1
|
Fantón N, Bacchetta C, Rossi A, Gutierrez MF. Effects of a glyphosate-based herbicide on the development and biochemical biomarkers of the freshwater copepod Notodiaptomus carteri (Lowndes, 1934). ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2020; 196:110501. [PMID: 32247958 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.110501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Revised: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In this work we analyzed the effects of Sulfosato Touchdown®, a glyphosate-based herbicide, on the ontogenic development and biochemical markers of the freshwater copepod Notodiaptomus carteri. A 30-days life-cycle experiment was carried out with three different glyphosate concentrations (0, 0.38, and 0.81 mg L-1) to analyze the developmental time from nauplii to adult copepods and their individual growth. An additional 10-days experiment with the same glyphosate concentrations was designed to evaluate the energy reserves (glycogen, proteins and lipids) and the activity of three antioxidant enzymes, superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase, and glutathione-S-transferase (GST) in adult copepods, separately for females and males. We found that the lowest glyphosate concentration increased the nauplii and total development time. The highest glyphosate concentration prevented copepods from reaching the adult stage, inhibited the growth of the first copepodite stage and increased the GST and SOD activity in adult females. According to our results, the presence of this herbicide in freshwater systems could impose a risk in the ecological role of copepods in nature. This study will contribute to propose the Notodiaptomus genus as model specie for monitoring purposes in the Neotropical aquatic systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Noelia Fantón
- Instituto Nacional de Limnología (CONICET-UNL), Ciudad Universitaria, 3000, Santa Fe, Argentina.
| | - Carla Bacchetta
- Instituto Nacional de Limnología (CONICET-UNL), Ciudad Universitaria, 3000, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Andrea Rossi
- Instituto Nacional de Limnología (CONICET-UNL), Ciudad Universitaria, 3000, Santa Fe, Argentina; Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias (FHUC-UNL), Ciudad Universitaria, 3000, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - María Florencia Gutierrez
- Instituto Nacional de Limnología (CONICET-UNL), Ciudad Universitaria, 3000, Santa Fe, Argentina; Escuela Superior de Sanidad "Dr. Ramón Carrillo" (FBCB-UNL), Ciudad Universitaria, 3000, Santa Fe, Argentina.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Quinn BK. Occurrence and predictive utility of isochronal, equiproportional, and other types of development among arthropods. ARTHROPOD STRUCTURE & DEVELOPMENT 2019; 49:70-84. [PMID: 30447339 DOI: 10.1016/j.asd.2018.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Revised: 11/04/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In isochronal (ICD) and equiproportional development (EPD), the proportion of total immature (egg, larval, and/or juvenile) development spent in each stage (developmental proportion) does not vary among stages or temperatures, respectively. ICD and EPD have mainly been reported in copepods, and whether they occur in other arthropods is not known. If they did, then rearing studies could be simplified because the durations of later developmental stages could be predicted based on those of earlier ones. The goal of this study was to test whether different taxa have ICD, EPD, or an alternative development type in which stage-specific proportions depend on temperature, termed 'variable proportional' development (VPD), and also how well each development type allowed later-stage durations to be predicted from earlier ones. Data for 71 arthropods (arachnids, copepod and decapod crustaceans, and insects) were tested, and most (85.9%) species were concluded to have VPD, meaning that ICD and EPD do not occur generally. However, EPD predicted later-stage durations comparably well to VPD (within 19-23%), and thus may still be useful. Interestingly, some species showed a 'mixed' form of development, where some stages' developmental proportions varied with temperature while those of others did not, which should be further investigated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brady K Quinn
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of New Brunswick, 100 Tucker Park Road, Saint John, NB E2L 4L5, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Biandolino F, Parlapiano I, Faraponova O, Prato E. Effects of short- and long-term exposures to copper on lethal and reproductive endpoints of the harpacticoid copepod Tigriopus fulvus. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2018; 147:327-333. [PMID: 28858705 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2017.08.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Revised: 07/24/2017] [Accepted: 08/17/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The long-term exposure provides a realistic measurement of the effects of toxicants on aquatic organisms. The harpacticoid copepod Tigriopus fulvus has a wide geographical distribution and is considered as an ideal model organism for ecotoxicological studies for its good sensitivity to different toxicants. In this study, acute, sub-chronic and chronic toxicity tests based on lethal and reproductive responses of Tigriopus fulvus to copper were performed. The number of moults during larval development was chosen as an endpoint for sub-chronic test. Sex ratio, inhibitory effect on larval development, hatching time, fecundity, brood number, nauplii/brood, total newborn production, etc, were calculated in the chronic test (28d). Lethal effect of copper to nauplii showed the LC50-48h of 310 ± 72µgCu/L (mean ± sd). It was observed a significant inhibition of larval development at sublethal copper concentrations, after 4 and 7 d. After 4d, the EC50 value obtained for the endpoint in "moult naupliar reduction" was of 55.8 ± 2.5µgCu/L (mean ± sd). The EC50 for the inhibition of naupliar development into copepodite stage, was of 21.7 ± 4.4µgCu/L (mean ± sd), after 7 days. Among the different traits tested, copper did not affect sex ratio and growth, while fecundity and total nauplii production were the most sensitive endpoints. The reproductive endpoints offer the advantage of being detectable at very low pollutant concentrations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Olga Faraponova
- ISPRA - Institute for Environmental Protection and Research, Rome, Italy
| | - Ermelinda Prato
- CNR-IAMC, Institute for Coastal Marine Environment, Taranto, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Druart C, Gimbert F, Scheifler R, de Vaufleury A. A full life-cycle bioassay with Cantareus aspersus shows reproductive effects of a glyphosate-based herbicide suggesting potential endocrine disruption. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2017; 226:240-249. [PMID: 28395863 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2017.03.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2016] [Revised: 03/14/2017] [Accepted: 03/25/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
A full life-cycle (240 days) bioassay using the terrestrial snail, Cantareus aspersus, allowing exposure during embryogenesis and/or the growth and reproduction phases, was used to assess the effects of Bypass®, a glyphosate-based herbicide (GlyBH), on a range of endpoints, including parameters under endocrine control. As a positive control, a mixture (R-A) made of diquat (Reglone®) and nonylphenols (NP, Agral®), known for its endocrine disrupting effects in other organisms, was tested. At environmental concentrations, both pesticides (R-A mixture and GlyBH) enhanced growth but reduced reproduction. The R-A mixture acted mainly on the fecundity through a delay in egg-laying of approximately 20 days and a strongly reduced number of clutches. This latter dysfunction may be caused by a permanent eversion of the penis, suggesting a disrupting effect at the neuro-endocrine level, which prevented normal mating. GlyBH acted on fertility, possibly due to a decrease in the fertilization of eggs laid by adults exposed during their embryonic development. These results, associated with the absence of observed effects on gonad histology of GlyBH exposed snails, suggested that the underlying mechanisms are neuro-endocrine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Coline Druart
- Department of Chrono-Environment, University of Bourgogne Franche-Comté, UMR CNRS 6249 usc INRA, 16 route de Gray, F-25030 Besançon Cedex, France.
| | - Frédéric Gimbert
- Department of Chrono-Environment, University of Bourgogne Franche-Comté, UMR CNRS 6249 usc INRA, 16 route de Gray, F-25030 Besançon Cedex, France
| | - Renaud Scheifler
- Department of Chrono-Environment, University of Bourgogne Franche-Comté, UMR CNRS 6249 usc INRA, 16 route de Gray, F-25030 Besançon Cedex, France
| | - Annette de Vaufleury
- Department of Chrono-Environment, University of Bourgogne Franche-Comté, UMR CNRS 6249 usc INRA, 16 route de Gray, F-25030 Besançon Cedex, France
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Effects of mercury on the life table demography of the rotifer Brachionus calyciflorus under different algal food (Scenedesmus obliquus) densities. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chnaes.2016.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
6
|
Lesueur T, Boulangé-Lecomte C, Restoux G, Deloffre J, Xuereb B, Le Menach K, Budzinski H, Petrucciani N, Marie S, Petit F, Forget-Leray J. Toxicity of sediment-bound pollutants in the Seine estuary, France, using a Eurytemora affinis larval bioassay. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2015; 113:169-75. [PMID: 25499049 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2014.11.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2014] [Revised: 11/21/2014] [Accepted: 11/25/2014] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Coastal urbanisation exposes surrounding estuarine environments to urban-related contaminants such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), polychlorobiphenyls (PCBs) and pesticide mixtures. Hydrophobic contaminants can adsorb on estuarine sediments. They can subsequently be released on a massive scale in the aquatic environment due to artificial or natural phenomena (e.g. dredging, tides), thereby threatening living organisms. The contamination of sediment is a significant ecological issue in the Seine estuary, France. However, few relevant methods have been developed to assess sediment toxicity and its ecological impacts in a cost-effective way. In this context, we aimed to assess the toxicity of natural sediments from the Seine estuary on the development of the calanoid copepod Eurytemora affinis using a previously developed larval bioassay. This assay involves direct exposure of nauplii to elutriates of sediments for six days. Sediments were collected along the Seine estuary from six polluted sites and one reference site. Pollutants in this estuary included PAHs, PCBs and OCPs (organochlorine pesticides). Nauplius survival was significantly more affected by exposure to all contaminated sediment elutriates, than by exposure to sediment from Yville-sur-Seine (the reference site), whereas nauplius growth was significantly reduced after exposure to contaminated sediment elutriates from four of the six contaminated sites. We identified two distinct site clusters, one including both the sand-rich and the least polluted sediments (Oissel, Quillebeuf-sur-Seine, Caudebec-en-Caux) and the other including both the clay- and silt-rich, and the most polluted sediments (La Bouille, Poses, Pont de Normandie). As expected, survival was significantly more impacted after exposure to elutriates from the second cluster than from the first. This work enables (i) assessment of the toxicity of natural sediments in the Seine estuary and (ii) validation of the larval bioassay previously developed using sorbed sediment with model molecules.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Teddy Lesueur
- UMR-I 02 SEBIO, FED 4116, ULH, Normandie University, BP 1123F-76063 Le Havre, France
| | | | - Gwendal Restoux
- UMR 8079 UPS CNRS ENGREF, University Paris-Sud, F-91405 Orsay cedex, France
| | - Julien Deloffre
- UMR CNRS 6143 M2C, FED 4116, UR, Normandie University, F-76821 Mont Saint Aignan, France
| | - Benoît Xuereb
- UMR-I 02 SEBIO, FED 4116, ULH, Normandie University, BP 1123F-76063 Le Havre, France
| | - Karyn Le Menach
- UMR CNRS 5805 EPOC-LPTC, Bordeaux University, F-33405 Talence, France
| | - Hélène Budzinski
- UMR CNRS 5805 EPOC-LPTC, Bordeaux University, F-33405 Talence, France
| | - Nathalie Petrucciani
- UMR-I 02 SEBIO, FED 4116, ULH, Normandie University, BP 1123F-76063 Le Havre, France
| | - Sabine Marie
- UMR-I 02 SEBIO, FED 4116, ULH, Normandie University, BP 1123F-76063 Le Havre, France
| | - Fabienne Petit
- UMR CNRS 6143 M2C, FED 4116, UR, Normandie University, F-76821 Mont Saint Aignan, France
| | - Joëlle Forget-Leray
- UMR-I 02 SEBIO, FED 4116, ULH, Normandie University, BP 1123F-76063 Le Havre, France.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Guo R, Chen J. Assessing the impacts of dimethoate on rotifers' reproduction through the pre-exposure history. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2015; 111:199-205. [PMID: 25450934 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2014.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2014] [Revised: 10/16/2014] [Accepted: 10/20/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Organism usually undergoes an exposure of environmental pollution after a maternal exposure before birth. Traditional toxicological studies often initiated with rotifer neonates derived from the unexposed mothers while ignoring the pre-exposure (maternal exposure). The present study assessed the effect of dimethoate on the reproduction of the rotifer Brachionus calyciflorus, considering how the pre-exposure occurred in the parental generation influenced the subsequent impact. The F0 generation rotifers were exposed to the pesticide at five concentrations until the first F1 generation rotifers were reproduced. The neonates (F1 generation) were then exposed to the pesticide at the corresponding concentrations. The offspring reproduction, the time begins to reproduce, the duration of the reproductive period and the lifespan of the F1 generation rotifers were evaluated. Our results indicated that dimethoate influenced the maturation and reproduction of the rotifers. The highest concentration (1.8 mg L(-1)) of dimethoate caused an inhibition in the offspring reproduction, shortened the life span and reduced the duration of the reproductive period. In addition, of particular interest in our study was that reproduction is also accelerated by the lowest concentration (0.2 mg L(-1)). However, the pre-exposure had a significant effect on the subsequent impact. The dimethoate pre-exposure increased the impacts when the F1 generation rotifers were exposed to the substance, even at the same concentrations as in pre-exposure. It suggests that the maternal exposure history before birth is also important and has the long-lasting consequence from one generation to another.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ruixin Guo
- Department of Environmental Science, China Pharmaceutical University, 210009 Nanjing, China
| | - Jianqiu Chen
- Department of Environmental Science, China Pharmaceutical University, 210009 Nanjing, China.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Reno U, Gutierrez MF, Regaldo L, Gagneten AM. The impact of Eskoba, a glyphosate formulation, on the freshwater plankton community. WATER ENVIRONMENT RESEARCH : A RESEARCH PUBLICATION OF THE WATER ENVIRONMENT FEDERATION 2014; 86:2294-300. [PMID: 25654931 DOI: 10.2175/106143014x13896437493580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
This study analyzed the acute effects of a glyphosate-based herbicide (Eskoba) on the microalgae Chlorella vulgaris, the cladoceran Simocephalus vetulus, and the copepod Notodiaptomus conifer, and evaluated the recovery ability of the surviving micro-crustaceans. Survival, age of first reproduction, and fecundity were used as endpoints for S. vetulus, while survival and time to reach the adult stage were used as endpoints for N. conifer. The registered order of sensitivity was S. vetulus (48-hour effective concentration [EC50]: 21 mg/L) > C. vulgaris (72-hour EC50: 58.59 mg/ L) > N. conifer (48-hour EC50: 95 mg/L). Despite the growth of C. vulgaris stimulated after 24 hours of exposure to the commercial formulation of glyphosate Eskoba, it was inhibited after 48 hours by all the concentrations tested. In postexposure experiments, microcrustaceans reduced their life expectancy, S. vetulus decreased its fertility, and N. conifer inhibited its sexual maturity. In summary, it was demonstrated that these species lost their recovery ability.
Collapse
|
9
|
Di Marzio WD, Castaldo D, Di Lorenzo T, Di Cioccio A, Sáenz ME, Galassi DMP. Developmental endpoints of chronic exposure to suspected endocrine-disrupting chemicals on benthic and hyporheic freshwater copepods. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2013; 96:86-92. [PMID: 23890366 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2013.06.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2013] [Revised: 06/20/2013] [Accepted: 06/25/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The aims of this study were: (i) to assess if carbamate pesticides and ammonium, widely detected in European freshwater bodies, can be considered ecologically relevant endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) for benthic and interstitial freshwater copepods; and (ii) to evaluate the potential of copepods as sentinels for monitoring ecosystem health. In order to achieve these objectives, four species belonging to the harpacticoid copepod genus Bryocamptus, namely B. (E.) echinatus, B. (R.) zschokkei, B. (R.) pygmaeus and B. (B.) minutus, were subjected to chronic exposures to Aldicarb and ammonium. A significant deviation from the developmental time of unexposed control cultures was observed for all the species in test cultures. Aldicarb caused an increase in generation time over 80% in both B. minutus and B. zschokkei, but less than 35% in B. pygmaeus and B. echinatus. Ammonium increased generation time over 33% in B. minutus, and 14, 12 and 3.5% for B. pygmaeus, B. zschokkei and B. echinatus, respectively. On the basis of these results it can be concluded that chronic exposure to carbamate pesticides and ammonium alters the post-naupliar development of the test-species and propose their potential role as EDCs, leaving open the basis to search what are the mechanism underlying. A prolonged developmental time would probably produce a detrimental effect on population attributes, such as age structure and population size. These deviations from a pristine population condition may be considered suitable biological indicators of ecosystem stress, particularly useful to compare polluted to unpolluted reference sites. Due to their dominance in both benthic and interstitial habitats, and their sensitivity as test organisms, freshwater benthic and hyporheic copepods can fully be used as sentinel species for assessing health condition of aquatic ecosystems as required by world-wide water legislation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- W D Di Marzio
- Comisión Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas CONICET, Argentina.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Gutierrez MF, Paggi JC, Gagneten AM. Microcrustaceans escape behavior as an early bioindicator of copper, chromium and endosulfan toxicity. ECOTOXICOLOGY (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2012; 21:428-438. [PMID: 22038688 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-011-0803-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/24/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this work was to experimentally analyze the impact of copper, chromium and a commercial pesticide with endosulfan on the escape behavior of two copepods (Notodiaptomus conifer, Argyrodiaptomus falcifer) and three cladocerans (Daphnia magna, Pseudosida variabilis and Ceriodaphnia dubia). The experimental assays were carried out using a novel hydraulic devise designed to mimic three-speed predator capture behavior. Two concentrations, one "high" and one "low", were employed and the exposure time was 15 (±5) minutes. With two exceptions, the species exposed to heavy metals manifested higher ability to escape than controls. Both concentrations of the pesticide reduced the escape ability of cladocerans but copepods responded, in general, in a similar manner as for heavy metals. The immediate apparent advantage of low and early toxic effects is discussed and the high sensitivity of the escape behavior suggests that it could be a complementary endpoint to be used in future ecotoxicological tests.
Collapse
|
11
|
Gutierrez MF, Gagneten AM, Paggi JC. Exposure to sublethal chromium and endosulfan alter the diel vertical migration (DVM) in freshwater zooplankton crustaceans. ECOTOXICOLOGY (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2012; 21:37-47. [PMID: 21842398 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-011-0761-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/03/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Among zooplankton behaviors, diel migrations constitute one of the most effective predator avoidance strategy and confer metabolic and demographic advantages. We aim to examine whether sublethal concentrations of two widespread pollutants (a pesticide with endosulfan and chromium as potassium dichromate) alter the depth selection, vertical migration and grouping of five freshwater species: Argyrodiaptomus falcifer, Notodiaptomus conifer, Pseudosida variabilis, Ceriodaphnia dubia and Daphnia magna. In a series of experimental assays, performed with 150 cm length transparent tubes, we analyzed the ascents and descents movements through periods of 24 h. Among controls, the copepods showed a tendency to remain closest to the surface, however, N. conifer registered a downward movement of 18.14 cm between 06:00 and 12:00. The cladoceran P. variabilis occupied the deeper position (85 cm), C. dubia showed a tendency to hike to the surface at 06:00 (57.7 cm) descending to lower levels at 18:00. D. magna showed a constant movement of ascent between 00:00 and 18:00, making an average travel of 29.4 cm. When subjected to pollutants, these behaviors were altered. It is hypothesized that a reduction in swimming activity and disorientation would be the main cause of such alterations. The high sensitivity of this endpoint sugests it to be adecuate as a complement in future standard toxicity tests.
Collapse
|
12
|
Perez-Landa V, Simpson SL. A short life-cycle test with the epibenthic copepod Nitocra spinipes for sediment toxicity assessment. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2011; 30:1430-1439. [PMID: 21360580 DOI: 10.1002/etc.513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2010] [Revised: 10/18/2010] [Accepted: 01/19/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
A new short life-cycle test methodology is presented to evaluate sublethal effects of contaminated sediments to the harpacticoid copepod species Nitocra spinipes. The method combines a 4-d survival-gravidity test with a 7-d development test. For water-only Cu exposures, the sensitivity of the development test endpoints were compared with tests using nonexposed gravid females to initiate the 7-d development test phase, and also with a multiple generation test comprising three successive phases: 9-d development; 21-d survival-gravidity; second-generation 9-d development. The results indicated that the development endpoints were the most sensitive, with median effective concentration (EC50) values of 95 µg Cu/L for nauplii/gravid female and 101 µg Cu/L copepodites/gravid female endpoints, followed by the gravidity (144 µg Cu/L) and survival (347 µg Cu/L). The sensitivity of the short life-cycle test endpoints was similar to the multiple-generation test endpoints, and the shorter test had less variability in controls. The multiple-generation test showed a large amount of stimulation of reproduction and development at Cu concentrations of 50 to 100 µg/L. The suitability of the short life-cycle test for assessing sediment toxicity was demonstrated using Cu-spiked and naturally contaminated whole sediments. Although the small nauplii were more difficult to isolate from sediments, the small amounts of sediments used for the tests and the large effects of the contaminated sediments on nauplii and copepodite numbers resulted in significant differences to controls. For sediment exposures, the sensitivity of the endpoints was in the order development > gravidity > survival. The short life-cycle test was demonstrated to detect, within 11 d of exposure, similar levels of effects on reproduction and development to those detected using a 39-d multiple-generation exposure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Victor Perez-Landa
- Centre for Environmental Contaminants Research, CSIRO Land and Water, Kirrawee, New South Wales, Australia
| | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Kullik SA, Sears MK, Schaafsma AW. Sublethal effects of Cry 1F Bt corn and clothianidin on black cutworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) larval development. JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 2011; 104:484-493. [PMID: 21510196 DOI: 10.1603/ec10360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Black cutworm, Agrotis ipsilon (Hufnagel) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), is an occasional pest of maize (corn), Zea mays L., that may cause severe stand losses and injury to corn seedlings. The efficacy of the neonicotinoid seed treatment clothianidin at two commercially available rates and their interaction with a transgenic corn hybrid (Bt corn), trait expressing the Bacillus thuringiensis variety aizawai insecticidal toxin Cry 1Fa2, against black cutworm larvae was investigated. Clothianidin at a rate of 25 mg kernel(-1) on Bt corn increased larval mortality and reduced larval weight gains additively. In contrast, weights of larvae fed non-Bt corn seedlings treated with clothianidin at a rate of 25 mg kernel(-1) increased significantly, suggesting either compensatory overconsumption, hormesis, or hormoligosis. Both Bt corn alone and clothianidin at a rate of 125 mg kernel(-1) applied to non-Bt corn seedlings caused increased mortality and reduced larval weight gains. In two field trials, plots planted with Bt corn hybrids consistently had the highest plant populations and yields, regardless of whether they were treated with clothianidin at the lower commercial rate of 25 mg kernel(-1) The use of Bt corn alone or in combination with the low rate of clothianidin (25 mg kernel(-1)) seems suitable as a means of suppressing black cutworm in no-tillage cornfields, although rescue treatments may still be necessary under severe infestations. Clothianidin alone at the low rate of 25 mg kernel(-1) is not recommended for black cutworm control until further studies of its effects on larval physiology and field performance have been completed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sigrun A Kullik
- School of Environmental Science, Ontario Agricultural College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Calabrese EJ, Mattson MP. Hormesis provides a generalized quantitative estimate of biological plasticity. J Cell Commun Signal 2011; 5:25-38. [PMID: 21484586 PMCID: PMC3058190 DOI: 10.1007/s12079-011-0119-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2010] [Accepted: 01/10/2010] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Phenotypic plasticity represents an environmentally-based change in an organism's observable properties. Since biological plasticity is a fundamental adaptive feature, it has been extensively assessed with respect to its quantitative features and genetic foundations, especially within an ecological evolutionary framework. Toxicological investigations on the dose-response continuum (i.e., very broad dose range) that include documented evidence of the hormetic dose response zone (i.e., responses to doses below the toxicological threshold) can be employed to provide a quantitative estimate of phenotypic plasticity. The low dose hormetic stimulation is an adaptive response that reflects an environmentally-induced altered phenotype and provides a quantitative estimate of biological plasticity. Analysis of nearly 8,000 dose responses within the hormesis database indicates that quantitative features of phenotypic plasticity are highly generalizable, being independent of biological model, endpoint measured and chemical/physical stress inducing agent. The magnitude of phenotype changes indicative of plasticity is modest with maximum responses typically being approximately 30-60% greater than control values. The present findings provide the first quantitative estimates of biological plasticity and its capacity for generalization. Summary This article provides the first quantitative estimate of biological plasticity that may be generalized across plant, microbial, animal systems, and across all levels of biological organization. The quantitative features of plasticity are described by the hormesis dose response model. These findings have important biological, biomedical and evolutionary implications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Edward J. Calabrese
- School of Public Health and Health Sciences, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Morrill I, N344, Amherst, MA 01003 USA
| | - Mark P. Mattson
- National Institute of Aging Intramural Research Program, Biomedical Research Center, 5th Floor, 251 Bayview Boulevard, Baltimore, MD 22124 USA
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Bechmann RK, Larsen BK, Taban IC, Hellgren LI, Møller P, Sanni S. Chronic exposure of adults and embryos of Pandalus borealis to oil causes PAH accumulation, initiation of biomarker responses and an increase in larval mortality. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2010; 60:2087-2098. [PMID: 20800854 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2010.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2009] [Revised: 07/12/2010] [Accepted: 07/16/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Adult shrimps (Pandalus borealis) and their embryos were exposed to an oil-water dispersion (OWD) at concentrations of 0.015, 0.06 and 0.25 mg/L using a continuous flow system. Lysosomal membrane stability was analysed in haemocytes using the neutral red retention assay and an alkaline unwinding assay was used to measure DNA damage in hepatopancreas tissue. Exposure to oil induced concentration and time dependent biomarker responses in adult shrimps together with the accumulation of PAH in their tissues. Oil exposure of shrimp embryos caused increased mortality in the resultant larvae, even if the larvae were kept in clean water after hatching. There were minor differences observed in larval stage development times in the first part of the experiments. The fatty acid composition of embryos exposed to oil was different to that of non-exposed larvae. PAH tissue concentration and biomarker responses correlated to the reduced survival of the shrimp larvae.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Renée Katrin Bechmann
- International Research Institute of Stavanger/IRIS-Biomiljø, Mekjarvik 12, 4070 Randaberg, Norway.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Duchet C, Coutellec MA, Franquet E, Lagneau C, Lagadic L. Population-level effects of spinosad and Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis in Daphnia pulex and Daphnia magna: comparison of laboratory and field microcosm exposure conditions. ECOTOXICOLOGY (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2010; 19:1224-1237. [PMID: 20552396 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-010-0507-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/22/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Because exposure to toxicants not only results in mortality but also in multiple sublethal effects, the use of life-table data appears particularly suitable to assess global effects on exposed populations. The present study uses a life table response approach to assess population-level effects of two insecticides used against mosquito larvae, spinosad (8 μg/l) and Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis (Bti, 0.5 μl/l), on two non target species, Daphnia pulex and Daphnia magna (Crustacea: Cladocera), under laboratory versus field microcosms conditions. Population growth rates were inferred from life table data and Leslie matrices under a model with resource limitation (ceiling). These were further used to estimate population risks of extinction under each tested condition, using stochastic simulations. In laboratory conditions, analyses performed for each species confirmed the significant negative effect of spinosad on survival, mean time at death, and fecundity as compared to controls and Bti-treated groups; for both species, population growth rate λ was lower under exposure to spinosad. In field microcosms, 2 days after larvicide application, differences in population growth rates were observed between spinosad exposure conditions, and control and Bti exposure conditions. Simulations performed on spinosad-exposed organisms led to population extinction (minimum abundance = 0, extinction risk = 1), and this was extremely rapid (time to quasi-extinction = 4.1 one-week long steps, i.e. one month). Finally, D. magna was shown to be more sensitive than D. pulex to spinosad in the laboratory, and the effects were also detectable through field population demographic simulations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Claire Duchet
- Entente Interdépartementale de Démoustication du Littoral Méditerranéen, 165 Avenue Paul-Rimbaud, 34184, Montpellier, France
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Ralston-Hooper KJ, Adamec J, Jannash A, Mollenhauer R, Ochoa-Acuña H, Sepúlveda MS. Use of GC × GC/TOF-MS and LC/TOF-MS for metabolomic analysis of Hyalella azteca chronically exposed to atrazine and its primary metabolite, desethylatrazine. J Appl Toxicol 2010; 31:399-410. [DOI: 10.1002/jat.1587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2010] [Revised: 07/15/2010] [Accepted: 07/28/2010] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
|
18
|
Diz FR, Araújo CVM, Moreno-Garrido I, Hampel M, Blasco J. Short-term toxicity tests on the harpacticoid copepod Tisbe battagliai: lethal and reproductive endpoints. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2009; 72:1881-1886. [PMID: 19362371 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2009.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2008] [Revised: 12/16/2008] [Accepted: 03/08/2009] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Short-term bioassays based on lethal and reproductive responses of Tisbe battagliai were applied to determine responses of copepods to copper and LAS. Percentage of spawning females, fecundity (F), and total newborn production (N) for 48 and 72 h were calculated for both substances. It was observed percentage of spawning females was not affected by sublethal concentrations of both compounds. Following values were obtained: EC(50)(N)-48 h of 670+/-30 microgLASL(-1) and EC(50)(F)-48 h of 670+/-30 microgLASL(-1); and EC(50)(N)-72 h of 44.5+/-1.8 microgCuL(-1) and EC(50)(F)-72 h of 30.8+/-1.1 microgCuL(-1). Lethal effects of the two substance-types were also assessed, obtaining the LC(50)-24h of 1980+/-160 microgLASL(-1); and LC(50)-48 h of 83.1+/-10.5 microgCuL(-1) for nauplii; and LC(50)-72 h of 157+/-25 microgCuL(-1), and LC(50)-72 h of 2660+/-270 microgLASL(-1) for adults. Fecundity and total newborn production are sensitive endpoints for determining effects of toxicants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fernando R Diz
- Instituto de Ciencias Marinas de Andalucía, Av. República Saharaui 2, 11510 Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Bang HW, Lee W, Kwak IS. Detecting points as developmental delay based on the life-history development and urosome deformity of the harpacticoid copepod, Tigriopus japonicus sensu lato, following exposure to benzo(a)pyrene. CHEMOSPHERE 2009; 76:1435-1439. [PMID: 19560185 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2009.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2008] [Revised: 05/21/2009] [Accepted: 06/01/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
To identify ecotoxicological responses to an endocrine disrupter, benzo(a)pyrene, we examined the life-history of the harpacticoid copepod, Tigriopus japonicus sensu lato. Based on the life-history of copepods, survival rate of nauplii (NSR) and copepodites (CSR), copepodite emergence day (CED) and adult male emergence day (AMED), sex ratio (MER), brooding success rate (BSR), and first brooding day of adult females (FBD) were measured. Significant differences were observed in the survival and development of nauplii (NSR and CED) and sex ratio (MER) of exposed and non-exposed copepods. Moreover, high concentration of BaP can be lethal to copepodite and exhibited a delay of growth. In this study, the CED and AMED among ecotoxicological response based on life-history developments were delayed and the body characteristics decreased in response to exposure to benzo(a)pyrene. The dwarfism and urosome deformity of the T. japonicus s.l. was exhibited in response to chemical exposure. Specifically, the body characteristics and biomass of dwarf copepods that had been exposed to benzo(a)pyrene were 30% and 50% lower than the control group, respectively. The incidence of abnormal urosomes was divided into two types. The first deformity type was signs of shrinkage in the middle of the urosome or the entire urosome was narrower than those of the control organisms. In the second type, the anal somite and the distal side of the urosome had abnormally swelled. Taken together, the nauplii and copepodid development of T. japonicus s.l. can be used as a useful biomaker for detecting developmental delay based on their entire life-history. In addition, the urosome deformity was used a good potential monitoring tool invading various chemicals and environmental contamination into water system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Woo Bang
- Division of Marine Technology, Chonnam National University, Yeosu 550-749, Republic of Korea
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Dur G, Souissi S, Devreker D, Ginot V, Schmitt FG, Hwang JS. An individual-based model to study the reproduction of egg bearing copepods: Application to Eurytemora affinis (Copepoda Calanoida) from the Seine estuary, France. Ecol Modell 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2008.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
21
|
Endocrine regulation of the reproduction in crustaceans: Identification of potential targets for toxicants and environmental contaminants. Biologia (Bratisl) 2008. [DOI: 10.2478/s11756-008-0027-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
22
|
Evans AD, Nipper M. Toxicity of phenanthrene and lindane mixtures to marine invertebrates. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2007; 22:495-501. [PMID: 17696137 DOI: 10.1002/tox.20279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Surface waters near industrialized and agricultural areas are contaminated with hundreds of different pollutants from a variety of sources. Methods for measurement of sediment, surface water, and porewater toxicity in marine environments include the sea urchin (Arbacia punctulata) fertilization and embryological development tests and copepod (Schizopera knabeni) survival and hatching success assessment. The concentration addition model was applied to determine whether toxicity of two compounds, phenanthrene (polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon) and lindane (organochlorine pesticide), when combined can be accurately assessed because of similar modes of action. Mixture analysis determined the sea urchin fertilization test to exhibit additivity (TU(mix) = 1.13), while the copepod test exhibited a synergistic effect (TU(mix) = 0.22). Mixture toxicity data for the sea urchin embryological test were not conclusive because of the lack of toxicity of the individual chemicals. The synergistic effect to copepods is a concern as it indicates that greater toxic effects may occur when the compounds are present in mixtures. Results from this research suggest that increased toxicity to some categories of organisms should be expected near agricultural and industrial areas where pesticides and other types of compounds may occur simultaneously.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A D Evans
- Harte Research Institute for Gulf of Mexico Studies, Texas A&M University-Corpus Christi, 6300 Ocean Drive, Unit 5869, Corpus Christi, Texas 78412-5869, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Bellas J, Thor P. Effects of selected PAHs on reproduction and survival of the calanoid copepod Acartia tonsa. ECOTOXICOLOGY (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2007; 16:465-74. [PMID: 17562161 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-007-0152-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2007] [Accepted: 05/11/2007] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The effects of selected polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons on the marine calanoid copepod Acartia tonsa were tested in laboratory short-term toxicity tests in order to facilitate risk assessment of those compounds to the marine pelagic environment. Photo-induced toxicity of pyrene was also investigated under naturally relevant UV light regimes. Lethal and sublethal effects on egg production rate, hatching and potential recruitment rate were evaluated after 48 h exposure to fluoranthene, phenanthrene and pyrene. The 48 h-median lethal concentrations (LC(50)) reducing survival by 50% were 594, 2,366 and >640 nM for fluoranthene, phenanthrene and pyrene, respectively, whilst lower concentrations induced different sublethal effects. Median effective concentrations (EC(50)) affecting the egg production rate and the recruitment rate were 433 and 385 (fluoranthene), 1,245 and 1,012 (phenanthrene) and 306 and 295 nM (pyrene), respectively. An increase in toxicity of pyrene was detected after incubation under UV light, resulting in LC(50) values of 201 nM (24 h) and 138 nM (48 h) and EC(50) values of 79 nM (egg production rate) and 41 nM (recruitment rate). Finally, a comparison between effective concentrations and worst-case environmental concentrations reported in literature indicated that pyrene may pose a threat to A. tonsa from exposure in the field, and that the risk of adverse effects is high for fluoranthene.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juan Bellas
- Department of Marine Ecology, Kristineberg Marine Research Station, Göteborg University, 450 34 Fiskebackskil, Sweden.
| | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Turesson EU, Stiernström S, Minten J, Adolfsson-Erici M, Bengtsson BE, Breitholtz M. Development and reproduction of the freshwater harpacticoid copepod Attheyella crassa for assessing sediment-associated toxicity. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2007; 83:180-9. [PMID: 17512064 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2007.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2007] [Revised: 04/03/2007] [Accepted: 04/06/2007] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Both freshwater and marine sediments are sinks for many anthropogenic substances. This may pose a risk to benthic and epibenthic organisms and it is crucial that toxicity tests that are available for environmental risk assessment can identify potentially adverse effects of sediment-associated substances on benthic organisms, such as harpacticoid copepods. While marine harpacticoids have been protected via a number of acute and chronic sediment tests, the freshwater harpacticoid copepod community has so far been neglected in such activities. The main aim of the present study was therefore to (a) find a suitable freshwater harpacticoid copepod, (b) establish robust laboratory mass cultures and (c) develop a chronic test for assessment of sediment-associated toxicity using spiked sediments. After several cultivation trials with a number of potential test species, the choice fell on the benthic freshwater harpacticoid copepod Attheyella crassa, a species that possesses many of the characteristic features identified as prerequisites for toxicity test organisms, e.g. it has a sexual reproduction, it is relatively easy to grow and keep in mass cultures in the laboratory, and it has a small body size. Owing to the relatively long generation time of freshwater harpacticoids (in relation to many marine harpacticoids), it was decided that the test should be separated into a development part (21 days) and a reproduction part (14 days) running in parallel. As a reference substance we used the fungicide tebuconazole, which is currently subject to risk assessment and which partitions to soil and sediment. Clear concentration-related responses were observed for all endpoints analyzed. Nauplia body length was the most sensitive endpoint with a measured time weighted LOEC(water) of 20microg/L. The corresponding LOEC(water) for larval mortality and offspring production was 65 and 62microg/L, respectively. In conclusion, A. crassa is an ecologically relevant test species for freshwater ecosystems and particularly for the cold, oligotrophic and often acidic lakes of Northern Europe. Regardless of the relatively long generation time of this species, our results clearly show that sediment-associated toxicity related to development and sexual reproduction can be assessed within 2-3 weeks exposure with the developed bioassay.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eva Ulfsdotter Turesson
- Department of Applied Environmental Science, Stockholm University, S-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Gourmelon A, Ahtiainen J. Developing Test Guidelines on invertebrate development and reproduction for the assessment of chemicals, including potential endocrine active substances- the OECD perspective. ECOTOXICOLOGY (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2007; 16:161-7. [PMID: 17219091 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-006-0105-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) Test Guidelines Programme is involved in the international harmonization and validation of test methods to evaluate effects of chemicals, including potential endocrine active substances. To meet their existing and foreseen regulatory needs in this area, OECD member countries have encouraged the development of test methods and their emergence at the OECD level. Validation activities are underway in countries and industry to ascertain the relevance and reliability of these tests to enable future regulatory acceptance. This includes work on development and (sexual) reproduction of aquatic invertebrates. What is the importance of mechanistic information in regulating chemicals, and how to address the issue of possible endocrine disruption in invertebrates while integrating these tests in a regulatory scheme are the current questions faced by the OECD countries.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anne Gourmelon
- Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), 2 rue André-Pascal, F-75775 Paris Cedex 16, France.
| | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Kusk KO, Wollenberger L. Towards an internationally harmonized test method for reproductive and developmental effects of endocrine disrupters in marine copepods. ECOTOXICOLOGY (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2007; 16:183-95. [PMID: 17253162 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-006-0112-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
New and updated methods to detect and characterize endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) are urgently needed for the purpose of environmental risk assessment since these substances are often not detected using existing chronic toxicity tests. Numerous reports on the effects of EDCs on crustacean development and reproduction have been published and the development of life-cycle tests with crustaceans has been prioritized within the OECD work program for endocrine disrupter testing and assessment. As a result, Sweden, and Denmark initiated a proposal for development of a full life-cycle test with marine copepods (Acartia tonsa, Nitocra spinipes, Tisbe battagliai, and Amphiascus tenuiremis). The present paper gives an overview on the endocrine system of crustaceans with special emphasis on development and reproduction, which are targets for endocrine disruption, and reviews available methods for detecting effects on development and reproduction in calanoid and harpacticoid copepods. A draft OECD guideline Copepod Development and Reproduction Test has been developed, and a pre-validation of this draft guideline was completed in 2005. An updated draft guideline, taking into account the results of the pre-validation, is now under validation in an international ring-test, which is running till the end of 2006.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K Ole Kusk
- Institute of Environment and Resources, Technical University of Denmark, Building 113, Miljøvej 113, DK-2800 Kgs Lyngby, Denmark.
| | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Dahl U, Gorokhova E, Breitholtz M. Application of growth-related sublethal endpoints in ecotoxicological assessments using a harpacticoid copepod. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2006; 77:433-8. [PMID: 16504314 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2006.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2005] [Revised: 01/23/2006] [Accepted: 01/24/2006] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
In ecotoxicology, there is an increasing demand for sensitive sublethal endpoints. The primary aim of the present study was therefore to evaluate the relative sensitivity and usefulness of four sublethal endpoints - development time, body length, RNA content and growth rate - in the harpacticoid copepod Nitocra spinipes, using the reference molecule Simvastatin. Development time decreased significantly at low sublethal concentrations of Simvastatin (p < 0.001; F = 13.249; 0.16-1.6 microgL(-1)), while RNA content and body length increased significantly at 0.16 microgL(-1) (p < 0.001; F = 6.13) and 1.6 microgL(-1) (p < 0.01; F = 2.365), respectively. The growth rate increased significantly at 0.16-5 microgL(-1) (p<0.01-0.001). Hence, significant responses of growth-related traits were observed already at 0.16 microgL(-1), which is about 5,000 times lower than the acute toxicity (96 h-LC(50): 810 microgL(-1)). These results show that all assayed endpoints are very sensitive and indicate that current ecotoxicity testing used for environmental protection activities may underestimate the risk for harpacticoid copepods and most likely for other small invertebrates, when relying exclusively on acute toxicity measurements.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ulrika Dahl
- Department of Applied Environmental Science, ITM, Stockholm University, S-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Calabrese EJ. Paradigm lost, paradigm found: the re-emergence of hormesis as a fundamental dose response model in the toxicological sciences. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2005; 138:379-411. [PMID: 16098930 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2004.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 293] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2004] [Accepted: 10/05/2004] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
This paper provides an assessment of the toxicological basis of the hormetic dose-response relationship including issues relating to its reproducibility, frequency, and generalizability across biological models, endpoints measured and chemical class/physical stressors and implications for risk assessment. The quantitative features of the hormetic dose response are described and placed within toxicological context that considers study design, temporal assessment, mechanism, and experimental model/population heterogeneity. Particular emphasis is placed on an historical evaluation of why the field of toxicology rejected hormesis in favor of dose response models such as the threshold model for assessing non-carcinogens and linear no threshold (LNT) models for assessing carcinogens. The paper argues that such decisions were principally based on complex historical factors that emerged from the intense and protracted conflict between what is now called traditional medicine and homeopathy and the overly dominating influence of regulatory agencies on the toxicological intellectual agenda. Such regulatory agency influence emphasized hazard/risk assessment goals such as the derivation of no observed adverse effect levels (NOAELs) and the lowest observed adverse effect levels (LOAELs) which were derived principally from high dose studies using few doses, a feature which restricted perceptions and distorted judgments of several generations of toxicologists concerning the nature of the dose-response continuum. Such historical and technical blind spots lead the field of toxicology to not only reject an established dose-response model (hormesis), but also the model that was more common and fundamental than those that the field accepted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Edward J Calabrese
- Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Morrill I, N344, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Tiido T, Rignell-Hydbom A, Jönsson B, Giwercman YL, Rylander L, Hagmar L, Giwercman A. Exposure to persistent organochlorine pollutants associates with human sperm Y:X chromosome ratio. Hum Reprod 2005; 20:1903-9. [PMID: 15860497 DOI: 10.1093/humrep/deh855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND During the last decades, there has been concern that exposure to endocrine disruptors, such as persistent organochlorine pollutants (POPs), may contribute to sex ratio changes in offspring of exposed populations. METHODS To investigate whether exposure to 2,2'4,4'5,5'-hexachlorobiphenyl (CB-153) and dichlorodiphenyl dichloroethene (p,p'-DDE) affect Y:X chromosome proportion, semen of 149 Swedish fishermen, aged 27-67 years, was investigated. The men provided semen and blood for analysis of hormone, CB-153 and p,p'-DDE levels. The proportion of Y- and X-chromosome bearing sperm in semen samples was determined by two-colour fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) analysis. RESULTS Log transformed CB-153 as well as log transformed p,p'-DDE variables were both significantly positively associated with Y chromosome fractions (P-values = 0.05 and <0.001, respectively). Neither age, smoking nor hormone levels showed any association with Y-chromosome fractions. CONCLUSIONS This is the first study to indicate that exposure to POPs may increase the proportion of ejaculated Y-bearing spermatozoa. These data add to the growing body of evidence that exposure to POPs may alter the offspring sex ratio.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tarmo Tiido
- Fertility Centre, Scanian Andrology Centre, Malmö University Hospital, Lund University, SE 205 02 Malmö, Sweden.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|