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Nekić J, Stanković Matić I, Rački V, Janko Labinac D, Vuletić V, Kapović M, Ristić S, Peterlin B, Starčević Čizmarević N. CCR5 Δ32 and CTLA-4 +49 A/G Gene Polymorphisms and Interferon-β Treatment Response in Croatian and Slovenian Multiple Sclerosis Patients. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:7412. [PMID: 39000519 PMCID: PMC11242381 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25137412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2024] [Revised: 07/03/2024] [Accepted: 07/04/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to investigate the impact of CCR5 Δ32 and CTLA-4 polymorphisms on the response to IFN-β treatment in our cohort of MS patients from Croatia and Slovenia. Genomic DNA was obtained from 295 MS patients (230 female; 65 male) classified as responders (n = 173) and non-responders (n = 122) based on clinical criteria for treatment efficacy. Genotyping was performed via PCR/PCR-RFLP. No significant differences in the genotype/allele frequencies of CCR5Δ32 and CTLA-4 +49 A/G were detected between male responders and non-responders. A significantly higher prevalence (p = 0.039) of the CTLA-4 +49 AA genotype was found in female responders (42.1%) compared to non-responders (28.9%). Using multiple forward regression analysis, the CTLA-4 +49 AA genotype significantly predicted a positive response to IFN-β therapy in females (p = 0.011) and contributed to 4.5% of response variability. Furthermore, the combined presence of the CCR5Δ32 wtwt/CTLA-4 +49 AA genotype significantly predicted a positive response to treatment in females (p = 0.025). The age at disease onset, pretreatment relapse rate, and baseline EDSS score were not reliable predictors of treatment response in MS patients. Our results indicate that the presence of the CCR5Δ32 polymorphism was not associated with the response to IFN-β treatment, whereas the CTLA-4 +49 polymorphism showed a positive correlation with an optimal response in female patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasna Nekić
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Clinical Hospital Center Rijeka, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Ivana Stanković Matić
- Department of Medical Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Valentino Rački
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia
- Department of Neurology, Clinical Hospital Center Rijeka, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia
| | | | - Vladimira Vuletić
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia
- Department of Neurology, Clinical Hospital Center Rijeka, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Miljenko Kapović
- Department of Medical Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Smiljana Ristić
- Department of Medical Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Borut Peterlin
- Clinical Institute of Genomic Medicine, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Nada Starčević Čizmarević
- Department of Medical Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia
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Amorim Sacramento L, Farias Amorim C, G. Lombana C, Beiting D, Novais F, P. Carvalho L, M. Carvalho E, Scott P. CCR5 promotes the migration of pathological CD8+ T cells to the leishmanial lesions. PLoS Pathog 2024; 20:e1012211. [PMID: 38709823 PMCID: PMC11098486 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1012211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Revised: 05/16/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Cytolytic CD8+ T cells mediate immunopathology in cutaneous leishmaniasis without controlling parasites. Here, we identify factors involved in CD8+ T cell migration to the lesion that could be targeted to ameliorate disease severity. CCR5 was the most highly expressed chemokine receptor in patient lesions, and the high expression of CCL3 and CCL4, CCR5 ligands, was associated with delayed healing of lesions. To test the requirement for CCR5, Leishmania-infected Rag1-/- mice were reconstituted with CCR5-/- CD8+ T cells. We found that these mice developed smaller lesions accompanied by a reduction in CD8+ T cell numbers compared to controls. We confirmed these findings by showing that the inhibition of CCR5 with maraviroc, a selective inhibitor of CCR5, reduced lesion development without affecting the parasite burden. Together, these results reveal that CD8+ T cells migrate to leishmanial lesions in a CCR5-dependent manner and that blocking CCR5 prevents CD8+ T cell-mediated pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laís Amorim Sacramento
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Camila Farias Amorim
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Claudia G. Lombana
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Daniel Beiting
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Fernanda Novais
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Lucas P. Carvalho
- Laboratório de Pesquisas Clínicas do Instituto de Pesquisas Gonçalo Muniz–Fiocruz, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
- Immunology Service, Professor Edgard Santos University Hospital Complex, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Edgar M. Carvalho
- Laboratório de Pesquisas Clínicas do Instituto de Pesquisas Gonçalo Muniz–Fiocruz, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
- Immunology Service, Professor Edgard Santos University Hospital Complex, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Phillip Scott
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
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Sacramento LA, Amorim CF, Lombana CG, Beiting D, Novais F, Carvalho LP, Carvalho EM, Scott P. CCR5 promotes the migration of CD8 + T cells to the leishmanial lesions. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.10.10.561700. [PMID: 37873253 PMCID: PMC10592772 DOI: 10.1101/2023.10.10.561700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2023]
Abstract
Cytolytic CD8+ T cells mediate immunopathology in cutaneous leishmaniasis without controlling parasites. Here, we identify factors involved in CD8+ T cell migration to the lesion that could be targeted to ameliorate disease severity. CCR5 was the most highly expressed chemokine receptor in patient lesions, and the high expression of CCL3 and CCL4, CCR5 ligands, was associated with delayed healing of lesions. To test the requirement for CCR5, Leishmania-infected Rag1-/- mice were reconstituted with CCR5-/- CD8+ T cells. We found that these mice developed smaller lesions accompanied by a reduction in CD8+ T cell numbers compared to controls. We confirmed these findings by showing that the inhibition of CCR5 with maraviroc, a selective inhibitor of CCR5, reduced lesion development without affecting the parasite burden. Together, these results reveal that CD8+ T cells migrate to leishmanial lesions in a CCR5-dependent manner and that blocking CCR5 prevents CD8+ T cell-mediated pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laís Amorim Sacramento
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, PA 19104-4539, USA
| | - Camila Farias Amorim
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, PA 19104-4539, USA
| | - Claudia G. Lombana
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, PA 19104-4539, USA
| | - Daniel Beiting
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, PA 19104-4539, USA
| | - Fernanda Novais
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Lucas P. Carvalho
- Laboratório de Pesquisas Clínicas (LAPEC), Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Salvador, Brazil
- Laboratório de Pesquisas Clínicas do Instituto de Pesquisas Gonçalo Muniz – Fiocruz, Salvador, Bahia, 40296-710, Brazil
- Immunology Service, Professor Edgard Santos University Hospital Complex, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, 40110-060, Brazil
| | - Edgar M. Carvalho
- Laboratório de Pesquisas Clínicas (LAPEC), Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Salvador, Brazil
- Laboratório de Pesquisas Clínicas do Instituto de Pesquisas Gonçalo Muniz – Fiocruz, Salvador, Bahia, 40296-710, Brazil
- Immunology Service, Professor Edgard Santos University Hospital Complex, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, 40110-060, Brazil
| | - Phillip Scott
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, PA 19104-4539, USA
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Kulmann-Leal B, Ellwanger JH, Chies JAB. CCR5Δ32 in Brazil: Impacts of a European Genetic Variant on a Highly Admixed Population. Front Immunol 2021; 12:758358. [PMID: 34956188 PMCID: PMC8703165 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.758358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The genetic background of Brazilians encompasses Amerindian, African, and European components as a result of the colonization of an already Amerindian inhabited region by Europeans, associated to a massive influx of Africans. Other migratory flows introduced into the Brazilian population genetic components from Asia and the Middle East. Currently, Brazil has a highly admixed population and, therefore, the study of genetic factors in the context of health or disease in Brazil is a challenging and remarkably interesting subject. This phenomenon is exemplified by the genetic variant CCR5Δ32, a 32 base-pair deletion in the CCR5 gene. CCR5Δ32 originated in Europe, but the time of origin as well as the selective pressures that allowed the maintenance of this variant and the establishment of its current frequencies in the different human populations is still a field of debates. Due to its origin, the CCR5Δ32 allele frequency is high in European-derived populations (~10%) and low in Asian and African native human populations. In Brazil, the CCR5Δ32 allele frequency is intermediate (4-6%) and varies on the Brazilian States, depending on the migratory history of each region. CCR5 is a protein that regulates the activity of several immune cells, also acting as the main HIV-1 co-receptor. The CCR5 expression is influenced by CCR5Δ32 genotypes. No CCR5 expression is observed in CCR5Δ32 homozygous individuals. Thus, the CCR5Δ32 has particular effects on different diseases. At the population level, the effect that CCR5Δ32 has on European populations may be different than that observed in highly admixed populations. Besides less evident due to its low frequency in admixed groups, the effect of the CCR5Δ32 variant may be affected by other genetic traits. Understanding the effects of CCR5Δ32 on Brazilians is essential to predict the potential use of pharmacological CCR5 modulators in Brazil. Therefore, this study reviews the impacts of the CCR5Δ32 on the Brazilian population, considering infectious diseases, inflammatory conditions, and cancer. Finally, this article provides a general discussion concerning the impacts of a European-derived variant, the CCR5Δ32, on a highly admixed population.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - José Artur Bogo Chies
- Laboratório de Imunobiologia e Imunogenética, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética e Biologia Molecular (PPGBM), Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
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Moura RP, Sarmento B. Therapeutic Approaches toward Multiple Sclerosis: Where Do We Stand and Where Are We Headed? ADVANCED THERAPEUTICS 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/adtp.201900070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rui Pedro Moura
- CESPU – Instituto de Investigação e Formação Avançada em Ciências e Tecnologias da Saúde Rua Central de Gandra 1317 4585‐116 Gandra Portugal
| | - Bruno Sarmento
- CESPU – Instituto de Investigação e Formação Avançada em Ciências e Tecnologias da Saúde Rua Central de Gandra 1317 4585‐116 Gandra Portugal
- I3S – Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em SaúdeUniversidade do Porto Rua Alfredo Allen 208 4200‐135 Porto Portugal
- INEB – Instituto de Engenharia BiomédicaUniversidade do Porto Rua Alfredo Allen 208 4200‐135 Porto Portugal
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Chopra S, Overall CM, Dufour A. Matrix metalloproteinases in the CNS: interferons get nervous. Cell Mol Life Sci 2019; 76:3083-3095. [PMID: 31165203 PMCID: PMC11105576 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-019-03171-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Revised: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) have been investigated in context of chronic inflammatory diseases and demonstrated to degrade multiple components of the extracellular matrix (ECM). However, following several disappointing MMP clinical trials, recent studies have demonstrated unexpected novel functions of MMPs in viral infections and autoimmune inflammatory diseases in unanticipated locations. Thus, MMPs play additional functions in inflammation than just ECM degradation. They can regulate the activity of chemokines and cytokines of the immune response by precise proteolytic processing resulting in activation or inactivation of signaling pathways. MMPs have been demonstrated to cleave multiple substrates of the central nervous systems (CNS) and contribute to promoting and dampening diseases of the CNS. Initially, believed to be solely promoting pathologies, more than 10 MMPs to date have been shown to have protective functions. Here, we present some of the beneficial and destructive roles of MMPs in CNS pathologies and discuss strategies for the use of MMP inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sameeksha Chopra
- Physiology and Pharmacology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, T2N 4N1, Canada
- McCaig Institute for Bone and Joint Health, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Christopher M Overall
- Department of Oral Biological and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada
- Centre for Blood Research, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Antoine Dufour
- Physiology and Pharmacology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, T2N 4N1, Canada.
- McCaig Institute for Bone and Joint Health, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, T2N 4N1, Canada.
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Troncoso LL, Pontillo A, Oliveira EMLD, Finkelszteijn A, Schneider S, Chies JAB. CCR5Δ32 - A piece of protection in the inflammatory puzzle of multiple sclerosis susceptibility. Hum Immunol 2018; 79:621-626. [PMID: 29729320 DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2018.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Revised: 04/25/2018] [Accepted: 04/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Leucocyte infiltration and activation in the central nervous system (CNS) is an important step in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis (MS). The Chemokine receptor 5 (CCR5) is implicated in immune cell migration and cytokine release in the CNS, and it was demonstrated to strongly contribute to CNS inflammation and damage in several models of sterile and pathogen-mediated CNS diseases. Although the inhibition of CCR5 results in a beneficial effect in experimental models of MS, conflicting results have been found about the loss-of-function variant CCR5Δ32 (rs333) in MS patients. The aim of this study was to evaluate the association of CCR5Δ32 and MS in a Brazilian case/control cohort. PATIENTS AND METHODS 261 MS patients and 435 healthy controls were genotyped for CCR5Δ32. Allelic and genotypic frequencies were compared between patients and controls (case/control analysis), and among patients classified according to the MS clinical form (relapsing remitting versus progressive) and severity (EDSS, MSSS and progression index). RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The CCR5Δ32 variant frequency was statistically higher in controls as compared to patients presenting European-derived ethnic background. The variant was more frequent in progressive MS as compared to RR-MS patients, and, although not statistically significant, a higher frequency of the truncated allele was observed among patients with less severe forms of MS. These findings emphasize the potential involvement of CCR5 signaling in CNS inflammation and damage in MS. CONCLUSION The CCR5Δ32 deletion is a protective factor against the development and progression of MS in European-derived Brazilian patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lian Lopes Troncoso
- Laboratório de Imunobiologia e Imunogenética, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Alessandra Pontillo
- Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Departamento de Imunologia, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Enedina Maria Lobato de Oliveira
- Ambulatório de Doenças Desmielinizantes da disciplina de Neurologia, Escola, Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | | | - José Artur Bogo Chies
- Laboratório de Imunobiologia e Imunogenética, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
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Chen Q, Liu Y, Lu A, Ni K, Xiang Z, Wen K, Tu W. Influenza virus infection exacerbates experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis disease by promoting type I T cells infiltration into central nervous system. J Autoimmun 2016; 77:1-10. [PMID: 28341037 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2016.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2016] [Revised: 10/12/2016] [Accepted: 10/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis starts with increased migration of auto-reactive lymphocytes across the blood-brain barrier, resulting in persistent neurodegeneration. Clinical and epidemiological studies indicated upper respiratory viral infections are associated with clinical exacerbation of multiple sclerosis. However, so far there is no any direct evidence to support it. Using the experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis mice as the model for multiple sclerosis, we demonstrated that mice experienced with influenza virus infection were unable to recover from experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis with a long-term exacerbation. The exacerbated disease was due to more type I T cells, such as CD45highCD4+CD44high, CD45highCD4+CCR5+, CD45high IFNγ+CD4+, MOG35-55-specific IFNγ+CD4+ and influenza virus-specific IFNγ+CD4+ T cells, infiltrating central nervous system in mice with prior influenza virus infection. Influenza virus infection created a notable inflammatory environment in lung and mediastinal lymph node after influenza virus inoculation, suggesting the lung may constitute an inflammatory niche in which auto-aggressive T cells gain the capacity to enter CNS. Indeed, the early stage of EAE disease was accompanied by increased CCR5+CD4+, CXCR3+CD4+ T cell and MOG35-55 specific CD4+ T cells localized in the lung in influenza virus-infected mice. CCL5/CCR5 might mediate the infiltration of type I T cells into CNS during the disease development after influenza infection. Administration of CCR5 antagonist could significantly attenuate the exacerbated disease. Our study provided the evidence that the prior influenza virus infection may promote the type I T cells infiltration into the CNS, and subsequently cause a long-term exacerbation of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingyun Chen
- Department of Paediatrics & Adolescent Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yinping Liu
- Department of Paediatrics & Adolescent Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Aizhen Lu
- Department of Paediatrics & Adolescent Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ke Ni
- Department of Paediatrics & Adolescent Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Zheng Xiang
- Department of Paediatrics & Adolescent Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Kun Wen
- Department of Paediatrics & Adolescent Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Wenwei Tu
- Department of Paediatrics & Adolescent Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
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Ristić S, Lovrecić L, Starcević-Cizmarević N, Brajenović-Milić B, Jazbec SS, Barac-Latas V, Vejnović D, Sepcić J, Kapović M, Peterlin B. No association of CCR5D32 gene mutation with multiple sclerosis in Croatian and Slovenian patients. Mult Scler 2016; 12:360-2. [PMID: 16764352 DOI: 10.1191/135248506ms1305sr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Several studies investigating the role of the CCR5D32 mutation in multiple sclerosis (MS) have reported varied, often contradictory results. Therefore in the present study we have analysed whether the CCR5D32 mutation is associated with the risk of/or disease process in Croatian and Slovene MS patients. Three hundred and twenty-five MS patients and 356 healthy controls were genotyped by the polymerase chain reaction method. Our results showed no significant differences in the distribution of CCR5D32 mutations between MS and control subjects, indicating that this mutation does not influence susceptibility to MS. Furthermore, we did not observe that CCR5D32 carrier-status could modulate age of disease onset or progression of the disease. It is therefore our conclusion that the present study indicates that the CCR5D32 mutation is neither protective of, nor a risk factor, for MS development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Smiljana Ristić
- Department of Biology and Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia.
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Serum Gelatinases Levels in Multiple Sclerosis Patients during 21 Months of Natalizumab Therapy. DISEASE MARKERS 2016; 2016:8434209. [PMID: 27340316 PMCID: PMC4909921 DOI: 10.1155/2016/8434209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2016] [Accepted: 05/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Background. Natalizumab is a highly effective treatment approved for multiple sclerosis (MS). The opening of the blood-brain barrier mediated by matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) is considered a crucial step in MS pathogenesis. Our goal was to verify the utility of serum levels of active MMP-2 and MMP-9 as biomarkers in twenty MS patients treated with Natalizumab. Methods. Serum levels of active MMP-2 and MMP-9 and of specific tissue inhibitors TIMP-1 and TIMP-2 were determined before treatment and for 21 months of therapy. Results. Serum levels of active MMP-2 and MMP-9 and of TIMP-1 and TIMP-2 did not differ during the treatment. The ratio between MMP-9 and MMP-2 was increased at the 15th month compared with the 3rd, 6th, and 9th months, greater at the 18th month than at the 3rd and 6th months, and higher at the 21st than at the 3rd and 6th months. Discussion. Our data indicate that an imbalance between active MMP-9 and active MMP-2 can occur in MS patients after 15 months of Natalizumab therapy; however, they do not support the use of serum active MMP-2 and active MMP-9 and TIMP-1 and TIMP-2 levels as biomarkers for monitoring therapeutic response to Natalizumab.
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Martin-Blondel G, Brassat D, Bauer J, Lassmann H, Liblau RS. CCR5 blockade for neuroinflammatory diseases — beyond control of HIV. Nat Rev Neurol 2016; 12:95-105. [DOI: 10.1038/nrneurol.2015.248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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12
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Modvig S, Degn M, Roed H, Sørensen TL, Larsson HBW, Langkilde AR, Frederiksen JL, Sellebjerg F. Cerebrospinal fluid levels of chitinase 3-like 1 and neurofilament light chain predict multiple sclerosis development and disability after optic neuritis. Mult Scler 2015; 21:1761-70. [PMID: 25698172 DOI: 10.1177/1352458515574148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2014] [Accepted: 01/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarkers have been suggested to predict multiple sclerosis (MS) after clinically isolated syndromes, but studies investigating long-term prognosis are needed. OBJECTIVE To assess the predictive ability of CSF biomarkers with regard to MS development and long-term disability after optic neuritis (ON). METHODS Eighty-six patients with ON as a first demyelinating event were included retrospectively. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), CSF leukocytes, immunoglobulin G index and oligoclonal bands were registered. CSF levels of chitinase-3-like-1, osteopontin, neurofilament light-chain, myelin basic protein, CCL2, CXCL10, CXCL13 and matrix metalloproteinase-9 were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Patients were followed up after 13.6 (range 9.6-19.4) years and 81.4% were examined, including Expanded Disability Status Scale and MS functional composite evaluation. 18.6% were interviewed by phone. Cox regression, multiple regression and Spearman correlation analyses were used. RESULTS Forty-six (53.5%) developed clinically definite MS (CDMS) during follow-up. In a multivariate model MRI (p=0.0001), chitinase 3-like 1 (p=0.0033) and age (p=0.0194) combined predicted CDMS best. Neurofilament light-chain predicted long-term disability by the multiple sclerosis severity scale (p=0.0111) and nine-hole-peg-test (p=0.0202). Chitinase-3-like-1 predicted long-term cognitive impairment by the paced auditory serial addition test (p=0.0150). CONCLUSION Neurofilament light-chain and chitinase-3-like-1 were significant predictors of long-term physical and cognitive disability. Furthermore, chitinase-3-like-1 predicted CDMS development. Thus, these molecules hold promise as clinically valuable biomarkers after ON as a first demyelinating event.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Modvig
- The MS Clinic, Department of Neurology, Copenhagen University Hospital Glostrup, Glostrup, Denmark
| | - M Degn
- The MS Clinic, Department of Neurology, Copenhagen University Hospital Glostrup, Glostrup, Denmark
| | - H Roed
- Holbaek municipal eye clinic, Denmark
| | - T L Sørensen
- Clinical Eye Research Unit, Department of Ophthalmology, Copenhagen University Hospital Roskilde and The Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - H B W Larsson
- Functional Imaging Unit, Department of Diagnostics, Copenhagen University Hospital Glostrup, Glostrup, Denmark
| | - A R Langkilde
- Department of Neuroradiology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - J L Frederiksen
- The MS Clinic, Department of Neurology, Copenhagen University Hospital Glostrup, Glostrup, Denmark
| | - F Sellebjerg
- Danish MS Research Centre, Department of Neurology, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Trentini A, Manfrinato MC, Castellazzi M, Tamborino C, Roversi G, Volta CA, Baldi E, Tola MR, Granieri E, Dallocchio F, Bellini T, Fainardi E. TIMP-1 resistant matrix metalloproteinase-9 is the predominant serum active isoform associated with MRI activity in patients with multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler 2015; 21:1121-30. [PMID: 25662349 DOI: 10.1177/1352458514560925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2014] [Accepted: 10/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The activity of matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) depends on two isoforms, an 82 kDa active MMP-9 modulated by its specific tissue inhibitor (TIMP-1), and a 65 kDa TIMP-1 resistant active MMP-9. The relevance of these two enzymatic isoforms in multiple sclerosis (MS) is still unknown. OBJECTIVE To investigate the contribution of the TIMP-1 modulated and resistant active MMP-9 isoforms to MS pathogenesis. METHODS We measured the serum levels of the 82 kDa and TIMP-1 resistant active MMP-9 isoforms by activity assay systems in 86 relapsing-remitting MS (RRMS) patients, categorized according to clinical and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) evidence of disease activity, and in 70 inflammatory (OIND) and 69 non-inflammatory (NIND) controls. RESULTS Serum levels of TIMP-1 resistant MMP-9 were more elevated in MS patients than in OIND and NIND (p < 0.05, p < 0.02, respectively). Conversely, 82 kDa active MMP-9 was higher in NIND than in the OIND and MS patients (p < 0.01 and p < 0.00001, respectively). MRI-active patients had higher levels of TIMP-1 resistant MMP-9 and 82 kDa active MMP-9, than did those with MRI inactive MS (p < 0.01 and p < 0.05, respectively). CONCLUSION Our findings suggested that the TIMP-1 resistant MMP-9 seem to be the predominantly active isoform contributing to MS disease activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Trentini
- Department of Biomedical and Specialist Surgical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Italy
| | - Maria C Manfrinato
- Department of Biomedical and Specialist Surgical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Italy
| | | | - Carmine Tamborino
- Department of Biomedical and Specialist Surgical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Italy
| | - Gloria Roversi
- Department of Biomedical and Specialist Surgical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Italy
| | - Carlo A Volta
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine; University of Ferrara; Italy
| | - Eleonora Baldi
- Department of Neurosciences and Rehabilitation, Azienda Ospedaliera-Universitaria, Arcispedale S Anna, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Maria R Tola
- Department of Neuroscience, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria, Arcispedale S Anna, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Enrico Granieri
- Department of Biomedical and Specialist Surgical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Italy
| | - Franco Dallocchio
- Department of Biomedical and Specialist Surgical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Italy
| | - Tiziana Bellini
- Department of Biomedical and Specialist Surgical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Italy
| | - Enrico Fainardi
- Department of Neuroscience, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria, Arcispedale S Anna, Ferrara, Italy
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Nischwitz S, Wolf C, Andlauer TFM, Czamara D, Zettl UK, Rieckmann P, Buck D, Ising M, Bettecken T, Mueller-Myhsok B, Weber F. MS susceptibility is not affected by single nucleotide polymorphisms in the MMP9 gene. J Neuroimmunol 2015; 279:46-9. [PMID: 25670000 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2015.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2014] [Revised: 01/21/2015] [Accepted: 01/22/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP9) plays an important role in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis (MS). However, the impact of genetic variants affecting MMP9 on MS susceptibility is still in debate. We could not detect an association of MMP9 SNPs with MS on a genome-wide significance level by SNP genotyping, followed by imputation of SNPs within a region stretching 2Mbp up- and down-stream of MMP9. Rs6073751, located within WFDC2, was found associated with MS most strongly. Rs3918242, associated with MS according to previous reports, showed nominal significance only. Meta-analysis of our own and published data did not confirm this effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Nischwitz
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Kraepelinstr. 2-10, 80804 Munich, Germany.
| | - C Wolf
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Kraepelinstr. 2-10, 80804 Munich, Germany
| | - T F M Andlauer
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Kraepelinstr. 2-10, 80804 Munich, Germany
| | - D Czamara
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Kraepelinstr. 2-10, 80804 Munich, Germany
| | - U K Zettl
- Department of Neurology, University of Rostock, Gehlsheimer Straße 20, 18147 Rostock, Germany
| | - P Rieckmann
- Department of Neurology, Sozialstiftung Bamberg, Buger Straße 80, 96049 Bamberg, Germany
| | - D Buck
- Department of Neurology, TU München, Ismaninger Str. 22, 81675 München, Germany
| | - M Ising
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Kraepelinstr. 2-10, 80804 Munich, Germany
| | - T Bettecken
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Kraepelinstr. 2-10, 80804 Munich, Germany
| | - B Mueller-Myhsok
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Kraepelinstr. 2-10, 80804 Munich, Germany
| | - F Weber
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Kraepelinstr. 2-10, 80804 Munich, Germany
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15
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Török N, Molnár K, Füvesi J, Karácsony M, Zsiros V, Fejes-Szabó A, Fiatal S, Ádány R, Somogyvári F, Stojiljković O, Vécsei L, Bencsik K. Chemokine receptor V Δ32 deletion in multiple sclerosis patients in Csongrád County in Hungary and the North-Bácska region in Serbia. Hum Immunol 2014; 76:59-64. [PMID: 25500253 DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2014.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2014] [Accepted: 11/14/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The roles of chemokine receptor V (CCR5) and its polymorphism, rs333 in multiple sclerosis (MS) are controversial. We investigated the receptor and its deletion in a large MS (428) and a numerous control (831) population in Csongrád County (Hungary) and North-Bácska (Serbia). Taqman probes firstly were used for the allele discrimination. There was no significant difference in genotype (OR=1.092, 95% CI=0.807-1.478, p=0.568 for wt/wt (wt=wild type allele) vs wt/Δ32, Δ32/Δ32 (Δ32=Δ32 base pair deletion allele)) or allele frequency (OR=0.914, 95% CI=0.692-1.207, p=0.525). Neither the deletion nor the wt allele affected the Expanded Disability Status Scale score or the age at onset. Our results indicate no association between the CCR5 Δ32 allele and MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nóra Török
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Albert Szent-Györgyi Clinical Centre, University of Szeged, Semmelweis u. 6, H-6725 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Kinga Molnár
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Albert Szent-Györgyi Clinical Centre, University of Szeged, Semmelweis u. 6, H-6725 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Judit Füvesi
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Albert Szent-Györgyi Clinical Centre, University of Szeged, Semmelweis u. 6, H-6725 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Mária Karácsony
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Albert Szent-Györgyi Clinical Centre, University of Szeged, Semmelweis u. 6, H-6725 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Viktória Zsiros
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Albert Szent-Györgyi Clinical Centre, University of Szeged, Semmelweis u. 6, H-6725 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Annamária Fejes-Szabó
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Albert Szent-Györgyi Clinical Centre, University of Szeged, Semmelweis u. 6, H-6725 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Szilvia Fiatal
- Faculty of Public Health, University of Debrecen, Kassai u 26, H-4012 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Róza Ádány
- Faculty of Public Health, University of Debrecen, Kassai u 26, H-4012 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Ferenc Somogyvári
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunobiology, University of Szeged, Dóm tér 10, H-6725 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Olivera Stojiljković
- Department of Neurology, Public Hospital of Subotica, 3 Izvorska, Subotica, Serbia
| | - László Vécsei
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Albert Szent-Györgyi Clinical Centre, University of Szeged, Semmelweis u. 6, H-6725 Szeged, Hungary; MTA-SZTE Neuroscience Research Group, Semmelweis u. 6, H-6725 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Krisztina Bencsik
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Albert Szent-Györgyi Clinical Centre, University of Szeged, Semmelweis u. 6, H-6725 Szeged, Hungary.
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16
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Abstract
Hypersensitivity and autoimmunity are the main features of immune system-related diseases such as type 2 diabetes (T2D), multiple sclerosis (MS), and asthma. It has been established that chemokines play key roles in the activation and regulation of immune cell migration which is important in the pathogenesis of the diseases mentioned. CC chemokines receptor 5 or CCR5 is a receptor for RANTES, MIP-1α, and MIP-1β and is expressed by several immune cells including NK cells, T lymphocytes, and macrophages. It plays key roles in the regulation of migration and activation of the immune cells during immune responses against microbe and self-antigens during autoimmunity and hypersensitivity disorders. Therefore, any alteration in the sequence of CCR5 gene or in its expression could be associated with immune system-related diseases. Previous studies revealed that a 32-base pair deletion (Δ 32) in exon 1 of the CCR5 gene led to downregulation of the gene. Previous studies demonstrated that not only CCR5 expression was altered in autoimmune and hypersensitivity disorders, but also that the mutation is associated with the diseases. This review addresses the recent information regarding the association of the CCR5 Δ 32 mutation in immune-related diseases including T2D with and without nephropathy, MS, and asthma. Based on the collected data, it seems that the CCR5 Δ 32 mutation can be considered as a risk factor for MS, but not asthma and T2D with and without nephropathy.
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17
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Mahurkar S, Suppiah V, O'Doherty C. Pharmacogenomics of interferon beta and glatiramer acetate response: A review of the literature. Autoimmun Rev 2014; 13:178-86. [DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2013.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2013] [Accepted: 10/24/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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18
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Mirshafiey A, Asghari B, Ghalamfarsa G, Jadidi-Niaragh F, Azizi G. The significance of matrix metalloproteinases in the immunopathogenesis and treatment of multiple sclerosis. Sultan Qaboos Univ Med J 2014; 14:e13-25. [PMID: 24516744 DOI: 10.12816/0003332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2013] [Revised: 06/28/2013] [Accepted: 09/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune disease of the central nervous system (CNS). The major pathological outcomes of the disease are the loss of blood-brain barrier (BBB) integrity and the development of reactive astrogliosis and MS plaque. For the disease to occur, the non-resident cells must enter into the immune-privileged CNS through a breach in the relatively impermeable BBB. It has been demonstrated that matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) play an important role in the immunopathogenesis of MS, in part through the disruption of the BBB and the recruitment of inflammatory cells into the CNS. Moreover, MMPs can also enhance the cleavage of myelin basic protein (MBP) and the demyelination process. Regarding the growing data on the roles of MMPs and their tissue inhibitors (TIMPs) in the pathogenesis of MS, this review discusses the role of different types of MMPs, including MMP-2, -3, -7, -9, -12 and -25, in the immunopathogenesis and treatment of MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abbas Mirshafiey
- Department of Immunology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Babak Asghari
- Antimicrobial Resistance Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ghasem Ghalamfarsa
- Cellular & Molecular Research Center, Yasuj University of Medical Sciences, Yasuj, Iran
| | - Farhad Jadidi-Niaragh
- Department of Immunology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Gholamreza Azizi
- Imam Hassan Mojtaba Hospital, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
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19
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Møller M, Søndergaard HB, Koch-Henriksen N, Sorensen PS, Sellebjerg F, Oturai AB. The chemokine receptor CCR5 Δ32 allele in natalizumab-treated multiple sclerosis. Acta Neurol Scand 2014; 129:27-31. [PMID: 23668375 DOI: 10.1111/ane.12145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The chemokine receptor CCR5 may be important for the recruitment of pathogenic T cells to the CNS in multiple sclerosis (MS). We hypothesized that this chemokine receptor might still be important for T-cell migration during treatment with anti-very late antigen (VLA)-4 antibody. We therefore analysed whether natalizumab-treated MS patients carrying the CCR5 Δ32 deletion allele, which results in reduced expression of CCR5 on the cell surface, had lower disease activity. METHODS CCR5 Δ32 was analysed in 212 natalizumab-treated MS patients. RESULTS CCR5 Δ32 status had no significant impact on the frequency of relapses 1 year prior to natalizumab treatment or during the first 48 weeks of treatment. The multiple sclerosis severity score (MSSS) was significantly lower at baseline in patients carrying CCR5 Δ32 (P = 0.031). CONCLUSIONS CCR5 Δ32 is not associated with lower disease activity in MS patients treated with natalizumab. We found lower MSSS scores in patients carrying CCR5 Δ32 compared with the remaining patients, which is consistent with previous studies reporting an association with a more favourable disease course. Further studies are, however, needed before the relationship between CCR5 Δ32 and disease activity in MS can be definitely established.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Møller
- Department of Neurology; The Danish Multiple Sclerosis Center; Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet; Copenhagen Denmark
| | - H. B. Søndergaard
- Department of Neurology; The Danish Multiple Sclerosis Center; Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet; Copenhagen Denmark
| | - N. Koch-Henriksen
- Danish Multiple Sclerosis Treatment Registry; Rigshospitalet; Copenhagen Denmark
- Department of Neurology; University Hospital in Aalborg; Aalborg Denmark
| | - P. S. Sorensen
- Department of Neurology; The Danish Multiple Sclerosis Center; Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet; Copenhagen Denmark
| | - F. Sellebjerg
- Department of Neurology; The Danish Multiple Sclerosis Center; Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet; Copenhagen Denmark
| | - A. B. Oturai
- Department of Neurology; The Danish Multiple Sclerosis Center; Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet; Copenhagen Denmark
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20
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Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) patients are classified as either having relapsing onset or progressive onset disease, also known as primary progressive MS (PPMS). Relative to relapsing onset patients, PPMS patients are older at disease onset, are equally likely to be men or women, and have more rapid accumulation of disability that does not respond well to treatments used in relapsing onset MS. Although estimates vary, 5-15% of all MS patients have a PPMS disease course. Genetic variance is a proposed determinant of MS disease course. If distinct genes associated with PPMS were identified study of these genes might lead to an understanding of the biology underlying disease progression and neural degeneration that are the hallmarks of PPMS. These genes and their biological pathways might also represent therapeutic targets. This chapter systematically reviews the PPMS genetic literature. Despite the intuitively appealing notion that differences between PPMS and relapsing onset MS are due to genetics, definite differences associated with these phenotypes at the major histocompatibility complex or elsewhere in the genome have not been found. Recent large-scale genome wide screens identified multiple genes associated with MS susceptibility outside the MHC. The genetic variants identified thus far make only weak individual contributions to MS susceptibility. If the genetic effects that contribute to the differences between PPMS and relapsing MS are similar in magnitude to those that distinguish MS from healthy controls then, given the relative scarcity of the PPMS phenotype, very large datasets will be needed to identify PPMS associated genes. International collaborative efforts could provide the means to identify such genes. Alternately, it is possible that factors other than genetics underlie the differences between these clinical phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce A C Cree
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, USA.
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21
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Nuyts AH, Lee WP, Bashir-Dar R, Berneman ZN, Cools N. Dendritic cells in multiple sclerosis: key players in the immunopathogenesis, key players for new cellular immunotherapies? Mult Scler 2013; 19:995-1002. [DOI: 10.1177/1352458512473189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Many studies have demonstrated the role of the adaptive immune system in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis (MS). Recent data suggest that dendritic cells (DCs), which are innate immune cells, also contribute to the pathogenesis of MS. In patients with MS, DCs are abundantly present in brain lesions, and display an altered phenotype and/or function as compared with this in healthy controls. DCs are thus in the position to pathologically influence the effector function of (auto-reactive) T and B cells. Interestingly, current first-line immunomodulating therapies for MS have been shown to restore DC phenotype and function, albeit in a non-specific manner. To date, clinical trials using agents specifically targeting DC function are ongoing. Moreover, several studies worldwide are currently investigating possible strategies to develop tolerogenic DCs. This review focuses on the phenotypic and functional alterations of conventional DCs and plasmacytoid DCs in patients with MS. Furthermore, we discuss how existing immunomodulating therapies for MS patients affect DC function and address future perspectives in the development of immunotherapies specifically targeting DCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- AH Nuyts
- Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute (Vaxinfectio), University of Antwerp, Antwerp University Hospital, Belgium
| | - WP Lee
- Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute (Vaxinfectio), University of Antwerp, Antwerp University Hospital, Belgium
| | - R Bashir-Dar
- Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute (Vaxinfectio), University of Antwerp, Antwerp University Hospital, Belgium
| | - ZN Berneman
- Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute (Vaxinfectio), University of Antwerp, Antwerp University Hospital, Belgium
| | - N Cools
- Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute (Vaxinfectio), University of Antwerp, Antwerp University Hospital, Belgium
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22
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Scalley-Kim ML, Hess BW, Kelly RL, Krostag ARF, Lustig KH, Marken JS, Ovendale PJ, Posey AR, Smolak PJ, Taylor JDL, Wood CL, Bienvenue DL, Probst P, Salmon RA, Allison DS, Foy TM, Raport CJ. A novel highly potent therapeutic antibody neutralizes multiple human chemokines and mimics viral immune modulation. PLoS One 2012; 7:e43332. [PMID: 22912856 PMCID: PMC3422223 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0043332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2012] [Accepted: 07/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemokines play a key role in leukocyte recruitment during inflammation and are implicated in the pathogenesis of a number of autoimmune diseases. As such, inhibiting chemokine signaling has been of keen interest for the development of therapeutic agents. This endeavor, however, has been hampered due to complexities in the chemokine system. Many chemokines have been shown to signal through multiple receptors and, conversely, most chemokine receptors bind to more than one chemokine. One approach to overcoming this complexity is to develop a single therapeutic agent that binds and inactivates multiple chemokines, similar to an immune evasion strategy utilized by a number of viruses. Here, we describe the development and characterization of a novel therapeutic antibody that targets a subset of human CC chemokines, specifically CCL3, CCL4, and CCL5, involved in chronic inflammatory diseases. Using a sequential immunization approach, followed by humanization and phage display affinity maturation, a therapeutic antibody was developed that displays high binding affinity towards the three targeted chemokines. In vitro, this antibody potently inhibits chemotaxis and chemokine-mediated signaling through CCR1 and CCR5, primary chemokine receptors for the targeted chemokines. Furthermore, we have demonstrated in vivo efficacy of the antibody in a SCID-hu mouse model of skin leukocyte migration, thus confirming its potential as a novel therapeutic chemokine antagonist. We anticipate that this antibody will have broad therapeutic utility in the treatment of a number of autoimmune diseases due to its ability to simultaneously neutralize multiple chemokines implicated in disease pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle L. Scalley-Kim
- Department of Protein Engineering, VLST Corporation, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Bruce W. Hess
- Department of Immunology and Preclinical Pharmacology, VLST Corporation, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Ryan L. Kelly
- Department of Protein Sciences, VLST Corporation, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Anne-Rachel F. Krostag
- Department of Protein Engineering, VLST Corporation, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Kurt H. Lustig
- Department of Immunology and Preclinical Pharmacology, VLST Corporation, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - John S. Marken
- Department of Protein Engineering, VLST Corporation, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Pamela J. Ovendale
- Department of Immunology and Preclinical Pharmacology, VLST Corporation, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Aaron R. Posey
- Department of Immunology and Preclinical Pharmacology, VLST Corporation, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Pamela J. Smolak
- Department of Protein Engineering, VLST Corporation, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Janelle D. L. Taylor
- Department of Protein Engineering, VLST Corporation, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - C. L. Wood
- Department of Protein Engineering, VLST Corporation, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - David L. Bienvenue
- Department of Protein Sciences, VLST Corporation, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Peter Probst
- Department of Immunology and Preclinical Pharmacology, VLST Corporation, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Ruth A. Salmon
- Department of Immunology and Preclinical Pharmacology, VLST Corporation, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Daniel S. Allison
- Department of Protein Engineering, VLST Corporation, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Teresa M. Foy
- Department of Immunology and Preclinical Pharmacology, VLST Corporation, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Carol J. Raport
- Department of Immunology and Preclinical Pharmacology, VLST Corporation, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
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23
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He F, Balling R. The role of regulatory T cells in neurodegenerative diseases. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-SYSTEMS BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2012; 5:153-80. [PMID: 22899644 DOI: 10.1002/wsbm.1187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
A sustained neuroinflammatory response is the hallmark of many neurodegenerative diseases, including Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, multiple sclerosis, and HIV-associated neurodegeneration. A specific subset of T cells, currently recognized as FOXP3(+) CD25(+) CD4(+) regulatory T cells (Tregs), are pivotal in suppressing autoimmunity and maintaining immune homeostasis by mediating self-tolerance at the periphery as shown in autoimmune diseases and cancers. A growing body of evidence shows that Tregs are not only important for maintaining immune balance at the periphery but also contribute to self-tolerance and immune privilege in the central nervous system. In this article, we first review the current status of knowledge concerning the development and the suppressive function of Tregs. We then discuss the evidence supporting a dysfunction of Tregs in several neurodegenerative diseases. Interestingly, a dysfunction of Tregs is mainly observed in the early stages of several neurodegenerative diseases, but not in their chronic stages, pointing to a causative role of inflammation in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases. Furthermore, we provide an overview of a number of molecules, such as hormones, neuropeptides, neurotransmitters, or ion channels, that affect the dysfunction of Tregs in neurodegenerative diseases. We also emphasize the effects of the intestinal microbiome on the induction and function of Tregs and the need to study the crosstalk between the enteric nervous system and Tregs in neurodegenerative diseases. Finally, we point out the need for a systems biology approach in the analysis of the enormous complexity regulating the function of Tregs and their potential role in neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng He
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine, University of Luxembourg, Campus Belval, Luxembourg
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24
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Allegretti M, Cesta MC, Garin A, Proudfoot AE. Current status of chemokine receptor inhibitors in development. Immunol Lett 2012; 145:68-78. [DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2012.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2011] [Accepted: 04/13/2012] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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25
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Cools N, Petrizzo A, Smits E, Buonaguro FM, Tornesello ML, Berneman Z, Buonaguro L. Dendritic cells in the pathogenesis and treatment of human diseases: a Janus Bifrons? Immunotherapy 2012; 3:1203-22. [PMID: 21995572 DOI: 10.2217/imt.11.110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) represent the bridging cell compartment between a variety of nonself antigens (i.e., microbial, cancer and vaccine antigens) and adaptive immunity, orchestrating the quality and potency of downstream immune responses. Because of the central role of DCs in the generation and regulation of immunity, the modulation of DC function in order to shape immune responses is gaining momentum. In this respect, recent advances in understanding DC biology, as well as the required molecular signals for induction of T-cell immunity, have spurred many experimental strategies to use DCs for therapeutic immunological approaches for infections and cancer. However, when DCs lose control over such 'protective' responses - by alterations in their number, phenotype and/or function - undesired effects leading to allergy and autoimmune clinical manifestations may occur. Novel therapeutic approaches have been designed and currently evaluated in order to address DCs and silence these immunopathological processes. In this article we present recent concepts of DC biology and some medical implications in view of therapeutic opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Cools
- Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Vaccine & Infectious Disease Institute (Vaxinfectio), University of Antwerp, B-2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
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26
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QSAR study of some CCR5 antagonists as anti-HIV agents using radial basis function neural network and general regression neural network on the basis of principal components. Med Chem Res 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-011-9863-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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27
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CCR5Δ32 Polymorphism Associated with a Slower Rate Disease Progression in a Cohort of RR-MS Sicilian Patients. Mult Scler Int 2011; 2011:153282. [PMID: 22096627 PMCID: PMC3195283 DOI: 10.1155/2011/153282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2010] [Accepted: 02/19/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) disease is carried through inflammatory and degenerative stages. Based on clinical feaures, it can be subdivided into three groups: relapsing-remitting MS, secondary progressive MS, and primary progressive MS. Multiple sclerosis has a multifactorial etiology with an interplay of genetic predisposition, environmental factors, and autoimmune inflammatory mechanism in which play a key role CC-chemokines and its receptors. In this paper, we studied the frequency of CCR5 gene Δ32 allele in a cohort of Sicilian RR-MS patients comparing with general Sicilian population. Also, we evaluate the association between this commonly polymorphism and disability development and age of disease onset in the same cohort. Our results show that presence of CCR5Δ32 is significantly associated with expanded disability status scale score (EDSS) but not with age of disease onset.
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Aung LL, Fitzgerald-Bocarsly P, Dhib-Jalbut S, Balashov K. Plasmacytoid dendritic cells in multiple sclerosis: chemokine and chemokine receptor modulation by interferon-beta. J Neuroimmunol 2010; 226:158-64. [PMID: 20621365 PMCID: PMC2937086 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2010.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2010] [Revised: 06/03/2010] [Accepted: 06/04/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) are present in peripheral blood, leptomeninges and demyelinating lesions in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS). The ability of pDCs to produce chemokines and express the chemokine receptor CCR7 in MS is not known. We studied pDCs in MS patients and healthy subjects. The ability of pDCs to up-regulate CCR7 was significantly increased in untreated MS patients as compared to healthy subjects. IFN-beta treatment significantly inhibited TLR9 agonist-specific secretion of chemokines, which are ligands for CCR5-positive Th1 cells (CCL3, CCL4, and CCL5), and impaired TLR9 agonist-induced up-regulation of CCR7 and IFN-alpha in MS patients. This finding represents a new immunomodulatory effect of IFN-beta in patients with multiple sclerosis.
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Zozulya AL, Clarkson BD, Ortler S, Fabry Z, Wiendl H. The role of dendritic cells in CNS autoimmunity. J Mol Med (Berl) 2010; 88:535-44. [PMID: 20217033 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-010-0607-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2009] [Revised: 01/26/2010] [Accepted: 02/08/2010] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic immune-mediated, central nervous system (CNS) demyelinating disease. Clinical and histopathological features suggest an inflammatory etiology involving resident CNS innate cells as well as invading adaptive immune cells. Encephalitogenic myelin-reactive T cells have been implicated in the initiation of an inflammatory cascade, eventually resulting in demyelination and axonal damage (the histological hallmarks of MS). Dendritic cells (DC) have recently emerged as key modulators of this immunopathological cascade, as supported by studies in humans and experimental disease models. In one such model, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), CNS microvessel-associated DC have been shown to be essential for local antigen recognition by myelin-reactive T cells. Moreover, the functional state and compartmental distribution of DC derived from CNS and associated lymphatics seem to be limiting factors in both the induction and effector phases of EAE. Moreover, DC modulate and balance the recruitment of encephalitogenic and regulatory T cells into CNS tissue. This capacity is critically influenced by DC surface expression of co-stimulatory or co-inhibitory molecules. The fact that DC accumulate in the CNS before T cells and can direct T-cell responses suggests that they are key determinants of CNS autoimmune outcomes. Here we provide a comprehensive review of recent advances in our understanding of CNS-derived DC and their relevance to neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alla L Zozulya
- Department of Immunology, University of Geneva, Rue Gabrielle-Perret-Gentil 4, 1211, Genève, 14, Switzerland
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CCR5-delta 32 allele is associated with the risk of developing multiple sclerosis in the Iranian population. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2010; 29:1205-9. [PMID: 19479371 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-009-9415-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2009] [Accepted: 05/13/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The 32-base pair deletion on the C-C chemokine receptor 5 gene (CCR5-delta 32) is known as a protective allele against immune system disorders. We have studied this variation in Iranian multiple sclerosis (MS) patients and healthy controls. DNA samples were prepared from the whole blood of 254 patients with MS and 380 healthy controls. We amplified the fragment including the CCR5-delta 32 polymorphism and visualized the products in a documentation system after agarose gel electrophoresis. Data were analysed using one-way ANOVA and Fisher's exact tests with SPSS-v13 and STATA-v8 software. The delta 32 allele was more frequent in MS patients when compared with controls (OR = 2.3, P < 0.0001). Also, we found a significant difference in the frequency of the delta 32/delta 32 genotype among patients and controls (OR = 7.4, P < 0.001). The mean age at onset and progression index was not significantly different between patients with various genotypes. According to our study, the delta 32 allele of the CCR5 gene might be a predisposing factor for MS development in the Iranian population. However, there were no associations between this polymorphism and the clinical course of the disease in this study.
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Meucci O. HIV Coreceptors and Their Roles in Leukocyte Trafficking During Neuroinflammatory Diseases. CHEMOKINE RECEPTORS AND NEUROAIDS 2010. [PMCID: PMC7120588 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4419-0793-6_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Due to the increasing resistance of HIV-1 to antiretroviral therapies, there has been much emphasis on the discovery and development of alternative therapeutics for HIV-1-infected individuals. The chemokine receptors CXCR4 (Bleul et al. 1996a; Feng et al. 1996; Nagasawa et al. 1996; Oberlin et al. 1996) and CCR5 (Alkhatib et al. 1996; Deng et al. 1996; Dragic et al. 1996) were identified as target molecules from the time their role as coreceptors for HIV-1 entry into leukocytes was first discovered 10 years ago. Initial studies focused on the use of the chemokine ligands, or altered derivatives, of CXCR4 and CCR5 to prevent the entrance of HIV-1 into immune cells (Schols 2006). While these studies showed some initial promise, there was evidence of significant caveats to their use, including selection of alternative coreceptor utilizing strains (Marechal et al. 1999; Mosier et al. 1999) and the potential to cause inflammatory side effects. These data prompted the development and study of small molecule inhibitors of CXCR4 and CCR5, which have also been used to examine the roles of these molecules in a variety of inflammatory and infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olimpia Meucci
- Dept. Pharmacology & Physiology, & Institute of Molecular Medicine, Drexel University College of Medicine, North 15th St. 245, Philadelphia, 19102-1101 USA
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Khademi M, Bornsen L, Rafatnia F, Andersson M, Brundin L, Piehl F, Sellebjerg F, Olsson T. The effects of natalizumab on inflammatory mediators in multiple sclerosis: prospects for treatment-sensitive biomarkers. Eur J Neurol 2009; 16:528-36. [PMID: 19220425 DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-1331.2009.02532.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Natalizumab affects systemic cytokine expressions and clinical course in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS). We analyzed levels of inflammatory cytokines in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) cells and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), levels of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9 and osteopontin (OPN) in CSF, and clinical outcome measures in 22 natalizumab-treated RRMS patients. METHODS mRNA levels of cytokines in cells were detected with real-time RT-PCR. Protein levels of OPN and MMP-9 were measured by ELISA. RESULTS Natalizumab reduced CSF cell counts (P < 0.0001). Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) mRNAs were significantly increased in PBMCs. In contrast, expressions of IFN-gamma and interleukin (IL)-23 were decreased but IL-10 increased in the CSF cells. OPN and MMP-9 were reduced in the CSF. Patients being in remission at baseline showed the same deviations of mediators as those in relapse after natalizumab treatment. The open label clinical outcome measures were either stable or improved during therapy. CONCLUSIONS Natalizumab attenuates pro-inflammatory mediators intrathecally and the reduced pro-inflammatory milieu may allow increased production of the anti-inflammatory mediator IL-10. The increased systemic cytokines may impede the improvement of certain clinical measures like fatigue. The affected mediators seem to be sensitive to an immune-modifying treatment which could be used as biomarkers for this therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Khademi
- Neuroimmunology Unit, CMM, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Trebst C, König F, Ransohoff R, Brück W, Stangel M. CCR5 expression on macrophages/microglia is associated with early remyelination in multiple sclerosis lesions. Mult Scler 2008; 14:728-33. [PMID: 18611987 DOI: 10.1177/1352458508089359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Remyelination in multiple sclerosis (MS) occurs spontaneously and extensively. The underlying mechanisms, however, are only partly understood. Findings in experimental animal settings suggest that inflammation promotes remyelination and repair. Here, we characterized the chemokine receptor expression profiles of macrophages/microglia in early remyelinating and completely remyelinated lesions compared with active demyelinating and inactive demyelinated MS lesions obtained in the early disease course. Biopsy material consisting of 16 MS cases was available for this study. We found that macrophages/microglia within early remyelinating lesions expressed predominantly CCR5. Our findings implicate a possible role of CCR5(+) cells in initiating remyelination.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Trebst
- Department of Neurology, Medical School Hannover, Hannover, Germany.
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Ramagopalan SV, Deluca GC, Degenhardt A, Ebers GC. The genetics of clinical outcome in multiple sclerosis. J Neuroimmunol 2008; 201-202:183-99. [PMID: 18632165 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2008.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2008] [Revised: 02/11/2008] [Accepted: 02/11/2008] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a common inflammatory disease of the central nervous system (CNS), the clinical course of which varies considerably between patients. Genetic complexity and interactions with as yet unknown environmental factors have hindered researchers from fully elucidating the aetiology of the disease. In addition to influencing disease susceptibility, epidemiological evidence suggests that genetic factors may affect phenotypic expression of the disease. Genes that affect clinical outcome may be more effective therapeutic targets than those which determine susceptibility. We present in this review a comprehensive survey of the genes (both MHC- and non-MHC-related) that have been investigated for their role in disease outcome in MS. Recent studies implicating the role of the genotype and epistatic interactions in the MHC in determining outcome are highlighted.
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Milward E, Kim KJ, Szklarczyk A, Nguyen T, Melli G, Nayak M, Deshpande D, Fitzsimmons C, Hoke A, Kerr D, Griffin JW, Calabresi PA, Conant K. Cleavage of myelin associated glycoprotein by matrix metalloproteinases. J Neuroimmunol 2007; 193:140-8. [PMID: 18063113 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2007.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2007] [Revised: 09/12/2007] [Accepted: 11/02/2007] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Derivative myelin associated glycoprotein (dMAG) results from proteolysis of transmembrane MAG and can inhibit axonal growth. We have tested the ability of certain matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) elevated with inflammatory and demyelinating diseases to cleave MAG. We show MMP-2, MMP-7 and MMP-9, but not MMP-1, cleave recombinant human MAG. Cleavage by MMP-7 occurs at Leu 509, just distal to the transmembrane domain and, to a lesser extent, at Met 234. We also show that MMP-7 cleaves MAG expressed on the external surface of CHO cells, releasing fragments that accumulate in the medium over periods of up to 48 h or more and that are able to inhibit outgrowth by dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons. We conclude that MMPs may have the potential both to disrupt MAG dependent axon-glia communication and to generate bioactive fragments that can inhibit neurite growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Milward
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Newcastle and the Hunter Medical Research Institute, Callaghan, New South Wales 2308, Australia
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Savarin-Vuaillat C, Ransohoff RM. Chemokines and chemokine receptors in neurological disease: raise, retain, or reduce? Neurotherapeutics 2007; 4:590-601. [PMID: 17920540 PMCID: PMC7479679 DOI: 10.1016/j.nurt.2007.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemokines and chemokine receptors comprise a large number of molecules implicated in a wide range of physiological and pathological functions. Numerous studies have demonstrated the roles of chemokines and chemokine receptors: 1) during development, by regulating hematopoiesis, cardiogenesis, and vascular and cerebellar development; 2) during tumor biology, by controlling cell proliferation, angiogenesis, and metastasis; and 3), especially during leukocyte migration, by acting on firm adhesion, locomotion, diapedesis, and chemotaxis. This review focuses on chemokine and chemokine receptor involvement in diverse neurological diseases and their therapeutic potentials. Because of its induction or upregulation during CNS pathologies, members of the chemokine system can be used as biological markers. CXCR4 and CXCL12, by the correlation between their expression and the glioblastoma tumor progression, could be a marker to grade this type of CNS tumor. CCR1, by virtue of specific expression in Abeta plaques, may be a marker for Alzheimer pathology. Downregulation of CCL2 in cerebrospinal fluid may be a candidate to characterize multiple sclerosis (MS), but needs additional investigation. Moreover, chemokines and chemokine receptors represent interesting therapeutic targets. Using chemokine receptor antagonists, several studies provided exciting findings for potential neurological disease treatment. Chemokine receptor antagonists reduce disease severity in animal models of MS. In glioblastoma, a CXCR4 antagonist (AMD3100) showed an inhibition of tumor growth. Inhibition of chemokine receptor signaling is not the only therapeutic strategy: for example, CXCR4-CXCL12 has anti-inflammatory properties and CX3CL1-CX3CR1 controls neurotoxicity. Thus, chemokine biology suggests several approaches for treating neurological disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carine Savarin-Vuaillat
- Neuroinflammation Research Center, Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute, 9500 Euclid Avenue, 44195 Cleveland, OH
| | - Richard M. Ransohoff
- Neuroinflammation Research Center, Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute, 9500 Euclid Avenue, 44195 Cleveland, OH
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van Veen T, Nielsen J, Berkhof J, Barkhof F, Kamphorst W, Bö L, Ravid R, Verweij CL, Huitinga I, Polman CH, Uitdehaag BMJ. CCL5 and CCR5 genotypes modify clinical, radiological and pathological features of multiple sclerosis. J Neuroimmunol 2007; 190:157-64. [PMID: 17884183 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2007.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2007] [Revised: 08/16/2007] [Accepted: 08/17/2007] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Chemokines mediate selective recruitment of leukocyte subsets into the CNS during inflammatory episodes. We hypothesised that functional polymorphisms in CCR5 and CCL5 influence perivascular leukocyte infiltration, inflammation, axonal loss, and remyelination, and disease course. Therefore, we determined genotypes at four possibly functional polymorphisms in CCR5 and CCL5 for 637 patients and 92 brain donors with multiple sclerosis (MS). For a subset of 192 patients, MRI data were available. We found that low-producer allele CCL5-403*G was associated with reduced risk of severe axonal loss, whereas high-producer allele CCL5-403*A was associated with a worse clinical disease course measured by the MS Functional Composite Score and MS Severity Score. Low-producer allele CCR5+303*G was associated with reduced T2 hyperintense and T1 hypointense lesion volumes on MRI, and high-producer allele CCR5+303*A with early age at onset. Furthermore, low-producer allele CCR5Delta32 was associated with reduced T2 lesion volume, lower black hole ratio on MRI, and with a higher percentage of lesions with signs of remyelination, histopathologically. In summary, our multifaceted study supports the notion that polymorphisms in CCL5 and CCR5 modify the course of MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tineke van Veen
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Saita Y, Kondo M, Shimizu Y. Species selectivity of small-molecular antagonists for the CCR5 chemokine receptor. Int Immunopharmacol 2007; 7:1528-34. [PMID: 17920529 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2007.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2007] [Revised: 07/11/2007] [Accepted: 07/23/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The species selectivity of four structurally different compounds, SCH-351125, E-913, TAK-779 and UK-427857 has been examined using cloned human, rhesus, and mouse CCR5 receptors. SCH-351125 and E-913 potently inhibited the binding of [125I]-CCL3 to human CCR5, but their inhibitory activities against rhesus CCR5 were more than 10-fold weaker. In contrast, TAK-779 and UK-427857 inhibited binding to human and rhesus CCR5 with similar potency. The inhibitory activities of all four compounds against mice CCR5 receptors were weak. The inhibitory activities of the CCR5 antagonists in the [125I]-CCL3 binding assay agreed well with those induced by CCL3 in the intracellular calcium ([Ca(2+)]i) elevation assay. Mutational analysis of the human CCR5 receptor showed that its Ile198 component plays a critical role in the inhibitory activities of both SCH-351125 and E-913, but not that of TAK-779 or UK-427857. These results provide a structural basis for understanding how specific antagonists interact with CCR5, and will aid the process of creating new, improved CCR5 antagonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuji Saita
- Molecular Medicine Research Laboratories, Institute for Drug Discovery Research, Astellas Pharma Inc., 21 Miyukigaoka, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8585, Japan.
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Correale J, Villa A. The blood-brain-barrier in multiple sclerosis: functional roles and therapeutic targeting. Autoimmunity 2007; 40:148-60. [PMID: 17453713 DOI: 10.1080/08916930601183522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
In most regions of the central nervous system (CNS), the composition of the neuronal microenvironment is maintained by virtue of particular blood-brain-barrier (BBB) characteristics, to which vascular endothelial cells (ECs) contribute an important role. Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory demyelinating disease of the CNS, characterized at tissue level by multifocal perivascular infiltrates, predominantly of lymphocytes and macrophages. Thus, lymphocyte recruitment into the brain across ECs of the BBB represents a critical event in disease pathogenesis, which is highly restricted and carefully regulated. In recent years, different investigations have identified the crucial components involved in leukocyte migration, providing new insights into mechanisms modulating neuroinflammatory reactions. In this review, several topics relating to these events are discussed, namely: (1) cellular and molecular characteristics of the BBB regulating permeability, as well as signals inducing EC differentiation in the brain and specific cell properties; (2) pathogenic mechanisms guiding the migration of different leukocyte populations through the BBB in MS; and (3) current knowledge on how different MS therapies targeting leukocytes migration across the BBB function. Furthermore, because the BBB has proven to be an important retaining wall preventing drug passage into the CNS, novel strategies directed at successful delivery of large molecules for effective treatment of various inflammatory conditions of the brain, both currently available or still under development, are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Correale
- Department of Neurology, Institute for Neurological Research Dr. Raúl Carrea, Montañeses 2325 (1428), Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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Sellebjerg F, Kristiansen TB, Wittenhagen P, Garred P, Eugen-Olsen J, Frederiksen JL, Sørensen TL. Chemokine receptor CCR5 in interferon-treated multiple sclerosis. Acta Neurol Scand 2007; 115:413-8. [PMID: 17511851 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0404.2007.00826.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To study the relationship between CC chemokine receptor CCR5 expression and disease activity in multiple sclerosis (MS) patients treated with beta-interferon (IFN-beta). METHODS The CCR5 Delta32 allele and a CCR5 promoter polymorphism associated with cell surface expression of CCR5 were analyzed in 109 patients with relapsing-remitting MS treated with IFN-beta who were followed clinically for 1 year. Cellular CCR5 expression was measured by flow cytometry. RESULTS Patients with MS had a higher percentage of CCR5-positive monocytes than healthy controls. Increased monocyte expression of CCR5 correlated weakly with an increased short-term relapse risk but there was no relationship between CCR5 Delta32 allele and CCR5 promoter polymorphism genotypes and relapse risk. CONCLUSIONS The results do not support a major role of CCR5 in the pathogenesis of relapses in MS patients treated with IFN-beta, but it is possible that monocyte CCR5 expression may be used as a marker of disease activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Sellebjerg
- The MS Clinic, Department of Neurology, Glostrup Hospital, University of Copenhagen, 57 Nordre Ringvej, DK-2600 Glostrup, Denmark.
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Szczuciński A, Losy J. Chemokines and chemokine receptors in multiple sclerosis. Potential targets for new therapies. Acta Neurol Scand 2007; 115:137-46. [PMID: 17295707 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0404.2006.00749.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic demyelinating disease of the human central nervous system of a still unknown etiology. The autoimmune inflammatory process is believed to be essential for the development of the disease. Several different studies have shown that chemokines and chemokine receptors are involved in the pathogenesis of MS. Chemokines can mediate the trafficking of immune cells across the blood-brain barrier, and regulate their transfer to lesion sites. Chemokines were detected in actively demyelinating lesions and were found to be elevated in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with MS during relapse. Different pairs of chemokine receptors and their ligands seem to play a pathogenic role in MS (e.g., CXCR3 and CXCL9, CXCL10; CCR1 and CCL3, CCL4, CCL5; CCR2 and CCL2; CCR5 and CCL3, CCL4, CCL5). Interfering with the chemokine system may be an effective therapeutic approach in MS. In this review we briefly summarize the results of the previous studies and identify the most important findings in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Szczuciński
- Department of Clinical Neuroimmunology, University of Medical Sciences, Poznań, Poland.
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Wheeler J, McHale M, Jackson V, Penny M. Assessing Theoretical Risk and Benefit suggested by Genetic Association Studies of CCR5: Experience in a Drug Development Programme for Maraviroc. Antivir Ther 2007. [DOI: 10.1177/135965350701200208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The proliferation of published gene association studies of the CCR5A32 mutation is of relevance to drug development of a CCR5 antagonist for HIV, in highlighting potential safety concerns. We conducted an initial review of all non-HIV gene association studies of CCR5-Δ32, followed by detailed meta-analyses in the three disease areas most commonly reported. Our review indicated no consistent evidence of increased risk of susceptibility to hepatitis C virus infection or multiple sclerosis among individuals with CCR5-Δ32 mutation, and suggested treatment with a CCR5 inhibitor is unlikely to have related adverse effects. There was, however, evidence to suggest rheumatoid arthritis as a potential therapeutic target for a CCR5 antagonist. Clinical evidence would be required to confirm these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mary McHale
- Pfizer Research and Development, Sandwich, Kent, UK
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Zivadinov R, Uxa L, Bratina A, Bosco A, Srinivasaraghavan B, Minagar A, Ukmar M, Benedetto SY, Zorzon M. HLA‐DRB1*1501, ‐DQB1*0301, ‐DQB1*0302, ‐DQB1*0602, and ‐DQB1*0603 Alleles are Associated With More Severe Disease Outcome on Mri in Patients With Multiple Sclerosis. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2007; 79:521-35. [PMID: 17531857 DOI: 10.1016/s0074-7742(07)79023-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The most important confirmed genetic factor of susceptibility to multiple sclerosis (MS) has been identified in the HLA class II region. The hypothesis that several genes, including HLA class II, may influence the prognosis of patients with MS has been proposed. In a recent study, using low intermediate resolution typing, we found that some HLA alleles may predict disease severity as assessed by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) measures. The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between high-resolution typing of HLA alleles and disease severity as measured by brain MRI quantitative markers of demyelinating and destructive pathology in patients with MS. In 41 MS patients (27 relapsing-remitting, 7 secondary progressive, and 7 primary progressive), we performed high-resolution typing of alleles HLA-DRB1*04, -DQB1*03, -DRB1*15, -DQB1*06, and of haplotypes -DRB1*04-DQB1*03 and -DRB1*15-DQB1*06. These alleles and haplotypes were associated with higher susceptibility to MS in a recently published case-control study conducted in the Friuli-Venezia-Giulia region, Italy. Of 41 included patients, 13 were men and 28 were women. Mean age was 43.3 (SD 11.4) years, mean disease duration 10.3 (SD 7.8) years, and mean EDSS 2.3. DNA extraction and genomic typing were obtained with the sequence-specific primers method using primer pairs that amplified the HLA alleles. All patients underwent a 1.5-T MRI examination of the brain. Disease severity was assessed by clinical measures [Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS)] and MRI measures. T2- and T1-lesion volumes (LVs) and brain atrophy measures [fractions of brain parenchyma (BPF), gray matter (GMF), and white matter (WMF)] were calculated. We used general linear model analysis (GML), controlled for age, disease duration, and treatment status, to compare the MRI measures according to allele and haplotype status. The following significant results were found: HLA-DRB1*1501 positive patients had significantly lower GMF (0.493 vs 0.526, p < 0.001), lower BPF (0.784 vs 0.815, p = 0.018), and higher T1-LV (2.8 vs 0.7ml, p = 0.036); -DQB1*0301 positive patients had significantly higher T2-LV (34.1 vs 0.7 ml, p = 0.041), and showed a trend for lower BPF (0.790 vs 0.846, p = 0.064); -DQB1*0302 positive patients had significantly lower T1-LV (2.4 vs 0.9 ml, p = 0.016); and -DQB1*0602 positive patients had significantly lower GMF (0.492 vs 0.521, p = 0.007) and lower BPF (0.781 vs 0.811, p = 0.023). No differences were found in the indices of MRI disease severity according to HLA haplotype associations. Both in correlation and in regression analyses, we observed significant associations between HLA-DRB1*1501 and lower GMF and BPF and higher T1-LV, between -DQB1*0301 and higher T2-LV and disease duration, between -DQB1*0302 and lower GMF and higher T1- and T2-LV, between -DQB1*0602 and lower GMF and BPF, and between -DQB1*0603 and higher T1-LV and EDSS. High-resolution HLA genotyping analysis revealed a robust relationship between alleles HLA-DRB1*1501, -DQB1*0301, -DQB1*0302, -DQB1*0602, and -DQB1*0603, and more severe damage on inflammatory and neurodegenerative MRI measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Zivadinov
- Department of Neurology, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo Neuroimaging Analysis Center, The Jacobs Neurological Institute, State University at Buffalo, New York 14203, USA
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Biton A, Bank U, Täger M, Ansorge S, Reinhold D, Lendeckel U, Brocke S. Dipeptidyl Peptidase IV (DP IV, CD26) and Aminopeptidase N (APN, CD13) as Regulators of T Cell Function and Targets of Immunotherapy in CNS Inflammation. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2006; 575:177-86. [PMID: 16700521 DOI: 10.1007/0-387-32824-6_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Aliza Biton
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, POB 12272, 91120 Jerusalem, Israel
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van Horssen J, Vos CMP, Admiraal L, van Haastert ES, Montagne L, van der Valk P, de Vries HE. Matrix metalloproteinase-19 is highly expressed in active multiple sclerosis lesions. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 2006; 32:585-93. [PMID: 17083473 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2990.2006.00766.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are proteases known for their capacity to degrade extracellular matrix (ECM) components. MMPs have been implicated in several central nervous system (CNS) diseases, including multiple sclerosis (MS). Microarray analysis has demonstrated significant increased mRNA levels of MMP-19 in chronic MS lesions, suggesting a role of MMP-19 in MS pathogenesis. Therefore, in this study, we investigated the expression pattern and cellular localization of MMP-19 protein in various well-characterized MS lesion stages. In normal control patient white matter, MMP-19 was constitutively expressed by microglia throughout the brain parenchyma, suggesting a physiological role for this MMP family member. Likewise, MMP-19 was expressed by microglia in (p)reactive MS lesions, albeit more intense. In highly active demyelinating MS lesions, parenchymal and perivascular myelin-laden macrophages were strongly immunoreactive for MMP-19, whereas reactive astrocytes were occasionally immunopositive. Astrocytes in chronic inactive lesions were weakly stained for MMP-19. In vitro, MMP-19 was expressed in cultures of primary human microglia, not in astrocyte cultures. As MMP-19 is able to degrade basement membrane constituents and other ECM proteins, it is conceivable that this relatively novel MMP family member contributes to MS pathology by remodelling the ECM of the CNS, thereby influencing leucocyte infiltration, axonal regeneration and astrogliosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- J van Horssen
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, VU Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Navratilova Z. Polymorphisms in CCL2&CCL5 chemokines/chemokine receptors genes and their association with diseases. Biomed Pap Med Fac Univ Palacky Olomouc Czech Repub 2006; 150:191-204. [PMID: 17426779 DOI: 10.5507/bp.2006.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chemokines and chemokine receptors are major mediators of leukocyte trafficking into the sites of the immune response. They participate in defence against microbial infection, in Th1/Th2 polarization of the immune response, allograft rejection and angiogenesis/angiostasis as well as in tumorigenesis and metastasis. To date, several functional polymorphisms of chemokine and chemokine receptor genes have been discovered that are able to deregulate chemokine system and, therefore, they may interfere with the pathogenesis of a large number of inflammatory and other diseases. In this review we focus on the known polymorphisms of two chemokines: CCL2, CCL5 and their corresponding receptors (CCR2, CCR5) and we also discuss their associations with susceptibility and progression to selected immune-mediated diseases. METHODS AND RESULTS Based on relevant literature this article gives a short overview of case-control and family studies regarding effect of the genetic factors on diseases such as coronary artery disease, systemic lupus erythematosus, diabetes mellitus, lung diseases and others. CONCLUSION Recent advance in the identification of chemokine genetic background of the diseases could provide opportunity for pharmacological treatment. However, we need more information about posttranscriptional events to understand functional relevance of polymorphisms and to discovery new avenues to blocking disease development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zdenka Navratilova
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University, Olomouc, Czech Republic.
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Preller V, Gerber A, Togni M, Wrenger S, Schraven B, Röcken C, Marguet D, Ansorge S, Brocke S, Reinhold D. CD26/DP IV in T cell activation and autoimmunity. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2006; 575:187-93. [PMID: 16700522 DOI: 10.1007/0-387-32824-6_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Vera Preller
- Institute of Immunology Otto-von-Guericke University, Leipziger Str 44, D-39120 Magdeburg, Germany
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Fainardi E, Castellazzi M, Bellini T, Manfrinato MC, Baldi E, Casetta I, Paolino E, Granieri E, Dallocchio F. Cerebrospinal fluid and serum levels and intrathecal production of active matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) as markers of disease activity in patients with multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler 2006; 12:294-301. [PMID: 16764342 DOI: 10.1191/135248506ms1274oa] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we employed a sensitive activity assay system to measure cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and serum levels of active matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) in 37 relapsing-remitting (RR), 15 secondary progressive (SP) and nine primary progressive (PP) multiple sclerosis (MS) patients, grouped according to clinical and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) evidence of disease activity. We also studied, as neurological controls, 48 patients with other inflammatory neurological disorders (OIND) and 48 with non-inflammatory neurological disorders (NIND). To assess active MMP-9/TIMP-1 circuit, CSF and serum levels of MMP-9 tissue inhibitor TIMP-1 were quantified by ELISA in the same patient population. CSF mean levels of active MMP-9, CSF active MMP-9/TIMP-1 ratios and intrathecal active MMP-9 synthesis, as indicated by specific index, were more elevated in MS than in NIND (P < 0.05, < 0.02 and < 0.02, respectively), serum active MMP-9/TIMP-1 ratio was higher in MS (P < 0.01) and OIND (P < 0.02) than in NIND, and serum TIMP-1 concentrations were lower in MS than in NIND (P<0.05). More importantly, serum active MMP-9 mean levels, serum active MMP-9/TIMP-1 ratio and intrathecal production of active MMP-9 were increased in MS patients with clinical (P < 0.001, < 0.001 and < 0.05, respectively) and MRI (P < 0.001, < 0.001 and < 0.02, respectively) disease activity, whereas CSF mean concentrations of active MMP-9 and CSF active MMP-9/TIMP-1 ratio were enhanced only in MS patients with MRI evidence of disease activity (P < 0.02 and < 0.01, respectively). Altogether, these findings suggest that a shift in MMP-9/TIMP-1 balance towards proteolytic activity of MMP-9 could be relevant in MS immune dysregulation. In addition, our results indicate that CSF and serum levels of active MMP-9 may represent a potential surrogate biomarker for monitoring MS disease activity. In particular, serum active MMP-9/TIMP-1 ratio seems to be a very appropriate indicator of ongoing MS inflammation, since it is easily measurable.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Fainardi
- Multiple Sclerosis Center, Section of Neurology, University of Ferrara, Arcispedale S. Anna, Corso della Giovecca 203, Ferrara 1-44100, Italy.
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Ness TL, Kunkel SL, Hogaboam CM. CCR5 antagonists: the answer to inflammatory disease? Expert Opin Ther Pat 2006; 16:1051-65. [DOI: 10.1517/13543776.16.8.1051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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50
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Cumming JG, Brown SJ, Cooper AE, Faull AW, Flynn AP, Grime K, Oldfield J, Shaw JS, Shepherd E, Tucker H, Whittaker D. Modulators of the human CCR5 receptor. Part 3: SAR of substituted 1-[3-(4-methanesulfonylphenyl)-3-phenylpropyl]-piperidinyl phenylacetamides. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2006; 16:3533-6. [PMID: 16631366 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2006.03.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2006] [Revised: 03/24/2006] [Accepted: 03/25/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
SAR and PK studies led to the identification of N-(1-{(3R)-3-(3,5-difluorophenyl)-3-[4-methanesulfonylphenyl] propyl}piperidin-4-yl)-N-ethyl-2-[4-methanesulfonylphenyl]acetamide as a highly potent and selective ligand for the human CCR5 chemokine receptor with good oral pharmacokinetic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- John G Cumming
- Respiratory and Inflammation Research Area, AstraZeneca, Mereside, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire SK10 4TG, UK.
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