road, London, SW10 9NH, UK.,Imperial College London, London, UK
| | | | - B Gazzard
- Chelsea and Westminster NHS Foundation Trust and St Stephen's AIDS Trust, 4th Floor, St Stephen's Centre, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, 369 Fulham Road, London, SW10 9NH, UK.,Imperial College London, London, UK
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Oxidative damage and chemokine production dominate days before immune cell infiltration and EAE disease debut. J Neuroinflammation 2016; 13:246. [PMID: 27630002 PMCID: PMC5024447 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-016-0707-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2015] [Accepted: 08/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Multiple sclerosis is widely accepted as an inflammatory disease. However, studies indicate that degenerative processes in the CNS occur prior to inflammation. In the widely used animal model experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), we investigated the significance of degenerative processes from mitochondrial membrane potentials, reactive oxidative species, cell death markers, chemokines, and inflammatory cell types in brain, spinal cord, and optic nerve tissue during the effector phase of the disease, before clinical disease was evident. Methods Sixty-two rats were placed in eight groups, n = 6 to 10. Four groups were immunized with spinal cord homogenate emulsified in complete Freund’s adjuvant (one served as EAE group), three groups were immunized with complete Freund’s adjuvant only, and a control group was injected with phosphate buffered saline only. Groups were sacrificed 3, 5, 7, or 12–13 days after the intervention and analyzed for early signs of CNS degeneration. Results Loss of mitochondrial membrane potential and oxidative changes was observed days before clinical disease debut at day 9.75 ± 0.89. The early mitochondrial changes were not associated with cytochrome C release, cleavage of caspases 9 (38/40 kDa) and 3 (17/19 kDa), and cleavage of PARP (89 kDa) or spectrin (120/150 kDa), and apoptosis was not initiated. Axonal degeneration was only present at disease onset. Increases in a range of cytokines and chemokines were observed systemically as a consequence of immunization with complete Freund’s adjuvant, whereas the encephalitogenic emulsion induced an upregulation of the chemokines Ccl2, Ccl20, and Cxcl1, specifically in brain tissue, 7 days after immunization. Conclusion Five to seven days after immunization, subtle decreases in the mitochondrial membrane potential and an increased reactive oxygen species burden in brain tissue were observed. No cell death was detected at these time-points, but a specific expression pattern of chemokines indicates activity in the CNS, several days before clinical disease debut.
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Petzold A, Eikelenboom MI, Keir G, Polman CH, Uitdehaag BMJ, Thompson EJ, Giovannoni G. The new Global Multiple Sclerosis Severity Score (MSSS) correlates with axonal but not glial biomarkers. Mult Scler 2016; 12:325-8. [PMID: 16764346 DOI: 10.1191/135248505ms1277oa] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated whether the new Global Multiple Sclerosis Severity Scale (MSSS) correlated with cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers for axonal and glial pathology. The MSSS correlated with the phosphorylated neurofilament heavy chain (NfH-SMI35, R=0.44, P=0.016). The degree of neurofilament phosphorylation (ratio NfH-SMI34 to NfH-SMI35) was 8-fold higher in severely (median MSSS 6.5) versus mildly (MSSS 3.2) disabled patients (7.3 versus 0.9, P=0.03). The MSSS may provide a statistically powerful tool for comparing overall disease severity and be useful for validating the biomarker concept in MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Petzold
- Department of Neuroinflammation, Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, UK.
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Mestre L, Redondo M, Carrillo-Salinas FJ, Morales-García JA, Alonso-Gil S, Pérez-Castillo A, Gil C, Martínez A, Guaza C. PDE7 inhibitor TC3.6 ameliorates symptomatology in a model of primary progressive multiple sclerosis. Br J Pharmacol 2015; 172:4277-90. [PMID: 25994655 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2014] [Revised: 04/06/2015] [Accepted: 05/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE cAMP plays an important role in the transduction of signalling pathways involved in neuroprotection and immune regulation. Control of the levels of this nucleotide by inhibition of cAMP-specific PDEs such as PDE7 may affect the pathological processes of neuroinflammatory diseases like multiple sclerosis (MS). In the present study, we evaluated the therapeutic potential of the selective PDE7 inhibitor, TC3.6, in a model of primary progressive multiple sclerosis (PPMS), a rare and severe variant of MS. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus-induced demyelinated disease (TMEV-IDD) is one of the models used to validate the therapeutic efficacy of new drugs in MS. As recent studies have analysed the effect of PDE7 inhibitors in the EAE model of MS, here the TMEV-IDD model was used to test their efficacy in a progressive variant of MS. Mice were subjected to two protocols of TC3.6 administration: on the pre-symptomatic phase and once the disease was established. KEY RESULTS Treatment with TC3.6 ameliorated the disease course and improved motor deficits of infected mice. This was associated with down-regulation of microglial activation and reduced cellular infiltrates. Decreased expression of pro-inflammatory mediators such as COX-2 and the cytokines, IL-1β, TNF-α, IFN-γ and IL-6 in the spinal cord of TMEV-infected mice was also observed after TC3.6 administration. CONCLUSION These findings support the importance of PDE7 inhibitors, and specifically TC3.6, as a novel class of agents with therapeutic potential for PPMS. Preclinical studies are needed to determine whether their effects translate into durable clinical benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Mestre
- Departamento de Neurobiología Funcional y de Sistemas, Instituto Cajal-CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - M Redondo
- Departamento de Química Médica I, Instituto de Química Médica-CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - F J Carrillo-Salinas
- Departamento de Neurobiología Funcional y de Sistemas, Instituto Cajal-CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - J A Morales-García
- Departamento de Modelos Experimentales de Enfermedades Humanas, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, CSIC-UAM, Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Barcelona, Spain
| | - S Alonso-Gil
- Departamento de Modelos Experimentales de Enfermedades Humanas, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, CSIC-UAM, Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Barcelona, Spain
| | - A Pérez-Castillo
- Departamento de Modelos Experimentales de Enfermedades Humanas, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, CSIC-UAM, Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Barcelona, Spain
| | - C Gil
- Departamento Biología Físico-Química, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas-CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - A Martínez
- Departamento Biología Físico-Química, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas-CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - C Guaza
- Departamento de Neurobiología Funcional y de Sistemas, Instituto Cajal-CSIC, Madrid, Spain
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Gardell AM, Qin Q, Rice RH, Li J, Kültz D. Derivation and osmotolerance characterization of three immortalized tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus) cell lines. PLoS One 2014; 9:e95919. [PMID: 24797371 PMCID: PMC4010420 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0095919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2013] [Accepted: 04/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Fish cell cultures are becoming more widely used models for investigating molecular mechanisms of physiological response to environmental challenge. In this study, we derived two immortalized Mozambique tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus) cell lines from brain (OmB) and lip epithelium (OmL), and compared them to a previously immortalized bulbus arteriosus (TmB) cell line. The OmB and OmL cell lines were generated without or with Rho-associated kinase (ROCK) inhibitor/3T3 feeder layer supplementation. Although both approaches were successful, ROCK inhibitor/feeder layer supplementation was found to offer the advantages of selecting for epithelial-like cell type and decreasing time to immortalization. After immortalization (≥ passage 5), we characterized the proteomes of the newly derived cell lines (OmB and OmL) using LCMS and identified several unique cell markers for each line. Subsequently, osmotolerance for each of the three cell lines following acute exposure to elevated sodium chloride was evaluated. The acute maximum osmotolerance of these tilapia cell lines (>700 mOsm/kg) was markedly higher than that of any other known vertebrate cell line, but was significantly higher in the epithelial-like OmL cell line. To validate the physiological relevance of these tilapia cell lines, we quantified the effects of acute hyperosmotic challenge (450 mOsm/kg and 700 mOsm/kg) on the transcriptional regulation of two enzymes involved in biosynthesis of the compatible organic osmolyte, myo-inositol. Both enzymes were found to be robustly upregulated in all three tilapia cell lines. Therefore, the newly established tilapia cells lines represent valuable tools for studying molecular mechanisms involved in the osmotic stress response of euryhaline fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison M. Gardell
- Department of Animal Science, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Qin Qin
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Robert H. Rice
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Johnathan Li
- Department of Animal Science, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Dietmar Kültz
- Department of Animal Science, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
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Abstract
The cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is a bodily fluid, which is both easily accessible and the most proximate to the pathological alterations of multiple sclerosis (MS). Consequently, the analysis of this fluid provides an important window into the pathological underpinnings of this disease. For example, for years, it has been known that the CSF of MS patients contains oligoclonal gamma immunoglobulins (IgG), which are synthesized within the central nervous system and presumably relate to the immune dysfunction, which is characteristically found in MS. This insight has lead to the introduction of highly-effective anti-B-cell therapies into the field of MS therapeutics. Moreover, the presence of an oligoclonal IgG response in the CSF, although not specific for MS, is a very sensitive finding and, as a result, its presence can be quite helpful for establishing an MS diagnosis in the right clinical context. In addition, this finding has predictive value. Thus, patients without a definite diagnosis who have CSF IgG bands are significantly more likely to develop definite MS compared to those patients without such a banding pattern. Other biological molecules can also be found in the CSF including neurofiliment, myelin basic protein (MBP), glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), tau, neuronal cell adhesion molecule (NCAM), and the growth associated protein (GAP-43). However, the value of measuring these (and other) CSF constituents for both diagnostic and prognostic purposes and for following response to therapy is still to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gavin Giovannoni
- Centre for Neuroscience and Trauma, Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, London, UK.
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13
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Hampton DW, Serio A, Pryce G, Al-Izki S, Franklin RJM, Giovannoni G, Baker D, Chandran S. Neurodegeneration progresses despite complete elimination of clinical relapses in a mouse model of multiple sclerosis. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2013; 1:84. [PMID: 24364862 PMCID: PMC3895761 DOI: 10.1186/2051-5960-1-84] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2013] [Accepted: 12/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND [corrected] Multiple Sclerosis has two clinical phases reflecting distinct but inter-related pathological processes: focal inflammation drives the relapse-remitting stage and neurodegeneration represents the principal substrate of secondary progression. In contrast to the increasing number of effective anti-inflammatory disease modifying treatments for relapse-remitting disease, the absence of therapies for progressive disease represents a major unmet clinical need. This raises the unanswered question of whether elimination of clinical relapses will prevent subsequent progression and if so how early in the disease course should treatment be initiated. Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in the Biozzi ABH mouse recapitulates the clinical and pathological features of multiple sclerosis including relapse-remitting episodes with inflammatory mediated demyelination and progressive disability with neurodegeneration. To address the relationship between inflammation and neurodegeneration we used an auto-immune tolerance strategy to eliminate clinical relapses in EAE in a manner analogous to the clinical effect of disease modifying treatments. RESULTS By arresting clinical relapses in EAE at two distinct stages, early and late disease, we demonstrate that halting immune driven demyelination even after the first major clinical event is insufficient to prevent long-term neurodegeneration and associated gliosis. Nonetheless, early intervention is partially neuroprotective, whereas later interventions are not. Furthermore early tolerisation is also associated with increased remyelination. CONCLUSIONS These findings are consistent with both a partial uncoupling of inflammation and neurodegeneration and that the regenerative response of remyelination is negatively correlated with inflammation. These findings strongly support the need for early combinatorial treatment of immunomodulatory therapies and neuroprotective treatments to prevent long-term neurodegeneration in multiple sclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- David W Hampton
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, MS Centre, University of Edinburgh Chancellor’s Building, 49 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4SB, UK
| | - Andrea Serio
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, MS Centre, University of Edinburgh Chancellor’s Building, 49 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4SB, UK
| | - Gareth Pryce
- Neuroimmunology Unit, Blizard Institute, Barts and London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, 4 Newark Street, London E1 2AT, UK
| | - Sarah Al-Izki
- Neuroimmunology Unit, Blizard Institute, Barts and London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, 4 Newark Street, London E1 2AT, UK
| | - Robin JM Franklin
- MRC Cambridge Centre for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine and Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0ES, UK
| | - Gavin Giovannoni
- Neuroimmunology Unit, Blizard Institute, Barts and London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, 4 Newark Street, London E1 2AT, UK
| | - David Baker
- Neuroimmunology Unit, Blizard Institute, Barts and London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, 4 Newark Street, London E1 2AT, UK
| | - Siddharthan Chandran
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, MS Centre, University of Edinburgh Chancellor’s Building, 49 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4SB, UK
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Phosphorylated neurofilament heavy chain correlations to visual function, optical coherence tomography, and treatment. Mult Scler Int 2011; 2010:542691. [PMID: 22096624 PMCID: PMC3195353 DOI: 10.1155/2010/542691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2010] [Revised: 11/22/2010] [Accepted: 12/14/2010] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective. To correlate visual and neurologic
clinical scores and treatment of optic neuritis and multiple
sclerosis (MS) patients with assays of serum phosphorylated
neurofilament heavy chain (pNF-H) and optical coherence tomography
(OCT) measurements of axonal loss.
Design/Methods. The Optic Neuritis Treatment
Trial (ONTT) randomized 457 patients with acute optic neuritis to
intravenous methylprednisolone (IVMP) followed by oral prednisone,
oral prednisone or placebo treatment arms. We quantified serum
pNF-H levels in 175 ONTT patients 5 years after study entry. We
performed OCT measurements of macular volume and the retinal nerve
fiber layer (RNFL) in a subset of 51 patients at year 15.
Results. Elevated pNF-H levels at year 5
correlated to poorer visual function at study entry. Lower 15 year
macular volumes and RNFL thickness correlated better with
follow-up than with baseline visual function measures. With IVMP
treatment, 15 year RNFL differences of the fellow eye (FE) minus
the affected eye (SE) RNFLFEmSE correlated with five-year pNF-H
levels. PNF-H was reduced by half with IVMP relative to placebo or
by 40% relative to prednisone.
Conclusions/Relevance. Acute optic neuritis
patients who have more severe visual loss during initial
presentation have a higher incidence of axonal loss that was
slightly suppressed with IVMP treatment.
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15
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Kim JH, Kim JH, Kim KW, Kim MH, Yu YS. Intravenously administered gold nanoparticles pass through the blood-retinal barrier depending on the particle size, and induce no retinal toxicity. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2009; 20:505101. [PMID: 19923650 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/20/50/505101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The retina maintains homeostasis through the blood-retinal barrier (BRB). Although it is ideal to deliver the drug to the retina via systemic administration, it is still challenging due to the BRB strictly regulating permeation from blood to the retina. Herein, we demonstrated that intravenously administered gold nanoparticles could pass through the BRB and are distributed in all retinal layers without cytotoxicity. After intravenous injection of gold nanoparticles into C57BL/6 mice, 100 nm nanoparticles were not detected in the retina whereas 20 nm nanoparticles passed through the BRB and were distributed in all retinal layers. 20 nm nanoparticles in the retina were observed in neurons (75 +/- 5%), endothelial cells (17 +/- 6%) and peri-endothelial glial cells (8 +/- 3%), where nanoparticles were bound on the membrane. In the retina, cells containing nanoparticles did not show any structural abnormality and increase of cell death compared to cells without nanoparticles. Gold nanoparticles never affected the viability of retinal endothelial cells, astrocytes and retinoblastoma cells. Furthermore, gold nanoparticles never led to any change in expression of representative biological molecules including zonula occludens-1 and glut-1 in retinal endothelial cells, neurofilaments in differentiated retinoblastoma cells and glial fibrillary acidic protein in astrocytes. Therefore, our data suggests that small gold nanoparticles (20 nm) could be an alternative for drug delivery across the BRB, which could be safely applied in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong Hun Kim
- Department of Ophthalmology, Seoul National University College of Medicine and Seoul Artificial Eye Center, Clinical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul 151744, Korea.
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16
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Linker RA, Brechlin P, Jesse S, Steinacker P, Lee DH, Asif AR, Jahn O, Tumani H, Gold R, Otto M. Proteome profiling in murine models of multiple sclerosis: identification of stage specific markers and culprits for tissue damage. PLoS One 2009; 4:e7624. [PMID: 19865482 PMCID: PMC2765069 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0007624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2009] [Accepted: 09/10/2009] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The identification of new biomarkers is of high interest for the prediction of the disease course and also for the identification of pathomechanisms in multiple sclerosis (MS). To specify markers of the chronic disease phase, we performed proteome profiling during the later phase of myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein induced experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (MOG-EAE, day 35 after immunization) as a model disease mimicking many aspects of secondary progressive MS. In comparison to healthy controls, high resolution 2 dimensional gel electrophoresis revealed a number of regulated proteins, among them glial fibrilary acidic protein (GFAP). Phase specific up-regulation of GFAP in chronic EAE was confirmed by western blotting and immunohistochemistry. Protein levels of GFAP were also increased in the cerebrospinal fluid of MS patients with specificity for the secondary progressive disease phase. In a next step, proteome profiling of an EAE model with enhanced degenerative mechanisms revealed regulation of alpha-internexin, syntaxin binding protein 1, annexin V and glutamate decarboxylase in the ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) knockout mouse. The identification of these proteins implicate an increased apoptosis and enhanced axonal disintegration and correlate well the described pattern of tissue injury in CNTF −/− mice which involve oligodendrocyte (OL) apoptosis and axonal injury. In summary, our findings underscore the value of proteome analyses as screening method for stage specific biomarkers and for the identification of new culprits for tissue damage in chronic autoimmune demyelination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralf A. Linker
- Department of Neurology, St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr-University, Bochum, Germany
| | - Peter Brechlin
- Department of Neurodegeneration and Restorative Research, Center of Neurological Medicine, University of Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
- DFG Research Center for Molecular Physiology of the Brain, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Sarah Jesse
- Department of Neurology, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | | | - D. H. Lee
- Department of Neurology, St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr-University, Bochum, Germany
| | - Abdul R. Asif
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, University of Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Olaf Jahn
- DFG Research Center for Molecular Physiology of the Brain, Goettingen, Germany
- Max-Planck-Institute for Experimental Medicine, Goettingen, Germany
| | | | - Ralf Gold
- Department of Neurology, St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr-University, Bochum, Germany
| | - Markus Otto
- Department of Neurology, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
- * E-mail:
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17
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Deisenhammer F, Egg R, Giovannoni G, Hemmer B, Petzold A, Sellebjerg F, Teunissen C, Tumani H. EFNS guidelines on disease-specific CSF investigations. Eur J Neurol 2009; 16:760-70. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-1331.2009.02595.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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18
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Sellner J, Petzold A, Sadikovic S, Esposito L, Weber MS, Heider P, Eckstein HH, Hemmer B, Poppert H. The Value of the Serum Neurofilament Protein Heavy Chain as a Biomarker for Peri-operative Brain Injury After Carotid Endarterectomy. Neurochem Res 2009; 34:1969-74. [DOI: 10.1007/s11064-009-9976-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2009] [Accepted: 04/15/2009] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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19
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Hampton DW, Anderson J, Pryce G, Irvine KA, Giovannoni G, Fawcett JW, Compston A, Franklin RJ, Baker D, Chandran S. An experimental model of secondary progressive multiple sclerosis that shows regional variation in gliosis, remyelination, axonal and neuronal loss. J Neuroimmunol 2008; 201-202:200-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2008.05.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2008] [Revised: 05/15/2008] [Accepted: 05/15/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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20
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Kim JH, Kim C, Kim JH, Lee BJ, Yu YS, Park KH, Kim KW. Absence of intravitreal bevacizumab-induced neuronal toxicity in the retina. Neurotoxicology 2008; 29:1131-5. [PMID: 18639582 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2008.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2007] [Revised: 06/11/2008] [Accepted: 06/17/2008] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Bevacizumab is a complete humanized monoclonal antibody directed against all isoforms of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). It was originally used as a first-line treatment for metastatic colorectal cancer. Recently, intravitreal bevacizumab has been effectively applied to vasoproliferative diseases, such as retinal and choroidal neovascularization. However, it is known that intravenous administration of bevacizumab in the treatment of cancer can lead to serious adverse events, such as congestive heart failure, thromboembolism, and neuropathy. In this study, we showed that very high concentrations of intravitreal bevacizumab, even up to 15 times the dose normally used in human clinical applications, (1microl, 25mg/ml), caused no definite histological abnormalities and no significant increase in apoptotic cell death in the mouse retina at 4 weeks after treatment. Moreover, intravitreal bevacizumab induced no neuronal toxicity in the retina. Even in high concentrations, bevacizumab caused no changes in the viability of retinal neurons or the expression of neurofilament, a marker of neuronal differentiation. Therefore, we believe that intravitreal bevacizumab has therapeutic potential for the treatment of retinal and choroidal neovascularization and has the added benefit of exhibiting no acute or chronic toxicity in retinal neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong Hun Kim
- Department of Ophthalmology, Seoul National University College of Medicine & Seoul Artificial Eye Center, Clinical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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21
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Anderson JM, Hampton DW, Patani R, Pryce G, Crowther RA, Reynolds R, Franklin RJM, Giovannoni G, Compston DAS, Baker D, Spillantini MG, Chandran S. Abnormally phosphorylated tau is associated with neuronal and axonal loss in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis and multiple sclerosis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 131:1736-48. [PMID: 18567922 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awn119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The pathological correlate of clinical disability and progression in multiple sclerosis is neuronal and axonal loss; however, the underlying mechanisms are unknown. Abnormal phosphorylation of tau is a common feature of some neurodegenerative disorders, such as Alzheimer's disease. We investigated the presence of tau hyperphosphorylation and its relationship with neuronal and axonal loss in chronic experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (CEAE) and in brain samples from patients with secondary progressive multiple sclerosis. We report the novel finding of abnormal tau phosphorylation in CEAE. We further show that accumulation of insoluble tau is associated with both neuronal and axonal loss that correlates with progression from relapsing-remitting to chronic stages of EAE. Significantly, analysis of secondary progressive multiple sclerosis brain tissue also revealed abnormally phosphorylated tau and the formation of insoluble tau. Together, these observations provide the first evidence implicating abnormal tau in the neurodegenerative phase of tissue injury in experimental and human demyelinating disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Anderson
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Cambridge Centre for Brain Repair, University of Cambridge, Forvie Site, Robinson Way, Cambridge, UK
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22
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Petzold A, Gveric D, Groves M, Schmierer K, Grant D, Chapman M, Keir G, Cuzner L, Thompson EJ. Phosphorylation and compactness of neurofilaments in multiple sclerosis: indicators of axonal pathology. Exp Neurol 2008; 213:326-35. [PMID: 18619438 PMCID: PMC2583254 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2008.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2007] [Revised: 06/09/2008] [Accepted: 06/09/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Aims Axonal pathology extends to the axonal cytoarchitecture leaving its signature on axoskeletal proteins. This study investigated whether neurofilament (NfH) phosphorylation would relate to the dynamics of axonal pathology in multiple sclerosis (MS). Methods NfH phosphoforms (SMI32, SMI34, SMI35) were quantified by ELISA from microdissected samples of control and MS brain and spinal cord. Individual axons were analysed by electron microscopy, densitometrically and morphologically in adjacent tissue sections. Experiments were carried out pre- and post enzymatic dephosphorylation. Results In control tissue a rostro-caudal gradient of NfH indicated an increase in axonal density from the brain gray matter towards the spinal cord. The highest levels of phosphorylated and hyperphosphorylated NfH were found in acute lesions of brain and spinal cord, in contrast to chronic lesions where levels were lower than in white matter, consistent with axonal loss. Dephosphorylated NfH was higher, but less densly packed in MS white matter axons compared to control tissue. Conclusions The findings suggest that a less organised/compact axoskeleton or impaired axonal transport may represent an early sign of axonal pathology within the normal appearing white matter in MS. Subsequently a proportional increase of dephosphorylated NfH, aberrant phosphorylation and/or aggregation may occur whilst the protein is transported through the white matter towards the MS plaque, where hyperphosphorylated NfH dominates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Axel Petzold
- Department of Neuroinflammation, Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, UK.
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23
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Skundric DS, Dai R, Zakarian VL, Zhou W. Autoimmune-induced preferential depletion of myelin-associated glycoprotein (MAG) is genetically regulated in relapsing EAE (B6 x SJL) F1 mice. Mol Neurodegener 2008; 3:7. [PMID: 18541027 PMCID: PMC2459167 DOI: 10.1186/1750-1326-3-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2007] [Accepted: 06/09/2008] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) is commonly used to investigate mechanisms of autoimmune-mediated damage to oligodendrocytes, myelin, and axons in multiple sclerosis (MS). Four distinct autoimmune mechanisms with subsequently distinct patterns of demyelination have been recognized in acute MS lesions. EAE correlates for those distinct patterns of MS lesions are unknown. An excessive loss of myelin-associated glycoprotein (MAG), as a result of distal oligodendrogliopathy, is found exclusively in the subtype III lesion. We sought to answer if types of demyelination in acute lesions during onset and relapse of EAE can replicate the specific patterns observed in MS acute lesions. Methods In parental H-2b (C57BL/6, B6) and hybrid H-2b/s [(B6 × SJL) F1] EAE mice, we examined spinal cord levels of MOG, MAG, and myelin basic protein (MBP), and compared to levels of axonal neurofilament (NF160) to assess axonal function, and levels of PARPp85 as an indicator of irreversible apoptosis. Results During disease onset, levels of MOG significantly dropped in both strains, although more profoundly in H-2b/s mice. Levels of MOG recovered in relapsing mice of both strains. Regulation of MAG was dissimilar to MOG. Modest loss of MAG was found at disease onset in both strains of mice. Unexpectedly, in relapsing H-2b/s mice, a major depletion of MAG and NF160, accompanied with sharp elevation of PARPp85 levels, was measured. PARPp85 immunoreactivity was observed in cytoplasm and nuclei of some MBP containing cells. Conclusion Taken together, our results show genetically controlled distinct patterns of MOG and MAG depletion, in MOG35–55 induced EAE in H-2b and H-2b/s mice. The data also suggest distinctive immune regulation of acute lesions that develop in relapsing compared to disease onset. A profound depletion of MAG, concomitant with marked depletion of axonal NF160, and sharp elevation of PARPp85 levels, occurred exclusively in relapsing H-2b/s mice. Our findings suggest concurrence of sharp decrease of MAG levels, axonal dysfunction and irreversible apoptosis with severe relapsing disease in H-2b/s mice. We propose that MOG-induced EAE in H-2b/s mice may prove as a useful model in studying mechanisms, which govern autoimmune-induced preferential loss of MAG, and its impact on oligodendroglial pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dusanka S Skundric
- Department of Neurology Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, USA.
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24
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Hubbs AF, Benkovic SA, Miller DB, O'Callaghan JP, Battelli L, Schwegler-Berry D, Ma Q. Vacuolar leukoencephalopathy with widespread astrogliosis in mice lacking transcription factor Nrf2. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2007; 170:2068-76. [PMID: 17525273 PMCID: PMC1899457 DOI: 10.2353/ajpath.2007.060898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
NFE2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), an oxidant-activated CNC bZip transcription factor, has been implicated in defense against oxidative stress and chemical insults in a range of cell and tissue types, including the central nervous system. Here, we report that deletion of the Nrf2 gene in mice caused vacuolar (spongiform) leukoencephalopathy with widespread astrogliosis. The leukoencephalopathy was present in all Nrf2-null mice more than 10 months of age, was characterized by vacuolar degeneration involving all major brain regions, and was most apparent in the white tracts of the cerebellum and pons. Vacuolar degeneration in white tracts was attributable to myelin unwinding and intramyelinic cysts, and double-label immunofluorescence for 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal and myelin basic protein localized free-radical-induced oxidative damage to the myelin sheath. Moreover, the brains of Nrf2-null mice exhibited widespread astrocyte activation with profusion of glial fibrillary acidic protein-immunoreactive glial processes. The study uncovered a possible physiological role for Nrf2 in maintaining central nervous system myelin. If this role is confirmed, it may suggest new approaches to treating genetically and chemically induced myelin degenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann F Hubbs
- Experimental Pathology Laboratory, Toxicology and Molecular Biology Branch, Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health/CDC, 1095 Willowdale Road, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA
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25
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Tramontina F, Leite MC, Cereser K, de Souza DF, Tramontina AC, Nardin P, Andreazza AC, Gottfried C, Kapczinski F, Gonçalves CA. Immunoassay for glial fibrillary acidic protein: antigen recognition is affected by its phosphorylation state. J Neurosci Methods 2007; 162:282-6. [PMID: 17303248 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2007.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2006] [Revised: 12/20/2006] [Accepted: 01/04/2007] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Glial fibrillary acid protein (GFAP) is used commonly as a marker of astrogliosis and astrocyte activation in several situations involving brain injury. Its content may be measured by immunocytochemistry, immunoblotting or enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), usually employing commercial antibodies. Two major post-translational modifications in GFAP (phosphorylation and proteolysis) may alter the interpretation of results or for immunoassay standardization. This study using a non-sandwich ELISA aimed to investigate the putative changes in the immunorecognition due to the phosphorylated state of the antigen by a routinely used polyclonal anti-GFAP antibody from DAKO. Results involving in vitro phosphorylation of purified GFAP or biological samples (brain tissue, cell culture and cerebrospinal fluid) mediated by protein kinase dependent on cAMP indicate that GFAP phosphorylation improves the recognition by the used antibody. These results provide support to the understanding of fast changes in the GFAP-immunoreactivity and suggest that caution is necessary in the interpretation of results using this antibody, as well as indicate that the effect of post-translational modifications must be considered during the standardization of immunoassays with other antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francine Tramontina
- Department of Biochemistry, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Ramiro Barcelos, 2600-Anexo, 90035-003 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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26
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Benkovic SA, O'Callaghan JP, Miller DB. Regional neuropathology following kainic acid intoxication in adult and aged C57BL/6J mice. Brain Res 2006; 1070:215-31. [PMID: 16403473 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2005.11.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2005] [Revised: 11/03/2005] [Accepted: 11/06/2005] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
We evaluated regional neuropathological changes in adult and aged male mice treated systemically with kainic acid (KA) in a strain reported to be resistant to excitotoxic neuronal damage, C57BL/6. KA was administered in a single intraperitoneal injection. Adult animals were dosed with 35 mg/kg KA, while aged animals received a dose of 20 mg/kg in order to prevent excessive mortality. At time-points ranging from 12 h to 7 days post-treatment, animals were sacrificed and prepared for histological evaluation utilizing the cupric-silver neurodegeneration stain, immunohistochemistry for GFAP and IgG, and lectin staining. In animals of both ages, KA produced argyrophilia in neurons throughout cortex, hippocampus, thalamus, and amygdala. Semi-quantitative analysis of neuropathology revealed a similar magnitude of damage in animals of both ages, even though aged animals received less toxicant. Additional animals were evaluated for KA-induced reactive gliosis, assayed by an ELISA for GFAP, which revealed a 2-fold elevation in protein levels in adult mice, and a 2.5-fold elevation in aged animals. Histochemical evaluation of GFAP and lectin staining revealed activation of astrocytes and microglia in regions with corresponding argyrophilia. IgG immunostaining revealed a KA-induced breach of the blood-brain barrier in animals of both ages. Our data indicate widespread neurotoxicity following kainic acid treatment in C57BL/6J mice, and reveal increased sensitivity to this excitotoxicant in aged animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stanley Anthony Benkovic
- Toxicology and Molecular Biology Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention-National Institute for Occupational, Safety and Health, Mailstop 3014, 1095 Willowdale Road, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA
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27
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Jackson SJ, Pryce G, Diemel LT, Cuzner ML, Baker D. Cannabinoid-receptor 1 null mice are susceptible to neurofilament damage and caspase 3 activation. Neuroscience 2005; 134:261-8. [PMID: 15953683 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2005.02.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2004] [Revised: 01/27/2005] [Accepted: 02/23/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Administered cannabinoids have been shown to ameliorate signs of CNS inflammatory disease in a number of animal models, including allergic encephalomyelitis. More recently, neuroprotective actions have been attributed to activation of the cannabinoid 1 receptor in a number of in vitro and in vivo models. One of these, chronic relapsing experimental allergic encephalomyelitis, is considered a robust analog of multiple sclerosis. In this study, spinal cord tissue from cannabinoid receptor 1 knockout mice was analyzed for neurofilament H and myelin basic protein content, as markers of neurons/axons and myelin respectively, during the course of chronic relapsing experimental allergic encephalomyelitis. Dephosphorylation of a neurofilament H epitope, immunoreactive to the SMI32 antibody, was assessed as a marker of axonal damage and levels of the endpoint cell death mediator caspase 3 were evaluated. It was found that both neurofilament and myelin basic protein levels decrease over the course of disease, indicating concomitant neuronal/axonal loss and demyelination. Loss of each marker was more severe in cannabinoid receptor 1 knockout animals. Increased SMI32 reactivity was observed as disease progressed. SMI32 reactivity was significantly increased in knockout animals over wildtype counterparts, an indication of greater axonal dephosphorylation and injury. Active caspase 3 levels were increased in all animals during disease, with knockout animals displaying highest levels, even in knockout animals prior to disease induction. These results indicate that lack of the cannabinoid receptor 1 is associated with increased caspase activation and greater loss and/or compromise of myelin and axonal/neuronal proteins. The increase of caspase 3 in knockout mice prior to disease induction indicates a latent physiological effect of the missing receptor. The data presented further strengthen the hypothesis of neuroprotection elicited via cannabinoid receptor 1 signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J Jackson
- Department of Neuroinflammation, Institute of Neurology, Floor 2, 1 Wakefield Street, London WC1N 1PJ, UK
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28
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Petzold A, Stiefel D, Copp AJ. Amniotic fluid brain-specific proteins are biomarkers for spinal cord injury in experimental myelomeningocele. J Neurochem 2005; 95:594-8. [PMID: 16190875 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2005.03432.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Myelomeningocele (MMC), the most severe form of spina bifida (SB), causes neurological deficit. Injury to the spinal cord is thought to begin in utero. We investigated whether brain-specific proteins (BSPs) would enable us to monitor the development of MMC-related tissue damage during pregnancy in an animal model with naturally occurring SB (curly tail/loop tail mouse; n = 256). Amniotic fluid levels of neurofilament heavy chain (NfH), glial acidic fibrillary protein (GFAP) and S100B were measured by standard ELISA techniques. The amniotic fluid levels of all BSPs were similar in SB and control mice on embryonic day (E) 12.5 and 14.5, whereas a significant increase was observed for GFAP in SB mice on E16.5. Levels of all BSPs were significantly increased in SB mice on E18.5. The rapid increase in GFAP, paralleled by a moderate increase in NfH and S100B, suggests that spinal cord damage starts to accelerate around E16.5. The macroscopic size of the MMC was related to NfH level on E16.5 and E18.5, suggesting that axonal degeneration is most severe in large MMC. Amniotic fluid BSP measurements may provide important information for balancing the risks and benefits to mother and child of in utero surgery for MMC.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Petzold
- Department of Neuroimmunology, Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, UK.
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Petzold A. Neurofilament phosphoforms: surrogate markers for axonal injury, degeneration and loss. J Neurol Sci 2005; 233:183-98. [PMID: 15896809 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2005.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 475] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
This review on the role of neurofilaments as surrogate markers for axonal degeneration in neurological diseases provides a brief background to protein synthesis, assembly, function and degeneration. Methodological techniques for quantification are described and a protein nomenclature is proposed. The relevance for recognising anti-neurofilament autoantibodies is noted. Pathological implications are discussed in view of immunocytochemical, cell-culture and genetic findings. With reference to the present symposium on multiple sclerosis, the current literature on body fluid levels of neurofilaments in demyelinating disease is summarised.
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Affiliation(s)
- Axel Petzold
- Department of Neuroimmunology, Institute of Neurology, University College London, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK.
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Abstract
In 1972 Guido Biozzi selectively bred mice to study the immunopathological mechanisms underlying polygenic diseases. One line, the Biozzi antibody high (AB/H) mouse (now designated the ABH strain) was later found to be highly susceptible to many experimentally induced diseases such as autoimmune encephalomyelitis, autoimmune neuritis, autoimmune uveitis, as well as virus-induced demyelination and has thus been a key mouse strain to study human inflammatory neurological diseases. In this paper we discuss the background of the Biozzi ABH mouse and review how studies with these mice have shed light on the pathogenic mechanisms operating in chronic neurological disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Amor
- Department of Immunobiology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, Lange Kleiweg 139, 2288 GJ Rijswijk, The Netherlands.
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Pryce G, O'Neill JK, Croxford JL, Amor S, Hankey DJ, East E, Giovannoni G, Baker D. Autoimmune tolerance eliminates relapses but fails to halt progression in a model of multiple sclerosis. J Neuroimmunol 2005; 165:41-52. [PMID: 15939483 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2005.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2005] [Accepted: 04/08/2005] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
To date there has been poor translation of immunotherapies from rodent models to treatment of progressive multiple sclerosis (MS). In the robust, relapsing Biozzi ABH mouse model of MS, using a combination of a transient deletion of T cells followed by intravenous (i.v.) myelin antigen administration, established relapsing disease in EAE can be effectively silenced. However, when treatment was initiated in late stage chronic-relapsing disease, despite inhibition of further relapses, mice demonstrated evidence of disease progression shown by a deterioration in mobility and development of spasticity and indicates that targeting relapsing, immunological components of MS alone is unlikely to be sufficient to control progression in the late stages of MS.
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MESH Headings
- Adoptive Transfer
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/administration & dosage
- CD4 Antigens/immunology
- Chronic Disease
- Disease Models, Animal
- Disease Progression
- Drug Therapy, Combination
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/immunology
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/pathology
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/prevention & control
- Immune Tolerance/immunology
- Injections, Intravenous
- Lymphocyte Depletion
- Mice
- Mice, Biozzi
- Mice, SCID
- Multiple Sclerosis, Chronic Progressive/immunology
- Multiple Sclerosis, Relapsing-Remitting/immunology
- Multiple Sclerosis, Relapsing-Remitting/prevention & control
- Myelin Proteolipid Protein/administration & dosage
- Myelin Proteolipid Protein/immunology
- Secondary Prevention
- Spinal Cord/cytology
- Spinal Cord/immunology
- Spinal Cord/transplantation
- Spleen/cytology
- Spleen/immunology
- Spleen/transplantation
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Affiliation(s)
- Gareth Pryce
- Department of Neuroinflammation, Institute of Neurology, University College London, 1 Wakefield Street, London WC1N 1PJ, UK
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Petzold A, Eikelenboom MJ, Keir G, Grant D, Lazeron RHC, Polman CH, Uitdehaag BMJ, Thompson EJ, Giovannoni G. Axonal damage accumulates in the progressive phase of multiple sclerosis: three year follow up study. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2005; 76:206-11. [PMID: 15654034 PMCID: PMC1739484 DOI: 10.1136/jnnp.2004.043315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neurofilament phosphoforms (Nf) are principal components of the axoskeleton released during axonal injury. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) levels of Nf phosphoforms might be useful surrogate markers for disability in multiple sclerosis (MS), aid in distinguishing clinical subtypes, and provide valuable prognostic information. METHOD Thirty four patients with MS were included in a three year follow up study along with 318 controls with other non-inflammatory neurological diseases. CSF levels of two Nf heavy chain (NfH) phosphoforms (NfH(SMI35), NfH(SMI34)) were quantified at baseline and three year follow up using new ELISA techniques. Levels of NfH phosphoforms, the degree of phosphorylation (NfH(SMI34):NfH(SMI35) ratio), and changes in NfH levels between baseline and follow up (Delta NfH) were related to the clinical phenotype (RR or SP/PP), to three clinical scales (Kurtzke's EDSS, ambulation index (AI), and nine hole peg test (9HPT)), and to progression of disability. RESULTS A significantly higher proportion (59%) of patients with SP/PPMS experienced an increase in NfH(SMI35) levels between baseline and follow up compared with those with RRMS (14%, p<0.05). CSF NfH(SMI34) levels at baseline were higher in patients with SP/PP (11 pg/ml) compared with RR (7 pg/ml, p<0.05) and NfH(SMI35) levels were higher at follow up in SP/PP (129 pg/ml) compared with levels below assay sensitivity in RR (p<0.05). NfH(SMI35) correlated with the EDSS (r(s) = 0.54, p<0.01), the AI (r(s) = 0.42, p<0.05), and the 9HPT (r(s) = 0.59, p<0.01) at follow up. CONCLUSION The increase in NfH during the progressive phase of the disease together with the correlation of NfH(SMI35) with all clinical scales at follow up suggests that cumulative axonal loss is responsible for sustained disability and that high NfH(SMI35) levels are a poor prognostic sign.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Petzold
- Institute of Neurology, Department of Neuroinflammation, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK.
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Benkovic SA, O'Callaghan JP, Miller DB. Sensitive indicators of injury reveal hippocampal damage in C57BL/6J mice treated with kainic acid in the absence of tonic-clonic seizures. Brain Res 2005; 1024:59-76. [PMID: 15451367 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2004.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/06/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Sensitive indices of neural injury were used to evaluate the time course of kainic acid (KA)-induced hippocampal damage in adult C57BL/6J mice (4 months), a strain previously reported to be resistant to kainate-induced neurotoxicity. Mice were injected systemically with saline or kainate, scored for seizure severity (Racine scale), and allowed to survive 12 h, one, three, or seven days following which they were evaluated for neuropathological changes using histological or biochemical endpoints. Most kainate-treated mice exhibited limited seizure activity (stage 1); however, cupric-silver and Fluoro-Jade B stains revealed significant damage by 12 h post-treatment. Immunohistochemistry and immunoassay of glial fibrillary acidic protein and lectin staining revealed a strong treatment-induced reactive gliosis and microglial activation. Immunostaining for immunoglobulin G revealed a kainate-induced breach in the blood-brain barrier. Nissl and hematoxylin stains provided little information regarding neuronal damage, but revealed the identity of non-resident cells which infiltrated the pyramidal layer. Our data suggest sensitive indicators of neural injury evaluated over a time course, both proximal and distal to treatment, are necessary to reveal the full extent of neuropathological changes which may be underestimated by traditional histological stains. The battery of neuropathological indices reported here reveals the C57BL/6J mouse is sensitive to excitotoxic neural damage caused by kainic acid, in the absence of tonic-clonic seizures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stanley Anthony Benkovic
- Toxicology and Molecular Biology Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention-National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 1095 Willowdale Road, Mailstop 3014, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA
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Milenkovic I, Filipovic R, Nedeljkovic N, Pekovic S, Culic M, Rakic L, Stojiljkovic M. Spatio-temporal changes in neurofilament proteins immunoreactivity following kainate-induced cerebellar lesion in rats. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2004; 24:367-78. [PMID: 15206820 DOI: 10.1023/b:cemn.0000022769.44211.2b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
1. Spatio-temporal changes in phosphorylated (pNFP) and nonphosphorylated (npNFP) neurofilament proteins were assessed immunocytochemicaly in adult rat cerebellum, 2-30 days following unilateral injection of kainic acid (KA) or physiological saline (s.c.). 2. Analysis of the staining intensity and pattern demonstrated that injection of both KA and physiological saline elicited significant and long-lasting increase of pNFP and npNFP immunoreactivity, at the ipsilateral, and to lesser extent at the contralateral side of lesion. 3. Kainate intoxication induced abundant expression of pNFP and npNFP in cerebellar white matter, as well as in all layers of perilesioned cortex. Higher pNFP expression was evidenced in the Purkinje cell layer, particularly at cell bodies, initial segments, and proximal dendrites, which normally do not contain pNFP. In addition, synaptophysin immunocytochemistry was used as a marker of synaptogenesis and plasticity. 4. Spatio-temporal pattern of NFP and synaptophysin expression suggests that perilesioned cortex undergoes dynamic changes following brain demage and possess a reparative capacity to abridge the consequences of brain trauma.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Milenkovic
- Department of Neurobiology and Neurochemistry, Institute of Biological Research Sinisa Stanković, Belgrade, Serbia and Montenegro
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