1
|
Ho JK, Nation DA. Cognitive benefits of angiotensin IV and angiotensin-(1-7): A systematic review of experimental studies. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2018; 92:209-225. [PMID: 29733881 PMCID: PMC8916541 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2018.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2018] [Revised: 03/23/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To explore effects of the brain renin-angiotensin system (RAS) on cognition. DESIGN Systematic review of experimental (non-human) studies assessing cognitive effects of RAS peptides angiotensin-(3-8) [Ang IV] and angiotensin-(1-7) [Ang-(1-7)] and their receptors, the Ang IV receptor (AT4R) and the Mas receptor. RESULTS Of 450 articles identified, 32 met inclusion criteria. Seven of 11 studies of normal animals found Ang IV had beneficial effects on tests of passive or conditioned avoidance and object recognition. In models of cognitive deficit, eight of nine studies found Ang IV and its analogs (Nle1-Ang IV, dihexa, LVV-hemorphin-7) improved performance on spatial working memory and passive avoidance tasks. Two of three studies examining Ang-(1-7) found it benefited memory. Mas receptor removal was associated with reduced fear memory in one study. CONCLUSION Studies of cognitive impairment show salutary effects of acute administration of Ang IV and its analogs, as well as AT4R activation. Brain RAS peptides appear most effective administered intracerebroventricularly, close to the time of learning acquisition or retention testing. Ang-(1-7) shows anti-dementia qualities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jean K Ho
- Department of Psychology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | - Daniel A Nation
- Department of Psychology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Angiotensin IV Receptors Mediate the Cognitive and Cerebrovascular Benefits of Losartan in a Mouse Model of Alzheimer's Disease. J Neurosci 2017; 37:5562-5573. [PMID: 28476949 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0329-17.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2017] [Revised: 03/30/2017] [Accepted: 04/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) correlates with reduced onset and progression of Alzheimer's disease (AD). The mechanism depicting how ARBs such as losartan restore cerebrovascular and cognitive deficits in AD is unknown. Here, we propose a mechanism underlying losartan's benefits by selectively blocking the effects of angiotensin IV (AngIV) at its receptor (AT4R) with divalinal in mice overexpressing the AD-related Swedish and Indiana mutations of the human amyloid precursor protein (APP mice) and WT mice. Young (3-month-old) mice were treated with losartan (∼10 mg/kg/d, 4 months), followed by intracerebroventricular administration of vehicle or divalinal in the final month of treatment. Spatial learning and memory were assessed using Morris water mazes at 3 and 4 months of losartan treatment. Cerebrovascular reactivity and whisker-evoked neurovascular coupling responses were measured at end point (∼7 months of age), together with biomarkers related to neuronal and vascular oxidative stress (superoxide dismutase-2), neuroinflammation (astroglial and microglial activation), neurogenesis (BrdU-labeled newborn cells), and amyloidosis [soluble amyloid-β (Aβ) species and Aβ plaque load]. Divalinal countered losartan's capacity to rescue spatial learning and memory and blocked losartan's benefits on dilatory function and baseline nitric oxide bioavailability. Divalinal reverted losartan's anti-inflammatory effects, but failed to modify losartan-mediated reductions in oxidative stress. Neither losartan nor divalinal affected arterial blood pressure or significantly altered the amyloid pathology in APP mice. Our findings identify activation of the AngIV/AT4R cascade as the underlying mechanism in losartan's benefits and a target that could restore Aβ-related cognitive and cerebrovascular deficits in AD.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Antihypertensive medications that target the renin angiotensin system, such as angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs), have been associated with lower incidence and progression of Alzheimer's disease (AD) in cohort studies. However, the manner by which ARBs mediate their beneficial effects is unknown. Here, the angiotensin IV receptor (AT4R) was identified as mediating the cognitive and cerebrovascular rescue of losartan, a commonly prescribed ARB, in a mouse model of AD. The AT4R was further implicated in mediating anti-inflammatory benefits. AT4R-mediated effects were independent from changes in blood pressure, amyloidosis, and oxidative stress. Overall, our results implicate the angiotensin IV/AT4R cascade as a promising candidate for AD intervention.
Collapse
|
3
|
Andersson H, Demaegdt H, Johnsson A, Vauquelin G, Lindeberg G, Hallberg M, Erdélyi M, Karlén A, Hallberg A. Potent Macrocyclic Inhibitors of Insulin-Regulated Aminopeptidase (IRAP) by Olefin Ring-Closing Metathesis. J Med Chem 2011; 54:3779-92. [DOI: 10.1021/jm200036n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Andersson
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala University, Box 574, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Heidi Demaegdt
- Department of Molecular and Biochemical Pharmacology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Anders Johnsson
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala University, Box 574, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Georges Vauquelin
- Department of Molecular and Biochemical Pharmacology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Gunnar Lindeberg
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala University, Box 574, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Mathias Hallberg
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University, Box 591, SE-751 24 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Máté Erdélyi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Gothenburg, SE-412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
- Swedish NMR Centre, University of Gothenburg, Box 465, SE-405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Anders Karlén
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala University, Box 574, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Anders Hallberg
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala University, Box 574, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Vanderheyden PML. From angiotensin IV binding site to AT4 receptor. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2009; 302:159-66. [PMID: 19071192 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2008.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2008] [Revised: 11/03/2008] [Accepted: 11/03/2008] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
One of the fragments of the cardiovascular hormone Angiotensin II incited the interest of several research groups. This 3-8 fragment, denoted as Angiotensin IV (Ang IV) causes a number of distinct biological effects (see Introduction), unlikely to be explained by its weak binding to AT(1) and/or AT(2) receptors. Moreover the discovery of high affinity [(125)I]-Ang IV binding sites and their particular tissue distribution led to the concept of the AT(4) receptor. An important breakthrough was achieved by defining the AT(4) receptor as the membrane-bound insulin-regulated aminopeptidase (IRAP). Crucial for the definition as a receptor the binding of the endogenous ligand(s) should be linked to particular cellular and/or biochemical processes. With this respect, cultured cells offer the possibility to study the presence of binding sites in conjunction with ligand induced signaling. This link is discussed for the AT(4) receptor by providing an overview of the cellular effects by AT(4) ligands.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patrick M L Vanderheyden
- Department of Molecular and Biochemical Pharmacology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
De Bundel D, Smolders I, Vanderheyden P, Michotte Y. Ang II and Ang IV: unraveling the mechanism of action on synaptic plasticity, memory, and epilepsy. CNS Neurosci Ther 2009; 14:315-39. [PMID: 19040556 DOI: 10.1111/j.1755-5949.2008.00057.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The central angiotensin system plays a crucial role in cardiovascular regulation. More recently, angiotensin peptides have been implicated in stress, anxiety, depression, cognition, and epilepsy. Angiotensin II (Ang II) exerts its actions through AT(1) and AT(2) receptors, while most actions of its metabolite Ang IV were believed to be independent of AT(1) or AT(2) receptor activation. A specific binding site with high affinity for Ang IV was discovered and denominated "AT(4) receptor". The beneficiary effects of AT(4) ligands in animal models for cognitive impairment and epileptic seizures initiated the search for their mechanism of action. This proved to be a challenging task, and after 20 years of research, the nature of the "AT(4) receptor" remains controversial. Insulin-regulated aminopeptidase (IRAP) was first identified as the high-affinity binding site for AT(4) ligands. Recently, the hepatocyte growth factor receptor c-MET was also proposed as a receptor for AT(4) ligands. The present review focuses on the effects of Ang II and Ang IV on synaptic transmission and plasticity, learning, memory, and epileptic seizure activity. Possible interactions of Ang IV with the classical AT(1) and AT(2) receptor subtypes are evaluated, and other potential mechanisms by which AT(4) ligands may exert their effects are discussed. Identification of these mechanisms may provide a valuable target in the development in novel drugs for the treatment of cognitive disorders and epilepsy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dimitri De Bundel
- Research Group Experimental Pharmacology, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Drug Analysis and Drug Information, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Wright JW, Yamamoto BJ, Harding JW. Angiotensin receptor subtype mediated physiologies and behaviors: new discoveries and clinical targets. Prog Neurobiol 2008; 84:157-81. [PMID: 18160199 PMCID: PMC2276843 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2007.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2007] [Revised: 08/17/2007] [Accepted: 10/24/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) mediates several classic physiologies including body water and electrolyte homeostasis, blood pressure, cyclicity of reproductive hormones and sexual behaviors, and the regulation of pituitary gland hormones. These functions appear to be mediated by the angiotensin II (AngII)/AT(1) receptor subtype system. More recently, the angiotensin IV (AngIV)/AT(4) receptor subtype system has been implicated in cognitive processing, cerebroprotection, local blood flow, stress, anxiety and depression. There is accumulating evidence to suggest an inhibitory influence by AngII acting at the AT(1) subtype, and a facilitory role by AngIV acting at the AT(4) subtype, on neuronal firing rate, long-term potentiation, associative and spatial learning, and memory. This review initially describes the biochemical pathways that permit synthesis and degradation of active angiotensin peptides and three receptor subtypes (AT(1), AT(2) and AT(4)) thus far characterized. There is vigorous debate concerning the identity of the most recently discovered receptor subtype, AT(4). Descriptions of classic and novel physiologies and behaviors controlled by the RAS are presented. This review concludes with a consideration of the emerging therapeutic applications suggested by these newly discovered functions of the RAS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John W Wright
- Department of Psychology, Washington State University, P.O. Box 644820, Pullman, WA 99164-4820, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Involvement of insulin-regulated aminopeptidase in the effects of the renin–angiotensin fragment angiotensin IV: a review. Heart Fail Rev 2007; 13:321-37. [DOI: 10.1007/s10741-007-9062-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2007] [Accepted: 10/16/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
|
8
|
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad R Zarrindast
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Tchekalarova J, Georgiev V. Angiotensin peptides modulatory system: how is it implicated in the control of seizure susceptibility? Life Sci 2005; 76:955-70. [PMID: 15607326 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2004.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2004] [Accepted: 09/09/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Accumulated studies support the concept that angiotensin peptides, ANG II, ANG III, and ANG IV act as neurotransmitters or neuromodulators in specific neuronal pathways in the brain stem, the hypothalamus, and the forebrain. They have been implicated in the regulation of several physiological processes, particularly in excitable brain structures that express high concentration of their receptors. With the help of pharmacological approaches it was shown that angiotensin peptides appear to be anticonvulsant in a variety of experimental seizure models. Thus, ANG II increases the threshold for pentylenetetrazol (PTZ)-, bicuculline-and picrotoxin-induced seizures in mice. It also attenuates the intensity of clonic seizures evoked by PTZ and 3-mercaptopropionic acid and is effective in the maximal electroshock test. Furthermore, ANG II, ANG III, and ANG IV protect against the clonic convulsions in the PTZ kindling model of epilepsy in mice. From the accumulated results it could be assumed that the angiotensin peptides appear to realize their effects acting directly on their receptors (AT(1), AT(2) and AT(4)) and through close interaction with different neurotransmitter/neuromodulator systems as dopamine (DA)-, gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-and adenosine. This may contribute to a new potential use of angiotensin drugs either alone or in combination with other neuroprotective agents acting through the above mentioned systems, thus providing a more rational strategy for the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders such as epilepsy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jana Tchekalarova
- Laboratory of Experimental Psychopharmacology, Institute of Physiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Acad. G. Bonchev Str., Bl. 23, Sofia 1113, Bulgaria.
| | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Tchekalarova J, Sotiriou E, Georgiev V, Kostopoulos G, Angelatou F. Up-regulation of adenosine A1 receptor binding in pentylenetetrazol kindling in mice: effects of angiotensin IV. Brain Res 2005; 1032:94-103. [PMID: 15680946 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2004.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/02/2004] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The effects of the hexapeptide angiotensin II (3-8) ANG IV, the selective A(1) receptor agonist cyclohexyladenosine (CHA) and the combination of ANG IV + CHA on pentylenetetrazol (PTZ)-generalized seizures; kindling development and maintenance were studied. By using in vitro quantitative receptor autoradiography, the regulation of adenosine A(1) receptor density at different time points during the kindling procedure and postkindling period was determined. ANG IV and CHA effectively reduced clonic seizures in PTZ-generalized seizure model, in PTZ-kindled mice as well as during kindling development and a week later by rechallenge with PTZ. Furthermore, coadministration of ANG IV and CHA had a strong anticonvulsant effect, both compounds acting synergistically. A significant increase of adenosine A(1) receptor density was detected in somatosensory cortex, hippocampus, amygdala and geniculate nuclei early in the kindling procedure (after the 3rd injection), which persisted at least 1 month after the end of kindling procedure. In addition, a delayed up-regulation of adenosine A(1) receptor binding was observed a week after kindling in the mamillary bodies and a month later in the motor cortex. The pretreatment with ANG IV caused a down-regulation of adenosine A(1) receptor density to the control level in most time points and brain areas. In conclusion, PTZ kindling-induced increase of adenosine A(1) receptor binding at different time points and in specific brain structures might represent an adaptive mechanism for coping with the hyperexcitability typical for this phenomenon. The antiepileptogenic effect of ANG IV could be realized partly through an adenosine-dependent mechanism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jana Tchekalarova
- Laboratory of Experimental Psychopharmacology, Institute of Physiology, Acad. G. Bonchev Str., Bl. 23, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia 1113, Bulgaria.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Kehoe PG. The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system and Alzheimer s disease? J Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone Syst 2003; 4:80-93. [PMID: 12806589 DOI: 10.3317/jraas.2003.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Epidemiological studies from the last decade have begun to produce evidence that the perceived joint occurrence of vascular disease and Alzheimer's disease (AD), both common elderly disorders more often believed to occur by chance due to their high prevalence, may now actually have a more pathological significance. The following review discusses some of this evidence and the implications for cognitive decline and the development of AD and how a well-known cardiovascular risk factor gene, the apolipoprotein E (APOE) gene, plays a significant role in the molecular genetics of AD. It also introduces and discusses recent and compelling evidence for the involvement of another well-known cardiovascular risk factor gene, the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE1) gene, in the pathogenesis of AD. This role is suggested in terms of recent molecular genetic association evidence implicating the ACE1 insertion/deletion (indel) polymorphism, a more recent large haplotype study that greatly extends the ACE1 indel evidence and incorporates knowledge accrued from previous cardiovascular disease-focused ACE1 haplotype studies. Finally, this paper discusses very recent biological evidence that further supports a role for ACE1 and hypothesises a number of readily testable mechanisms by which the ACE1 enzyme and other components of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system may be implicated in increased risk and/or the progression of AD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patrick G Kehoe
- Department of Care of the Elderly, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS16 1LE, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Vauquelin G, Michotte Y, Smolders I, Sarre S, Ebinger G, Dupont A, Vanderheyden P. Cellular targets for angiotensin II fragments: pharmacological and molecular evidence. J Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone Syst 2002; 3:195-204. [PMID: 12584663 DOI: 10.3317/jraas.2002.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Although angiotensin II has long been considered to represent the end product of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS), there is accumulating evidence that it encompasses additional effector peptides with diverse functions. In this respect, angiotensin IV (Ang IV) formed by deletion of the two N terminal amino acids, has sparked great interest because of its wide range of physiological effects. Among those, its facilitatory role in memory acquisition and retrieval is of special therapeutic relevance. High affinity binding sites for this peptide have been denoted as AT(4)- receptors and, very recently, they have been proposed to correspond to the membrane-associated OTase/ IRAP aminopeptidase. This offers new opportunities for examining physiological roles of Ang IV in the fields of cognition, cardiovascular and renal metabolism and pathophysiological conditions like diabetes and hypertension. Still new recognition sites may be unveiled for this and other angiotensin fragments. Recognition sites for Ang-(1-7) (deletion of the C terminal amino acid) are still elusive and some of the actions of angiotensin III (deletion of the N terminal amino acid) in the CNS are hard to explain on the basis of their interaction with AT(1)-receptors only. A more thorough cross-talk between in vitro investigations on native and transfected cell lines and in vivo investigations on healthy, diseased and transgenic animals may prove to be essential to further unravel the molecular basis of the physiological actions of these small endogenous angiotensin fragments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Georges Vauquelin
- Department of Molecular and Biochemical Pharmacology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Sint-Genesius, Rode, B-1640, Belgium
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Tchekalarova J, Kambourova T, Georgiev V. Interaction of angiotensin II and III with adenosine A(1) receptor-related drugs in passive avoidance conditioning in rats. Behav Brain Res 2002; 129:61-4. [PMID: 11809495 DOI: 10.1016/s0166-4328(01)00319-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The present study examines the functional interaction between angiotensins (ANG II and III) and adenosine A(1) receptor-related drugs on passive avoidance (step-through) conditioning in rats. ANG II and III were administered intracerebroventricularly (i.c.v.) while N(6)-cyclohexyladenosine (CHA) and theophylline-intraperitoneally (i.p.), immediately after the training trial. ANG II (0.1,0.5,1 microg) induced dose-dependent (inverted-U) increase of the retention while ANG III in the same doses decreased it upon re-testing of rats 24 h and 7 days later. The selective adenosine A(1) receptor agonist CHA (0.1 mg/kg) attenuated memory-enhancing effect of ANG II (0.1 microg) 24 h but not 7 days after the training session. Conversely, CHA had opposite i.e. facilitating effect on ANG III (0.1 microg) response upon re-testing 24 h and 7 days later. The pretreatment with ANG III attenuated the retention-improving effect exerted by the non-specific adenosine A(1)/A(2) receptor antagonist theophylline (75 mg/kg) 24 h and 7 days after the training trial. Taken together, the results show a mutual interaction of the drugs belonging to the adenosine and angiotensin modulatory systems in memory consolidation of rats.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Tchekalarova
- Laboratory Experimental Psychopharmacology, Institute of Physiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Acad. G. Bonchev Str., Bl.23, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Mustafa T, Lee JH, Chai SY, Albiston AL, McDowall SG, Mendelsohn FA. Bioactive angiotensin peptides: focus on angiotensin IV. J Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone Syst 2001; 2:205-10. [PMID: 11881124 DOI: 10.3317/jraas.2001.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- T Mustafa
- Howard Florey Institute of Experimental Physiology and Medicine, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|