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Shaw HA, Remmington A, McKenzie G, Winkel C, Mawas F. Mucosal Immunization Has Benefits over Traditional Subcutaneous Immunization with Group A Streptococcus Antigens in a Pilot Study in a Mouse Model. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:1724. [PMID: 38006056 PMCID: PMC10674289 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11111724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Revised: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Group A Streptococcus (GAS) is a major human pathogen for which there is no licensed vaccine. To protect against infection, a strong systemic and mucosal immune response is likely to be necessary to prevent initial colonization and any events that might lead to invasive disease. A broad immune response will be necessary to target the varied GAS serotypes and disease presentations. To this end, we designed a representative panel of recombinant proteins to cover the stages of GAS infection and investigated whether mucosal and systemic immunity could be stimulated by these protein antigens. We immunized mice sublingually, intranasally and subcutaneously, then measured IgG and IgA antibody levels and functional activity through in vitro assays. Our results show that both sublingual and intranasal immunization in the presence of adjuvant induced both systemic IgG and mucosal IgA. Meanwhile, subcutaneous immunization generated only a serum IgG response. The antibodies mediated binding and killing of GAS cells and blocked binding of GAS to HaCaT cells, particularly following intranasal and subcutaneous immunizations. Further, antigen-specific assays revealed that immune sera inhibited cleavage of IL-8 by SpyCEP and IgG by Mac/IdeS. These results demonstrate that mucosal immunization can induce effective systemic and mucosal antibody responses. This finding warrants further investigation and optimization of humoral and cellular responses as a viable alternative to subcutaneous immunization for urgently needed GAS vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen Alexandra Shaw
- Vaccines Division, Science, Research & Innovation, Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency, Potters Bar EN6 3QG, UK
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Resistance is futile? Mucosal immune mechanisms in the context of microbial ecology and evolution. Mucosal Immunol 2022; 15:1188-1198. [PMID: 36329192 PMCID: PMC9705250 DOI: 10.1038/s41385-022-00574-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Revised: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
In the beginning it was simple: we injected a protein antigen and studied the immune responses against the purified protein. This elegant toolbox uncovered thousands of mechanisms via which immune cells are activated. However, when we consider immune responses against real infectious threats, this elegant simplification misses half of the story: the infectious agents are typically evolving orders-of-magnitude faster than we are. Nowhere is this more pronounced than in the mammalian large intestine. A bacterium representing only 0.1% of the human gut microbiota will have a population size of 109 clones, each actively replicating. Moreover, the evolutionary pressure from other microbes is at least as profound as direct effects of the immune system. Therefore, to really understand intestinal immune mechanisms, we need to understand both the host response and how rapid microbial evolution alters the apparent outcome of the response. In this review we use the examples of intestinal inflammation and secretory immunoglobulin A (SIgA) to highlight what is already known (Fig. 1). Further, we will explore how these interactions can inform immunotherapy and prophylaxis. This has major implications for how we design effective mucosal vaccines against increasingly drug-resistant bacterial pathogens Fig. 1 THE IMMUNE RESPONSE SHAPES THE FITNESS LANDSCAPE IN THE GASTRO-INTESTINAL TRACT.: The red arrows depict possible evolutionary paths of a novel colonizer along adaptive peaks in the intestinal fitness landscapes that change with the status of the host immune system. The flat surfaces represent the non-null fitness baselines (values x or y) at which a bacterium can establish at minimum carrying capacity. a In the healthy gut, metabolic competence, resistance to aggressions by competitors and predators, swift adaptation to rapid fluctuations as well as surviving acidic pH and the flow of the intestinal content, represent potent selective pressures and as many opportunities for bacteria to increase fitness by phenotypic or genetic variations. b When pathogens trigger acute inflammation, bacteria must adapt to iron starvation, killing by immune cells and antimicrobial peptides, and oxidative stress, while new metabolic opportunities emerge. c When high-affinity SIgA are produced against a bacterium, e.g., after oral vaccination, escape of SIgA by altering or losing surface epitopes becomes crucial for maximum fitness. However, escaping polyvalent SIgA responses after vaccination with "evolutionary trap" vaccines leads to evolutionary trade-offs: A fitness maximum is reached in the vaccinated host gut that represents a major disadvantage for transmission into naïve hosts (fitness diminished below x) (d).
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Yu Y, Wang Q, Huang Z, Ding L, Xu Z. Immunoglobulins, Mucosal Immunity and Vaccination in Teleost Fish. Front Immunol 2020; 11:567941. [PMID: 33123139 PMCID: PMC7566178 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.567941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to direct contact with aquatic environment, mucosal surfaces of teleost fish are continuously exposed to a vast number of pathogens and also inhabited by high densities of commensal microbiota. The B cells and immunoglobulins within the teleost mucosa-associated lymphoid tissues (MALTs) play key roles in local mucosal adaptive immune responses. So far, three Ig isotypes (i.e., IgM, IgD, and IgT/Z) have been identified from the genomic sequences of different teleost fish species. Moreover, teleost Igs have been reported to elicit mammalian-like mucosal immune response in six MALTs: gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT), skin-associated lymphoid tissue (SALT), gill-associated lymphoid tissue (GIALT), nasal-associated lymphoid tissue (NALT), and the recently discovered buccal and pharyngeal MALTs. Critically, analogous to mammalian IgA, teleost IgT represents the most ancient Ab class specialized in mucosal immunity and plays indispensable roles in the clearance of mucosal pathogens and the maintenance of microbiota homeostasis. Given these, this review summarizes the current findings on teleost Igs, MALTs, and their immune responses to pathogenic infection, vaccination and commensal microbiota, with the purpose of facilitating future evaluation and rational design of fish vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongyao Yu
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Qingchao Wang
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhenyu Huang
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Liguo Ding
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhen Xu
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China.,Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology of Fujian Province, Institute of Oceanology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
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Kong WG, Yu YY, Dong S, Huang ZY, Ding LG, Cao JF, Dong F, Zhang XT, Liu X, Xu HY, Meng KF, Su JG, Xu Z. Pharyngeal Immunity in Early Vertebrates Provides Functional and Evolutionary Insight into Mucosal Homeostasis. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 203:3054-3067. [PMID: 31645417 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1900863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The pharyngeal organ is located at the crossroad of the respiratory and digestive tracts in vertebrate, and it is continuously challenged by varying Ags during breathing and feeding. In mammals, the pharyngeal mucosa (PM) is a critical first line of defense. However, the evolutionary origins and ancient roles of immune defense and microbiota homeostasis of PM are still unknown. In this study, to our knowledge, we are the first to find that diffuse MALT is present in PM of rainbow trout, an early vertebrate. Importantly, following parasitic infection, we detect that strong parasite-specific mucosal IgT and dominant proliferation of IgT+ B cell immune responses occurs in trout PM, providing, to our knowledge, the first demonstration of local mucosal Ig responses against pathogens in pharyngeal organ of a nonmammal species. Moreover, we show that the trout PM microbiota is prevalently coated with secretory IgT and, to a much lesser degree, by IgM and IgD, suggesting the key role of mucosal Igs in the immune exclusion of teleost pharyngeal bacteria. Overall, to our knowledge, our findings provide the first evidence that pharyngeal mucosal immunity appear earlier than tetrapods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Guang Kong
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China; and
| | - Yong-Yao Yu
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China; and
| | - Shuai Dong
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China; and
| | - Zhen-Yu Huang
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China; and
| | - Li-Guo Ding
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China; and
| | - Jia-Feng Cao
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China; and
| | - Fen Dong
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China; and
| | - Xiao-Ting Zhang
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China; and
| | - Xia Liu
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China; and
| | - Hao-Yue Xu
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China; and
| | - Kai-Feng Meng
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China; and
| | - Jian-Guo Su
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China; and
| | - Zhen Xu
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China; and .,Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266071, China
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Tsai HC, Wu R. Mechanisms of Cholera Toxin in the Modulation of TH17 Responses. Crit Rev Immunol 2016; 35:135-52. [PMID: 26351147 DOI: 10.1615/critrevimmunol.2015012295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Numerous studies have shown that TH17 cells and their signature cytokine IL-17A are critical to host defense against various bacterial and fungal infections. The protective responses mediated by TH17 cells and IL-17A include the recruitment of neutrophils, release of antimicrobial peptides and chemokines, and enhanced tight junction of epithelial cells. Due to the importance of TH17 cells in infections, efforts have been made to develop TH17-based vaccines. The goal of vaccination is to establish a protective immunological memory. Most currently approved vaccines are antibody-based and have limited protection against stereotypically different strains. Studies show that T-cell-based vaccines may overcome this limitation and protect hosts against infection of different strains. Two main strategies are used to develop TH17 vaccines: identification of TH17-specific antigens and TH17-skewing adjuvants. Studies have revealed that cholera toxin (CT) induces a potent Th17 response following vaccination. Antigen vaccination along with CT induces a robust TH17 response, which is sometimes accompanied by TH1 responses. Due to the toxicity of CT, it is hard to apply CT in a clinical setting. Thus, understanding how CT modulates TH17 responses may lead to the development of successful TH17-based vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsing-Chuan Tsai
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Reen Wu
- Center for Comparative Respiratory Biology and Medicine, University of California, USA
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Laverde D, Wobser D, Romero-Saavedra F, Hogendorf W, van der Marel G, Berthold M, Kropec A, Codee J, Huebner J. Synthetic teichoic acid conjugate vaccine against nosocomial Gram-positive bacteria. PLoS One 2014; 9:e110953. [PMID: 25333799 PMCID: PMC4205086 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0110953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2014] [Accepted: 09/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipoteichoic acids (LTA) are amphiphilic polymers that are important constituents of the cell wall of many Gram-positive bacteria. The chemical structures of LTA vary among organisms, albeit in the majority of Gram-positive bacteria the LTAs feature a common poly-1,3-(glycerolphosphate) backbone. Previously, the specificity of opsonic antibodies for this backbone present in some Gram-positive bacteria has been demonstrated, suggesting that this minimal structure may be sufficient for vaccine development. In the present work, we studied a well-defined synthetic LTA-fragment, which is able to inhibit opsonic killing of polyclonal rabbit sera raised against native LTA from Enterococcus faecalis 12030. This promising compound was conjugated with BSA and used to raise rabbit polyclonal antibodies. Subsequently, the opsonic activity of this serum was tested in an opsonophagocytic assay and specificity was confirmed by an opsonophagocytic inhibition assay. The conjugated LTA-fragment was able to induce specific opsonic antibodies that mediate killing of the clinical strains E. faecalis 12030, Enterococcus faecium E1162, and community-acquired Staphylococcus aureus strain MW2 (USA400). Prophylactic immunization with the teichoic acid conjugate and with the rabbit serum raised against this compound was evaluated in active and passive immunization studies in mice, and in an enterococcal endocarditis rat model. In all animal models, a statistically significant reduction of colony counts was observed indicating that the novel synthetic LTA-fragment conjugate is a promising vaccine candidate for active or passive immunotherapy against E. faecalis and other Gram-positive bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Laverde
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- EA4655 U2RM Stress/Virulence, University of Caen Lower-Normandy, Caen, France
| | - Dominique Wobser
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Felipe Romero-Saavedra
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- EA4655 U2RM Stress/Virulence, University of Caen Lower-Normandy, Caen, France
| | - Wouter Hogendorf
- Bio-organic Synthesis Unit, Faculty of Science, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Gijsbert van der Marel
- Bio-organic Synthesis Unit, Faculty of Science, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Martin Berthold
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Andrea Kropec
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jeroen Codee
- Bio-organic Synthesis Unit, Faculty of Science, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands
- * E-mail: (JH); (JC)
| | - Johannes Huebner
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partnersite Munich, Munich, Germany
- * E-mail: (JH); (JC)
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7
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Tsai HC, Wu R. Cholera toxin directly enhances IL-17A production from human CD4+ T cells. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2013; 191:4095-102. [PMID: 24043897 PMCID: PMC3825190 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1301079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The significance of Th17 cells and IL-17A signaling in host defense and disease development has been demonstrated in various infection and autoimmune models. Additionally, the generation of Th17 cells is highly influenced by microbes. However, the specific bacterial components capable of shaping Th17 responses have not been well defined. The goals of this study were to understand how a bacterial toxin, cholera toxin (CT), modulates Th17-dominated response in isolated human CD4(+) T cells, and what are the mechanisms associated with this modulation. CD4(+) cells isolated from human peripheral blood were treated with CT. The levels of cytokine production and specific Th cell responses were determined by ELISA, Luminex assay, and flow cytometry. Along with the decreased production of other proinflammatory cytokines (IFN-γ, TNF-α, and IL-2), we found that CT could directly enhance the IL-17A production through a cAMP-dependent pathway. This enhancement is specific for IL-17A but not for IL-17F, IL-22, and CCL20. Interestingly, CT could increase IL-17A production only from Th17-committed cells, such as CCR6(+)CD4(+) T cells and in vitro-differentiated Th17 cells. Furthermore, we also demonstrated that this direct effect occurs at a transcriptional level because CT stimulates the reporter activity in Jurkat and primary CD4(+) T cells transfected with the IL-17A promoter-reporter construct. This study shows that CT has the capacity to directly shape Th17 responses in the absence of APCs. Our findings highlight the potentials of bacterial toxins in the regulation of human Th17 responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsing-Chuan Tsai
- Center for Comparative Respiratory Biology and Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA95616, U.S.A
| | - Reen Wu
- Center for Comparative Respiratory Biology and Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA95616, U.S.A
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Novel synthetic (poly)glycerolphosphate-based antistaphylococcal conjugate vaccine. Infect Immun 2013; 81:2554-61. [PMID: 23649092 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00271-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcal infections are a major source of global morbidity and mortality. Currently there exists no antistaphylococcal vaccine in clinical use. Previous animal studies suggested a possible role for purified lipoteichoic acid as a vaccine target for eliciting protective IgG to several Gram-positive pathogens. Since the highly conserved (poly)glycerolphosphate backbone of lipoteichoic acid is a major antigenic target of the humoral immune system during staphylococcal infections, we developed a synthetic method for producing glycerol phosphoramidites to create a covalent 10-mer of (poly)glycerolphosphate for potential use in a conjugate vaccine. We initially demonstrated that intact Staphylococcus aureus elicits murine CD4(+) T cell-dependent (poly)glycerolphosphate-specific IgM and IgG responses in vivo. Naive mice immunized with a covalent conjugate of (poly)glycerolphosphate and tetanus toxoid in alum plus CpG-oligodeoxynucleotides produced high secondary titers of serum (poly)glycerolphosphate-specific IgG. Sera from immunized mice enhanced opsonophagocytic killing of live Staphylococcus aureus in vitro. Mice actively immunized with the (poly)glycerolphosphate conjugate vaccine showed rapid clearance of staphylococcal bacteremia in vivo relative to mice similarly immunized with an irrelevant conjugate vaccine. In contrast to purified, natural lipoteichoic acid, the (poly)glycerolphosphate conjugate vaccine itself exhibited no detectable inflammatory activity. These data suggest that a synthetic (poly)glycerolphosphate-based conjugate vaccine will contribute to active protection against extracellular Gram-positive pathogens expressing this highly conserved backbone structure in their membrane-associated lipoteichoic acid.
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Abstract
Although the incidence of acute rheumatic fever and rheumatic heart disease has decreased significantly in regions of the world where antibiotics are easily accessible, there remains a high incidence in developing nations as well as in certain regions where there is a high incidence of genetic susceptibility. These diseases are a function of poverty, low socioeconomic status, and barriers to healthcare access, and it is in the developing world that a comprehensive prevention program is most critically needed. Development of group A streptococcal vaccines has been under investigation since the 1960s and 50 years later, we still have no vaccine. Factors that contribute to this lack of success include a potential risk for developing vaccine-induced rheumatic heart disease, as well as difficulties in covering the many serological subtypes of M protein, a virulence factor found on the surface of the bacterium. Yet, development of a successful vaccine program for prevention of group A streptococcal infection still offers the best chance for eradication of rheumatic fever in the twenty-first century. Other useful approaches include continuation of primary and secondary prevention with antibiotics and implementation of health care policies that provide patients with easy access to antibiotics. Improved living conditions and better hygiene are also critical to the prevention of the spread of group A streptococcus, especially in impoverished regions of the world. The purpose of this article is to discuss current and recent developments in the diagnosis, pathogenesis, and management of rheumatic fever and rheumatic heart disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Chang
- Division of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology, Thomas Jefferson University, Nemours/A.I. Dupont Children's Hospital, 1600 Rockland Road, Wilmington, DE 19803, USA.
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Henningham A, Gillen CM, Walker MJ. Group a streptococcal vaccine candidates: potential for the development of a human vaccine. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2012; 368:207-42. [PMID: 23250780 DOI: 10.1007/82_2012_284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Currently there is no commercial Group A Streptococcus (GAS; S. pyogenes) vaccine available. The development of safe GAS vaccines is challenging, researchers are confronted with obstacles such as the occurrence of many unique serotypes (there are greater than 150 M types), antigenic variation within the same serotype, large variations in the geographical distribution of serotypes, and the production of antibodies cross-reactive with human tissue which can lead to host auto-immune disease. Cell wall anchored, cell membrane associated, secreted and anchorless proteins have all been targeted as GAS vaccine candidates. As GAS is an exclusively human pathogen, the quest for an efficacious vaccine is further complicated by the lack of an animal model which mimics human disease and can be consistently and reproducibly colonized by multiple GAS strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Henningham
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences and Australian Infectious Disease Research Centre, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
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Huang YS, Fisher M, Nasrawi Z, Eichenbaum Z. Defense from the Group A Streptococcus by active and passive vaccination with the streptococcal hemoprotein receptor. J Infect Dis 2011; 203:1595-601. [PMID: 21592989 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jir149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The worldwide burden of the Group A Streptococcus (GAS) primary infection and sequelae is considerable, although immunization programs with broad coverage of the hyper variable GAS are still missing. We evaluate the streptococcal hemoprotein receptor (Shr), a conserved streptococcal protein, as a vaccine candidate against GAS infection. METHODS Mice were immunized intraperitoneally with purified Shr or intranasally with Shr-expressing Lactococcus lactis. The resulting humoral response in serum and secretions was determined. We evaluated protection from GAS infection in mice after active or passive vaccination with Shr, and Shr antiserum was tested for bactericidal activity. RESULTS A robust Shr-specific immunoglobulin (Ig) G response was observed in mouse serum after intraperitoneal vaccination with Shr. Intranasal immunization elicited both a strong IgG reaction in the serum and a specific IgA reaction in secretions. Shr immunization in both models allowed enhanced protection from systemic GAS challenge. Rabbit Shr antiserum was opsonizing, and mice that were administrated with Shr antiserum prior to the infection demonstrated a significantly higher survival rate than did mice treated with normal rabbit serum. CONCLUSIONS Shr is a promising vaccine candidate that is capable of eliciting bactericidal antibody response and conferring immunity against systemic GAS infection in both passive and active vaccination models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Shu Huang
- Biology Department, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30302-4010, USA
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Rynda A, Maddaloni M, Ochoa-Repáraz J, Callis G, Pascual DW. IL-28 supplants requirement for T(reg) cells in protein sigma1-mediated protection against murine experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). PLoS One 2010; 5:e8720. [PMID: 20090936 PMCID: PMC2806841 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0008720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2009] [Accepted: 12/09/2009] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Conventional methods to induce tolerance in humans have met with limited success. Hence, efforts to redirect tolerogen uptake using reovirus adhesin, protein sigma 1 (pσ1), may circumvent these shortcomings based upon the recent finding that when reovirus pσ1 is engineered to deliver chicken ovalbumin (OVA) mucosally, tolerance is obtained, even with a single dose. To test whether single-dose tolerance can be induced to treat EAE, proteolipid protein (PLP130–151) was genetically fused to OVA to pσ1 (PLP:OVA-pσ1) and shown to significantly ameliorate EAE, suppressing proinflammatory cytokines by IL-10+ forkhead box P3 (FoxP3)+ CD25+CD4+ Treg and IL-4+CD25−CD4+ Th2 cells. IL-10R or IL-4 neutralization reversed protection to EAE conferred by PLP:OVA-pσ1, and adoptive transfer of Ag-specific Treg or Th2 cells restored protection against EAE in recipients. Upon assessment of each relative participant, functional inactivation of CD25 impaired PLP:OVA-pσ1's protective capacity, triggering TGF-β-mediated inflammation; however, concomitant inactivation of TGF-β and CD25 reestablished PLP:OVA-pσ1-mediated protection by IL-28-producing FoxP3+CD25−CD4+ T cells. Thus, pσ1-based therapy can resolve EAE independently of or dependently upon CD25 and assigns IL-28 as an alternative therapy for autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Rynda
- Veterinary Molecular Biology, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dartmouth Medical School, Lebanon, New Hampshire, United States of America
| | - Massimo Maddaloni
- Veterinary Molecular Biology, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana, United States of America
| | - Javier Ochoa-Repáraz
- Veterinary Molecular Biology, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dartmouth Medical School, Lebanon, New Hampshire, United States of America
| | - Gayle Callis
- Veterinary Molecular Biology, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana, United States of America
| | - David W. Pascual
- Veterinary Molecular Biology, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Rynda A, Maddaloni M, Mierzejewska D, Ochoa-Repáraz J, Maślanka T, Crist K, Riccardi C, Barszczewska B, Fujihashi K, McGhee JR, Pascual DW. Low-dose tolerance is mediated by the microfold cell ligand, reovirus protein sigma1. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2008; 180:5187-200. [PMID: 18390700 PMCID: PMC2629740 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.180.8.5187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Mucosal tolerance induction generally requires multiple or large Ag doses. Because microfold (M) cells have been implicated as being important for mucosal tolerance induction and because reovirus attachment protein sigma1 (psigma1) is capable of binding M cells, we postulated that targeting a model Ag to M cells via psigma1 could induce a state of unresponsiveness. Accordingly, a genetic fusion between OVA and the M cell ligand, reovirus psigma1, termed OVA-psigma1, was developed to enhance tolerogen uptake. When applied nasally, not parenterally, as little as a single dose of OVA-psigma1 failed to induce OVA-specific Abs even in the presence of adjuvant. Moreover, the mice remained unresponsive to peripheral OVA challenge, unlike mice given multiple nasal OVA doses that rendered them responsive to OVA. The observed unresponsiveness to OVA-psigma1 could be adoptively transferred using cervical lymph node CD4(+) T cells, which failed to undergo proliferative or delayed-type hypersensitivity responses in recipients. To discern the cytokines responsible as a mechanism for this unresponsiveness, restimulation assays revealed increased production of regulatory cytokines, IL-4, IL-10, and TGF-beta1, with greatly reduced IL-17 and IFN-gamma. The induced IL-10 was derived predominantly from FoxP3(+)CD25(+)CD4(+) T cells. No FoxP3(+)CD25(+)CD4(+) T cells were induced in OVA-psigma1-dosed IL-10-deficient (IL-10(-/-)) mice, and despite showing increased TGF-beta1 synthesis, these mice were responsive to OVA. These data demonstrate the feasibility of using psigma1 as a mucosal delivery platform specifically for low-dose tolerance induction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Rynda
- Veterinary Molecular Biology, Montana State University, 960 Technology Blvd. Bozeman, MT 59718
| | - Massimo Maddaloni
- Veterinary Molecular Biology, Montana State University, 960 Technology Blvd. Bozeman, MT 59718
| | - Dagmara Mierzejewska
- Department of Food Chemistry, Institute of Food Research, Polish Academy of Science, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Javier Ochoa-Repáraz
- Veterinary Molecular Biology, Montana State University, 960 Technology Blvd. Bozeman, MT 59718
| | - Tomasz Maślanka
- Veterinary Molecular Biology, Montana State University, 960 Technology Blvd. Bozeman, MT 59718
| | - Kathryn Crist
- Veterinary Molecular Biology, Montana State University, 960 Technology Blvd. Bozeman, MT 59718
| | - Carol Riccardi
- Veterinary Molecular Biology, Montana State University, 960 Technology Blvd. Bozeman, MT 59718
| | - Beata Barszczewska
- Veterinary Molecular Biology, Montana State University, 960 Technology Blvd. Bozeman, MT 59718
| | - Kohtaro Fujihashi
- Departments of Microbiology and Pediatric Dentistry, Immunobiology Vaccine Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham AL 35294
| | - Jerry R. McGhee
- Departments of Microbiology and Pediatric Dentistry, Immunobiology Vaccine Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham AL 35294
| | - David W. Pascual
- Veterinary Molecular Biology, Montana State University, 960 Technology Blvd. Bozeman, MT 59718
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Yokoyama Y, Harabuchi Y. Decreased serum and pharyngeal antibody levels specific to streptococcal lipoteichoic acid in children with recurrent tonsillitis. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 2002; 63:199-207. [PMID: 11997155 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-5876(02)00009-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Streptococcus (S.) pyogenes is a common cause of primary as well as recurrent tonsillitis (RT). Lipoteichoic acid (LTA) has been proposed as a possible candidate for vaccine formulation against streptococcal infections, because LTA is a common constituent of streptococci and the antibody to LTA inhibits bacterial attachment to epithelial cells in vitro. Streptolysin-O and streptococcal whole cell body are highly immunogenic and the antibodies to these antigens are reported to be better parameters for streptococcal infections The objective of the present study is to investigate how systemic and local immune activities against S. pyogenes may be associated with RT. METHODS Sera from 178 children with or without RT aged 1-15 years with a median age of 5 years were investigated for the levels of total immunoglobulins and antibodies specific to streptococcal antigens such as whole cell body, LTA, and streptolysin-O. Pharyngeal secretions from 67 children with or without RT aged 2-14 years with a median age of 6 years were subjects to secretory IgA (SIgA) antibody levels to streptococcal LTA. The antibodies to whole cell body and LTA were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Total immunoglobins and the anti-streptolysin-O antibody were assayed by nephelometry. RESULTS An age-matched comparison revealed that either levels of serum IgG antibody or pharyngeal SIgA antibody to streptococcal LTA at 2-5 years of age were significantly lower in RT children than in non-RT children (1.39 vs. 5.14 microg/ml, P=0.001; 10.6 vs. 29.9 units/ng/ml total SIgA, P=0.015; respectively) and correlated inversely to episodes of tonsillitis (r=-0.242, P=0.024; r=-0.3, P=0.024; respectively). Either serum total immunoglobulin levels of IgG or IgA correlated positively to episodes of tonsillitis in children aged 2-5 years (r=0.293, P=0.011; r=0.361, P=0.002; respectively). No difference was found on either serum levels of IgG antibody to streptococcal whole cell body or antibody to streptolysin-O between RT and non-RT children in any age-matched comparisons. High serum antibody levels to whole cell body was associated with high antibody levels to streptococcal LTA in non-RT children (r=0.198, P<0.05), but no association was found between these antibody levels in RT children. CONCLUSIONS Selective immunologic failure in systemic and pharyngeal antibody response to streptococcal LTA may be a potential cause of RT in young children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuji Yokoyama
- Tomakomai Otolaryngology Clinic, Shin-nakano, Tomakomai 3-9-8, 053-0006, Japan
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