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Jamaluddin A, Chuang CL, Williams ET, Siow A, Yang SH, Harris PWR, Petersen JSSM, Bower RL, Chand S, Brimble MA, Walker CS, Hay DL, Loomes KM. Lipidated Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide (CGRP) Peptide Antagonists Retain CGRP Receptor Activity and Attenuate CGRP Action In Vivo. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:832589. [PMID: 35341216 PMCID: PMC8942775 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.832589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Signaling through calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) receptors is associated with pain, migraine, and energy expenditure. Small molecule and monoclonal antibody CGRP receptor antagonists that block endogenous CGRP action are in clinical use as anti-migraine therapies. By comparison, the potential utility of peptide antagonists has received less attention due to suboptimal pharmacokinetic properties. Lipidation is an established strategy to increase peptide half-life in vivo. This study aimed to explore the feasibility of developing lipidated CGRP peptide antagonists that retain receptor antagonist activity in vitro and attenuate endogenous CGRP action in vivo. CGRP peptide analogues based on the archetypal CGRP receptor antagonist, CGRP8-37, were palmitoylated at the N-terminus, position 24, and near the C-terminus at position 35. The antagonist activities of the lipidated peptide analogues were tested in vitro using transfected Cos-7 cells expressing either the human or mouse CGRP receptor, amylin subtype 1 (AMY1) receptor, adrenomedullin (AM) receptors, or calcitonin receptor. Antagonist activities were also evaluated in SK-N-MC cells that endogenously express the human CGRP receptor. Lipidated peptides were then tested for their ability to antagonize endogenous CGRP action in vivo using a capsaicin-induced dermal vasodilation (CIDV) model in C57/BL6J mice. All lipidated peptides except for the C-terminally modified analogue retained potent antagonist activity compared to CGRP8-37 towards the CGRP receptor. The lipidated peptides also retained, and sometimes gained, antagonist activities at AMY1, AM1 and AM2 receptors. Several lipidated peptides produced robust inhibition of CIDV in mice. This study demonstrates that selected lipidated peptide antagonists based on αCGRP8-37 retain potent antagonist activity at the CGRP receptor and are capable of inhibition of endogenous CGRP action in vivo. These findings suggest that lipidation can be applied to peptide antagonists, such as αCGRP8-37 and are a potential strategy for antagonizing CGRP action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aqfan Jamaluddin
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Chia-Lin Chuang
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Elyse T Williams
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Andrew Siow
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Sung Hyun Yang
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Paul W R Harris
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | | | - Rebekah L Bower
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Shanan Chand
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Margaret A Brimble
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | | | - Debbie L Hay
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Kerry M Loomes
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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Scuteri D, Tonin P, Nicotera P, Bagetta G, Corasaniti MT. Real world considerations for newly approved CGRP receptor antagonists in migraine care. Expert Rev Neurother 2022; 22:221-230. [PMID: 35240905 DOI: 10.1080/14737175.2022.2049758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Migraine is the leading cause of years lived with disability in people under 50 . Electrophysiological phenomena at the basis of prodromal and headache attack phases and of chronification processes involve calcitonin-gene related peptide (CGRP) as a fundamental player become a game changer of migraine pharmacotherapy.Areas covered: The purpose of the present review is to retrace fundamental stages of CGRP from its discovery to the role in migraine pathogenesis and therapy to underscore the change of paradigm offered by the newly approved small molecules to antagonize CGRP receptor, the gepants. In particular, the development of this new class is gone over from the initial synthesis of C-terminus truncated CGRP antagonists to the development of the first generation of gepants ending with Zavegepant that can be considered the third generation.Expert opinion: The history of CGRP in migraine draws the successful road to follow for key signaling pathways of modulation of nociceptive facilitation by diencephalic and brainstem nuclei, including dopaminergic neurotransmission, orexin A and the large-conductance calcium-activated potassium (BKCa) and ATP-sensitive potassium (KATP) channels also investigating the potential of essential oils and the role of polymorphisms. Real-world post marketing long-term data are needed for gepants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damiana Scuteri
- Pharmacotechnology Documentation and Transfer Unit, Preclinical and Translational Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacy, Health Science and Nutrition, University of Calabria, Rende, Italy.,S. Anna Institute, Regional Center for Serious Brain Injuries, Crotone, Italy
| | - Paolo Tonin
- S. Anna Institute, Regional Center for Serious Brain Injuries, Crotone, Italy
| | | | - Giacinto Bagetta
- Pharmacotechnology Documentation and Transfer Unit, Preclinical and Translational Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacy, Health Science and Nutrition, University of Calabria, Rende, Italy
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3
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von Mentzer B, Russo AF, Zhang Z, Kuburas A, Killoran PM, D'Aloisio V, Nizic L, Capel V, Kendall DA, Coxon CR, Hutcheon GA. A CGRP receptor antagonist peptide formulated for nasal administration to treat migraine. J Pharm Pharmacol 2020; 72:1352-1360. [PMID: 32588458 PMCID: PMC7486274 DOI: 10.1111/jphp.13317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Revised: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate the formulation of the peptide-based antagonist (34 Pro,35 Phe)CGRP27-37 , of the human calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) receptor as a potential nasally delivered migraine treatment. METHODS Peptide sequences were prepared using automated methods and purified by preparative HPLC. Their structure and stability were determined by LC-MS. Antagonist potency was assessed by measuring CGRP-stimulated cAMP accumulation in SK-N-MC, cells and in CHO cells overexpressing the human CGRP receptor. In vivo activity was tested in plasma protein extravasation (PPE) studies using Evans blue dye accumulation. Peptide-containing chitosan microparticles were prepared by spray drying. KEY FINDINGS (34 Pro,35 Phe)CGRP27-37 exhibited a 10-fold increased affinity compared to αCGRP27-37 . Administration of (34 Pro,35 Phe)CGRP27-37 to mice led to a significant decrease in CGRP-induced PPE confirming antagonistic properties in vivo. There was no degradation of (34 Pro,35 Phe)CGRP27-37 and no loss of antagonist potency during formulation and release from chitosan microparticles. CONCLUSIONS (34 Pro,35 Phe)CGRP27-37 is a potent CGRP receptor antagonist both in vitro and in vivo, and it can be formulated as a dry powder with no loss of activity indicating its potential as a nasally formulated anti-migraine medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Andrew F Russo
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Center for Prevention and Treatment of Visual Loss, Veterans Administration Health Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Zhongming Zhang
- College of Medicine, Henan Key Laboratory of Zhang Zhongjing Formulae and Herbs for Immunoregulation, Nanyang Institute of Technology, Nanyang, Henan, China
| | - Adisa Kuburas
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Center for Prevention and Treatment of Visual Loss, Veterans Administration Health Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Patrick M Killoran
- Division of Structural Biology (STRUBI), Harwell Campus, University of Oxford, Didcot, UK
| | - Vera D'Aloisio
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Laura Nizic
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | | | - David A Kendall
- Innovipharm Limited, West Kirby, UK.,School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Christopher R Coxon
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Gillian A Hutcheon
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
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4
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Watkins HA, Rathbone DL, Barwell J, Hay DL, Poyner DR. Structure-activity relationships for α-calcitonin gene-related peptide. Br J Pharmacol 2013; 170:1308-22. [PMID: 23186257 PMCID: PMC3838678 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2012] [Revised: 10/11/2012] [Accepted: 11/15/2012] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) is a member of the calcitonin (CT) family of peptides. It is a widely distributed neuropeptide implicated in conditions such as neurogenic inflammation. With other members of the CT family, it shares an N-terminal disulphide-bonded ring which is essential for biological activity, an area of potential α-helix, and a C-terminal amide. CGRP binds to the calcitonin receptor-like receptor (CLR) in complex with receptor activity-modifying protein 1 (RAMP1), a member of the family B (or secretin-like) GPCRs. It can also activate other CLR or calcitonin-receptor/RAMP complexes. This 37 amino acid peptide comprises the N-terminal ring that is required for receptor activation (residues 1-7); an α-helix (residues 8-18), a region incorporating a β-bend (residues 19-26) and the C-terminal portion (residues 27-37), that is characterized by bends between residues 28-30 and 33-34. A few residues have been identified that seem to make major contributions to receptor binding and activation, with a larger number contributing either to minor interactions (which collectively may be significant), or to maintaining the conformation of the bound peptide. It is not clear if CGRP follows the pattern of other family B GPCRs in binding largely as an α-helix. LINKED ARTICLES This article is part of a themed section on Neuropeptides. To view the other articles in this section visit http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bph.2013.170.issue-7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harriet A Watkins
- School of Biological Sciences, University of AucklandAuckland, New Zealand
- Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, University of AucklandAuckland, New Zealand
| | - Dan L Rathbone
- School of Life and Health Sciences, Aston UniversityBirmingham, UK
| | - James Barwell
- School of Life and Health Sciences, Aston UniversityBirmingham, UK
| | - Debbie L Hay
- School of Biological Sciences, University of AucklandAuckland, New Zealand
- Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, University of AucklandAuckland, New Zealand
| | - David R Poyner
- School of Life and Health Sciences, Aston UniversityBirmingham, UK
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Yan LZ, Johnson KW, Rothstein E, Flora D, Edwards P, Li B, Li J, Lynch R, Vaughn R, Clemens-Smith A, McCarty D, Chow C, McKnight KL, Lu J, Nisenbaum ES, Mayer JP. Discovery of potent, cyclic calcitonin gene-related peptide receptor antagonists. J Pept Sci 2011; 17:383-6. [PMID: 21412957 DOI: 10.1002/psc.1358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2010] [Revised: 01/04/2011] [Accepted: 01/11/2011] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), a potent dilator of cerebral and dural vasculature, is known to be elevated in plasma and cerebral spinal fluid during migraine attacks. Selective blockade of the CGRP receptor offers the promise of controlling migraine headache more effectively and without the side-effects associated with the use of triptans. Our efforts to develop a novel, peptide-based CGRP antagonist focused on the C-terminal portion of the peptide which is known to bind the receptor but lack agonist properties. Extensive SAR studies of the C-terminal CGRP (27-37) region identified a novel cyclic structure: Bz-Val-Tyr-cyclo[Cys-Thr-Asp-Val-Gly-Pro-Phe-Cys]-Phe-NH(2) (23) with a kb value of 0.126 nM against the cloned human CGRP receptor. Additional SAR studies directed at enhancement of potency and improvement of physicochemical properties yielded a series of analogs with kb values in the 0.05-0.10 nM range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Zeng Yan
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, IN 46285, USA
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Abstract
Based on preclinical and clinical studies, the neuropeptide calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) is proposed to play a central role in the underlying pathology of migraine. CGRP and its receptor are widely expressed in both the peripheral and central nervous systems by multiple cell types involved in the regulation of inflammatory and nociceptive responses. Peripheral release of CGRP from trigeminal nerve fibres within the dura and from the cell body of trigeminal ganglion neurons is likely to contribute to peripheral sensitization of trigeminal nociceptors. Similarly, the release of CGRP within the trigeminal nucleus caudalis can facilitate activation of nociceptive second-order neurons and glial cells. Thus, CGRP is involved in the development and maintenance of persistent pain, central sensitization and allodynia, events characteristic of migraine pathology. In contrast, CGRP release within the brain is likely to function in an anti-nociceptive capacity. Given the role of CGRP in migraine pathology, the potential of CGRP receptor antagonists in the treatment of migraine has been investigated. Towards this end, the non-peptide CGRP receptor antagonists olcegepant and telcagepant have been shown to be effective in the acute treatment of migraine. While telcagepant is being pursued as a frontline abortive migraine drug in a phase III clinical trial, an oral formulation of a novel CGRP receptor antagonist, BI 44370, is currently in phase II clinical trials. Encouragingly, data from clinical studies on these compounds have clearly demonstrated the potential therapeutic benefit of this class of drugs and support the future development of CGRP receptor antagonists to treat migraine and possibly other types of chronic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul L Durham
- Center for Biomedical and Life Sciences, Missouri State University, 524 North Boonville Avenue, Springfield, MO 65806, USA.
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Abstract
Headache treatment has been based primarily on experiences with non-specific drugs such as analgesics, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, or drugs that were originally developed to treat other diseases, such as beta-blockers and anticonvulsant medications. A better understanding of the basic pathophysiological mechanisms of migraine and other types of headache has led to the development over the past two decades of more target-specific drugs. Since activation of the trigeminovascular system and neurogenic inflammation are thought to play important roles in migraine pathophysiology, experimental studies modeling those events successfully predicted targets for selective development of pharmacological agents to treat migraine. Basically, there are two fundamental strategies for the treatment of migraine, abortive or preventive, based to a large degree on the frequency of attacks. The triptans, which exhibit potency towards selective serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) receptors expressed on trigeminal nerves, remain the most effective drugs for the abortive treatment of migraine. However, numerous preventive medications are currently available that modulate the excitability of the nervous system, particularly the cerebral cortex. In this chapter, the pharmacology of commercially available medications as well as drugs in development that prevent or abort headache attacks will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayrunnisa Bolay
- Department of Neurology, Gazi Hospital and Neuropsychiatry Centre, Gazi University, Besevler, Ankara, Turkey.
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8
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Durham PL. Inhibition of calcitonin gene-related peptide function: a promising strategy for treating migraine. Headache 2009; 48:1269-75. [PMID: 18808507 DOI: 10.1111/j.1526-4610.2008.01215.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The neuropeptide calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) is implicated in the underlying pathology of migraine. Serum levels of CGRP, which are elevated during a migraine attack, have been reported to return to normal with alleviation of pain. In addition, CGRP administration has been shown to cause a migraine-like headache in susceptible individuals. Importantly, CGRP receptors are found on many cell types within the trigeminovascular system that are thought to play important roles in controlling inflammatory and nociceptive processes. Based on these findings, it was proposed that blockage of CGRP receptor function and, hence, the physiological effects of CGRP would be effective in aborting a migraine attack. This review will summarize key preclinical data that support the therapeutic potential of using CGRP receptor antagonists or molecules that bind CGRP within the context of current neurovascular theories on migraine pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul L Durham
- Department of Biology, Missouri State University, Springfield, MO 65897, USA
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Miranda LP, Holder JR, Shi L, Bennett B, Aral J, Gegg CV, Wright M, Walker K, Doellgast G, Rogers R, Li H, Valladares V, Salyers K, Johnson E, Wild K. Identification of Potent, Selective, and Metabolically Stable Peptide Antagonists to the Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide (CGRP) Receptor. J Med Chem 2008; 51:7889-97. [DOI: 10.1021/jm8009298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Les P. Miranda
- Chemistry Research and Discovery, Protein Sciences, Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, and Neuroscience, Amgen, Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320
| | - Jerry Ryan Holder
- Chemistry Research and Discovery, Protein Sciences, Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, and Neuroscience, Amgen, Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320
| | - Licheng Shi
- Chemistry Research and Discovery, Protein Sciences, Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, and Neuroscience, Amgen, Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320
| | - Brian Bennett
- Chemistry Research and Discovery, Protein Sciences, Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, and Neuroscience, Amgen, Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320
| | - Jennifer Aral
- Chemistry Research and Discovery, Protein Sciences, Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, and Neuroscience, Amgen, Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320
| | - Colin V. Gegg
- Chemistry Research and Discovery, Protein Sciences, Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, and Neuroscience, Amgen, Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320
| | - Marie Wright
- Chemistry Research and Discovery, Protein Sciences, Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, and Neuroscience, Amgen, Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320
| | - Kenneth Walker
- Chemistry Research and Discovery, Protein Sciences, Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, and Neuroscience, Amgen, Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320
| | - George Doellgast
- Chemistry Research and Discovery, Protein Sciences, Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, and Neuroscience, Amgen, Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320
| | - Rick Rogers
- Chemistry Research and Discovery, Protein Sciences, Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, and Neuroscience, Amgen, Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320
| | - Hongyan Li
- Chemistry Research and Discovery, Protein Sciences, Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, and Neuroscience, Amgen, Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320
| | - Violeta Valladares
- Chemistry Research and Discovery, Protein Sciences, Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, and Neuroscience, Amgen, Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320
| | - Kevin Salyers
- Chemistry Research and Discovery, Protein Sciences, Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, and Neuroscience, Amgen, Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320
| | - Eileen Johnson
- Chemistry Research and Discovery, Protein Sciences, Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, and Neuroscience, Amgen, Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320
| | - Kenneth Wild
- Chemistry Research and Discovery, Protein Sciences, Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, and Neuroscience, Amgen, Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320
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Boeglin D, Hamdan FF, Melendez RE, Cluzeau J, Laperriere A, Héroux M, Bouvier M, Lubell WD. Calcitonin gene-related peptide analogues with aza and indolizidinone amino acid residues reveal conformational requirements for antagonist activity at the human calcitonin gene-related peptide 1 receptor. J Med Chem 2007; 50:1401-8. [PMID: 17319653 DOI: 10.1021/jm061343w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Calcitonin gene-related peptide antagonists have potential for the treatment and prevention of disease states such as non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, migraine headache, pain, and inflammation. To gain insight into the spatial requirements for CGRP antagonism, three strategies were employed to restrict the conformation of the potent undecapeptide antagonist, [D31,P34,F35]CGRP27-37. First, aza-amino acid scanning was performed, and ten aza-peptide analogues were synthesized and examined for biological activity. Second, (3S,6S,9S)-2-oxo-3-amino-indolizidin-2-one amino acid (I2aa) and (2S,6S,8S)-9-oxo-8-amino-indolizidin-9-one amino acid (I9aa) both were introduced at positions 31-32, 32-33, 33-34, and 34-35, regions of the backbone expected to adopt turns. Finally, the conformation of the backbone and side-chain of the C-terminal residue, Phe35-Ala36-Phe37-NH2, was explored employing (2S,4R,6R,8S)-9-oxo-8-amino-4-phenyl-indolizidin-9-one amino acid (4-Ph-I9aa) as a constrained phenylalanine mimic. The structure-activity relationships exhibited by our 26 analogues illustrate conformational requirements important for designing CGRP antagonists and highlight the importance of beta-turns centered at Gly33-Pro34 for potency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damien Boeglin
- Département de Chimie, Université de Montréal, C. P. 6128, Succursale Centre Ville, Montréal, Québec, Canada H3C 3J7
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de Prado BM, Russo AF. CGRP receptor antagonists: A new frontier of anti-migraine medications. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 3:593-597. [PMID: 19784396 DOI: 10.1016/j.ddstr.2006.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Migraine is a chronic pain condition that affects 12% of the population. Currently, the most effective treatments are the triptans, but they are limited in their efficacy and have potentially deleterious cardiovascular complications. Based on basic science studies over the past decade, a new generation of anti-migraine drugs is now being developed. At the forefront of these studies is a new calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) receptor antagonist that is as effective as triptans in the acute treatment of migraines, without the cardiovascular effects. This review will address the likely mechanisms and therapeutic potential of CGRP receptor antagonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blanca Marquez de Prado
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, 51 Newton Road, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
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12
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Lang M, De Pol S, Baldauf C, Hofmann HJ, Reiser O, Beck-Sickinger AG. Identification of the key residue of calcitonin gene related peptide (CGRP) 27-37 to obtain antagonists with picomolar affinity at the CGRP receptor. J Med Chem 2006; 49:616-24. [PMID: 16420047 DOI: 10.1021/jm050613s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Calcitonin gene related peptide (CGRP) plays an important role in the CNS and in the cardiovascular system. To identify high-affinity antagonists in competitive binding studies, we identified a novel radioactive tracer, [(3)H-propionyl-K(24)]-halphaCGRP 8-37, which was labeled in solution by a recently developed strategy using photolabile protecting groups at reactive side chains. This tracer was shown to be as potent as commercially available (125)I-tracers for the determination of agonists and to have increased sensitivity for antagonists. We applied it to investigate the predicted turn structures centered at Pro(29) and Pro(34). The substitution at positions 29 and 34 by turn-inducing amino acid mimetica showed that these turns are highly diverse. At position 29, a hydrophobic residue is preferred that constricts the secondary structure, whereas position 34 is required to stabilize the conformation of the backbone. All high-affinity analogues showed antagonistic properties with potency similar to CGRP 8-37.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manja Lang
- Institute of Biochemistry, University of Leipzig, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany
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Spetz ACE, Ellefsen K, Theodorsson E, Lassvik CT, Hammar ML. Calcitonin gene-related peptide during sweating in young healthy women. Gynecol Obstet Invest 2005; 60:149-53. [PMID: 15942246 DOI: 10.1159/000086208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2004] [Accepted: 02/24/2005] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) concentrations are increased in postmenopausal women and castrated men with symptomatic flushing. We wanted to determine if a CGRP increase exists in the plasma of healthy fertile-age women during sweating. Plasma concentrations of CGRP were measured by radioimmunoassay at maximal sweating during a sauna session and during bicycle exercise both at maximal and 70% of maximal work capacity in 8 healthy women of fertile age. Plasma concentrations of CGRP were unaffected (>90% statistical power) during both experimental sessions. We suggest that sweating itself does not explain the rise in CGRP concentrations observed in flushing postmenopausal women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna-Clara E Spetz
- Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University Hospital, Linkoping, Sweden.
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Katafuchi T, Minamino N. Structure and biological properties of three calcitonin receptor-stimulating peptides, novel members of the calcitonin gene-related peptide family. Peptides 2004; 25:2039-45. [PMID: 15501538 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2004.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2004] [Revised: 08/20/2004] [Accepted: 08/20/2004] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
In this review, we describe the structure and biological properties of calcitonin receptor-stimulating peptide-1 (CRSP-1), CRSP-2 and CRSP-3, the novel members of the CGRP family. CRSP-1, which has been identified in the pig, cow, dog, and horse, is a specific ligand for the calcitonin (CT) receptor, and porcine CRSP-1 elicits a 100-fold greater effect on a recombinant porcine CT receptor than porcine CT, although this peptide has high structural similarity with CGRP. CRSP-1 is expressed and synthesized mainly in the central nervous system (CNS), pituitary and thyroid gland. In an in vivo experiment, bolus administration of CRSP-1 into rats reduced the plasma calcium concentration, but did not alter blood pressure, indicating its action as a CT receptor agonist in the peripheral circulation. In the CNS, CRSP-1 is also deduced to be an endogenous agonist for the CT receptor. CRSP-2 has been identified in the pig and dog, and CRSP-3 has been identified only in the pig. They are expressed and synthesized mainly in the CNS and thyroid gland. However, their endogenous molecular forms, receptors, and biological activity remain unidentified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Katafuchi
- Department of Pharmacology, National Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, 5-7-1 Fujishirodai, Suita, 565-8565 Osaka, Japan.
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Dumont Y, Chabot JG, Quirion R. Receptor autoradiography as mean to explore the possible functional relevance of neuropeptides: focus on new agonists and antagonists to study natriuretic peptides, neuropeptide Y and calcitonin gene-related peptides. Peptides 2004; 25:365-91. [PMID: 15134861 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2004.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Over the past 20 years, receptor autoradiography has proven most useful to provide clues as to the role of various families of peptides expressed in the brain. Early on, we used this method to investigate the possible roles of various brain peptides. Natriuretic peptide (NP), neuropeptide Y (NPY) and calcitonin (CT) peptide families are widely distributed in the peripheral and central nervous system and induced multiple biological effects by activating plasma membrane receptor proteins. The NP family includes atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) and C-type natriuretic peptide (CNP). The NPY family is composed of at least three peptides NPY, peptide YY (PYY) and the pancreatic polypeptides (PPs). The CT family includes CT, calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), amylin (AMY), adrenomedullin (AM) and two newly isolated peptides, intermedin and calcitonin receptor-stimulating peptide (CRSP). Using quantitative receptor autoradiography as well as selective agonists and antagonists for each peptide family, in vivo and in vitro assays revealed complex pharmacological responses and radioligand binding profile. The existence of heterogeneous populations of NP, NPY and CT/CGRP receptors has been confirmed by cloning. Three NP receptors have been cloned. One is a single-transmembrane clearance receptor (NPR-C) while the other two known as CG-A (or NPR-A) and CG-B (or NPR-B) are coupled to guanylate cyclase. Five NPY receptors have been cloned designated as Y(1), Y(2), Y(4), Y(5) and y(6). All NPY receptors belong to the seven-transmembrane G-protein coupled receptors family (GPCRs; subfamily type I). CGRP, AMY and AM receptors are complexes which include a GPCR (the CT receptor or CTR and calcitonin receptor-like receptor or CRLR) and a single-transmembrane domain protein known as receptor-activity-modifying-proteins (RAMPs) as well as an intracellular protein named receptor-component-protein (RCP). We review here tools that are currently available in order to target each NP, NPY and CT/CGRP receptor subtype and establish their respective pathophysiological relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvan Dumont
- Douglas Hospital Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, Mcgill University, 6875 Boul LaSalle, Montreal, Que., Canada H4H 1R3
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Smith DD, Saha S, Fang G, Schaffert C, Waugh DJJ, Zeng W, Toth G, Hulce M, Abel PW. Modifications to the N-terminus but not the C-terminus of calcitonin gene-related peptide(8-37) produce antagonists with increased affinity. J Med Chem 2003; 46:2427-35. [PMID: 12773046 DOI: 10.1021/jm020507f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Seventeen novel analogues of human calcitonin gene-related peptide(8-37) (hCGRP(8-37)) were synthesized by solid-phase methods and purified to apparent homogeneity by semipreparative cation exchange and/or reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. The C-terminal Phe was replaced by Gly, cyclohexylalanine (Cha), Tyr, all four isomers of beta-methylphenylalanine (beta-MePhe), and l- and d-tetrahydroisoquinoline carboxylic acid (Tic), resulting in analogues 3-11. For the synthesis of the beta-MePhe-containing analogues 6-9, crystallization was used to separate a mixture of all four isomers of beta-MePhe into the erythro pair of enantiomers (2S,3S, 2R,3R) and the threo pair of enantiomers (2S,3R, 2R,3S), which were then converted to Fmoc derivatives and used in two separate syntheses. Two diastereomeric peptides were obtained from each synthesis and were separated by RP-HPLC to yield enantiomerically pure 6-9. Substitution of Tyr for Phe caused no change in binding affinity at CGRP receptors. All other substitutions for Phe resulted in substantial reductions in binding affinity. Indeed, no binding was observed for analogues 7, 9, and 11, all of which contained a d-amino acid residue in the C-terminal position, and the binding affinities of the remaining analogues were >10-fold lower than that of h-alpha-CGRP(8-37). These data suggest that a conformationally flexible phenyl ring in the C-terminal position of h-alpha-CGRP(8-37) is preferred for high-affinity binding to CGRP receptors. Acetylation, benzoylation, and benzylation of the N-termini of h-alpha-CGRP(8-37) and h-beta-CGRP(8-37) produced analogues 12-14 and 16-18, respectively. A byproduct was isolated by RP-HPLC from the resin-cleaved crude product of each benzylated analogue, which was characterized as the dibenzylated derivative of h-alpha-CGRP(8-37) and h-beta-CGRP(8-37) (analogues 15 and 19, respectively). Amino acid analysis and (1)H NMR showed that the second benzyl group was located on the C4 carbon of the imidazole ring of His(10). Radioligand binding experiments showed that derivatizing the N-termini substantially increased binding affinities at CGRP receptors. The benzoylated and dibenzylated derivatives had the highest affinities, which were approximately 50-fold greater than those of h-alpha-CGRP(8-37). Functional experiments confirmed that the N-terminally derivatized analogues of h-alpha-CGRP(8-37) are antagonists that are more potent than h-alpha-CGRP(8-37). In conclusion, these studies underscore the importance of Phe(37) of h-alpha-CGRP(8-37) for binding to CGRP receptors and have identified the N-terminus and His(10) as two positions that can be used for the design of antagonists with increased affinity for CGRP receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- D David Smith
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Creighton University, 2500 California Plaza, Omaha, Nebraska 68178, USA.
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SPETZ ANNACLARA, PETTERSSON BILL, VARENHORST EBERHARD, THEODORSSON ELVAR, THORELL LARSHÅKAN, HAMMAR MATS. MOMENTARY INCREASE IN PLASMA CALCITONIN GENE-RELATED PEPTIDE IS INVOLVED IN HOT FLASHES IN MEN TREATED WITH CASTRATION FOR CARCINOMA OF THE PROSTATE. J Urol 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-5347(05)65660-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- ANNA-CLARA SPETZ
- From the Divisions of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Urology, Neurochemistry and Psychiatry, Faculty of Health Sciences, University Hospital, Linköping, Sweden
| | - BILL PETTERSSON
- From the Divisions of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Urology, Neurochemistry and Psychiatry, Faculty of Health Sciences, University Hospital, Linköping, Sweden
| | - EBERHARD VARENHORST
- From the Divisions of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Urology, Neurochemistry and Psychiatry, Faculty of Health Sciences, University Hospital, Linköping, Sweden
| | - ELVAR THEODORSSON
- From the Divisions of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Urology, Neurochemistry and Psychiatry, Faculty of Health Sciences, University Hospital, Linköping, Sweden
| | - LARS-HÅKAN THORELL
- From the Divisions of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Urology, Neurochemistry and Psychiatry, Faculty of Health Sciences, University Hospital, Linköping, Sweden
| | - MATS HAMMAR
- From the Divisions of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Urology, Neurochemistry and Psychiatry, Faculty of Health Sciences, University Hospital, Linköping, Sweden
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SPETZ ANNACLARA, PETTERSSON BILL, VARENHORST EBERHARD, THEODORSSON ELVAR, THORELL LARSH, HAMMAR MATS. MOMENTARY INCREASE IN PLASMA CALCITONIN GENE-RELATED PEPTIDE IS INVOLVED IN HOT FLASHES IN MEN TREATED WITH CASTRATION FOR CARCINOMA OF THE PROSTATE. J Urol 2001. [DOI: 10.1097/00005392-200111000-00023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Malis DD, Rist B, Nicoucar K, Beck-Sickinger AG, Morel DR, Lacroix JS. Modulatory effect of two novel CGRP receptor antagonists on nasal vasodilatatory responses to exogenous CGRP, capsaicin, bradykinin and histamine in anaesthetised pigs. REGULATORY PEPTIDES 2001; 101:101-8. [PMID: 11495685 DOI: 10.1016/s0167-0115(01)00275-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) is a 37-amino acid peptide and potent vasodilatator agent located in sensory C fibres. Several functional studies suggest that CGRP could be involved in the vasodilatation of different vascular beds during neurogenic inflammation. We have studied, in pentobarbital anaesthetised pigs, the antagonistic effect of local intra-arterial (i.a.) pretreatment with the analogues CGRP 8-37, [D31, P34, F35]CGRP 27-37 and [N31, P34, F35]CGRP 27-37 on the vasodilatation of the nasal vascular bed induced by exogenous CGRP, capsaicin, bradykinin (BK) and histamine. The attenuating effect of CGRP 8-37 analogue on exogenous CGRP-induced vasodilatation, previously described in other in vivo animal models, was confirmed in the pig nasal mucosa. It also interfered with BK-and, to a lesser extent, with capsaicin-and histamine-induced decrease in vascular resistance. CGRP 27-37 analogues reduced the duration of CGRP-, capsaicin- and BK-induced vasodilatation by more than 50%. Peak values of vasodilatation were attenuated by more than 25% overall. Attenuation of histamine-induced decrease in vascular resistance was less pronounced. It is concluded that CGRP 27-37 analogues antagonise the action of exogenous CGRP, capsaicin, BK and histamine by attenuating their vasodilatation effect, both in intensity and duration. These results strongly suggest that BK- and histamine-induced vasodilatation is partly mediated by CGRP. CGRP 8-37 and 27-37 appear to be potential contributors to the study of CGRP and its physiological role in neurogenic inflammation. In addition, they may have putative therapeutic applications in the treatment of rhinitic patients suffering from chronic nasal obstruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- D D Malis
- Laboratory of Experimental Rhinology, Clinic of Otorhinolaryngology, University Hospital, CH-1211, Geneva, Switzerland
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