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Mechanisms of aggression and production in chickens: genetic variations in the functions of serotonin, catecholamine, and corticosterone. WORLD POULTRY SCI J 2019. [DOI: 10.1017/s0043933907001432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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2
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Villette V, Levesque M, Miled A, Gosselin B, Topolnik L. Simple platform for chronic imaging of hippocampal activity during spontaneous behaviour in an awake mouse. Sci Rep 2017; 7:43388. [PMID: 28240275 PMCID: PMC5327464 DOI: 10.1038/srep43388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2016] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic electrophysiological recordings of neuronal activity combined with two-photon Ca2+ imaging give access to high resolution and cellular specificity. In addition, awake drug-free experimentation is required for investigating the physiological mechanisms that operate in the brain. Here, we developed a simple head fixation platform, which allows simultaneous chronic imaging and electrophysiological recordings to be obtained from the hippocampus of awake mice. We performed quantitative analyses of spontaneous animal behaviour, the associated network states and the cellular activities in the dorsal hippocampus as well as estimated the brain stability limits to image dendritic processes and individual axonal boutons. Ca2+ imaging recordings revealed a relatively stereotyped hippocampal activity despite a high inter-animal and inter-day variability in the mouse behavior. In addition to quiet state and locomotion behavioural patterns, the platform allowed the reliable detection of walking steps and fine speed variations. The brain motion during locomotion was limited to ~1.8 μm, thus allowing for imaging of small sub-cellular structures to be performed in parallel with recordings of network and behavioural states. This simple device extends the drug-free experimentation in vivo, enabling high-stability optophysiological experiments with single-bouton resolution in the mouse awake brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Villette
- Neuroscience Axis, CHU de Québec Research Center (CHUL), Laval University, Québec, PQ, G1V 4G2, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Bio-informatics, Laval University, Québec, PQ, G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Mathieu Levesque
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Laval University, Québec, PQ, G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Amine Miled
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Laval University, Québec, PQ, G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Benoit Gosselin
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Laval University, Québec, PQ, G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Lisa Topolnik
- Neuroscience Axis, CHU de Québec Research Center (CHUL), Laval University, Québec, PQ, G1V 4G2, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Bio-informatics, Laval University, Québec, PQ, G1V 0A6, Canada
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In vivo Proton NMR spectroscopy of genetic mouse models BALB/cJ and C57BL/6By: variation in hippocampal glutamate level and the metabotropic glutamate receptor, subtype 7 (Grm7) gene. J Mol Neurosci 2014; 53:135-41. [PMID: 24390354 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-013-0211-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2013] [Accepted: 12/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Glutamatergic neurotransmission in the brain is modulated by metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluR). In recent studies, we identified a cis-regulated variant of a gene (Grm7) which codes for mGluR subtype 7 (mGluR7), a presynaptic inhibitory receptor. The genetic variant derived from the BALB/cJ mouse strain (Grm7 (BALB/cJ)) codes for higher abundance of mGluR7 mRNA in the hippocampus than the C57BL/6By strain-derived variant (Grm7 (C57BL/6By)). Here, we used localized in vivo (1)H NMR spectroscopy to test the hypothesis that Grm7 (BALB/cJ) is also associated with lower glutamate concentration in the same brain region. All data were obtained on a 7.0 T Agilent (Santa Clara, CA, USA) 40-cm bore system using experimentally naive adult male inbred C57BL/6By, BALB/cJ, and congenic mice (B6By.C.6.132.54) constructed in our laboratory carrying Grm7 (BALB/cJ) on C57BL/6By genetic background. The voxel of interest size was 6 μL (1 × 2 × 3 mm(3)) placed in the hippocampal CA1 region. The results showed that the hippocampal level of glutamate in the congenic mouse strain was significantly lower than that in the background C57BL/6By strain which carried the Grm7 (C57BL/6By) allele. Because the two inbred strains are genetically highly similar except at the region of the Grm7 gene, the results raise the possibility that allelic variation at the Grm7 locus contributes to the strain differences in both hippocampal mRNA abundance and glutamate level which may modulate complex behavioral traits, such as learning and memory, addiction, epilepsy, and mood disorders.
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Gyetvai B, Simonyi A, Oros M, Saito M, Smiley J, Vadász C. mGluR7 genetics and alcohol: intersection yields clues for addiction. Neurochem Res 2011; 36:1087-100. [PMID: 21448595 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-011-0452-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/16/2011] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Development of addiction to alcohol or other substances can be attributed in part to exposure-dependent modifications at synaptic efficacy leading to an organism which functions at an altered homeostatic setpoint. Genetic factors may also influence setpoints and the stability of the homeostatic system of an organism. Quantitative genetic analysis of voluntary alcohol drinking, and mapping of the involved genes in the quasi-congenic Recombinant QTL Introgression strain system, identified Eac2 as a Quantitative Trait Locus (QTL) on mouse chromosome 6 which explained 18% of the variance with an effect size of 2.09 g/kg/day alcohol consumption, and Grm7 as a quantitative trait gene underlying Eac2 [Vadasz et al. in Neurochem Res 32:1099-1112, 100, Genomics 90:690-702, 102]. In earlier studies, the product of Grm7 mGluR7, a G protein-coupled receptor, has been implicated in stress systems [Mitsukawa et al. in Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 102:18712-18717, 63], anxiety-like behaviors [Cryan et al. in Eur J Neurosci 17:2409-2417, 14], memory [Holscher et al. in Learn Mem 12:450-455, 26], and psychiatric disorders (e.g., [Mick et al. in Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 147B:1412-1418, 61; Ohtsuki et al. in Schizophr Res 101:9-16, 72; Pergadia et al. in Paper presented at the 38th Annual Meeting of the Behavior Genetics Association, Louisville, Kentucky, USA, 76]. Here, in experiments with mice, we show that (1) Grm7 knockout mice express increased alcohol consumption, (2) sub-congenic, and congenic mice carrying a Grm7 variant characterized by higher Grm7 mRNA drink less alcohol, and show a tendency for higher circadian dark phase motor activity in a wheel running paradigm, respectively, and (3) there are significant genetic differences in Grm7 mRNA abundance in the mouse brain between congenic and background mice identifying brain areas whose function is implicated in addiction related processes. We hypothesize that metabotropic glutamate receptors may function as regulators of homeostasis, and Grm7 (mGluR7) is involved in multiple processes (including stress, circadian activity, reward control, memory, etc.) which interact with substance use and the development of addiction. In conclusion, we suggest that mGluR7 is a significant new therapeutic target in addiction and related neurobehavioral disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatrix Gyetvai
- Laboratory of Neurobehavior Genetics, Nathan S Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, 140 Old Orangeburg Rd., Orangeburg, NY 10962, USA
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Clément Y, Le Guisquet AM, Venault P, Chapouthier G, Belzung C. Pharmacological alterations of anxious behaviour in mice depending on both strain and the behavioural situation. PLoS One 2009; 4:e7745. [PMID: 19907641 PMCID: PMC2770638 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0007745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2009] [Accepted: 08/06/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A previous study comparing non-emotive mice from the strain C57BL/6/ByJ with ABP/Le mice showed ABP/Le to be more anxious in an open-field situation. In the present study, several compounds affecting anxiety were assayed on ABP/Le and C57BL/6/ByJ mice using three behavioural models of anxiety: the elevated plus-maze, the light-dark discrimination test and the free exploratory paradigm. The compounds used were the full benzodiazepine receptor agonist, chlordiazepoxide, and the antagonist, flumazenil, the GABA(A) antagonist, bicuculline, the full 5-HT(1A) agonist 8-OH-DPAT, and the mixed 5-HT(1A)/5-HT(1B) agonist, RU 24969. Results showed the effect of the compounds to be dependent on both the strain and the behavioural task. Several compounds found to be anxiolytic in ABP/Le mice had an anxiogenic effect on C57BL/6/ByJ mice. More behavioural changes were observed for ABP/Le in the elevated plus-maze, but the clearest findings for C57BL/6/ByJ mice were observed in the light-dark discrimination apparatus. These data demonstrate that anxious behaviour is a complex phenomenon which cannot be described by a single behavioural task nor by the action of a single compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Clément
- Université Reims Champagne-Ardenne, Reims, France.
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6
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Takahashi A, Nishi A, Ishii A, Shiroishi T, Koide T. Systematic analysis of emotionality in consomic mouse strains established from C57BL/6J and wild-derived MSM/Ms. GENES BRAIN AND BEHAVIOR 2008; 7:849-58. [PMID: 18616609 PMCID: PMC2667313 DOI: 10.1111/j.1601-183x.2008.00419.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Consomic strains have recently attracted attention as an advantageous method to screen for genes related to developmental, physiological, and behavioral phenotypes. Recently, a new set of consomic strains was established from the Japanese wild-derived mouse strain MSM/Ms and C57BL/6JJcl. By analyzing the entire consomic panel, we were able to identify a number of chromosomes associated with anxiety-like behaviors in the open-field (OF) test, a light-dark box and an elevated plus maze. Detailed observation of the OF behavior allowed us to identify chromosomes associated with those ethological traits, such as stretch attend, rearing, and jumping. Repeated OF test trials have different meanings for animals, and we found that some chromosomes responded to only the first or second trial, while others were consistent across both trials. By examining both male and female mice, sex-dependent effects were found in several measurements. Principal component analysis of anxiety-like behaviors extracted five factors: 'general locomotor activity', 'thigmotaxis', 'risk assessment', 'open-arm exploration' and 'autonomic emotionality'. We mapped chromosomes associated with these five factors of emotionality.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Takahashi
- Mouse Genomics Resource Laboratory, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Shizuoka, Japan
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7
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Curley J, Champagne F, Bateson P, Keverne E. Transgenerational effects of impaired maternal care on behaviour of offspring and grandoffspring. Anim Behav 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2007.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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Vadasz C, Saito M, Gyetvai BM, Oros M, Szakall I, Kovacs KM, Prasad VVTS, Toth R. Glutamate receptor metabotropic 7 is cis-regulated in the mouse brain and modulates alcohol drinking. Genomics 2007; 90:690-702. [PMID: 17936574 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2007.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2007] [Revised: 08/07/2007] [Accepted: 08/14/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Alcoholism is a heritable disease that afflicts about 8% of the adult population. Its development and symptoms, such as craving, loss of control, physical dependence, and tolerance, have been linked to changes in mesolimbic, mesocortical neurotransmitter systems utilizing biogenic amines, GABA, and glutamate. Identification of genes predisposing to alcoholism, or to alcohol-related behaviors in animal models, has been elusive because of variable interactions of multiple genes with relatively small individual effect size and sensitivity of the predisposing genotype to lifestyle and environmental factors. Here, using near-isogenic advanced animal models with reduced genetic background interactions, we integrate gene mapping and gene mRNA expression data in segregating and congenic mice and identify glutamate receptor metabotropic 7 (Grm7) as a cis-regulated gene for alcohol consumption. Traditionally, the mesoaccumbal dopamine reward hypothesis of addiction and the role of the ionotropic glutamate receptors have been emphasized. Our results lend support to an emerging direction of research on the role of metabotropic glutamate receptors in alcoholism and drug addiction. These data suggest for the first time that Grm7 is a risk factor for alcohol drinking and a new target in addiction therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Csaba Vadasz
- Department of Psychiatry, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA.
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9
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Clément Y, Joubert C, Kopp C, Lepicard EM, Venault P, Misslin R, Cadot M, Chapouthier G. Anxiety in mice: a principal component analysis study. Neural Plast 2007; 2007:35457. [PMID: 17502910 PMCID: PMC1847470 DOI: 10.1155/2007/35457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2006] [Revised: 12/15/2006] [Accepted: 01/07/2007] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Two principal component analyses of anxiety were undertaken investigating
two strains of mice (ABP/Le and C57BL/6ByJ) in two different experiments, both classical tests for assessing anxiety in rodents. The elevated plus-maze and staircase were used for the first experiment, and a free exploratory paradigm and light-dark discrimination were used for the second. The components in the analyses produced definitions of four fundamental behavior patterns: novelty-induced anxiety, general activity, exploratory behavior, and decision making. We also noted that the anxious phenotype was determined by both strain and experimental procedure. The relationship between behavior patterns and the use of specific tests plus links with the genetic background are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Clément
- Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, CNRS UMR 7593, Université Paris 6, 91 Boulevard de l'Hôpital, 75634 Paris Cedex 13, France
- Laboratoire de Biochimie Médicale et Biologie Moléculaire, CNRS UMR 6198, Université Reims Champagne-Ardenne, 51096 Reims Cedex, France
| | - Chantal Joubert
- Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, CNRS UMR 7593, Université Paris 6, 91 Boulevard de l'Hôpital, 75634 Paris Cedex 13, France
| | - Caroline Kopp
- Laboratoire d'Ethologie et de Neurobiologie, URA CNRS 1295, Université Louis Pasteur, 7 Rue de l'Université, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Eve M. Lepicard
- Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, CNRS UMR 7593, Université Paris 6, 91 Boulevard de l'Hôpital, 75634 Paris Cedex 13, France
| | - Patrice Venault
- Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, CNRS UMR 7593, Université Paris 6, 91 Boulevard de l'Hôpital, 75634 Paris Cedex 13, France
| | - René Misslin
- Laboratoire d'Ethologie et de Neurobiologie, URA CNRS 1295, Université Louis Pasteur, 7 Rue de l'Université, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Martine Cadot
- Laboratoire de Biochimie Médicale et Biologie Moléculaire, CNRS UMR 6198, Université Reims Champagne-Ardenne, 51096 Reims Cedex, France
| | - Georges Chapouthier
- Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, CNRS UMR 7593, Université Paris 6, 91 Boulevard de l'Hôpital, 75634 Paris Cedex 13, France
- *Georges Chapouthier:
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Takahashi A, Kato K, Makino J, Shiroishi T, Koide T. Multivariate Analysis of Temporal Descriptions of Open-field Behavior in Wild-derived Mouse Strains. Behav Genet 2006; 36:763-74. [PMID: 16402282 DOI: 10.1007/s10519-005-9038-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2005] [Accepted: 11/23/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The open-field test is a commonly used apparatus in many behavioral studies. However, in most studies, temporal changes of details of behavior have been ignored. We thus examined open-field behavior as measured by both conventional indices and 12 ethograms supported by detailed temporal observation. To obtain a broader understanding, we used genetically diverse mouse strains: 10 wild-derived mouse strains (PGN2, BFM/2, HMI, CAST/Ei, NJL, BLG2, CHD, SWN, KJR, MSM), one strain derived from the so-called fancy mouse (JFI), and one standard laboratory strain, C57BL/6. Conventional measurements revealed a variety of relationships: some strains did not show the hypothesized association between high ambulation, longer stay in the central area, and low defecation. Our ethological approach revealed that some behaviors, such as freezing and jumping, were not observed in C57BL/6 but were seen in some wild-derived strains. Principal component analysis which included temporal information indicated that these strains had varied temporal patterns of habituation to novelty.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aki Takahashi
- Department of Genetics, SOKENDAI, Hayama, Kanagawa, Japan
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Hebda-Bauer EK, Watson SJ, Akil H. CREBalphadelta- deficient mice show inhibition and low activity in novel environments without changes in stress reactivity. Eur J Neurosci 2004; 20:503-13. [PMID: 15233759 DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2004.03487.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The ability to respond to unexpected or novel stimuli is critical for survival. Determining that a stimulus is indeed novel requires memory to ascertain its lack of familiarity. As the long-term synaptic changes involved in memory formation require the cAMP response element binding protein (CREB), we examined the extent to which CREB is involved in responses to novel environments. These environments typically trigger an endocrine stress response. Thus, we measured behavioural and stress hormone responses to three novel and one familiar environment in mice with a targeted disruption of the alpha and delta isoforms of the CREB gene (CREB(alphadelta-) deficient mice). We found CREB(alphadelta-) deficient mice to be less active and more inhibited in the elevated plus maze, open field, and light/dark box, without showing differences in anxiety-like behaviour. This inhibition is unique to novel environments because these mice display a normal phenotype in the home cage, a familiar environment. Although CREB(alphadelta-) deficient mice exhibit altered behaviour in novel environments, they show normal reactivity to mild and moderate stress as both basal and stress levels of corticosterone are similar to those of wild-type controls. This is the first report of CREB(alphadelta-) deficient mice to: (i) show altered behaviour, not related to learning and memory-associated behaviours, upon initial exposure to environments and (ii) serve as an animal model that can dissociate locomotor activity from anxiety-like behaviour in novel environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elaine K Hebda-Bauer
- Mental Health Research Institute, University of Michigan, 205 Zina Pitcher Place, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA.
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12
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Jousselin-Hosaja M, Tobin C, Venault P, Joubert C, Chapouthier G. Effects of adrenal medulla graft on recovery of GABAergic and dopaminergic neuron deficits in mice: behavioural, pharmacological and immunohistochemical study. Behav Brain Res 2003; 140:185-93. [PMID: 12644291 DOI: 10.1016/s0166-4328(02)00315-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
We studied the capacity of adrenal medullary transplant to restore the deficits of GABAergic and dopaminergic neurons in mice injected with quinolinic acid (QA), using an open field test as well as pharmacological and immunohistochemical techniques. We analysed behavioural traits-total locomotor activity, peripheral and central activities, grooming, leaning and rearing in the QA-lesioned mice and mice that had undergone adrenal medulla (AM) transplantation. We found that the adrenal transplant recovered a loss of GABAergic neurons. It reduced QA-induced hyperactivity in locomotion and improved emotional indices. In addition, immunohistochemical studies of catecholaminergic markers-tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), dopamine (DA) and neuronal vesicular monoamine transporter type 2- and a single post-trial injection of tetrabenazine (TBZ; 5 mg/kg) indicated that catecholamines-synthesising chromaffin cells in the AM grafts were also involved in the beneficial effects. A likely interpretation of this behavioural pattern of results is that adrenal medullary transplants set into play an interaction between GABAergic and DAergic factors. Our results may contribute to the clarification of the beneficial effects of AM transplants in striatal function.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Jousselin-Hosaja
- Laboratoire de Neurobiologie des Signaux Intercellulaires, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, CNRS, URM 7101, 7 Quai Saint Bernard, 75252 Paris, Cedex 05, France.
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13
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Jousselin-Hosaja M, Venault P, Tobin C, Joubert C, Delacour J, Chapouthier G. Involvement of adrenal medulla grafts in the open field behavior. Behav Brain Res 2001; 121:29-37. [PMID: 11275282 DOI: 10.1016/s0166-4328(00)00380-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Immunohistochemical and behavioral techniques were used to study the effects of adrenal medulla grafts, implanted in striatum after bilateral kainic acid (KA) lesions of this structure, on the open field behavior of mice. KA-induced behavioral changes in leaning, grooming and locomotor activity of the open field test were significantly improved after grafting of the adrenal medulla, and in some respects, fully restored. Immunohistochemical identification showed that grafts contained neuron-like cells with a tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase, gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), choline acetyltransferase (ChAT), and enkephalin-like immunostainings. A likely interpretation of this complex pattern of results is that adrenal medullary grafts may restore the deficits of GABAergic neurons which in turn reverse the abnormalities in emotionality and locomotion. Neurobiologically, these behavioral improvements probably involve GABAergic and catecholaminergic factors of adrenal medulla grafts, although other neuroactive substances, such as acetylcholine and enkephalins, cannot be excluded.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Jousselin-Hosaja
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Laboratoire de Neurobiologie des Signaux Intercellulaires, Institut des Neurosciences, UMR 7624, CNRS, 7 Quai Saint Bernard, 75252 Paris, Cedex 05, France.
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14
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Vadasz C, Sziraki I, Sasvari M, Kabai P, Murthy LR, Saito M, Laszlovszky I. Analysis of the mesotelencephalic dopamine system by quantitative-trait locus introgression. Neurochem Res 1998; 23:1337-54. [PMID: 9814544 DOI: 10.1023/a:1020790320875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
One of the significant factors that affect brain dopamine function is the activity of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), the first and rate-limiting enzyme in catecholamine biosynthesis. For the analysis of the genetically determined role of dopamine function and TH in behavior and in the regulatory mechanisms of the mesotelencephalic dopamine system we devised a novel genetic strategy (Vadasz; Mouse Genome 88:16-18; 1990). We hypothesized that phenotypic introgression and recombinant fixation could ensure the transfer of Quantitative Trait Loci (QTL) from one strain onto the genetic background of another strain, and new, genetically very similar quasi-congenic strains could be created that would carry individual QTLs, or QTLs in various combinations. Here we summarize the construction of the first set of QTL Introgression strains, and present evidence that QTLs that are responsible for the continuous variation of mesencephalic tyrosine hydroxylase activity (TH/MES), have been transferred onto the C57BL/6By (B6) strain background from BALB/cJ (C) and CXBI (I) donor strains with high and low TH/MES, respectively. The QTL transfer was carried out in two directions by repeated backcross-intercross cycles with concomitant selection for the extreme high and low expressions of TH/MES in replicates, resulting in four QTL Introgression lines. Analysis of regional brain TH activities in the course of the QTL introgression indicated that (a) TH activity in B6.I lines showed quite limited heritability, (b) TH/MES was not highly correlated with striatal TH, and (c) the control of hypothalamic and olfactory tubercle TH activities was largely independent from that of TH/MES. Examination of the open-field (OF) behavior data demonstrated that TH activity did not correlate significantly with OF behavior. After 5 backcross-intercross cycles, TH/MES in each replicate line was still significantly different from that of the B6 background strain. A genomewide scanning of microsatellite markers in the QTL introgression lines demonstrated that about 96% of the markers were of background (B6) type. These results indicate the successful transfer of TH/MES QTLs. After the QTL transfer phase of the experiment altogether more than 100 new RQI strains were initiated in the QTL Introgression lines by strict brother x sister mating. After fixing the introgressed QTLs, ten of the inbred RQI strains were tested for TH/MES. The results showed that in one of the new RQI strains TH/MES was restored to a level that is characteristic to the C donor strain, while TH/MES values in some other strains were between those of the background and donor strains, confirming our hypothesis that phenotypic introgression and recombinant fixation can ensure a virtually complete transfer of QTLs. We conclude from this study that complex, continuously distributed neural traits can successfully be subjected to QTL introgression, and the results raise the possibility that the RQI method can be efficiently applied for gene mapping of complex neural and behavioral traits even if their phenotypic expression is sensitive to confounding developmental and environmental variations, genetic interactions, and genotype-environment interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Vadasz
- Laboratory of Neurobehavioral Genetics, Nathan S. Kline Institute, Orangeburg, NY 10962, USA
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Abstract
The use of behavioural tests aiming to assess the psychological components of stress in animals has led to divergent and sometimes arbitrary interpretations of animal behaviour. This paper presents a critical evaluation of behavioural methods currently used to investigate stress and emotionality. One of its main goals is to demonstrate, through experimental evidence, that emotionality may no longer be seen as a unidimensional construct. Accordingly, following a discussion about concepts, we propose a multiple-testing approach, paralleled by factor analyses, as a tool to dissociate and study the different dimensions of emotionality. Within this multidimensional context, genetic studies (illustrated here by different rat models) are shown to be particularly useful to investigate the neurobiology of stress/emotionality. A genetic approach can be used (i) to broaden and dissect the variability of responses within and between populations and (ii) to search for the molecular bases (i.e. genes and gene products) which underlie such a variability.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Ramos
- Génétique du Stress CJF 94-05 INSERM--Institut François Magendie, Brodeaux, France
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16
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Hausheer-Zarmakupi Z, Wolfer DP, Leisinger-Trigona MC, Lipp HP. Selective breeding for extremes in open-field activity of mice entails a differentiation of hippocampal mossy fibers. Behav Genet 1996; 26:167-76. [PMID: 8639152 DOI: 10.1007/bf02359894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The brains of mice selectively bred for differential locomotor activity in an open field (DeFries et al., Behav. Genet. 8:3-13, 1978) were analyzed for selection-dependent changes in the size of synaptic fields at the midseptotemporal level for the hippocampus. Timm-stained areas of all hippocampal fields from both left and right hippocampi were measured on five horizontal sections from the midseptotemporal level. The sample included 25 mice from two replicate lines, each one consisting of a high (HI); a low (LO), and a control line (CTL). The main selection effect was an enlargement of the intra-infrapyramidal mossy fiber (IIP-MF) projection in both HI lines by about 70% compared to LO and CTL mice (p < .0001), while other mossy fiber fields did not show differences. These findings confirm that genetic variations of the IIP-MF projection influence hippocampal processes mediating exploratory activities.
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Hitzemann R, Qian Y, Kanes S, Dains K, Hitzemann B. Genetics and the organization of the basal ganglia. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 1995; 38:43-94. [PMID: 8537205 DOI: 10.1016/s0074-7742(08)60524-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- R Hitzemann
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Medicine, Pharmacology and Neurobiology and Behavior, SUNY at Stony Brook 11794, USA
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Vadász C, Sziráki I, Murthy LR, Sasvári-Székely M, Kabai P, Laszlovszky I, Fleischer A, Juhász B, Zahorchak R. Transfer of brain dopamine system-specific quantitative trait loci onto a C57BL/6ByJ background. Mamm Genome 1994; 5:735-7. [PMID: 7873887 DOI: 10.1007/bf00426084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- C Vadász
- Laboratory of Neurobehavioral Genetics, Nathan S. Kline Institute, Orangeburg, New York 10962
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Vadasz C, Kobor G, Lajtha A. Motor activity and the mesotelencephalic dopamine function. II. Multivariate analysis of genetically segregating generations. Behav Brain Res 1992; 48:41-7. [PMID: 1622552 DOI: 10.1016/s0166-4328(05)80137-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Previous experiments on genetically different inbred strains of mice demonstrated parallel variations between the activity of regional brain tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and locomotor behavior. Based on these associations, it was hypothesized that genetic variations in mesotelencephalic TH activity, an index of dopamine neurotransmitter function, would correlate positively with exploratory and locomotor behavior. In order to test this hypothesis, open-field motor behaviors and mesencephalic and striatal TH activities were analyzed by multivariate statistical methods in genetically segregating (C57BL/6ByJ X BALB/cJ)F2 and (C57BL/6ByJ X CXBI/ByJ)F2 generations. Factor analysis, based on correlation matrices of variables with significant genetic dominance or additive effects, demonstrated that locomotor activity and frequency of occurrence of various motor patterns were not correlated with mesencephalic and striatal TH activity. These results indicate that the assumption of a positive phenotypic correlation between spontaneous motor activity and mesotelencephalic TH activity does not hold in genetically segregating populations. Strategies and problems in revealing the behavioral consequences of genetically based variations in the mesotelencephalic DA system are briefly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Vadasz
- Laboratory of Neurobehavior Genetics, Nathan S. Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY 10962
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