1
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Lilge L, Kuipers OP. A two-step regulatory circuit involving Spo0A-AbrB activates mersacidin biosynthesis in Bacillus subtilis. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2024; 63:107155. [PMID: 38527561 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2024.107155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2024] [Revised: 03/13/2024] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024]
Abstract
Due to intramolecular ring structures, the ribosomally produced and post-translationally modified peptide mersacidin shows antimicrobial properties comparable to those of vancomycin without exhibiting cross-resistance. Although the principles of mersacidin biosynthesis are known, there is no information on the molecular control processes for the initial stimulation of mersacidin bioproduction. By using Bacillus subtilis for heterologous biosynthesis, a considerable amount of mersacidin could be produced without the mersacidin-specific immune system and the mersacidin-activating secretory protease. By using the established laboratory strain Bacillus subtilis 168 and strain 3NA, which is used for high cell density fermentation processes, in combination with the construction of reporter strains to determine the promoter strengths within the mersacidin core gene cluster, the molecular regulatory circuit of Spo0A, a master regulator of cell differentiation including sporulation initiation, and the global transcriptional regulator AbrB, which is involved in cell adaptation processes in the transient growth phase, was identified to control the initial stimulation of the mersacidin core gene cluster. In a second downstream regulatory step, the activator MrsR1, encoded in the core gene cluster, acts as a stimulatory element for mersacidin biosynthesis. These findings are important to understand the mechanisms linking environmental conditions and microbial responses with respect to the bioproduction of bioactive metabolites including antimicrobials such as mersacidin. This information will also support the construction of production strains for bioactive metabolites with antimicrobial properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars Lilge
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Groningen, AG Groningen, The Netherlands; Department of Bioprocess Engineering, Institute of Food Science and Biotechnology, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany.
| | - Oscar P Kuipers
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Groningen, AG Groningen, The Netherlands
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2
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Qiao J, Borriss R, Sun K, Zhang R, Chen X, Liu Y, Liu Y. Research advances in the identification of regulatory mechanisms of surfactin production by Bacillus: a review. Microb Cell Fact 2024; 23:100. [PMID: 38566071 PMCID: PMC10988940 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-024-02372-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Surfactin is a cyclic hexalipopeptide compound, nonribosomal synthesized by representatives of the Bacillus subtilis species complex which includes B. subtilis group and its closely related species, such as B. subtilis subsp subtilis, B. subtilis subsp spizizenii, B. subtilis subsp inaquosorum, B. atrophaeus, B. amyloliquefaciens, B. velezensis (Steinke mSystems 6: e00057, 2021) It functions as a biosurfactant and signaling molecule and has antibacterial, antiviral, antitumor, and plant disease resistance properties. The Bacillus lipopeptides play an important role in agriculture, oil recovery, cosmetics, food processing and pharmaceuticals, but the natural yield of surfactin synthesized by Bacillus is low. This paper reviews the regulatory pathways and mechanisms that affect surfactin synthesis and release, highlighting the regulatory genes involved in the transcription of the srfAA-AD operon. The several ways to enhance surfactin production, such as governing expression of the genes involved in synthesis and regulation of surfactin synthesis and transport, removal of competitive pathways, optimization of media, and fermentation conditions were commented. This review will provide a theoretical platform for the systematic genetic modification of high-yielding strains of surfactin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junqing Qiao
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, 210014, Jiangsu, China
| | - Rainer Borriss
- Institute of Biology, Humboldt University Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Kai Sun
- College of Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Rongsheng Zhang
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, 210014, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xijun Chen
- College of Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Youzhou Liu
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, 210014, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Yongfeng Liu
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, 210014, Jiangsu, China.
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3
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Zhu J, Wang S, Wang C, Wang Z, Luo G, Li J, Zhan Y, Cai D, Chen S. Microbial synthesis of bacitracin: Recent progress, challenges, and prospects. Synth Syst Biotechnol 2023; 8:314-322. [PMID: 37122958 PMCID: PMC10130698 DOI: 10.1016/j.synbio.2023.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2023] [Revised: 03/12/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Microorganisms are important sources of various natural products that have been commercialized for human medicine and animal healthcare. Bacitracin is an important antibacterial natural product predominantly produced by Bacillus licheniformis and Bacillus subtilis, and it is characterized by a broad antimicrobial spectrum, strong activity and low resistance, thus bacitracin is extensively applied in animal feed and veterinary medicine industries. In recent years, various strategies have been proposed to improve bacitracin production. Herein, we systematically describe the regulation of bacitracin biosynthesis in genus Bacillus and its associated mechanism, to provide a theoretical basis for bacitracin overproduction. The metabolic engineering strategies applied for bacitracin production are explored, including improving substrate utilization, using an enlarged precursor amino acid pool, increasing ATP supply and NADPH generation, and engineering transcription regulators. We also present several approaches of fermentation process optimization to facilitate the industrial large-scale production of bacitracin. Finally, the challenges and prospects associated with microbial bacitracin synthesis are discussed to facilitate the establishment of high-yield and low-cost biological factories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiang Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Environmental Microbial Technology Center of Hubei Province, College of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, PR China
| | - Shiyi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Environmental Microbial Technology Center of Hubei Province, College of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, PR China
| | - Cheng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Environmental Microbial Technology Center of Hubei Province, College of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, PR China
| | - Zhi Wang
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering (Ministry of Education), School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, 430068, Hubei, PR China
| | - Gan Luo
- Lifecome Biochemistry Co. Ltd, Nanping, 353400, PR China
| | - Junhui Li
- Lifecome Biochemistry Co. Ltd, Nanping, 353400, PR China
| | - Yangyang Zhan
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Environmental Microbial Technology Center of Hubei Province, College of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, PR China
| | - Dongbo Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Environmental Microbial Technology Center of Hubei Province, College of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, PR China
- Corresponding author.
| | - Shouwen Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Environmental Microbial Technology Center of Hubei Province, College of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, PR China
- Corresponding author. 368 Youyi Avenue, Wuchang District, Wuhan, 430062, Hubei, PR China.
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4
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Tolibia SEM, Pacheco AD, Balbuena SYG, Rocha J, López Y López VE. Engineering of global transcription factors in Bacillus, a genetic tool for increasing product yields: a bioprocess overview. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2022; 39:12. [PMID: 36372802 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-022-03460-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Transcriptional factors are well studied in bacteria for their global interactions and the effects they produce at the phenotypic level. Particularly, Bacillus subtilis has been widely employed as a model Gram-positive microorganism used to characterize these network interactions. Bacillus species are currently used as efficient commercial microbial platforms to produce diverse metabolites such as extracellular enzymes, antibiotics, surfactants, industrial chemicals, heterologous proteins, among others. However, the pleiotropic effects caused by the genetic modification of specific genes that codify for global regulators (transcription factors) have not been implicated commonly from a bioprocess point of view. Recently, these strategies have attracted the attention in Bacillus species because they can have an application to increase production efficiency of certain commercial interest metabolites. In this review, we update the recent advances that involve this trend in the use of genetic engineering (mutations, deletion, or overexpression) performed to global regulators such as Spo0A, CcpA, CodY and AbrB, which can provide an advantage for the development or improvement of bioprocesses that involve Bacillus species as production platforms. Genetic networks, regulation pathways and their relationship to the development of growth stages are also discussed to correlate the interactions that occur between these regulators, which are important to consider for application in the improvement of commercial-interest metabolites. Reported yields from these products currently produced mostly under laboratory conditions and, in a lesser extent at bioreactor level, are also discussed to give valuable perspectives about their potential use and developmental level directed to process optimization at large-scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shirlley Elizabeth Martínez Tolibia
- Centro de Investigación en Biotecnología Aplicada del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Carretera Estatal Santa Inés Tecuexcomac-Tepetitla, Km 1.5, C.P. 90700, Tepetitla de Lardizábal, Tlaxcala, Mexico
| | - Adrián Díaz Pacheco
- Unidad Profesional Interdisciplinaria de Ingeniería Campus Tlaxcala del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, CP 90000, Guillermo Valle, Tlaxcala, Mexico
| | - Sulem Yali Granados Balbuena
- Centro de Investigación en Biotecnología Aplicada del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Carretera Estatal Santa Inés Tecuexcomac-Tepetitla, Km 1.5, C.P. 90700, Tepetitla de Lardizábal, Tlaxcala, Mexico
| | - Jorge Rocha
- CONACyT - Unidad Regional Hidalgo, Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo, A.C. Blvd. Santa Catarina, SN, C.P. 42163, San Agustín Tlaxiaca, Hidalgo, Mexico
| | - Víctor Eric López Y López
- Centro de Investigación en Biotecnología Aplicada del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Carretera Estatal Santa Inés Tecuexcomac-Tepetitla, Km 1.5, C.P. 90700, Tepetitla de Lardizábal, Tlaxcala, Mexico.
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5
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Kutnu M, İşlerel ET, Tunçbağ N, Özcengiz G. Comparative biological network analysis for differentially expressed proteins as a function of bacilysin biosynthesis in Bacillus subtilis. Integr Biol (Camb) 2022; 14:99-110. [PMID: 35901454 DOI: 10.1093/intbio/zyac010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Revised: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The Gram-positive bacterium Bacillus subtilis produces a diverse range of secondary metabolites with different structures and activities. Among them, bacilysin is an enzymatically synthesized dipeptide that consists of L-alanine and L-anticapsin. Previous research by our group has suggested bacilysin's role as a pleiotropic molecule in its producer, B. subtilis PY79. However, the nature of protein interactions in the absence of bacilysin has not been defined. In the present work, we constructed a protein-protein interaction subnetwork by using Omics Integrator based on our recent comparative proteomics data obtained from a bacilysin-silenced strain, OGU1. Functional enrichment analyses on the resulting networks pointed to certain putatively perturbed pathways such as citrate cycle, quorum sensing and secondary metabolite biosynthesis. Various molecules, which were absent from the experimental data, were included in the final network. We believe that this study can guide further experiments in the identification and confirmation of protein-protein interactions in B. subtilis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meltem Kutnu
- Department of Biological Sciences/Molecular Biology and Genetics, Middle East Technical University, Ankara 06800, Turkey
| | - Elif Tekin İşlerel
- Department of Biological Sciences/Molecular Biology and Genetics, Middle East Technical University, Ankara 06800, Turkey
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Maltepe University, Istanbul 34857, Turkey
| | - Nurcan Tunçbağ
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Koc University, Istanbul 34450, Turkey
| | - Gülay Özcengiz
- Department of Biological Sciences/Molecular Biology and Genetics, Middle East Technical University, Ankara 06800, Turkey
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6
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Mitra S, Dhar R, Sen R. Designer bacterial cell factories for improved production of commercially valuable non-ribosomal peptides. Biotechnol Adv 2022; 60:108023. [PMID: 35872292 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2022.108023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Revised: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Non-ribosomal peptides have gained significant attention as secondary metabolites of high commercial importance. This group houses a diverse range of bioactive compounds, ranging from biosurfactants to antimicrobial and cytotoxic agents. However, low yield of synthesis by bacteria and excessive losses during purification hinders the industrial-scale production of non-ribosomal peptides, and subsequently limits their widespread applicability. While isolation of efficient producer strains and optimization of bioprocesses have been extensively used to enhance yield, further improvement can be made by optimization of the microbial strain using the tools and techniques of metabolic engineering, synthetic biology, systems biology, and adaptive laboratory evolution. These techniques, which directly target the genome of producer strains, aim to redirect carbon and nitrogen fluxes of the metabolic network towards the desired product, bypass the feedback inhibition and repression mechanisms that limit the maximum productivity of the strain, and even extend the substrate range of the cell for synthesis of the target product. The present review takes a comprehensive look into the biosynthesis of bacterial NRPs, how the same is regulated by the cell, and dives deep into the strategies that have been undertaken for enhancing the yield of NRPs, while also providing a perspective on other potential strategies that can allow for further yield improvement. Furthermore, this review provides the reader with a holistic perspective on the design of cellular factories of NRP production, starting from general techniques performed in the laboratory to the computational techniques that help a biochemical engineer model and subsequently strategize the architectural plan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayak Mitra
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur 721302, West Bengal, India
| | - Riddhiman Dhar
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur 721302, West Bengal, India.
| | - Ramkrishna Sen
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur 721302, West Bengal, India.
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7
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Zhang B, Xu L, Ding J, Wang M, Ge R, Zhao H, Zhang B, Fan J. Natural antimicrobial lipopeptides secreted by Bacillus spp. and their application in food preservation, a critical review. Trends Food Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2022.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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8
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Lu H, Xu H, Yang P, Bilal M, Zhu S, Zhong M, Zhao L, Gu C, Liu S, Zhao Y, Geng C. Transcriptome Analysis of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens Reveals Fructose Addition Effects on Fengycin Synthesis. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:genes13060984. [PMID: 35741746 PMCID: PMC9222730 DOI: 10.3390/genes13060984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Revised: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Fengycin is a lipopeptide produced by Bacillus that has a strong inhibitory effect on filamentous fungi; however, its use is restricted due to poor production and low yield. Previous studies have shown that fengycin biosynthesis in B. amyloliquefaciens was found to be significantly increased after fructose addition. This study investigated the effect of fructose on fengycin production and its regulation mechanism in B. amyloliquefaciens by transcriptome sequencing. According to the RNA sequencing data, 458 genes were upregulated and 879 genes were downregulated. Transcriptome analysis results showed that fructose changed the transcription of amino acid synthesis, fatty acid metabolism, and energy metabolism; alterations in these metabolic pathways contribute to the synthesis of fengycin. In an MLF medium (modified Landy medium with fructose), the expression level of the fengycin operon was two-times higher than in an ML medium (modified Landy medium). After fructose was added to B. amyloliquefaciens, the fengycin-synthesis-associated genes were activated in the process of fengycin synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hedong Lu
- School of Life Science and Food Engineering, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huaian 223003, China; (H.L.); (H.X.); (P.Y.); (M.B.); (S.Z.); (M.Z.); (L.Z.); (C.G.); (S.L.); (Y.Z.)
- National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Hai Xu
- School of Life Science and Food Engineering, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huaian 223003, China; (H.L.); (H.X.); (P.Y.); (M.B.); (S.Z.); (M.Z.); (L.Z.); (C.G.); (S.L.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Panping Yang
- School of Life Science and Food Engineering, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huaian 223003, China; (H.L.); (H.X.); (P.Y.); (M.B.); (S.Z.); (M.Z.); (L.Z.); (C.G.); (S.L.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Muhammad Bilal
- School of Life Science and Food Engineering, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huaian 223003, China; (H.L.); (H.X.); (P.Y.); (M.B.); (S.Z.); (M.Z.); (L.Z.); (C.G.); (S.L.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Shaohui Zhu
- School of Life Science and Food Engineering, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huaian 223003, China; (H.L.); (H.X.); (P.Y.); (M.B.); (S.Z.); (M.Z.); (L.Z.); (C.G.); (S.L.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Mengyuan Zhong
- School of Life Science and Food Engineering, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huaian 223003, China; (H.L.); (H.X.); (P.Y.); (M.B.); (S.Z.); (M.Z.); (L.Z.); (C.G.); (S.L.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Li Zhao
- School of Life Science and Food Engineering, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huaian 223003, China; (H.L.); (H.X.); (P.Y.); (M.B.); (S.Z.); (M.Z.); (L.Z.); (C.G.); (S.L.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Chengyuan Gu
- School of Life Science and Food Engineering, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huaian 223003, China; (H.L.); (H.X.); (P.Y.); (M.B.); (S.Z.); (M.Z.); (L.Z.); (C.G.); (S.L.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Shuai Liu
- School of Life Science and Food Engineering, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huaian 223003, China; (H.L.); (H.X.); (P.Y.); (M.B.); (S.Z.); (M.Z.); (L.Z.); (C.G.); (S.L.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Yuping Zhao
- School of Life Science and Food Engineering, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huaian 223003, China; (H.L.); (H.X.); (P.Y.); (M.B.); (S.Z.); (M.Z.); (L.Z.); (C.G.); (S.L.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Chengxin Geng
- School of Life Science and Food Engineering, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huaian 223003, China; (H.L.); (H.X.); (P.Y.); (M.B.); (S.Z.); (M.Z.); (L.Z.); (C.G.); (S.L.); (Y.Z.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-517-83559107
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9
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Biosynthesis, Molecular Regulation, and Application of Bacilysin Produced by Bacillus Species. Metabolites 2022; 12:metabo12050397. [PMID: 35629901 PMCID: PMC9147277 DOI: 10.3390/metabo12050397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Revised: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Microbes produce a diverse range of secondary metabolites in response to various environmental factors and interspecies competition. This enables them to become superior in a particular environment. Bacilysin, a dipeptide antibiotic produced by Bacillus species, is active against a broad range of microorganisms. Because of its simple structure and excellent mode of action, i.e., through the inhibition of glucosamine 6-phosphate synthase, it has drawn the attention of researchers. In addition, it acts as a pleiotropic signaling molecule that affects different cellular activities. However, all Bacillus species are not capable of producing bacilysin. The biosynthesis of bacilysin by Bacillus species is not uniform throughout the population; specificity and heterogeneity at both the strain and species levels has been observed. This review discusses how bacilysin is biosynthesized by Bacillus species, the regulators of its biosynthesis, its importance in the host, and the abiotic factors affecting bacilysin production.
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Yang H, Qu J, Zou W, Shen W, Chen X. An overview and future prospects of recombinant protein production in Bacillus subtilis. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 105:6607-6626. [PMID: 34468804 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-021-11533-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Revised: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Bacillus subtilis is a well-characterized Gram-positive bacterium and a valuable host for recombinant protein production because of its efficient secretion ability, high yield, and non-toxicity. Here, we comprehensively review the recent studies on recombinant protein production in B. subtilis to update and supplement other previous reviews. We have focused on several aspects, including optimization of B. subtilis strains, enhancement and regulation of expression, improvement of secretion level, surface display of proteins, and fermentation optimization. Among them, optimization of B. subtilis strains mainly involves undirected chemical/physical mutagenesis and selection and genetic manipulation; enhancement and regulation of expression comprises autonomous plasmid and integrated expression, promoter regulation and engineering, and fine-tuning gene expression based on proteases and molecular chaperones; improvement of secretion level predominantly involves secretion pathway and signal peptide screening and optimization; surface display of proteins includes surface display of proteins on spores or vegetative cells; and fermentation optimization incorporates medium optimization, process condition optimization, and feeding strategy optimization. Furthermore, we propose some novel methods and future challenges for recombinant protein production in B. subtilis.Key points• A comprehensive review on recombinant protein production in Bacillus subtilis.• Novel techniques facilitate recombinant protein expression and secretion.• Surface display of proteins has significant potential for different applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiquan Yang
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China.
| | - Jinfeng Qu
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Wei Zou
- College of Bioengineering, Sichuan University of Science & Engineering, Yibin, 644000, Sichuan, China
| | - Wei Shen
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Xianzhong Chen
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China.
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11
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Hou Q, Kolodkin-Gal I. Harvesting the complex pathways of antibiotic production and resistance of soil bacilli for optimizing plant microbiome. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2021; 96:5872479. [PMID: 32672816 DOI: 10.1093/femsec/fiaa142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
A sustainable future increasing depends on our capacity to utilize beneficial plant microbiomes to meet our growing needs. Plant microbiome symbiosis is a hallmark of the beneficial interactions between bacteria and their host. Specifically, colonization of plant roots by biocontrol agents and plant growth-promoting bacteria can play an important role in maintaining the optimal rhizosphere environment, supporting plant growth and promoting its fitness. Rhizosphere communities confer immunity against a wide range of foliar diseases by secreting antibiotics and activating plant defences. At the same time, the rhizosphere is a highly competitive niche, with multiple microbial species competing for space and resources, engaged in an arms race involving the production of a vast array of antibiotics and utilization of a variety of antibiotic resistance mechanisms. Therefore, elucidating the mechanisms that govern antibiotic production and resistance in the rhizosphere is of great significance for designing beneficial communities with enhanced biocontrol properties. In this review, we used Bacillus subtilis and B. amyloliquefaciens as models to investigate the genetics of antibiosis and the potential for its translation of into improved plant microbiome performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qihui Hou
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Ilana Kolodkin-Gal
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
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12
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Sun J, Liu Y, Lin F, Lu Z, Lu Y. CodY, ComA, DegU and Spo0A controlling lipopeptides biosynthesis in Bacillus amyloliquefaciens fmbJ. J Appl Microbiol 2021; 131:1289-1304. [PMID: 33460520 DOI: 10.1111/jam.15007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Revised: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
AIM In the study, we investigated the regulatory effects of these genes (codY, comA, degU and spo0A) on the biosynthesis of three lipopeptides (bacillomycin D, fengycin and surfactin) in Bacillus amyloliquefaciens. METHODS AND RESULTS The codY, comA, degU and spo0A genes in B. amyloliquefaciens fmbJ were knocked out. The results showed that the productions of bacillomycin D were significantly reduced compared with that of fmbJ. Their deletion induced great changes in the levels of transcripts specifying metabolic pathways, quorum sensing system and substance transport system in fmbJ. Moreover, overexpression of these genes improved the productions of bacillomycin D. In particular, the overexpression of spo0A enhanced bacillomycin D yield up to 648·9 ± 60·9 mg l-1 from 277·3 ± 30·5 mg l-1 . In addition, the yields of surfactin in fmbJΔcodY and fmbJΔdegU were significantly improved, and the regulatory factor CodY had no significant effect on the synthesis of fengycin. CONCLUSIONS These genes positively regulated the expression of bacillomycin D and fengycin synthase genes in strain fmbJ. However, codY and degU negatively regulated surfactin biosynthesis. Moreover, it was found that CodY had a concentration dependence on bacillomycin D synthesis. Spo0A might play a direct regulatory role in the synthesis and secretion of bacillomycin D. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY This study indicated that genetic engineering of regulatory genes was an effective strategy to improve the yields of antimicrobial lipopeptides and provided promising strains for industrial production of lipopeptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Sun
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Finance and Economics, Nanjing, People's Republic of China.,College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Y Liu
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - F Lin
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Z Lu
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Y Lu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Finance and Economics, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
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13
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Vahidinasab M, Lilge L, Reinfurt A, Pfannstiel J, Henkel M, Morabbi Heravi K, Hausmann R. Construction and description of a constitutive plipastatin mono-producing Bacillus subtilis. Microb Cell Fact 2020; 19:205. [PMID: 33167976 PMCID: PMC7654001 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-020-01468-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plipastatin is a potent Bacillus antimicrobial lipopeptide with the prospect to replace conventional antifungal chemicals for controlling plant pathogens. However, the application of this lipopeptide has so far been investigated in a few cases, principally because of the yield in low concentration and unknown regulation of biosynthesis pathways. B. subtilis synthesizes plipastatin by a non-ribosomal peptide synthetase encoded by the ppsABCDE operon. In this study, B. subtilis 3NA (a non-sporulation strain) was engineered to gain more insights about plipastatin mono-production. RESULTS The 4-phosphopantetheinyl transferase Sfp posttranslationally converts non-ribosomal peptide synthetases from inactive apoforms into their active holoforms. In case of 3NA strain, sfp gene is inactive. Accordingly, the first step was an integration of a repaired sfp version in 3NA to construct strain BMV9. Subsequently, plipastatin production was doubled after integration of a fully expressed degQ version from B. subtilis DSM10T strain (strain BMV10), ensuring stimulation of DegU-P regulatory pathway that positively controls the ppsABSDE operon. Moreover, markerless substitution of the comparably weak native plipastatin promoter (Ppps) against the strong constitutive promoter Pveg led to approximately fivefold enhancement of plipastatin production in BMV11 compared to BMV9. Intriguingly, combination of both repaired degQ expression and promoter exchange (Ppps::Pveg) did not increase the plipastatin yield. Afterwards, deletion of surfactin (srfAA-AD) operon by the retaining the regulatory comS which is located within srfAB and is involved in natural competence development, resulted in the loss of plipastatin production in BMV9 and significantly decreased the plipastatin production of BMV11. We also observed that supplementation of ornithine as a precursor for plipastatin formation caused higher production of plipastatin in mono-producer strains, albeit with a modified pattern of plipastatin composition. CONCLUSIONS This study provides evidence that degQ stimulates the native plipastatin production. Moreover, a full plipastatin production requires surfactin synthetase or some of its components. Furthermore, as another conclusion of this study, results point towards ornithine provision being an indispensable constituent for a plipastatin mono-producer B. subtilis strain. Therefore, targeting the ornithine metabolic flux might be a promising strategy to further investigate and enhance plipastatin production by B. subtilis plipastatin mono-producer strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maliheh Vahidinasab
- Institute of Food Science and Biotechnology, Department of Bioprocess Engineering (150K), University of Hohenheim, Fruwirthstraße 12, 70599, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Lars Lilge
- Institute of Food Science and Biotechnology, Department of Bioprocess Engineering (150K), University of Hohenheim, Fruwirthstraße 12, 70599, Stuttgart, Germany.
| | - Aline Reinfurt
- Institute of Food Science and Biotechnology, Department of Bioprocess Engineering (150K), University of Hohenheim, Fruwirthstraße 12, 70599, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Jens Pfannstiel
- Core Facility Hohenheim, Mass Spectrometry Unit, University of Hohenheim, August-von-Hartmann-Str. 3, 70599, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Marius Henkel
- Institute of Food Science and Biotechnology, Department of Bioprocess Engineering (150K), University of Hohenheim, Fruwirthstraße 12, 70599, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Kambiz Morabbi Heravi
- Institute of Food Science and Biotechnology, Department of Bioprocess Engineering (150K), University of Hohenheim, Fruwirthstraße 12, 70599, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Rudolf Hausmann
- Institute of Food Science and Biotechnology, Department of Bioprocess Engineering (150K), University of Hohenheim, Fruwirthstraße 12, 70599, Stuttgart, Germany
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14
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Key elements and regulation strategies of NRPSs for biosynthesis of lipopeptides by Bacillus. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2020; 104:8077-8087. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-020-10801-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Revised: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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15
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Ertekin O, Kutnu M, Taşkin AA, Demir M, Karataş AY, Özcengiz G. Analysis of a bac operon-silenced strain suggests pleiotropic effects of bacilysin in Bacillus subtilis. J Microbiol 2020; 58:297-313. [DOI: 10.1007/s12275-020-9064-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2019] [Revised: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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16
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Sun W, Wu Y, Ding W, Wang L, Wu L, Lin L, Che Z, Zhu L, Liu Y, Chen X. An auto-inducible expression and high cell density fermentation of Beefy Meaty Peptide with Bacillus subtilis. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng 2019; 43:701-710. [PMID: 31844973 DOI: 10.1007/s00449-019-02268-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Currently, some cases about the expression of flavor peptides with microorganisms were reported owing to the obvious advantages of biological expression over traditional methods. However, beefy meaty peptide (BMP), the focus of umami peptides, has neither been concerned in its safe expression nor its overproduction in fermenter. In this study, multi-copy BMP (8BMP) was successfully auto-inducibly expressed and efficiently produced in Bacillus subtilis 168. First, 8BMP was successfully auto-inducibly expressed with srfA promoter in B. subtilis 168. Further, the efficient production of 8BMP was researched in a 5-L fermenter: the fermentation optimized by Pontryagin's maximum principle obtained the highest 8BMP yield (3.16 g/L), which was 1.2 times and 1.8 times than that of two-stage feeding cultivation (2.67 g/L) and constant-rate feeding cultivation (1.75 g/L), respectively. Overall, the auto-inducible expression of 8BMP in B. subtilis and fermentation with Pontryagin's maximum principle are conductive for overproduction of BMP and other peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weifeng Sun
- College of Life Science and Environment, Hengyang Normal University, Hengyang, 421008, China.
| | - Yuanming Wu
- Key Laboratory of Food and Biotechnology, School of Food and Biotechnology, Xihua University, Chengdu, 610039, China
| | - Wenwu Ding
- Key Laboratory of Food and Biotechnology, School of Food and Biotechnology, Xihua University, Chengdu, 610039, China
| | - Li Wang
- Key Laboratory of Food and Biotechnology, School of Food and Biotechnology, Xihua University, Chengdu, 610039, China
| | - Lunjie Wu
- Key Laboratory of Food and Biotechnology, School of Food and Biotechnology, Xihua University, Chengdu, 610039, China
| | - Lu Lin
- Key Laboratory of Food and Biotechnology, School of Food and Biotechnology, Xihua University, Chengdu, 610039, China
| | - Zhenming Che
- Key Laboratory of Food and Biotechnology, School of Food and Biotechnology, Xihua University, Chengdu, 610039, China
| | - Longbao Zhu
- School of Biochemical Engineering, Anhui Polytechnic University, Anhui, 241000, China
| | - Yi Liu
- College of Life Science and Environment, Hengyang Normal University, Hengyang, 421008, China
| | - Xiaohua Chen
- College of Life Science and Environment, Hengyang Normal University, Hengyang, 421008, China
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17
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Deng Q, Wang R, Sun D, Sun L, Wang Y, Pu Y, Fang Z, Xu D, Liu Y, Ye R, Yin S, Xie S, Gooneratne R. Complete Genome of Bacillus velezensis CMT-6 and Comparative Genome Analysis Reveals Lipopeptide Diversity. Biochem Genet 2019; 58:1-15. [PMID: 31098827 DOI: 10.1007/s10528-019-09927-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The complete genome sequence of Bacillus velezensis type strain CMT-6 is presented for the first time. A comparative analysis between the genome sequences of CMT-6 with the genome of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens DSM7T, B. velezensis FZB42, and Bacillus subtilis 168 revealed major differences in the lipopeptide synthesis genes. Of the above, only the CMT-6 strain possessed an integrated synthetase gene for synthesizing surfactin, iturin, and fengycin. However, CMT-6 shared 14, 12, and 10 other lipopeptide-producing genes with FZB42, DSM7T, and 168 respectively. The largest numbers of non-synonymous mutations were detected in 205 gene sequences that produced these three lipopeptides in CMT-6 and 168. Comparing CMT-6 with DSM7T, 58 non-synonymous mutations were detected in gene sequences that contributed to produce lipopeptides. In addition, InDels were identified in yczE and glnR genes. CMT-6 and FZB42 had the lowest number of non-synonymous mutations with 8 lipopeptide-related gene sequences. And InDels were identified in only yczE. The numbers of core genes, InDels, and non-synonymous mutations in genes were the main reasons for the differences in yield and variety of lipopeptides. These results will enrich the genomic resources available for B. velezensis and provide fundamental information to construct strains that can produce specific lipopeptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Deng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Processing and Safety, Key Laboratory of Advanced Processing of Aquatic Products of Guangdong Higher Education Institution, College of Food Science and Technology, Guangdong Ocean University, No. 1 Haida Road, Zhanjiang, 524088, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Rundong Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Processing and Safety, Key Laboratory of Advanced Processing of Aquatic Products of Guangdong Higher Education Institution, College of Food Science and Technology, Guangdong Ocean University, No. 1 Haida Road, Zhanjiang, 524088, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Dongfang Sun
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Processing and Safety, Key Laboratory of Advanced Processing of Aquatic Products of Guangdong Higher Education Institution, College of Food Science and Technology, Guangdong Ocean University, No. 1 Haida Road, Zhanjiang, 524088, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Lijun Sun
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Processing and Safety, Key Laboratory of Advanced Processing of Aquatic Products of Guangdong Higher Education Institution, College of Food Science and Technology, Guangdong Ocean University, No. 1 Haida Road, Zhanjiang, 524088, Guangdong Province, China.
| | - Yaling Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Processing and Safety, Key Laboratory of Advanced Processing of Aquatic Products of Guangdong Higher Education Institution, College of Food Science and Technology, Guangdong Ocean University, No. 1 Haida Road, Zhanjiang, 524088, Guangdong Province, China.
| | - Yuehua Pu
- Guangdong Institute of Special Equipment Inspection and Research Zhanjiang Branch, Zhanjiang, 524022, China
| | - Zhijia Fang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Processing and Safety, Key Laboratory of Advanced Processing of Aquatic Products of Guangdong Higher Education Institution, College of Food Science and Technology, Guangdong Ocean University, No. 1 Haida Road, Zhanjiang, 524088, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Defeng Xu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Processing and Safety, Key Laboratory of Advanced Processing of Aquatic Products of Guangdong Higher Education Institution, College of Food Science and Technology, Guangdong Ocean University, No. 1 Haida Road, Zhanjiang, 524088, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Ying Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Processing and Safety, Key Laboratory of Advanced Processing of Aquatic Products of Guangdong Higher Education Institution, College of Food Science and Technology, Guangdong Ocean University, No. 1 Haida Road, Zhanjiang, 524088, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Riying Ye
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Processing and Safety, Key Laboratory of Advanced Processing of Aquatic Products of Guangdong Higher Education Institution, College of Food Science and Technology, Guangdong Ocean University, No. 1 Haida Road, Zhanjiang, 524088, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Sanjun Yin
- Health Time Gene Institute, Shenzhen, 518000, China
| | - Sisi Xie
- Health Time Gene Institute, Shenzhen, 518000, China
| | - Ravi Gooneratne
- Department of Wine, Food and Molecular Biosciences, Lincoln University, Lincoln, 7647, New Zealand
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18
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Richts B, Rosenberg J, Commichau FM. A Survey of Pyridoxal 5'-Phosphate-Dependent Proteins in the Gram-Positive Model Bacterium Bacillus subtilis. Front Mol Biosci 2019; 6:32. [PMID: 31134210 PMCID: PMC6522883 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2019.00032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Accepted: 04/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The B6 vitamer pyridoxal 5′-phosphate (PLP) is a co-factor for proteins and enzymes that are involved in diverse cellular processes. Therefore, PLP is essential for organisms from all kingdoms of life. Here we provide an overview about the PLP-dependent proteins from the Gram-positive soil bacterium Bacillus subtilis. Since B. subtilis serves as a model system in basic research and as a production host in industry, knowledge about the PLP-dependent proteins could facilitate engineering the bacteria for biotechnological applications. The survey revealed that the majority of the PLP-dependent proteins are involved in metabolic pathways like amino acid biosynthesis and degradation, biosynthesis of antibacterial compounds, utilization of nucleotides as well as in iron and carbon metabolism. Many PLP-dependent proteins participate in de novo synthesis of the co-factors biotin, folate, heme, and NAD+ as well as in cell wall metabolism, tRNA modification, regulation of gene expression, sporulation, and biofilm formation. A surprisingly large group of PLP-dependent proteins (29%) belong to the group of poorly characterized proteins. This review underpins the need to characterize the PLP-dependent proteins of unknown function to fully understand the “PLP-ome” of B. subtilis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Björn Richts
- Department of General Microbiology, University of Goettingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Jonathan Rosenberg
- Department of General Microbiology, University of Goettingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Fabian M Commichau
- Department of General Microbiology, University of Goettingen, Göttingen, Germany
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19
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Yaseen Y, Diop A, Gancel F, Béchet M, Jacques P, Drider D. Polynucleotide phosphorylase is involved in the control of lipopeptide fengycin production in Bacillus subtilis. Arch Microbiol 2018; 200:783-791. [PMID: 29423562 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-018-1483-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2017] [Revised: 01/18/2018] [Accepted: 01/23/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Bacillus subtilis is a wealth source of lipopeptide molecules such as iturins, surfactins and fengycins or plipastatins endowed with a range of biological activities. These molecules, designated secondary metabolites, are synthesized via non-ribosomal peptides synthesis (NRPS) machinery and are most often subjected to a complex regulation with involvement of several regulatory factors. To gain novel insights on mechanism regulating fengycin production, we investigated the effect of the fascinating polynucleotide phosphorylase (PNPase), as well as the effect of lipopeptide surfactin. Compared to the wild type, the production of fengycin in the mutant strains B. subtilis BBG235 and BBG236 altered for PNPase has not only decreased to about 70 and 40%, respectively, but also hampered its antifungal activity towards the plant pathogen Botrytis cinerea. On the other hand, mutant strains BBG231 (srfAA-) and BBG232 (srfAC-) displayed different levels of fengycin production. BBG231 had registered an important decrease in fengycin production, comparable to that observed for BBG235 or BBG236. This study permitted to establish that the products of pnpA gene (PNPase), and srfAA- (surfactin synthetase) are involved in fengycin production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yazen Yaseen
- Université de Lille, INRA, Université d'Artois, Université du Littoral-Côte d'Opale, EA 7394 - ICV-Institut Charles Viollette, F-59000, Lille, France
| | - Awa Diop
- Université de Lille, INRA, Université d'Artois, Université du Littoral-Côte d'Opale, EA 7394 - ICV-Institut Charles Viollette, F-59000, Lille, France
| | - Frédérique Gancel
- Université de Lille, INRA, Université d'Artois, Université du Littoral-Côte d'Opale, EA 7394 - ICV-Institut Charles Viollette, F-59000, Lille, France
| | - Max Béchet
- Université de Lille, INRA, Université d'Artois, Université du Littoral-Côte d'Opale, EA 7394 - ICV-Institut Charles Viollette, F-59000, Lille, France
| | - Philippe Jacques
- Université de Lille, INRA, Université d'Artois, Université du Littoral-Côte d'Opale, EA 7394 - ICV-Institut Charles Viollette, F-59000, Lille, France
| | - Djamel Drider
- Université de Lille, INRA, Université d'Artois, Université du Littoral-Côte d'Opale, EA 7394 - ICV-Institut Charles Viollette, F-59000, Lille, France.
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20
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Yaseen Y, Gancel F, Béchet M, Drider D, Jacques P. Study of the correlation between fengycin promoter expression and its production by Bacillus subtilis under different culture conditions and the impact on surfactin production. Arch Microbiol 2017; 199:1371-1382. [PMID: 28735377 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-017-1406-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2017] [Revised: 06/01/2017] [Accepted: 06/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
This work aimed to rely expression of the fengycin promoter to fengycin production under different culture conditions. To this end, Bacillus subtilis BBG208, derived from BBG21, which is a fengycin overproducing strain carrying the green fluorescent protein (GFP) under the control of fengycin promoter, was used to assess the effects of different carbon and nitrogen sources on surfactin and fengycin production and the fengycin promoter expression. The data showed that some carbon sources oriented synthesis of one family of lipopeptides, while most of the nitrogen sources allowed high co-production of fengycin and surfactin. High expressions of promoter Pfen and fengycin synthesis were obtained with urea or urea + ammonium mixture as nitrogen source and mannitol as carbon source. Moreover, temperature, pH and oxygenation influenced their biosynthesis based on the nutrition conditions. Optimization of the production medium increased the fengycin production to 768 mg L-1, which is the highest level reported for this strain. This study defines the suitable nutrient conditions allowing as well the highest expression of the fengycin promoter and portrays the conditions relying on the fengycin and surfactin production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yazen Yaseen
- Charles Viollette Institute, University Lille 1, Sciences and Technologies, Cité Scientifique, 59655, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France.,Terra Teaching and Research Centre, Microbial Processes and Interactions, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liege, Gembloux, B-5030, Liège, Belgium
| | - Frédérique Gancel
- Charles Viollette Institute, University Lille 1, Sciences and Technologies, Cité Scientifique, 59655, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France.,Terra Teaching and Research Centre, Microbial Processes and Interactions, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liege, Gembloux, B-5030, Liège, Belgium
| | - Max Béchet
- Charles Viollette Institute, University Lille 1, Sciences and Technologies, Cité Scientifique, 59655, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France.,Terra Teaching and Research Centre, Microbial Processes and Interactions, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liege, Gembloux, B-5030, Liège, Belgium
| | - Djamel Drider
- Charles Viollette Institute, University Lille 1, Sciences and Technologies, Cité Scientifique, 59655, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France.,Terra Teaching and Research Centre, Microbial Processes and Interactions, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liege, Gembloux, B-5030, Liège, Belgium
| | - Philippe Jacques
- Charles Viollette Institute, University Lille 1, Sciences and Technologies, Cité Scientifique, 59655, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France. .,Terra Teaching and Research Centre, Microbial Processes and Interactions, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liege, Gembloux, B-5030, Liège, Belgium.
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21
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Qian S, Sun J, Lu H, Lu F, Bie X, Lu Z. L-glutamine efficiently stimulates biosynthesis of bacillomycin D in Bacillus subtilis fmbJ. Process Biochem 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2017.04.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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22
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Untangling the transcription regulatory network of the bacitracin synthase operon in Bacillus licheniformis DW2. Res Microbiol 2017; 168:515-523. [DOI: 10.1016/j.resmic.2017.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2016] [Revised: 02/08/2017] [Accepted: 02/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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23
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Zhang Z, Ding Z, Zhong J, Zhou J, Shu D, Luo D, Yang J, Tan H. Improvement of iturin A production inBacillus subtilisZK0 by overexpression of thecomAandsigAgenes. Lett Appl Microbiol 2017; 64:452-458. [DOI: 10.1111/lam.12739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2017] [Revised: 03/26/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Z. Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental and Applied Microbiology; Chengdu Institute of Biology; The Chinese Academy of Sciences; Chengdu China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing China
- Environmental Microbiology Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province; Chengdu Sichuan China
| | - Z.T. Ding
- Key Laboratory of Environmental and Applied Microbiology; Chengdu Institute of Biology; The Chinese Academy of Sciences; Chengdu China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing China
- Environmental Microbiology Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province; Chengdu Sichuan China
| | - J. Zhong
- Key Laboratory of Environmental and Applied Microbiology; Chengdu Institute of Biology; The Chinese Academy of Sciences; Chengdu China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing China
- Environmental Microbiology Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province; Chengdu Sichuan China
| | - J.Y. Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Environmental and Applied Microbiology; Chengdu Institute of Biology; The Chinese Academy of Sciences; Chengdu China
- Environmental Microbiology Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province; Chengdu Sichuan China
| | - D. Shu
- Key Laboratory of Environmental and Applied Microbiology; Chengdu Institute of Biology; The Chinese Academy of Sciences; Chengdu China
- Environmental Microbiology Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province; Chengdu Sichuan China
| | - D. Luo
- Key Laboratory of Environmental and Applied Microbiology; Chengdu Institute of Biology; The Chinese Academy of Sciences; Chengdu China
- Environmental Microbiology Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province; Chengdu Sichuan China
| | - J. Yang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental and Applied Microbiology; Chengdu Institute of Biology; The Chinese Academy of Sciences; Chengdu China
- Environmental Microbiology Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province; Chengdu Sichuan China
| | - H. Tan
- Key Laboratory of Environmental and Applied Microbiology; Chengdu Institute of Biology; The Chinese Academy of Sciences; Chengdu China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing China
- Environmental Microbiology Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province; Chengdu Sichuan China
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Abstract
The dense aggregation of cells on a surface, as seen in biofilms, inevitably results in both environmental and cellular heterogeneity. For example, nutrient gradients can trigger cells to differentiate into various phenotypic states. Not only do cells adapt physiologically to the local environmental conditions, but they also differentiate into cell types that interact with each other. This allows for task differentiation and, hence, the division of labor. In this article, we focus on cell differentiation and the division of labor in three bacterial species: Myxococcus xanthus, Bacillus subtilis, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. During biofilm formation each of these species differentiates into distinct cell types, in some cases leading to cooperative interactions. The division of labor and the cooperative interactions between cell types are assumed to yield an emergent ecological benefit. Yet in most cases the ecological benefits have yet to be elucidated. A notable exception is M. xanthus, in which cell differentiation within fruiting bodies facilitates the dispersal of spores. We argue that the ecological benefits of the division of labor might best be understood when we consider the dynamic nature of both biofilm formation and degradation.
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25
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Guan C, Cui W, Cheng J, Zhou L, Guo J, Hu X, Xiao G, Zhou Z. Construction and development of an auto-regulatory gene expression system in Bacillus subtilis. Microb Cell Fact 2015; 14:150. [PMID: 26392346 PMCID: PMC4578258 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-015-0341-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2015] [Accepted: 09/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bacillus subtilis is an all-important Gram-positive bacterium of valuable biotechnological utility that has been widely used to over-produce industrially and pharmaceutically relevant proteins. There are a variety of expression systems in terms of types of transcriptional patterns, among which the auto-inducible and growth-phase-dependent promoters are gaining increasing favor due to their inducer-independent feature, allowing for the potential to industrially scale-up. To expand the applicability of the auto-inducible expression system, a novel auto-regulatory expression system coupled with cell density was constructed and developed in B. subtilis using the quorum-sensing related promoter srfA (PsrfA). RESULTS The promoter of the srf operon was used to construct an expression plasmid with the green fluorescent protein (GFP) downstream of PsrfA. The expression displayed a cell-density-dependent pattern in that GFP had a fairly low expression level at the early exponential stage and was highly expressed at the late exponential as well as the stationary stages. Moreover, the recombinant system had a similar expression pattern in wild-type B. subtilis 168, WB600, and WB800, as well as in B. subtilis 168 derivative strain 1681, with the complete deletion of PsrfA, indicating the excellent compatibility of this system. Noticeably, the expression strength of PsrfA was enhanced by optimizing the -10 and -35 core sequence by substituting both sequences with consensus sequences. Importantly, the expression pattern was successfully developed in an auto-regulatory cell-density coupling system by the simple addition of glucose in which GFP could not be strongly expressed until glucose was depleted, resulting in a greater amount of the GFP product and increased cell density. The expression system was eventually tested by the successful over-production of aminopeptidase to a desired level. CONCLUSION The auto-regulatory cell density coupling system that is mediated by PsrfA is a novel expression system that has an expression pattern that is split between cell-growth and over-expression, leading to an increase in cell density and elevating the overall expression levels of heterologously expressed proteins. The broad applicability of this system and inducer-free expression property in B. subtilis facilitate the industrial scale-up and medical applications for the over-production of a variety of desired proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengran Guan
- School of Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology (Ministry of Education), Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China.
| | - Wenjing Cui
- School of Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology (Ministry of Education), Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China.
| | - Jintao Cheng
- School of Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology (Ministry of Education), Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China.
| | - Li Zhou
- School of Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology (Ministry of Education), Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China.
| | - Junling Guo
- School of Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology (Ministry of Education), Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China.
| | - Xu Hu
- School of Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology (Ministry of Education), Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China.
| | - Guoping Xiao
- Wuxi Biortus Bioscience Co., Ltd, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China.
| | - Zhemin Zhou
- School of Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology (Ministry of Education), Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China.
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Özcengiz G, Öğülür İ. Biochemistry, genetics and regulation of bacilysin biosynthesis and its significance more than an antibiotic. N Biotechnol 2015; 32:612-9. [PMID: 25644640 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbt.2015.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2014] [Revised: 01/06/2015] [Accepted: 01/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Bacillus subtilis has the capacity to produce more than two dozen bioactive compounds with an amazing variety of chemical structures. Among them, bacilysin is a non-ribosomally synthesized dipeptide antibiotic consisting of l-alanine residue at the N terminus and a non-proteinogenic amino acid, l-anticapsin, at the C terminus. In spite of its simple structure, it is active against a wide range of bacteria and fungi. As a potent antimicrobial agent, we briefly review the biochemistry and genetics as well as the regulation of bacilysin biosynthesis within the frame of peptide pheromones-based control of secondary activities. Biological functions of bacilysin in the producer B. subtilis beyond its antimicrobial activity as well as potential biotechnological use of the biosynthetic enzyme l-amino acid ligase (Lal) are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gülay Özcengiz
- Department of Biological Sciences and Molecular Biology and Genetics, Middle East Technical University, 06800 Ankara, Turkey.
| | - İsmail Öğülür
- Marmara University, Research and Training Hospital, Division of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, 34899 Istanbul, Turkey
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27
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Bacterial competition reveals differential regulation of the pks genes by Bacillus subtilis. J Bacteriol 2013; 196:717-28. [PMID: 24187085 DOI: 10.1128/jb.01022-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacillus subtilis is adaptable to many environments in part due to its ability to produce a broad range of bioactive compounds. One such compound, bacillaene, is a linear polyketide/nonribosomal peptide. The pks genes encode the enzymatic megacomplex that synthesizes bacillaene. The majority of pks genes appear to be organized as a giant operon (>74 kb from pksC-pksR). In previous work (P. D. Straight, M. A. Fischbach, C. T. Walsh, D. Z. Rudner, and R. Kolter, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 104:305-310, 2007, doi:10.1073/pnas.0609073103), a deletion of the pks operon in B. subtilis was found to induce prodiginine production by Streptomyces coelicolor. Here, colonies of wild-type B. subtilis formed a spreading population that induced prodiginine production from Streptomyces lividans, suggesting differential regulation of pks genes and, as a result, bacillaene. While the parent colony showed widespread induction of pks expression among cells in the population, we found the spreading cells uniformly and transiently repressed the expression of the pks genes. To identify regulators that control pks genes, we first determined the pattern of pks gene expression in liquid culture. We next identified mutations in regulatory genes that disrupted the wild-type pattern of pks gene expression. We found that expression of the pks genes requires the master regulator of development, Spo0A, through its repression of AbrB and the stationary-phase regulator, CodY. Deletions of degU, comA, and scoC had moderate effects, disrupting the timing and level of pks gene expression. The observed patterns of expression suggest that complex regulation of bacillaene and other antibiotics optimizes competitive fitness for B. subtilis.
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Köroğlu TE, Oğülür I, Mutlu S, Yazgan-Karataş A, Ozcengiz G. Global regulatory systems operating in Bacilysin biosynthesis in Bacillus subtilis. J Mol Microbiol Biotechnol 2011; 20:144-55. [PMID: 21709425 DOI: 10.1159/000328639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In Bacillus subtilis, bacilysin is a nonribosomally synthesized dipeptide antibiotic composed of L-alanine and L-anticapsin. The biosynthesis of bacilysin depends on the bacABCDEywfG operon (bac operon)and the adjacent ywfH gene. To elucidate the effects of global regulatory genes on the expression of bac operon, we used the combination of lacZ fusion analysis and the gel mobility shift assays. The cell density-dependent transition state induction of the bac operon was clearly shown. The basal expression level of the bac operon as well as transition state induction of bac is directly ComA dependent. Three Phr peptides, PhrC, PhrF and PhrK, are required for full-level expression of ComA-dependent bac operon expression, but the most important role seemed to be played by PhrC in stimulating bac expression through a RapC-independent manner. Spo0A is another positive regulator which participates in the transition state induction of bac both directly by interacting with the bac promoter and indirectly by repressing abrB expression. AbrB and CodY proteins do not only directly repress the bac promoter, but they also mutually stimulate the transition state induction of bac indirectly, most likely by antagonizing their repressive effects without preventing each other's binding since both proteins can bind to the bac promoter simultaneously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Türkan Ebru Köroğlu
- Molecular Biology-Biotechnology and Genetics Research Center (MOBGAM) and Molecular Biology and Genetics Department, Istanbul Technical University, Turkey
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Chen HJ, Tsai TK, Pan SC, Lin JS, Tseng CL, Shaw GC. The master transcription factor Spo0A is required for poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) (PHB) accumulation and expression of genes involved in PHB biosynthesis in Bacillus thuringiensis. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2010. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.2009.01888.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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López D, Kolter R. Extracellular signals that define distinct and coexisting cell fates in Bacillus subtilis. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2009; 34:134-49. [PMID: 20030732 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6976.2009.00199.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 198] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The soil-dwelling bacterium Bacillus subtilis differentiates into distinct subpopulations of specialized cells that coexist within highly structured communities. The coordination and interplay between these cell types requires extensive extracellular communication driven mostly by sensing self-generated secreted signals. These extracellular signals activate a set of sensor kinases, which respond by phosphorylating three major regulatory proteins, Spo0A, DegU and ComA. Each phosphorylated regulator triggers a specific differentiation program while at the same time repressing other differentiation programs. This allows a cell to differentiate in response to a specific cue, even in the presence of other, possibly conflicting, signals. The sensor kinases involved respond to an eclectic group of extracellular signals, such as quorum-sensing molecules, natural products, temperature, pH or scarcity of nutrients. This article reviews the cascades of cell differentiation pathways that are triggered by sensing extracellular signals. We also present a tentative developmental model in which the diverse cell types sequentially differentiate to achieve the proper development of the bacterial community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel López
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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31
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ScoC regulates bacilysin production at the transcription level in Bacillus subtilis. J Bacteriol 2009; 191:7367-71. [PMID: 19801406 DOI: 10.1128/jb.01081-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacillus subtilis mutants with high expression of the bacilysin operon ywfBCDEFG were isolated. Comparative genome sequencing analysis revealed that all of these mutants have a mutation in the scoC gene. The disruption of scoC by genetic engineering also resulted in increased expression of ywfBCDEFG. Primer extension and gel mobility shift analyses showed that the ScoC protein binds directly to the promoter region of ywfBCDEFG. Our results indicate that the transition state regulator ScoC, together with CodY and AbrB, negatively regulates bacilysin production in B. subtilis.
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The novel gene yvfI in Bacillus subtilis is essential for bacilysin biosynthesis. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 2008; 94:471-9. [PMID: 18604637 DOI: 10.1007/s10482-008-9265-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2008] [Accepted: 06/17/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Using transposon mutagenesis in Bacillus subtilis PY79, three independent mutants defective in production of bacilysin were isolated. To identify the genes in these mutant loci affecting bacilysin biosynthesis, the inserted transposon and its flanking regions were cloned and sequenced from each mutant. Transposon insertions in these three mutants were found to be in the yvfI gene which encodes an unknown protein similar to GntR family transcriptional regulators. For further confirmation, deletion mutants were constructed in which nucleotides 196-314 of the yvfI gene were removed. All resulting yvfI (Delta196-314)::spc deletion mutants exhibited bacilysin-negative phenotypes, as in the case of the yvfI::Tn10::spc insertional mutants. The lacR gene, encoding a transcriptional regulator, resides immediately downstream from the yvfI gene. Therefore, an insertion mutation was created in the lacR gene to demonstrate that the bacilysin negative phenotype is actually due to the mutation in the yvfI gene and not a polar effect of yvfI mutation on the downstream gene. As expected, all resulting lacR mutant derivatives of PY79 still produced bacilysin.
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Shalev-Malul G, Lieman-Hurwitz J, Viner-Mozzini Y, Sukenik A, Gaathon A, Lebendiker M, Kaplan A. An AbrB-like protein might be involved in the regulation of cylindrospermopsin production by Aphanizomenon ovalisporum. Environ Microbiol 2007; 10:988-99. [PMID: 18093160 DOI: 10.1111/j.1462-2920.2007.01519.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Certain filamentous cyanobacteria, including Aphanizomenon ovalisporum, are potentially toxic owing to the formation of the hepatotoxin cylindrospermopsin. We previously identified a gene cluster in A. ovalisporum likely to be involved in cylindrospermopsin biosynthesis, including amidinotransferase (aoaA) and polyketide-synthase (aoaC), transcribed on the reverse strands. Analysis of the genomic region between aoaA and aoaC identified two transcription start points for each of these genes, differentially expressed under nitrogen and light stress conditions. The transcript abundances of these genes and the cylindrospermopsin level were both affected by nitrogen availability and light intensity. Gel shift assays and DNA affinity columns isolated a protein that specifically binds to a 150 bp DNA fragment from the region between aoaA and aoaC, and MS/MS analyses identified similarity to AbrB in other cyanobacteria and in Bacillus sp. Comparison of the native AbrB isolated from A. ovalisporum with that obtained after cloning and overexpression of abrB in Escherichia coli identified specific post-translational modifications in the native cyanobacterial protein. These modifications, which are missing in the protein expressed in E. coli, include N-acetylation and methylation of specific residues. We discuss the possible role of these modifications in the regulation of cylindrospermopsin production in Aphanizomenon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gali Shalev-Malul
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
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Strauch MA, Bobay BG, Cavanagh J, Yao F, Wilson A, Le Breton Y. Abh and AbrB control of Bacillus subtilis antimicrobial gene expression. J Bacteriol 2007; 189:7720-32. [PMID: 17720793 PMCID: PMC2168746 DOI: 10.1128/jb.01081-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2007] [Accepted: 08/10/2007] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The Bacillus subtilis abh gene encodes a protein whose N-terminal domain has 74% identity to the DNA-binding domain of the global regulatory protein AbrB. Strains with a mutation in abh showed alterations in the production of antimicrobial compounds directed against some other Bacillus species and gram-positive microbes. Relative to its wild-type parental strain, the abh mutant was found deficient, enhanced, or unaffected for the production of antimicrobial activity. Using lacZ fusions, we examined the effects of abh upon the expression of 10 promoters known to be regulated by AbrB, including five that transcribe well-characterized antimicrobial functions (SdpC, SkfA, TasA, sublancin, and subtilosin). For an otherwise wild-type background, the results show that Abh plays a negative regulatory role in the expression of four of the promoters, a positive role for the expression of three, and no apparent regulatory role in the expression of the other three promoters. Binding of AbrB and Abh to the promoter regions was examined using DNase I footprinting, and the results revealed significant differences. The transcription of abh is not autoregulated, but it is subject to a degree of AbrB-afforded negative regulation. The results indicate that Abh is part of the complex interconnected regulatory system that controls gene expression during the transition from active growth to stationary phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark A Strauch
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Dental School, University of Maryland, Baltimore, 650 W. Baltimore Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
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Abstract
The endospore-forming rhizobacterium Bacillus subtilis- the model system for Gram-positive organisms, is able to produce more than two dozen antibiotics with an amazing variety of structures. The produced anti-microbial active compounds include predominantly peptides that are either ribosomally synthesized and post-translationally modified (lantibiotics and lantibiotic-like peptides) or non-ribosomally generated, as well as a couple of non-peptidic compounds such as polyketides, an aminosugar, and a phospholipid. Here I summarize the structures of all known B. subtilis antibiotics, their biochemistry and genetic analysis of their biosyntheses. An updated summary of well-studied antibiotic regulation pathways is given. Furthermore, current findings are resumed that show roles for distinct B. subtilis antibiotics beyond the "pure" anti-microbial action: Non-ribosomally produced lipopeptides are involved in biofilm and swarming development, lantibiotics function as pheromones in quorum-sensing, and a "killing factor" effectuates programmed cell death in sister cells. A discussion of how these antibiotics may contribute to the survival of B. subtilis in its natural environment is given.
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Affiliation(s)
- Torsten Stein
- Institut für Mikrobiologie, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität, Marie-Curie-Strasse 9, 60439 Frankfurt/Main, Germany.
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36
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Steinborn G, Hajirezaei MR, Hofemeister J. bac genes for recombinant bacilysin and anticapsin production in Bacillus host strains. Arch Microbiol 2004; 183:71-9. [PMID: 15609023 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-004-0743-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2004] [Revised: 09/27/2004] [Accepted: 10/11/2004] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The genes encoding the biosynthesis of the dipeptide bacilysin and its antibiotic constituent anticapsin were isolated from several strains of Bacillus subtilis as well as B. amyloliquefaciens and B. pumilus. The ywfBCDEF genes of B. subtilis 168 were shown to carry the biosynthetic core functions and were renamed bacABCDE. Mutation of the bacD gene or transformation of the bacABC genes into a B. subtilis Delta (ywfA-bacABCDE) deletion mutant led to the accumulation of anticapsin, which was fourfold higher after transformation of the bacABC genes into a bacD mutant. The genes bacD and bacE proved to encode the functions of amino acid ligation and self-protection to bacilysin, respectively. Amplification of the bacABCDE gene cluster in a bacAB gene-deficient host strain of B. amyloliquefaciens resulted in a tenfold bacilysin overproduction. Some host strains required distinct glucosamine and yeast extract supplements in order to prevent suicidal effects of the recombinant antibiotic production. The bac genes from different Bacillus species revealed the same arrangement and 72.6-88.6% of sequence identity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerhard Steinborn
- Institut für Pflanzengenetik und Kulturpflanzenforschung (IPK), Corrensstrasse 3, 06466 Gatersleben, Germany.
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